Upload
olivia-hall
View
218
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Biodiversity and Classification
What is Biodiversity? Biodiversity can be defined as the
range of life in an area. It includes not only the diversity among
species but the diversity within a species.
Recall: A species, as defined by Ernst Mayer, is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature. i.e. they share DNA with each other and not other species.
OScientists believe there may be as many as 30 million species of plants, animals and micro-organisms living on the Earth today. Every one of them plays a part in the global ecosystem. Taxonomists have only identified and named approximately 1.7 million of them so far.
OBut classifying organisms is an attempt to make the relatedness between species understood.
OWe classify many things around us to organize and simplify our lives.
Types of Classification • religion• gender• colour• size or shape • social status• year of manufacture• monetary worth, etc
Systemics
• Systemics is the branch of biology that deals with classifying living things, both current and prehistoric.
Taxonomy:
• Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species and organizing them into systems of classification.
O Prior to the time of the Swedish botanist, Carolus Linnaeus, in the early 18th century, there was no consistent way of naming and classifying species.
• Linnaeus invented a standardized system of classifying and naming organisms.
• His system used binomial nomenclature (two words) for naming organisms.
• He assigned a two-word Latin name to each organism
OOur taxonomic system places similar species into groups and then breaks these into subgroups, sub-subgroups etc.
KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FINE GRAINED SAND.
This memory device is to help you remember the taxonomic levels. The first letter of each word represents a group in descending order.
ORKing Phillip Came Over From Greece
Secretly!
KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FINE GRAINED SAND
Phylum Class
Order Family
Genus Species
Kingdom
KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FINE GRAINED SAND
Phylum Class
Order Family
Genus Species
Kingdom ANIMALIA CHORDATA
MAMMALIAPRIMATES
HOMONIDAE HOMO
SAPIENS
• An organisms scientific name comes it’s last two groupings, genus and species.• Ex. Humans = Homo sapiens• dogs = Canis familiaris•notice that a scientific name is italicized or underlined •genus is capitalized, species name is not
• most times the species name is descriptive•if 2 species are in the same genus they must be very similar•ex - Ursus americanus
black bearU. horribilisgrizzly bear
Scientific names are universal
Phylogenic Trees O
A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the imbedded evolutionary relationships among various species based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics. The species joined together in the tree are implied to have descended from a common ancestor.
Cladogram O Similar in look to a pedigree, a
cladogram illustrates ancestral relationships between species but are more modern in the fact that they use DNA similarities to classify and divide.
Classification – Then and Now
THE 5 KINGDOM WAY
Classification
OHistorically, all living things have been classified into 5 kindoms
O1) Kingdom Monera:OBacteriaOProkaryotic cells (have no
nucleus)OEg. Streptococcus bacteria
StreptococcusO Most common form is Streptococcal
pharyngitis (strep throat).O Some species of Streptococcus are
responsible for meningitis, bacteria pneumonia and flesh eating disease.
O Some are non-pathogenic – necessary ingredient in Swiss cheese, also part of the normal flora of bacteria in mouth, skin, intestine and upper respiratory tract of humans.
O2) Kingdom ProtistaOComplex single celled
organisms, some multicellularOEukaryotic cells (have nucleus)OProtozoa, algae OEg. Plasmodium
PlasmodiumO Causes parasitic malaria O 200 known species, with 11 infecting
humans. Others infect monkeys, rodents, birds and reptiles.
O Needs 2 hosts in a life cycle, 1 mosquito vector (does not actually get the infection) and 1 vertebrate host (gets the infection)
O3) Kingdom FungiOMulticellular, filmentous form
OEukaryotic cellOEg. Molds, yeasts, mushrooms
Omphalotus oleariusO The Jack-o-Lantern mushroom is an
orange to yellow coloured mushroom that looks similar to the chanterelle mushroom.
O Has bioluminescence properties.O Not poisonous but will cause severe
cramps, vomiting and diarrhea.
O4) Kingdom PlantaeOMulticellular with specialized
complex cells.OEukaryoticOCan be divided into vascular
(flowering plants, trees) and non-vascular (mosses, lichen)
O Although technically a member of the plant kingdom, Rafflesia challenges traditional definitions of what a plant is because they lack chlorophyll and are therefore incapable of photosynthesis.
O And according to all accounts of those who have gotten close enough to tell they have an odor similar to a carcass in advanced decomposition.!
Rafflesia arnoldii
O5) Kingdom AnimaliaOMulticellular with specialized
complex cells.OEukaryoticORange from invertebrates, to
fish, to reptiles, to amphibians, to birds to mammals
Reptile AmphibianO Completely terrestrial
vertebrates.O Scaly skin that can
withstand desiccation.O Expanded lung systemO Turtles, crocodiles, lizards,
snakes and tuatara.O Hard shelled eggs that do
not need to be laid in water.
O 3 groups of vertebrates: frogs, salamanders and caecilians.
O Smooth, scale less skin, permeable to water.
O Active at night and when it rains.
O Can get moisture from surrounding soil.
O Eggs laid in water.
Tuatara Caecilians
The DomainsO Livings things are not only divided
into the 5 kingdoms, we also further divide them into what is called a DOMAIN.
O These domains account for organisms that are called extremophiles (organisms living in extreme environments – too hot, salty, acidic, etc).
The 3 DomainsO 1) Domain Archaea:O Prokaryotic organisms living in
extreme environments. The resemble bacteria in many ways but can survive in environments that contain methane, sulphur, extreme temperatures, extreme acidity, etc.
Heat Loving Bacteria
Thermophiles prefer temperatures from 50 to 70 °C (122 to 158 °F), whilst hyperthermophiles grow better at temperatures as high as 80 to 110 °C (176 to 230 °F).
The 3 DomainsO 2) Domain Eubacteria:O Prokaryotic organism living almost
anywhere (water, soil, atmosphere, skin, etc.) Includes the Kingdom Monera.
Bacillus anthracisO Also know as ANTHRAXO Spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, with a width
of 1-1.2µm and a length of 3-5µm.O Anthrax can be found in 3 forms:O 1) Cutaneous: the most common form (95%),
causes a localized inflammatory black necrotic lesion
O 2) Pulmonary: highly fatal and characterized by sudden massive chest edema followed by cardiovascular shock
O 3) Gastrointestinal: rare but also fatal (causes death to 25%) type results from ingestion of spores
The 3 DomainsO 3) Domain Eukarya: O Eukaryotic CellsO Including Kingdoms Protista,
Animalia, Fungi and Plantae.
HomeworkO Read pages 560-561.O Read pages 566 to 571, excluding ‘The Bacteria’
on page 571O Be prepared to answer specifics from those pages.O Research the full taxonomy (KPCOFGS) names of
the following Manitoba organisms – for hand in:O Arctic FoxO CaribouO Canada Goose O Blueberry plant
O Complete PART 1 of the cladogram assignment – for hand in