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I
ALBANIA
/
CONVENTION DN BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
NATIONAL REPORT
BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN
Sponsor: Glokal Environmental Facility (GEF)
Tll ana November, 1999
Blodlverslty Strategy and Action Plan
Prepared by the Alliance "The Institute of Biological Research & Museum of NaturalSciences"
Editor: Ferdinand Bego & Mynyr KoniPictures: Ferdinand Bego, Taulant Blno, Mynyr Konl
Layout: Altin Allko
Copyright© 1999 by The National Environmental Agency (NEA). Ail rightsreserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without the permission of TheNational Environmental Agenc)
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AS Academy of SciencesBG Botanical Garden
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CCCH Convention on Climate ChangeCEP Committee for Environmental Protection
CITES Convention on the Illegal Trade of the Endangered SpeciesCTD Council of Tourism DevelopmentDAP Department of Environmental Protection within the GDFP
DCTA District Council of Territorial Adjustment
EAP Environmental Action ProgramEECONET European Ecological NetworkEIA Environment Impact AssessmentEU European UnionFPRI Forest and Pasture Research Institute
FRI Fishery Researc?_ InstituteGDFP General Directorate of Forest and Pastures
GEF Global Environmental FacfiityGTZ German Technic;ti Assistance
IBA Important Bird Area
IBR Institute of Blolo ¢lcal ResearchINC Institute for NattLre Conservation
IUCN World Conservat on Union
MAF Ministry of Agric'llture and FoodMNS Museum of Natural Sciences
NCNB National Councfi for Nature and BiodlversityNCTA National Councfi of Territorial AdjustmentNCW National Council of Waters
NEA National Environmental Agency
NGO Non governmental OrganisationNEAP National Environmental Action PlanNSI National Seed In:_titute
NUPI National Urban Planning InstitutePA Protected Area
PEMU Project Environmental Management Unit
PESBLD Pan-European Slrategy on Biological and Landscape DiversityRAC / SPA Regional Activity Centre / Specially Protected Areas (Tunis)REA Regional Enviror mental Agency
REC Regional Enviro_ mental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe
RNPA Representative Network of the Protected AreasSCBD Secretariat of thc Convention on Biological Diversity
SNV Netherlands Dev,._lopment OrganisatlonUNDP United Nations Development Program
UNEP United Nations Environmental ProgramUNO United Nations OrganisationUSAID United States Ag_ncy for International DevelopmentWB World BankWCTT World Council fo; Travel and TourismWWF World Wildlife Ft nd
Contents
Page
Executivesummary 8
Part One BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA 22
Chapter i CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND 22BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA
INTRODUCTION 22THE STATE OF BIODIVERSITY 23ALBANIA AND ITS BIOGEOGRAPHYCAL IMPORTANCE 25
HABITATANDECOSYSTEMDIVERSITY 25SPECIESDIVERSITY 27
GENETICDIVERSITY 27
SPECIES OF ECONOMIC VALUE 29AESTHETIC AND RECREATIONAL VALUES 29
BIODIVERSITYANDTOURISM 29
Special Features of the Biodiversity 30ENDEMIC / SUBENDEMIC TAXA 30
LINKS BETWEEN ALBANIA'S AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRY ECOSYSTEMS 30
THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBANIA FOR MIGRATORY SPECIES 31THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBANIA FOR GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES 31
CHAPTER 2 THE THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA 34
THESOURCEOFTHREATS 34IMPACTS ON B1ODIVERSITY ' 39
CHAPTER 3 THE STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION IN 41
ALBANIA
LEGISLATION 41
THEINSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK 42
THE CONVENTIONSANDINTERNATIONALPROGRAMS 45THEEXISTINGNATIONALPROGRAMS 48
IN-SITU AND EX-SITU CONSERVATION 49
Part Two IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY ISSUES 54
CHAPTER 4 THE TOPICS AND ISSUES 54
INTRODUCTION 54STRATEGICPRINCIPLES 54
THECRITERIA 55
ISSUES / pRIORITY TOPICS 55
HABITATANDSPECIESACTIONPLANS 56
Part Three THE BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN: PRIORITY ACTIVITIES 59AND ACTIONS
CHAPTER 5 THE NEED FOR CHANGE AND ACTION 59
INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY WITH ACTMTIES IN 59OTHER SECTORS
EXPANDING AND STRENGTHENING THE NETWORK OF PROTECTED AREAS AND 67ESTABLISHING THE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OUTSIDE THE PROTECTED AREAS 70
NEED FOR EX-SITU CONSERVATION 70
NEED FOR FURTHERRESEARCH AND MONITORING 70
INFORMATION USE AND MANAGEMENT 71
EDUCATION, TRAINING AND EXTENSION SERVICE PROGRAMMES / INCREASING 72AWARENESS OF THE PUBLIC, POLICY-MAKERS, AND DECISION-MAKERS
CHAPTER 6 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BIODIVERSITY ACTION 75PLAN
REFORM AND INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING 75
LEGISLATION 75
INSTITUTIONALSTRENGTHENING 75
DEVELOPMENT OF INTER-SECTOR CO-ORDINATION MECHANISMS 76DECENTRALIZATION 76
THE NEEDS AND THE ROLE OF THE NGOs AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES 77
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 77INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 77STRATEGY FOR BSAP IMPLEMENTATION 79
List of Figures
Figure i. Physical Map of Albania 24Figure 2. Organograrn on the interrelations and links between 44Institutions/structures in correlation with the biodiversity issues in therepublic of Albar_taFigure 3. Organogram of structures related with Biodlversity study and 46MonitoringFigure 4. Map of the Existing Protected Areas of Albania 52Figure 5. Map of the Proposed Network of Protected Area of Albania 69Figure 6. Functional Scheme for the Implementation of the CBD and BSAP 74in Albania
Boxes
Box 1. Habitat Types in Albania 26Box 2, The Number of Species in Albania 28Box 3. What is biological diversity?. 32Box 4. Why we should protect the blodlverslty? 33
Box 5. The Management Categories of Protected Areas 50Box 6. National Environmental Agency Projects for Nature Conservation 53Financed by International OrganizationsBox 7. The Working Groups for BSAP Implementation 57Box 8. What should be the Content of the Action Plans for Species and 58Habitats?
Box 9. The EC Agro-Environment Regulation {EEC 2078/92) 60Box 10. Main Elements of a National Energy Strategy 61Box 11. The Principles of Sustainable Forestry Policy 62Box 12. Main Principles for Responsible Fisheries 63Box 13. Main Elements of a Sustainable Policy for Transport 64Box 14. Environmental Guidelines for Tourism Adopted by the World Travel 65and Tourism Council (WTTC)
Box 15. ProtectedAreas and Sustainabillty 68
ANNEXES
A List of the Experts for the Preparation of the BSAPB- 1 Proposed Representative Network of the Protected Areas for AlbaniaB-2 Summary Statistics on the Network of the Protected Areas for AlbaniaC List of endemic/subendemic taxa
D List of Globally Threatened Species in Albania
E- 1 List of the Species for which the Species Action Plan will be Prepared within 1-2
yearsE-2 List of the Species for which thc Species Action Plan will be Prepared within 3-5
yearsF- 1 List of Habitats for which the Habitat Action Plans will be Prepared within 1-2 yearsF-2 List of Habitats for which the Habitat Action Plans will be Prepared within 3-5 years
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTIONcombined with steep cliffs creates ideal
1 The Convention on Biological Diversity conditions for maintaining and protecting(CBD), was signed by Albania in ,January a large number of ancient species, which1994. Although faced with the difficulties are both endemic and subendemlc. Thereof a country in transition, Albania has are 27 endemic and 160 subendemicendcavoured to fulfil its obligations under species of vascular plants, which have athe Convention. In 1998, the Albanian special protection importance for thegovernment charged the National country.Environmental Agency (thc former
Committee for Environmental Protection) 5 The high diversity of ecosystems andto prepare the Biodivcrslty Strategy and habitats (marine and coastal ecosystems,Action Plan (BSAP) as a step towards wetlands, river deltas, sand dunes, lakes,implementing the Convention. Albania rivers, Mediterranean shrubs, broadleaf,has been, and continues to be, a conifers and mixed forests, alpine andparticipant In European and regional subalpine pastures and meadows, andinitiatives related with the CBD, especially high mountain ecosystems) offers a richin the PAN-European Strategy on species variety of plants and animals. InBiological and Landscape Diversity Albania, there are around 3,200 species of(PESBLD). vascular plants and 756 vertebrate
species. Approximately 30% of all2 In Albania, the main objectives for European floras occur in Albania. The
implementing the CBD and PESBLD are: high Albanian forests maintain thecommunities of large mammals such as
(i) protection and improvement of wolf, bear, lynx, and wild goat, and alsobiological and landscape diversity; the characteristic bird communities,
(ii) incorporation of the principles and which are associated with virgin forests.policies required for sustainablebiodiversity use and management; 6 Coastal lagoons and large lakes insideand the country, are important areas --
(iii) promoting sustainable development especially for wintering migratory birds.for present and future generations. There are annually met around 70
waterfowl and waterbird species with a
3 Thc World Balk, through the Global total population of 180,000 individuals inEnvironment Facility (GEF), provided Albania during the winter. Albania is alsofinancial support to the NEA for preparing an important crossroad for the migrationthe BSAP. As part of this process, an of birds, bats, and insects.Advisory Board was created and headedby the Chairman of the NEA. 7 There are some 91 globally threatenedSupervision, consulting, and co- species found in Albania. These includeordination were the duties of this Board. the Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus),
Technical specialists, university slaff, and Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocoraxrepresentatives of central and local pygmeus), and the Sturgeon (Aclpenser
governmental and non-governmental sturio) for which Albania is a country oforganisations participated in the particularly critical importance.preparation and drafting of the BSAP.
8 The landscape diversity inside thecountry derives from natural
THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY characteristics and Albania's ancient
4 Although a small country, Albania is origins and the associated humandistinguished for its rich biological and activity. Traditional agriculture and stocklandscape diversity. This diversity is farming have been developed according toattributable to the country's geographic the natural characteristics of the country,position as well as ge)logical, and are the major factors, whichhydrological, climatic, and soil mid relief determine the landscape physiognomy infactors. The mountainous terrain those areas, which are characterised by
autochthonous species. A number of local · Loss of species or the threat of their &autochthonous livestock and plant extinction; and Ispecies have existed In Albania over the · Damage and erosion of geneticyears. They represent very Important resources.heritage values for protecting and
improving the quality and productivity of 11 Although a low number of species hasagricultural and livestock products, become extinct during this past century,
the rate of loss of Albania's blodlversity
WHY BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION IS during the last 50 years is believed to beIMPORTANT increasingly high. Moreover, insufficient
knowledge and studies on a wide range of9 There are many reasons for the flora and fauna limit an accurateimportance of biodlversity protection in historical evaluation of the biodlversityAlbania; (i) we live by using the plants status of Albania. Two species of plantsand animals found in our surrounding and four species of mammals haveenvironment; {11) it is our duty towards become extinct; and meanwhile 17 bird
future generations to ensure a nature as species no longer nest in the country'srich as we inherited it; (iii) any living territory. During the last 25 years,organism has the right to live, those living approximately 122 species of vertebratesand evolving over the past thousands and (27 mammals, 89 birds, and 6 fish) andmillions of years may disappear very fast, four species of plants are expected to havebut they can not be recreated; (iv) a large lost more than 50% of their population.number of plants axe known for their The number of rare and endangeredmedicinal values, and their number may species of plants and animals is high andeven increase in the future with expected to increase.technological advances; (v) wild plantsand animals play an important role in 12 In Albania, the major types ofproviding the sustenance for cultivated endangered ecosystems and habitats areplants and domestic animals; {vi) natural not only coastal [sand dunes, river deltas,biological processes protect lite and alluvial forests, lagoons, and coastalenvironment on our planet; (vii) nature lakes) and marine (medium and
that offers high diversity also has greater infrallttoral level), but also Inland ones,potential to be appreciated for tourism Including alpine pastures and meadows,development and for its aesthetic and continental and glacier lakes, andrecreational values; and (viii) the broadleaf and coniferous forests.
country's economic prosperity can only beachieved through the protection and 13 The high rate of population growthsustainable use of its natural and (the population has almost tripled duringbiological resources, the last 50 years) has been followed by
the progressive increase of human
RISKS AND ADVERSE IMPACTS ON impacts and disturbances on theBIODIVERISTY country's nature and biodiverslty. These
pressures are expected to increase in the10 Economic development over lhe past future due to the relatively free and
50 years was based upon agri(ultural, uncontrolled movement of the populationindustrial and tourism devel)pment, from rural to urban areas. Increasing
increasing use of transportation and urbanisation will most adversely affect theurbanisation, and exploitation of forest, coastal and littoral ecosystems, which arefishing, and other natural resources. All more ecologically fragile.this development has had its impacts
upon biological and landscape div,zrsity in 14 The intensive agricultural practices ofAlbania. Some of the major adverse the past, combined with the presentimpacts have been: activities of a free market economy, have
damaged and are damaging to the native· Habitat loss and fragmentatlor_; species. These practices have also
· Damage and degradation of _tabltats reduced people's interest in protectingand ecosystems; and improving the autoehthonous variety
· Disturbance and maltreatment of of plants and animals.wildlife;
15 it is observed that agriculture is Meanwhile, individnals and the privatereturning back to the traditional extensive sector are focusing on maximislngpractices due to the lack of inveshnents earnings and short-term profits, so theafter the privatisation of land. This combined effects have negative impactsphenomenon has reduced the impact on on biodiversity, There have been efforts tobiodiversity, but it is believed that the Improve the legislation and administrative
agriculture sector will use more intensive structure, but illegal wood cutting, andpractices in the future, which will have illegal and uncontrolled fishing andincreasingly adverse impaels on hunting persist.biodiversity - especially in the westerncoastal plains. IN-SITU AND EX-SITU CONSERVATION
16 Although a large part of the industrial 21 In-situ conservation of nature andsector is not functioning at the moment, it biodiversity began only in the second halfis expected that this will not be She case of this century in Albania. Protected areasas economic development and growth were established, and followed by theincrease in the future. The effects of approval of laws and regulations for theindustrialisation will adversely impact the protection of endangered species of plantsbiodiversity of the country, particularly in and animals. Although progress has beenthe coastal areas, which will have a made, there are still problems which need
higher number of urban centres, to be addressed such as:
17 Tourism and transportation are two · Lack of a national strategy for theother factors, which will soon have an protection of nature;
adverse impact on biodiversity, on,'_eagain · Existing gaps in legislation andparticularly in the coastal areas, institutional weaknesses;
· Limited number of Protected Areas
18 The exploitation of forests was (5.8% of the country's territory);common in the past due to the absence of · Lack of management plans for thealternative fuel resources for cooking and major part of the existing Protectingheating. These practices have had adverse Areas;effects upon forest biodiverslty, which * Lack of means and financial resourceshave been further exacerbated by existing for effective administration of the
forestry practices and the lack of a clear Protected Areas;
national strategy for the protecton and * Insufficient number of personnel andsustainable development of forei ts. The their lack of training: andpopulations of large mammals have · Lack of practices for protectingparticularly suffered in the forest areas of endangered species of plants andAlbania. animals outside the Protected Areas.
19 There are no discernible effects on 22 Until recently, there were no practicesmarine and wetlands biodiversity due to for ex-situ conservation of endangeredpast fishing and aquaculture practices, plants and animals. However, a seedHowever, the consequences are expected bank for crops was recently establishedto increase in the future due to recent near the National Institute of Seeds (NIS).changes in fishing practices (e.g.,
increased fishing with dynamite) a_nd the EXISTING NATIONAL PROGRAMSforeseen development of the fishery sector
in the future. 23 The process of preparing the Strategyand Action Plan on Biodiversity {BSAP)
20 The transition period that began in built on previous acnvities such as the1991 has been marked by political National Environment Action Plan
instability - especially during the last 2-3 (Committee for Environmental Protection
years. Some of the factors influencing - CEP, 1993), Environmental Strategy ofthis destabilisation have been thc lack of Albania (World Bank - WB, 1993).,
appropriate legislation, lack of Ecological Survey of High Forests inimplementation of existing la_ rs and Albania (1995), Coastal Zone Managementregulations, and the ineffectiveness of the Plan (CZMP, 1996), Specially Protectedexisting institutional str_ctures. Areas (UNEP, RAC/SPA, 1995), and NGO
Nature Conservation Strategy in Albania existing protection measures; priority(REC. IUCN, MilieuKontakt, 1997). Their problems which require solutions tofindings and recommendations were enhance biodlversity protection, speciesincorporated into the BSAP. distribution and habitat size; and a list of
measures which need to be undertaken.IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITIES
28 Although it Is the government's24 The following criteria were used for responsibility to prepare and implementidentifying the priorities for action plans the action plans on species and habitats,and solutions relevant to species and it Is proposed that a partnership led bytheir habitats: various co-ordinators for each species and
habitats be responsible. Responsibilities· Endangered species and habitats with would include facilitating, co-ordinating,
global, regional, and national and promoting the submission andimportance; Implementationof action plans.
· Habitats containing endemic speciesor high levels of biodlversity; THE NEED FOR CHANGE AND ACTION
· Species or habitats risking totalextinction: 29 The implementation of the Biodlverslty
· Species or habitats which would yield Convention can be achieved only throughlocal or national economic benet'_ts; acceptance and reference to the objectives
· Species or habitats with local or and principles for protection. This willnational education benefits; include engaging in practices, which
· Endangered species or habitats which promote sustainable development In allcould be better protected through sectors impacting on biodlversity such asmore suitable policies and use; and agriculture, forestry, fishing, industry,
· Actions which could yield viable urban planning, transport, and tourism.economic, ecological, and social In the meantime, the "polluter pays"benefits, principle and the appropriate
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
25 These criteria, together with the procedures should be enforced In allpresent level of knowledge on national sectors.biodlversity status and the opinion andconsensus of the country's leading 30 The protection of nature withinProtected Areas should be considered aszoologists and botanists, were used toselect the plant species, animal species, an important instrument for in-situand habitat types which need to be conservation of blodlverslty. It IsIncluded as priorities In the action plans, recommended as a short-term objective
that 14% of the country's territory bedivided into different categories of26 The selected species and habitats are
presented in two lists based on their Protected Areas. with 25% as the long-importance and the level of danger: (i) term objective for the year 2020. Thisspecies/habitats action plans which process will require greater support for
environmental protection inside theshould be undertaken within 1-2 years;and (ii) species/habitats action plans General Directorate of Forestry andwhich should be undertaken within 3-5 Pastures (GDFP).
years. The first list of short-termpriorities includes 80 species/taxa - 42 31 Another Important aspect ofvertebrates. 26 invertebrates, and 12 blodlverslty management is its protection
plant species, while the longer-term and sustainable development outside ofpriorities include 143 species/taxa - 95 Protected Areas. This is especiallyvertebrates, 31 invertebrates, and 17 Important in Albania because of theplant species, limited number of present and proposed
protected areas. Without the appropriate
27 The action plans for species and measures, a large percentage of fauna,habitats should include: the present especially birds and mammals, willsituation of species or habitats; the major struggle to survive.factors influencing the loss or decrease ofpopulations; a short description of
32 Ex-sltu conservation of blodiversity is are another priority for Albania. and allalso a priority because of increasing public institutions, NGOs, and the privateanthropogenic pressures upon nature, sector should be involved in them wherewhich threaten to increase the number of possible. Advisory services on biodiversityendangered and extinct species. The should be developed to help land usersestablishment of genetic banks is required understand the benefits of Improvedfor ex-situ conservation, first through the biodiversity protection and management.establishment of a Gene Bank for plants. The Regional Environment Agencies
(REAs) under the National Environmental
33 The further elaboration of scientific Agency [NEA) may well be the mostresearch is also a high priority for appropriate vehicle for providing theseAlbania. Currently, there is a lack of advisory services.studies for different groups of fauna(especially marine groups) and flora IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACTION(especially low plants such as algae, PLANlichens, and moss). The lack of financial
support continues to be an obstacle for 38 Institutional reform and strengtheningconducting the necessary research. In are an important step for implementingthe future, improved co-ordination among the BSAP, and this should bescientific institutions will be necessary, as complemented with an improved legalwell as collaboration with foreign system and commensurate lawinstitutions and the active involvement of enforcement efforts.NGOs.
39 Two important actions need to be34 Improving information use and taken in the legal field in order tomanagement is a high priority for harmonise existing and future legislation.improving blodlversity management in First, the draft law on Nature ProtectionAlbania. To improve the collection and and Blodiverslty should be approved as
management of data and information it soon as possible by the parliament.willbe necessary to: Second, relevant bylaws and
implementing regulations should follow· Use existing data and information to this new law to speed up implementation
the maximum extent possible; and harmonlsatlon.
· Improve and standardlse existing datacollection and reporting; 40 Another priority is the strengthening of
· Set up a national database for governmental institutions responsible forbiodiversity; and biodiversity inventories, management,
· Develop an information network with and monitoring. Better support should beopen access for all locally interested provided for the NEA and the REAs, aspersons, well as for the Environmental Project
Management Unit responsible for the35 The recent establishment of the Albania Forestry Project. In this way they
Ministry of Information should be used as will be able to fulfil their responsibilitiesan opportunity to offer more possibilities on environmental protection in general,for developing information programs on and biodiversity in particular. As part ofbiodiversity, the institutional reform process, it will be
necessary to establish as soon as possible
36 Because the role of the public in the Institute of Nature Conservation (INC)biodiversity protection and management which would provide qualified help in theis critical, environmental education and area of nature conservation and
public awareness should be improved, protection as well as sustainablePublic participation, particularly at the development of biodiversity.local level, should be encouraged throughvarious projects and programs aimed at 41 The process of local autonomy andimproving biodiversity planning and deeentralisation is part of the democraticmanagement, process. The governmental authorities at
the local level should be responsible for
37 Training and qualification programs sustainable management of nature andfor biodiversity study and management biological resources in their areas, and for
establishing the methods for avoiding long-term uneconomic practicesimplementing the CBD and BSAP at the and policies. These analyses must beregional and local levels, included as a basis for future
conservation practices and policies.42 Co-ordination across sectors also
needs to be improved. It is recommended THE STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTINGas a first step to establish a National BSAPCouncil on Biodiversity withrepresentatives from the central and local 45 The following will be part of thegovernment, university staff, and NGOs Implementation process of the BSAP:operating in the area of environmentprotection. The Secretariat on Biodiversity · Dialogue and co-ordination process;(SB) should be established within the · Identification and mobfiisation of
NEA. Its responsibilities will include financlalresources;program co-ordination, identification and · Identifying economic barriers tomobillsation of financial resources for biodiversityprotection;
implementing the CBD and BSAP, and · Finding and Implementing theother administrative duties, appropriate mechanisms to realise the
benefits of protection; and43 NGO and local communities' · Technical support for projects.participation in biodiversity planning,
management, legal issues, and monitoring 46 The agencies and institutionsshould be encouraged as part of the responsible for implementing andprocess of implementing the CBD and monitoring the CBD and BSAP are theBSAP in Albania. NEA, REAs, National Council for Nature
Biodiversity (NCNB), and the country44 Biodiversity protection has its costs, Secretary for the Convention onbut at the same time there are benefits to Blodiversity (SCB) within the NEA.be derived. Cost/benefit analysis shouldbe used as an effective mechanism for
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PART ONE
BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA
CHAPTER 1CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND BIODIVERSITY INALBANIA
INTRODUCTION
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan1.1 The Convention on Blodiversity (BSAP) in order to implement the(CBD) was an important part of the Convention. The NEA Is responsibleEarth Summit in Rio de daneiro, for Albania's role in the regional and1992. Albania signed this Convention European 'initiatives and programs inon January 5, 1994. response to the CBD, in particular in
the Pan-European Strategy of1.2 Article 1 explains the objectives of Biological and Landscape Diversitythe Convention as follows: (PESBLD).
The objectives of this Convention, 1.5 The goal of the implementation ofto be pursued in accordance with the CBD ar/d the PESBLD in Albaniaits relevant provisions, are the is:conservation .of biological diversity,the sustainable use of its Protection and improvement of thecomponents and the fair and country's biological and landscapeequitable sharing of the benefits diversity, and the integration ofarising out of the Utlllsation of sustainable use and managementgenetic resources, including by policies into other sectors, aimingappropriate access to. genetic to achieve sustainable development
resources and by appropriate for the future generations.transfer of relevant technologies,taking into account all rights over 1.6 With the financial support of thethose resources and to World Bank through the Globaltechnologies, and by appropriate Environmental Facility (GEF), a grantfunding, was made available to the NEA to
prepare the PEBLS. For the1.3 In accordance with article 6a of preparation of the PEBLS, an Advisorythe CBD, Albania must accomplish its Panel chaired by the NEA's Chairmanobligations in regard to: was created. The Panel was
responsible for the supervision and
Develop national strategies, plans co-ordination of the work. Staff fromor programmes for the conservation the scientific and academicand sustainable use of biological Institutions, government and localdiversity or adapt for this purpose institutions, and NGOs working onexisting strategies, plans or nature and the environment issuesprogrammes which shall reflect, was involved in the process of iinter alia, the measures set out in preparation and discussion of thethis Convention PEBLS.
1.4 Albania, taking into account the 1.7 This report p_esents thedifficulties of the transition period, viewpoints and important issues to behas taken the responsibfiity to considered by the Government as aaccomplish the obligations of the basic instrument for developing aConvention. The National long-term program from 2000-2015.
Environmental Agency (NEA), whichwas formerly the Committee for 1.8 In the remainder of Chapter 1, theEnvironmental Protection (CEP), has state of blodlverslty in Albania lsbeen asked by the Albanian reviewed, focusing on what isGovernment to prepare the biodiversity, and why it is important
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for sustainable development. Chapter area. Within Albania there are2 explains the existing and potential tectonic zones which during theirdangers to blodiversity, while chapter geological development changed' to3 'reviews the state of biodiverslty tectonic and nco-tectonicprotection and management in configurations.Albania. Chapter 4 explains thecriteria used for the identification of 1.13 The Albanian relief is mostly hillythe important issues and ac:ions to and mountainous. There is a diversityimplement the CBD and the PESBLD of morphological formations andin Albania. An important part of this slopes. It has a young age since thechapter is the detailed information on Albanian relief originated during thestrategic steps, the content of the Miocene Age. At the beginning of thespecies and habitat action plans, and Quaternary Age, the Adriatic lowlandthe identlltcaClon of the target issues and other inland lowlands wereand working groups, attached to the continental part of
Albania, but thc existing relief shape1.9 Chapters 5 and 6 explain the was formulated during the Pliocenebiodiversity action plan mud the Period. The evolution of the Albanianmeasures to be taken in order to relief continues to this day. Theimplement the CBD and PF.BLS in highest point is 2751m above sea levelAlbania. The annexes illustrate the (Korabi Mountain) and the lowest one
importance of biodiverslty in _,lbania. is 8 meters below sea level (the formerand the need to take measures to Terbufi Marsh). The medium altitude
enhance it. The Represented Wetwork of the country is 708m above the seaof the Protected Areas (RNPA) receives level. The altitude declines movingspecial attention in Annex B. The list from the east to the west of theof experts and institutions responsible country, and this determines thefor the preparation of this r_port is conditions of the climate, land. andpresented In A. vegetation.
l',q.E STATE OP E_OPIVERSI'I ?. 1.14 The climate of Albania is diverse.It has four major climatic zones and
1.10 Although Albania is a small 13 sub-zones, which contribute to thecountry, it is very rich in biological country's rich biological diversity.and landscape diversity. This is due to
its geographical position, geological 1.15 Albania is well known for its richfactors, hydrology, climate, amd soft and complex hydrographic networkconditions, composed of rivers, lakes, wetlands.
groundwater, and seas. The main1.11 Albania Is a Mediterranean rivers are the Drini, Buna, Mati.
country on the Balkan Penii.sula in Shkumbini, Semani, Vjosa, Erzeni.the south of Europe. The ,_lbanian Ishmi, Bistrlca, and Pavllo, and theircoastline is 476 km long, _md the courses have an important effect onAdriatic and Ionian Seas have a great the country's coastal biodiversity.impact on the climate, fio_ a, and About 247 natural lakes of differentfauna in the country, types and dimensions, and a
considerable number of artificial
1.12 Albania is part )f the lakes, are located inside the country.Mediterranean Alps in tt,e line Based on their origin, they are dividedDinarido-Albanido-Helenid, _md is into tectonic lakes (4), glacier lakescharacterlsed by a diversity of rock (134), carstie lakes (94), and fluvialformations since Palaeozol( time. lakes (15). Among the more importantThere are more sedimentacy and ones are the transboundary lakes ofvolcanic formations, while Shkodra, Ohrid, and Prespa- themetamorphic ones are less e_mmon, most important and largest ones inOther formations such as alluvial, the Balkans with European andproluvial, koluvial, and deluvial international significance. In theglaciers, marshes, and lakes, are coastal area of Albania there areyounger and from the Quaternary wetlands such as Karavasta, Narta.
.24
Patoku, Vilunl, Kune-Vainl, Orikuml, Alluvialforest(Vaine, Lezha)
and others, with a total area of150kin2.
1.16 Albania is an important
migration route for ,flora anc fauna.The main elements of the ._lbanian
flora are Mediterranean (24%), Balkan
(22%), European (18%), and Eurastan Castanetum(Oaf_-Molle) ](14%). I
Corological spectrum of theFlora of Albania
EuroasianEuropean Others
CultivatedCost_opoliteEuro_iberiar
Balkani Mixed Beech and Pine ForestMediterrar can
The Eurasian, l tolartlc,Mediterranean, and Balkan elements
dominate the faunistic spectrum ofthe country.
Sub-alpine Meadow (Biz_)
1.17 Albania is well known for its highdiversity of ecosystems and Irabttats.Within its territory there are rmritimeecosystems, coastal zones, lakes,rivers, evergreen and bcoadleafbushes, broadleaf forests, pine forests,alpine and sub-alpine pastu:'es andmeadows, and high mountain Land Uaeecosystems.
1.18 Albania is rich in for,_.st and Forestspasture resources. The fores[s cover1,030,000 ha or 36% of the c_untry'sterritory, and the pastures about
400,000 ha or 15%. Appro_dmately A_ablola_60% (244,000 hal of the pastures are
alpine and sub-alpine pastures andmeadows. The forests and the
pastures have a diversity of types,formations, and plant and animalcommunities.
25
Box
Habitat Types In Albania
Habitat Type Habitat subtype Number of communltle;
Coastal communities Marine communities 19Marine Wetlands 19
Coastal sandy 13Dimes and seaside's
Rockycoast 4Non-maritime water Coastal wetlands
Sweetwaters 36
Running watersRivers and springs 7
Bushes Temperate heath grove 53Bushes 23
GEwriga 16PseudomakJa 1Terrain 2Gorse terrain ?
FrLganat 2G] ass terraln's 17Termofile forest 2 associationsSi:es with Mediterranean
grass 5Mcditerranean -Mount ain
grass terrain's 6DIy grass terrain's 6Al'sine and sub-alpinegr tss terrain's 48
Forests Br oadleaf forest 141C( nffer forest 31Fcrests and bushes 30
Ex ergreen andTemperate broad-leaveforest 6
Pond water vegetation Rush formation 25Rocky formations Rc,cky slope 15
Rccky gaps 12Cf.ves
Other habitat types: Crop lands: Fruit-tree plantations; Vineyards; Low forests;Urban parks; Towns, villages or industrial sites; Mines
26
1.19 Along the coastline of thecountry there are many ecosystems ofsignificance in the Mediterraneanregion such as lagoons, wetlands,sand dunes, river deltas, hydrophlland hygrophfi forests. Litto::al andinfralittoral communities of
Mediterranean origin along t?e rockycoast are quite diverse aatd wellpreserved.
Wetland along the coast
SPECIES D_VERSITY
1.22 Information on biodiversity in
Albania is generally lacking. Thereare stfil flora and fauna taxonomic
groups, which are unknown or havenot been studied. The information on
well-known taxonomic groups is
1.20 The lakes and rivers are also lacking in terms of species. The
important for the biological and number of species shown in Box 2 islandscape diversity of the country, larger, and in some groups several
times larger, from that known to date.
Vegetation along the Shkodra L_lie1.23 Taking Into account the existinginformation, Albania has a rich
diversity of flora.and fauna with about3,200 flora species and 756 fauna
species, respectively. Approximately30% of European flora occur inAlbania, and the high forests ofAlbania are the habitat for large gamesuch as the brown bear, wild boar,
1.21 There is a diversity of lanclscapes and others, and also of fowl species,in Albania due to its natural which flourish in virgin forests. The
characteristics and long hL, tory of rich marine flora and faunapopulation and human activities, communities are an Indicator of theTraditional agriculture and high level of preservation and qualitystockbreeding developed in the of these communities In Albania.countryside, in accordano; withnatural conditions, have bten the GENETIC DIVERSITY
major factors determining theAlbanian landscape, where indigenous 1.24 A number of autochthonouselements are not missing, breeds of cattle and crops exist in the
country. About 30 species of cropsSalty land vegetation with Sallconia are native to Albania. There are nine
autochthonous breeds of goats andfive for sheep. This is an important
heritage for the protection andimprovement of the production andthe quality of the agricultural andanimal husbandry.
27
Box
The Number of Species in Albania
Group Species in Species in World SpeciesAlb_mia Europe
Bacteria Un}_own Unknown >4,000Viruses Unknown, Unknown >5,000Protozoa Unlqnown Unknown >40,000Algae 600 Unknown >40,000
Fungi 800 16,000 >70,000Ferns 45 145 >12,000Bryophytes 500 10,000 > 14,000Lichens 400 1200 > 17,000Flowring plants 320 D 11415 250.000MoUusca 520 (700) Unknown 80,000Insects 4,000 (14,000) 40,000 1,0bO,000Crustaceans 115 150 {Adriatic 8,000 ,(Decapoda) sea)Echinodermata 46 94 5,650
(Mediterranean)
Dish 313 (350) 618 32,000-40,000(Mediterranean)
Marine Fish 249 Unknown 23,000-30,000Freshwater Fish 64 Unknown 8,500Amphibians 15 (16) 62 4.000Reptiles 36 (38) 123 6.500Birds 323(335) 450 9,881Mammals 70 (34) 200 4,327
lote: The number in parentheses indicates the number of the expected species to)ccur in Albania
Breed "Syska" of Pollsl areaGoat Femal Male Tendencybreeds e
Dragoblja 6500 350 IVellpoJa Unknown IHasi 15000 377 IMat! 9500 240 I
Capore _22176 479 SShyta Unknown IDukat/ 20310 690 IMuzhak/_ 42096 1480 I
Llqenas 10000 500 ISheepbreeds
Breed "Dhla e Matit" Bardhoke 19740 880 IShkodran 13450 560 I
Ruda 29400 950 !
i Recka 19409 8100 I6
Syska 110 5 I(Lara ePollsit)
Note: I=lncreaslng; S=stable
28
SPECIES OF ECONOMIC VALUE beauty of nature increase theappreciation for nature and the
1.25 The medical, industrial, _md feed countryside.
value of plants and animals is wellknown. There are 300 types of Iphlctldes podallrlusmedical and aromatic plants, whichrepresent about 10% of the i_lbanianflora. In the future the nu:_ber of
plants with medical or aromaiic valuewill likely increase.
Rosa canlna Salvia off clnalis
1.30 The diversity of the shape,colour, function, and behaviour of the
plants and animals has extraordinaryaesthetic and recreation value. The
biological diversity and natural andcultural landscape are also a source ofpleasure and culture for present and
1.26 About 40 plant speci_'.s have future generations.
forage values, and 35 plant speciesare tanlferous. The number of well- Penumbasl cave
.known plants for honey prodiLcing bybees is about 50, and the number of
plants used for feeding is 70.
1.27 Different types of fish in marineand inland waters, and a considerablenumber of sea animals, are an
important food source for tumans,and frogs are also becoming _ sourceof food. Molluscs are an lnkportant
source for the preparat Lon ofpharmaceutical products ant othercosmetic products. Their shells serveto produce artistic objects, stamps.parts of musical instrumenLs, and BIODIVERSITY AND TOURISMother objects. Insects are in[portantfor pollen, and some also h_ve food 1.31 The recreational values ofand industrial values such as the bee biological and landscape diversity areand sfikworm, an asset, which can be used to
promote tourism development. It is1.28 Furs of some animtds like our duty and responsibility to protect
martens, fox, squirrel, and others also and develop these values for presenthave economic value, and future generations. If we are not
able and responsible to protectAESTHETIC AND RECREATIONAL VALUES biological and landscape diversity,
there is a risk of losing their
1.29 There are indisputable aesthetic, recreations values to help fosterrecreational, and spiritua I and tourism as a means to promote
physical values associatec, with development and prosperity inbiodiversity and landscape. B[ological Albania.life and landscape diversity are animportant spiritual sour, ,e for 1.32 Sport hunting, fishing, climbing,humans. The diversity of tlc e living and other activities, which would be
organisms and habitats and the attractive for tourism, require that
29
Albania take the necessary measures molluscs and two fish species areto protect thc environment and its endemic. Insects are represented bybiodiverslty. 16 species (11 species of Hemiptera
and five species of butterflies), Furtherstudies of the country's fauna, inparticular biospeleologlcal studies,which just have only just begun inAlbania, will help in finding newendemism in the country. [A list ofthe endemic species of Albania isfound in Appendix C of this report).
Hypericum haplophylloides
Nymphaea alba
L;r_li ', _E rV,;ZENAI,BANL¥,S ANrvNLIG_iBOURIN£;COUN'IRY ECOSYSrF_MS
1.35 The Albanian inland and marine
ecosystems are a part of theS?_;_i.,_: !.,_ Mediterranean and Balkan natural
_l() !', ; : i: _ -'' ¥_,_1( ecosystems.
Mountain ecosystem I1.33 The relief of Albania has created
the conditions for the existence and _jllr'protection of a number of endemicand subendemtc species. Ther,; are 27plant species with 150 sukspecies,which are endemic in Albania, and
another 160 plant species, which aresubendemic in Albania, Yugoslavia,and Greece. Among paleoendemicsthere are types with very old originlike Wulfenia baldaccii, F_rsythiaeuropea. Gymnospermium 1.36 Transboundary lakes likeshqipetarum, and from the neo- Shkodra. Ohrid, and Prespa are pointsendemics Lunaria telekiaoa, Crepis of fioristic and fauna exchange withbertiscea, Petasites doeifleri, L _ucoJum other Balkan countries.valentinum subspecies Vlorense, Asteralbanicus subspecies Paparis:ol, and 1.37 Species migrate through theothers, rivers and the highest parts of
Albanian mountains from their
1.34 In comparison with the flora, the natural habitats outside Albania inAlbanian fauna is less kno,_rn and Greece, Macedonia, and Yugoslavia.studied. It has a considerable number
of endemic and ancient species. Lake 1.38 The large number of subendemicOhrid is the most well known species linked with Greece andecosystem in the country in lerms of Yugoslavia. and the, marine speciesfauna endemism: over 40 species of endemic to the Adriatic Sea highlight
3O
the importance of Albania for the least 72 vertebrate and 18
protection of biodiversity in the invertebrate species with globalBalkan and Mediterranean regions, importance have at least part of their
habitats and population in Albania.THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBANIA For some of them (Pelecanus crlspus,FOR MIGRATORY SPECIES Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Salmo letnica
and Acipenser sturlo), Albania has a
1.39 The coastal wetlands and lakes critical importance. (A list of globallyinside the country are particularly threatened species is given in Annex Dimportant sites for the wintering of of this report).migratory species since about 70
waterfowl species with a population of Dalmatian Pelican in Karavasta180,000 are wintering in these areas.At.least four from them (Karavasta,Narta, Shkodra and Ohrid) can beconsidered as sites of international
Importance for waterfowls known asIBAs (Important Bird Areas), orRamsar sites, with more than 20,000
waterfowl species at each site. At thistime, only Karavasta has Ramsarstatus.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBAMA FORGLOBALLYTHREATENED SPECIES
1.40 In Albania, there are a number of
globally threatened species since at
31
Box 3
WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Article 2 of the Convention on Biodiversity states:
"The variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia,terrestrial marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of whichthey are part; this includes dlversiiy within species, between species and ofecosystems".
In other words, the term biological diversity is the number and the diversity of livingorganisms on our planet. Within this term is the diversity of genes, species, andecosystems which are the product of the evolutionary process over billions of years. Thepresence of human beings depends on this biological diversity, so from this point ofview the term blodiversity is a synonym for the term "life on the planet."
There are 1.7 million known species, but the exact number of species on the planet isnot known. It is estimated at about 5-100 million.
JBiodiversity represents the diversity of the life, which we must protect for futuregenerations and ourselves. If not, our chfidren will pay the price tomorrow.
Species disappearance is a norr:lal part of the evolution process of the living organisms.However, today, because of human activities, species and ecosystems are extremelyendangered. The loss of biodlverslty is high and continues. The forecast is that, withtoday's deforestation process, within the next 25 years 2-8% of the species willdisappear. This is in itself an environmental disaster, but the effects of this tragedy willalso Impact on the economic and social development throughout the world. At least 40%of the world's economy and 8C% of our needs are realized from the use of biologicalresources. In addition, new medical research, economic development, and newenvironmental challenges like climate change are linked closely to the protection ofbiological diversity.
Blodiverslty is a natural resource "bank" which everyone should "invest" in, in the sameway In which blodlversity is lnw sting in us.
Ole _ europaea and Spartium]ll_Ci°ll_rl
!
32
Box 4
WHY WE SHOULD PROTECT THE BIODIVERSITY
MORAL AND AESTHETIC REASONS
The diversity of species and habitats are the basis of the beauty ofnature. They increase the love for it, the love for the countryside,and develop the sense of aesthetics, which inspire composers,painters, sculptors, and other artists. The best writers and artistsare always pupils before nature;Plants and animals have extraordinary aesthetic, educational, andrecreation values;Pleasure and culture;
As a steward of nature, man must respect the right of other livingorganisms to exist; a_cd
· 1We do not have the right to leave a poorer nature and biologicaldiversity to future generations.
3EING RESPONSIBLE
Where man has "klllsd' blodlversity, "the revenge" of nature hasbeen a prompt one -- to be careful for responsible biodiversitymanagement means responsibility for every action taken;The survival of many !_lant and animal species can not be assured ffman does not intervene and takes care for their protection; andEvery species plays It:) role in keeping the balance of the nature.
'HE BENEFITS TO SOCIETY
Biological diversity forms the life resources of the plant, and Itassures ihe diversity of food products for humans and all otherliving things;The protection of 01odiversity means the protection of theenvironment on our planet: (1) wetlands are a natural filter for thesurface waters, and ky cleansing organic compounds they improvethe quality of the water and lower eutrophication -- at the sametime they protect us from flooding through their capacity toaccumulate and maintain water; (ii) dune vegetation and marshesalong the coast reduc; the erosion from the sca; and (iii) vegetationcover in hilly 'and mo antainous areas protect the soil from erosion,and the bushes and forests protect the soil from winds and
flooding;Healthy climate and fi'ash air;Rest and recreation m'e enhanced by rich blodiverslty;Many birds and aniraals cat harmful insects, and thus serve toprotect the environment; andMany plants are known to have health values and many yet to bediscovered health ben'_fits will be found in plants in thc future.
;CONOMI C VALUE
Many plant and anita al species represent important industrial andhealth products (fishes, aromatic and medical plants, animal fur);Many plants and a_limals are cultivated and tame, and thusselection and improw ment of the genetic material of these specieshas economic benefiL,;
Plants and animals and their products are exported; andTourism and sport hunting can be a source of income for theeconomy only with high biodiversity values.
33
CHAPTER 2
THE THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA
THE SOURCE OF THREATS235,500 ha in 1950 compared to703,516 ha today);
2.1 Economic development during the · abandoned or deserted landspast 50 years has had a strong impact (about 160,000 ha);
on the biological and landscape · degraded and impoverisheddiversity of Albania. This is primarily biological and landscape diversitybecause it was based upon unstable (some habitats and species havedevelopment practices in agriculture, been lost while there has been a
industry, forestry, fishing, and decrease in the population ofurbanisation, although there was less many others); and
impact from transportation and * considerable potential loss oftourism, tourism and the associated
economic development.2.2 Without doubt, agriculture hasbeen the major sector of the country'seconomy with the strongest impactson biological and landscape diversity.From the 1960's until the end of the1980's there was e _tensive
agricultural development, followed bythe intensive use of agricultural landin the 1990's. Together this has hadenormous impacts on biological andlandscape diversity.
2.3 Drainage and reclamation of 2.4 In the past, intensive agriculturalswamps (250,000 ha), deforestation processes utilized fertilisers andfor opening up new lands (290,000 pesticides, mechanical cultivation
ha), terracing and the creatio_ of fruit practices, and irrigation. Thesetree plantations, and damage to practices have also had impacts onsubalpine and alpine pastures for the the ecological status of waters andpurpose of setting up cultivated agricultural land, as well as on thatground or "Improved" pastur .'s have part of wild flora and fauna, which areall had adverse consequences on the found on agricultural land and in theenvironment and biodiversity. These wetland ecosystems.actions were perhaps justl'led on
behalf of the country's economic 2.5 Uncontrolled exploitation of inland
development, but they also destroyed lake waters for irrigation hashundreds of thousands of hectares of contributed to severe ecological stressforests, pastures, and wetlands with and crises in these ecosystems - mosthigh ecological, social, and economic notably the lakes of Prespa andvalues. Human interference without Dumre and on many glacier lakesconsideration of the consequences on such as Lura. Exploitation of riverenvironment, brought the f)llowing networks for irrigation has also hadresults: the same effects since it was often
carried out without regard for· excessive erosion (100-10£0 times scientific criteria or "the biological
higher than most other E _ropean minimum" of the water that needs to
countries); flowon the river's bed for ensuring the· coastal floods; continuation of life in the water.
· an increase in the qua ltity of Another contributing factor was theunproductive areas of la_d (from deviation of the rivers' course for
reclamation reasons as was done with
34
the Bistrica River on the plain of plant of Elbasan and its impacts onVurgu in Saranda. The result has the Shkumbini River, and especiallybeen ecological stress on the wetland on the downstream coastalecosystems of the down stremn rivers ecosystems, and the PVC Plant inrespectively on the lake of Butrinti Vlora and its impacts on the coast andand on the wetland ecosystems of the Bay of Vlora. Other examplesLezha). include the paper factory in Lezha and
its impacts on the wetlands of Kune-2.6 Although Albania has nat used Vaini, the hydrocarbons and otherlarge quantities of fertilizers and chemicals from the Fierl fertlliserpesticides at the national lev, G1, large factory have downstream impacts ondoses in some localized areas have the Semanl river, and the copperhad adverse consequences on the mines in Ruhik, Burrell Kukes, andquality of the land, as well a_ on the Lac and their Impacts on thecomposition of terrestrial flora and landscape and nature surroundingfauna. The long-term impacts on flora them. The major impacts of theseand fauna, and on humm_s, will activities have been on the marine
continue in the future, ecosystems, especially in the coastalareas. There are cases of marine
2.7 The opening of Albania after the degradation as a result of settling of1990's to the free market economy solid materials, minerals, and heavydamaged, and is continuing to metals In those zones.damage, biological and laadscapediversity, Farmers and the population 2.11 Although the major part ofin general, now also have less interest country's industry is out ofin protecting and improvin 8 native functioning, the remaining onesbreeds of flora and fauna. If left continue to use old technologies,unchecked, this could lead to a large which cause harm to the environment.loss of genetic resource, withsignificant economic and social 2.1 2 Excessive forest exploitation dueconsequences, to the lack of alternative fuel
resources for heating and cooking has2.8 After agriculture, lndustr7 is the adversely affected forestsecond most damaging sect)r with biodiversity.respect to the environment, and its
biological and landscape diversity in StandlngVolumeparticular. These consequences have
been greatest along the coast _1 areas Shrubs Conifersof Albania where there ar_ larger 9% 23%concentrations of industrial ac ;ivities.
2.9 Industrial development has beenvital for economic development, but itwas not carried out in Albmda with Broao_eave
S
regard for the biological potential of 5s%the country, or with any inte ltion toavoid or minimize the impact t pon theenvironment. Surface
2.10 The discharges of gases, liquids, Shrubs Conlfersand solids generated t y old 25% 17%
technologies which did not tltke Intoconsideration the impacts on theenvironment have had er.ormous
consequences, some of which
continue even though the major part Br0adleaveof industry has not been fun ctloning s 58%since the beginning of the 1990's.Most notable are the metadurgical
35
2.13 Since 1953, the forest areas have industrial value have severely affecteddecreased by around 300,000 ha or many of them.22% - equivalent to 30% of existingforests. There have also been notable 2.18 Forests close to the rural
effects on forest productivity since dwelling areas are particularlymany existing forests are heavily degraded. 51 0 TD (value) Tj 30 0 TD /SB 9 Tf (h Tf (h) Tj /SR 9 Tf (a7oral) Tj -388 01lrd)deeavily e(aby) Tj 23j 36 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf in,soriotectstotto eR 9 Tf 9SI 9 Tf (.)336 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf (h) Tj51 0 TD(ecologicTj 59 0 j 43 0 TD (are) Tj(h) Tj /SR 9 Tf unctions)59 0 TD (induD (30%) Tj 27 0 TD (o) Tj /SB 9 Tf (f) TjTD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf (h) TjTj 39 0 Tf (h Tf (h) Tj /SR 9 Tf (a7o,so) T6 0 TD (FoD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf araf) riD -1 -1851 0 TD(reased)Tj 42 0 TD (are) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf igD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) T /SB 9 Tf (%) TjbiologicTj 59 Tf /SI 9 Tf ted) Tj -3raded.) Tj 58 0 TD i26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf st
arettbic
a. a. to toTD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf f (aj 26 0 TD (ru1ng) Tj com (a.) Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf (i) Tj 60 4j 36 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf eects) 51 0 TD(ellit) Tj 5 43 0 gabyellit
areha7oraltote(TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf eects) 0 TD (e(Tf (e) T T /SB 9 Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf D (30%) Tj 27 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf Tj tion(t) Tj5 43 0 gis)59 Tf 404rticularly)2Tf (eansiteased)j -388 0lessto te fe 2.14 51 0 TD (value) Tbuildyh Tf (51 0 TD (value) Tany) Tj 37 j 43 0 aby51 0 TD (value) Tare o 51 0 TD (value) rubaded.a T 46 0 TTD (are) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf aveTj /S1j 36 0TD (are) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf ayemany e fh Tf 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf roblems,Tj 375 -388 0esaded.e TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf et
e (o) Tj /SR 9 nesny o lack oe (o) f teR5(existing)3388 0newtotgeologic(e) T 102/SB 9 Tf 7 9 Tf Illeg(e) T 2j 42 0 Dcutnlnglnslde(t) /SR 9(threas) 15 43 0 ("Q,(o) Tj4/SB 9(SD (to) Tj 71 0 TD (t) Tj /S71 0 TDtamaD (to) Tj 71 0 TD'ts) Tf 55(existing)/SB 9 Tf (f) T /SB 9 Tf afd) Tj 2 9 Tf (relie(many) Tj 29 0 TD ) Tj 27-388 ( 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf eatureral) T4346 0 T(o (o) Tj 9 Tf (TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 1 46 0 TDallisects) 0 TD (ejc vfed) Tj 1j -388 0N tion(e) T T5 43 0 (Parkts) Tf 25(existing)3388 0by(o) TjD /SB 9 Tf (h Tf (51 0 TD (value) igD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) 2j 42 0 TDf (f) TjTreeTj /SR 9 Tf (orests) Tf 40(existing232 0 TDf (f) Tj2j /SR 9 Tf (orests) TfTDf (f) Tj15ects) 0 TD (ejraded.) Tj 58 0 TD (51 0 TD (value) T) Tj 241 0 TD(lack) Tj 27j 57 0 (many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) Tj5 42 0 TDf (f) Tjn tion(e) T 4 /SR 9(ohjecoiveTj /SR-141rticulated) Tj (f() Tj 23 43 0 (TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 2D /SB 9 Tf (h Tf 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf rotecoi fects)5 46 0 TDaby) Tj 27j 57 0 suD (to) Tj 21 0 TDs32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf tainablej /SR-133(existing)2Tf (managemen Tj /6 -388 0 (many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) Tj2-388 ( 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf (a7oral) T3746 0 TDaby) Tj 2j 43 0 Tf (e) Tj 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf (f) Tj /Sj 43 0 aby) Tjf teR1(existing)2Tf Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf stureral) T j 43 0 biodiversiteased)j5 43 0 Tj 58 0 TD 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf asimaded. to ejraded. 51 0 TD (value) Tsej /SR-161(existing) Tj (pDaded.) Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf Tjaoi fsTj /6j 43 0 Tf (e) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf aveTj /2 -388 0decllisedo(e) T 4046 0 TDaby 51 0 TD (value) Tmany TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e laore, Tree 2j /SR 9 Tf (ore.32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf 17) Tj 27j 57 0 Dury many o tto (y) Tj 58 43 0 inTj 3SR-403(existing) Tj (TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 2346 0 TDimaded. managemen ,Tj 37701 0 TD(TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf ele) Tj 2 -388 0was raded. 51 0 TD (value) is (many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) Tj31 0 TD Tf (f) T(ooncernTj 374346 0 T Tj 58 0 TD 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf ((o) 17j 57 0 wildlifeTj 373 46 0 T Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf rotecoi fj /SR 9 Tf (ore,Tj 378 -388 Tf (e) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf as) Tj 2 -388 0aggravated)59 63-388 (recen (y) Tj 4 46 0 TDaftfr) Tj 331 0 TD(TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tjf t397(existing) Tj (Hence,) Tj 361 0 TD(TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf ere) Tj 2 -388 Tf (e) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf as) Tj 211 0 TD(beenTj 3/2 /SR 9(overexaded.) Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf loi aoi fects)1j31 0 TD(KosovoTj 3737-388 (crisis) Tj 2 46 0 TDgoTD (tTj8-388 (over) Tj 241 0 TD(aby) Tj 2j 43 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 1 46 0 TDdemaby) Tjf t373(existing)2388 (o (o) Tj 46 0 TDbiologic(e) T /SR 9((f)ourceral) T 8-388 (leady) Tj 37461 0 TD(Toal) T441 0 TD Tj 58 0 TD 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf ((o) 17j 57 0 timbfr) Tj 35 43 0 (insideTj 37321 0 TD(KosovoTj 3737-388 (is) Tj j 9 Tf (increaD (to) Tj 21 0 TDs18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf y) ).) Tjf t356(existing) Tj (degradaoi fects)651 0 TD(aby) Tj 27-388 (imaded.) Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf overisD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf men Tj /87-388 (o(many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) T45 43 0 T/SB 9 Tf Uncontrolley) Tj 741 0 TD(cutty) Tj 3748-388 (occursal) T441 0 TD(evefectsTf 390(exist-1ng) Tj Tj 58 0 TD 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf abi aos,) Tj 541 0 TD(as) Tj 201 0 TD(wel(e) T T01 0 TD(as) Tj 21 43 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 2 /SR 9(risk) Tj 2 46 0 TDo(many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) T441 0 TD T/SB 9 Tf in(many) Tj 29 0 TDs18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf ydeTj 3735 43 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 2 9 Tf (Protecoey) Tj 501 0 TD(AreaTj /SR 9 Tf (ore.(o) T441 0 TD T/SB 9 Tf Most) Tj 2 46 0 TDo(many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) SR-40446 0 sting)3Tf /SB 9 Tf exty)coi fj / 5 9 Tf Tj 58 0 TD 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf ((o) 1 -388 0a(o) 151 0 TD(large) Tj 2 -388 0numbfr) Tj 43-388 (o(many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) Tj31 0 TD( 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf lan ects)601 0 TD(TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf is) Tj 2 46 0 TDcutty) Tj 37431 0 TD(waD (to) Tj 21 0 TDs18 0 2 46 0 T /SB 9 Tf doneTj 37331 0 TD(To(o) Tj 46 0 T Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf rovydeTj 3f t377(exist1j31Tz ing)2 0 TDaby) Tj T01 0 TD(anim(e) T 461 0 TD(species.(o) T51 43 0 Unccntrolley) Tj 97j 57 0 timbfr) Tj 37j 57 0 f((o) 1 -388 0industrye) T 461 0 TD(aby) Tj 231 0 TD(construcoi f.) Tjf t348-388 1501Tz 117jTz ing) Tj (harvf) yaby pineTj 3727j 57 0 f(f) s aby with(o) T57j 57 0 damageyby(o) 1 -388 0this
36
their high quality and high selling 2.24 Due to the lack of funds forprice on the uncontrolled market, maintenance, sea-lagoon
communication channels have
2.20 In the past, there have not been deteriorated with a notable reductionconsiderable effects from fishing on of water exchange between themarine and wetland biodiversity, wetlands and the sea. ThisHowever, new and uncontrolled phenomenon is accompanied by the
fishing practices used during the last transformation of the limnologlcfew years are adversely affecting regime which itself affects thebiodiversity, icthyofauna. Most problematic is the
situation of the Narta lagoon, where
2.21 During the last five years, there almost half of the area remains dry forhas been fishing along th(: whole the major part oftheyear.marine stretch with a depth of 2-30meters, which has led to the depletion 2.25 Uncontrolled hunting is a majorof the breeding grounds of Sparidae, form of disturbance on biodiversity,Soleidae, Mullidae, and other l_unfiies, especially during the winter when
The breeding grounds of P,)sidonia migratory winter birds are at risk.oceanlca have also severely Birds are abandoning certain areasdeteriorated because of changes in the such as Kune-Valni, Patok, Pishestructure of the fishing fleet. More Poro, and the Semani delta.than 50% of fishing boats hw'e smallpower motors and hence are able to The Chick of Larus cachinnans
apply deep fishing techniques inshallow areas since they are u:.lable tofish in zones more than 50 meters
deep.
2.22 Uncontrolled fishing also affectinternal waters - even in the critical
periods of fish growth. Thes( watershave been affected as well by the
usage of explosive and poisonousmaterials. The major lakes of Ohrid,Shkodra, and Prespa have all beenaffected, and these lakes kave an 2.26 There is a reduction in theinternational importance because of population of some species due to
the high number of endemic species illegal hunting methods, includingpresent in their aquatic 'fauna, and poison which is sometimes used forbecause some of these species are the killing or capture of wildlife
globally endangered. (mammals). The carnivore mammalsand birds of prey are the most
2.23 Foreign vessels fishing offshore affected.Albania also cause d {mages,
especially to fish and crusl:aceans, 2.27 Disturbances to biodiversitywhich are in demand in western caused by hunting have their greatest
markets. Along the Ionian co_st there consequences during critical life cyclehas been severe damage to benthic periods such as reproduction. Everyforms. Foreign divers have e_tracted disturbance or illegal form of huntingthe mollusc Lithofaga in a way, which practised during this period b0 TDj /SR 9 Tf (i 0 TD (suc) Taf) Tj TD (biod) Tj -0 0 TD Tf (i(f) Tj j 4i0 TD (ben) Tj 20 oast 0 TD (o Tf (inrock9 Tf (f) Tj /SR 9 Tf (kets) Tj /SI 9 TfHeracted) Tod) Tj 3a_trdonmj 45 0 7and) Tj 28 0 TD (birds) Tj 35 0 T6etsFore (.) Tj D (distu(f) Tj n Tfand) Tjeenhhfing offsi42 0 TD (di(is) Tj 22 0 TD /SB 9 Tf (p6nd) Tj 28 0 TD (birds) Tj 35 0 T5ets) Tj /SI 9 TfRime Tj (f) Tj a8 0 TD (birds) Tj 35 0(f) Tj /SR W.(distu(f) Tj Tf (h) Tj (distu0h) Tj / (ractiTj 80 0 TR 9 Tf (Along) Tj 31 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf (h) Tjin49 ru 9 Tf (Along) Tj(is) Tj 22 0 TD /Tf (p) Tj 80 0 TD8 0 TD (birds) Tj 35 0 T4ets) Tj /SI 9 Tf /SR 9 Tf (as) Tj 15 0 TD (re) Tj /SB 9 Tf (p) Tj /SR 9 Tf (roducorms) Tj /SI 9 TfT 0 TD (during) Tj 36 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Taf) T4/SR 9 Tf (untinrelat Tff (sp) 1nd) Tj un TD (e_e 0 TD 6caused) Tj 38 0 TDegalAlong tAlong tseve(e) Tj 2lead9 Tf (h)0h4fAlong tperiods
37
2.28 The animals, which are most the coastal districts (including Tiranasensitive to these disturbances, are district) in 1997, while at the same
the ones, which reproduce in colonies, time this land covers 35.7% of theA disturbance in the colony would country's area (10,279 km).bring the interruption of reprc,duction Population density has increased fromfor all the individuals of that colony. 82.4 inhabitants per km2 in 1960, toFor example, thc sea eagle, Haliaetus 179.3 inhabitants per km2 in 1997.albicilla, had previously been a The maximum density is in the centralpermanent species with many nesting part of this area (Tirana, Durresi, andplaces in coastal areas such as Kavaja districts) with 388.4Velipoja, Lezhe, and Karavasta. inhabitants per km 2.Presently, however, it is found only asa winter species in the ;trea of 2.32 The environmental impacts of
Karavasta. The dlsappearan _'e from the increasing number of newcomersthe other Albanian wetlands lame as have been obvious. The coastal areas,
result of the disturbances and the particularly those close to the majordeterioration of parts of its r utrition urban centres (Tirana, Durresi, Lezha,habitats. A similar fate has met the and Vlora) are facing today a numberPhalacrocoraxpygmeus. of emerging problems with severe
impacts on biological and landscape2.29 High rates of population growth diversity. In summary, they are:during the past 50 years wereaccompanied by a progressive · The intensification of naturalincrease of anthropogenic lm];acts on resources assimilating activity,nature and biodiversity. Many new mainly the fish and forest ones;
towns and villages were constructed, · The enlargement of constructionand existing ones wer e enlarged with sites, sometimes up to thethe enhancement of infras :ructure seashore:
and economic activities. In 1997, the * The degradation, deterioration,population of Albania reacf.ed 3.7 and deformity of landscape;million, or triple its level of _ 0 years · The increase of urban wastewater
ago. The fragmentation, reduction, discharges into the environment;and loss of natural habitats have been anda direct result of demi_graphic · The increase of urban and
developments and the urbaaisation industrial solid waste; thousandsprocess, of tons of urban and industrial
wastes are being deposited every2.30 At the beginning of the 1990's day in different sites, the majoritythe relatively free movement of people of them in inappropriate places.from the rural areas toward th e urban
ones began. This moveme:lt was 2.33 Population movements also _1uncontrolled and unguided, End has affect the areas where people migrateled to particular stress on the coastal from through:and wetland ecosystems of the
country which are more eco.ogically * Abandonment of agricultural landfragile. At the beginning of 1!)97, the on the slopes which leads topopulation in the coastal areas was erosion and landdegradatlon;
2.4 times higher than in 1960. · The cutting of fruit plantations orDuring the period from 19C0-1990, their total abandonment and
the population of this ar :a has degradation;increased by an average of 28,429 * Overexploitation of foresthabitants per year, and for th _ period resources; andfrom 1990-1997 by an average of · Overgrazing and further54,661 habitants per year or wice as
degradation of forests andfast. pastures.
2.31 According to the data of the 2.34 The transport sector has alsoState Secretariat of Local Government, expanded and led to damages to54% of Albania's population lived in
38
biological and landscape diversity, the same time there is an absence ofDue to lack of funds, Inappropriate waste treatment stations. Thisplanning and poor estimation of the phenomenon is apparent not only inimpacts on the environment, large urban centres and beaches, butirreversible damages to the natural also in rural areas. Thousands of tonslandscape have sometimes oecarred, of urban and Industrial wastes are
being deposited in the coastal area2.35 The construction of thc north- every day. At the same time, thesouth and east-west highwa_s, and sewage pipes are dischargingthe increase of traffic are contcibutlng wastewater into the sea from theseto: (i) increase of natural i_abitats resident areas. For these reasons, the
fragmentation; [ii) interrup:ion of existence of many species ismigration and large mover lent of endangered along the coastal strip.animal species leading to the geneticdegeneration of animal poptLlations; THE IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITYand (iii) air and water pollutl)n from
gases emitted from vehicles which are 2.39 The major impacts and damageshighly polluting and would not be caused by past and recent practicesallowed to circulate in many are as follows:countries. These effects will be more
pronounced in the future. Thus, · loss and fragmentation of habitats;measures to avoid or minlnize the * damage, impoverishment, andconsequences/impacts on the degradation of ecosystems andenvironment, as well as biolog cai and habitats;landscape diversity, will need to be · disturbance and harassment oftaken, wildlifein nature;
· species extinction or risk of2.36 Because of the low 1,:vels of extinction; and
tourism during the time of * genetic deterioration and erosion.communism, there were no impactson blodiversity. However, a_ter the
An individual of Testudo marglnata of1990's, there ls an increasin_ risk to broken cars )acebiodlversity from the adverse impactsof tourism. The number of touristswho came to Albania in the 1990's
was greater than that of thf periodfrom 1960-1990. Moreov:r, thenumber of tourists in 19!_6 was
75,000 or twice as much as ia 1992.
The majority of them pas.,ed thevacations in the coastal areas Someof the tourists were also hunters who
hunted without the required licenses'
and contributed to the further 2.40 In Albania, the main endangereddeterioration of coastal faura (e.g., types of ecosystems and habitatsKune-Vaini, Dlvjake, and Patol:). include marine ones (medium and
infralittoral level), coastal ecosystems2.37 The presence of an in<reasing (sand dunes, delta rivers, alluvial and
number of people in the coastal area wet forests, lagoons and coastalis accompanied by an increase of lakes), and terrestrial ones such as
pollutioff (water, air, ant [ land alpine pastures and meadows,pollution) which furtheJ the continental and glacial lakes, and oakdeterioration of biodlverslty, and conifer forests.
2.38 Urban pollution has btcome a 2.41 The known number of species,major concern in the 1990's _ecause which have become extinct during thisof the increasing consum F tion of century, is not high, however the rateseveryday products (especlall Ir those of biodlversity loss during the past 50packed with plastic materials) while at years are among the highest in
39
Europe. The insufficlen[ level of 2.44 The red coral {Coralum rubrum)knowledge and studies concerning a and sponges of the genus Spongia arelarge number of flora and fauna does In high demand in western marketsnot allow for an accurate estimation of and are at risk of total extinction
biodiversity status in Mbania. because of their extraction.However, at least two species (,f plantsand four species of mammals are 2.45 Different species of fishtotally extinct, while 17 sp_'cies of crustaceans, molluscs, and otherbirds do not nest anymore in 3 lbania, marine species are endangered
because of the use of dynamite a_ndSand Dunes (Poro-Vlore) poisonous materials for fishing, the
consequences of which will be moreevident in the future.
Thraat_medVert_ratea
2.42 During the last 25 years,approximately 122 species ofvertebrates (27 mammals, 89 birds,
and 6 fish) and four species c [ plantshave lost more than 50% )f their
population. The number of rare andthreatened species of plan ts and ?h,_md _owe_nOP_nts
animals is high and expected toincrease. Today, the nunber ofvertebrates included in the flbanlan
Red Book is around 273 species, or DO Ca9% 5% EN36% of the vertebrates of the c, mntry.
Water btlffalo [Bt_bcl[tls bl_balisl _n ,_Lt6%
kR62%
2.43 Several species with nutr ent andeconomic values have become nearlyextinct such as Penaeus kemthurus
Imarine shrimp), which had been inabundance during the 1960's and1970's in the Drini and Mat_ deltas.
Today this species is rare, an :1 losingits previous economic value. Tie sameis true for Crangon crongon (acrustacean species).
i i'
40
CHAPTER 3
THE STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION IN ALBANIA
LEGISLATION
3.1 Although the basic law on 3.3 A large number of by-laws andenvironment has existed since 1967, regulations based on these statutesthe development of a modern legal have also been drafted and approved.system for environmental protection For example, the draft procedures onbased on democratic principles began Environmental Impact Assessment,only in 1991. This legal system needsto be further developed and refined in 3.4 With all the efforts made towardsthe future, the improvement of the environmental
legal system, there are still gaps,3.2 There are also a number of laws, especially in the aspects of naturewhich have been approved since 1991, protection, and biolot,_cal andand represent an important landscape diversity. In addition, theadvancement in the legislative area. existing legal system Is also unclear In
some cases due to overlapping· Laws on the Land and Its responsibilities and sometimes-
Distribution (no. 7491 and no. contradictory language. Some of the7501, 1991) reasons for this are: the short time
· Law on the Forests and the Forest available for preparing the laws,Service Police (no. 7623, 19921 inefficient approval procedures, and
· Law on Environmental Protection the relative lack of attention afforded(no. 7664. 1993) to environmental problems in Albania.
· Law on City Planning (no. 7693, This situation has created confusion1993) with respect to establishing the proper
· Law on Plant Protection Service competencies and responsibilities,{no,7662, 1993) and, as a consequence,
· Law on Protection of Medicinal and implementation of the law has beenTaniferous Plants (no. 7722, 1993) weak.
· Law on Development of Areas withTourism Priority (no. 7665, 1993) 3.5 The Constitution of the Republic
· Law on Hunting and Wildlife of Albania approved in 1998 providesProtection (no. 7875, 1994) for further improvement and
· Law on Fishing and Aquaculture completion of the legal and(no.7908, 1995) institutional framework in the sphere
of nature and biodiversity protection.· Law on Pastures and Meadows
(no.7917, 1995) 3.6 Although progress has been· Law on Protection of Fruit Trees made, the reality is that the Impacts
(no. 7929, 1995) on environment have been
· Law on Water Resources (no. exacerbated by poor implementation8093, 1996) and ignorance of the law, moreso than
· Law on Construction, because of gaps in the laws.Administration, Maintenance, and
Operation of Water and Drainage 3.7 A solution to the country'sSystems. (no. 7846, 1994) environmental problems can not be
· Law on Water Supply and expected so long as the legallySanitation Sector Regulation[no. responsible institutions do not co-8102, 1996) operate and work together to
· Law on Waste's Public Removal implement the law. This will require{no.8094. 1996) taking concrete actions to work
· Mining Law of Albania (no.7796. together to prevent and reduce the1994} causes and risks of environmental
41
degradation since co-operation is the will enhance the legislative and policy-most cost-effective solution, making initiative of the NEA.
THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
3.8 Although there is good will amonggovernmental institutions for co- 3.12 The Parliament is the main
operation, the costs of not promoting authority of the legislative system, andactual co-operation will be higher the the Permanent Commission onlonger it takes to effectively promote Health and Environment is the mainco-operation. More professional body within the Parliamenttraining for the employees responsible responsible for the environment.for implementing the law and
regulations will be required. District 3.13 The Council of Ministers (CM)
and central inspectors should have is the main organ of thegreater and more well defined administrative system. The Nationalauthority, especially for dealing with Environmental Agency (NEA) is theillegal construction or construction main public institution responsible forundertaken without the appropriate environmental protection, and itenvironmental permits, reports directly to the Prime Minister.
3.9 The implementation of the CBD 3.14 At the inter-ministerial andand other international environmental ministerial levels, there are other
conventions Is a process that requires institutions of public administrationAlbania to review and improve Its and scientific research institutions,
existing legal system, and to ensure which are responsible forthe implementation of the law. This administration, studying, andwill require the approval of the law on monitoring of the country's naturalthe protection of nature and and biological resources.biodiversity in Albania, which was
recently prepared by NGOs with EU 3.15 The Ministry of Agriculture andassistance. Food is one of the national institutions
with important environmental
3.10 The aim of this draft is stated responsibilities in Albania includingclearly: the administration, protection,
studying, and inventorying ofTo help the protection and re- biodiversity._stabllshment of the natural
l._alance of landscape and 3.16 The General Directorate ofiblodlversltY, and protectlon of aU the Forest and Pastures (GDFP) within
_07ms of life as well as the natural this ministry is responsible for the_nd aesthetic values inside or management and administration of_utside Protected Areas, through Protected Areas and National Parks,
_romotlng the sustainable use of and of wildlife and game hunting inthose resources. Albania. Recently, a Project
Environmental Management Unit3.11 The NEA is defined as the (PEMU) was established in the GDFP
responsible authority for to monitor the implementation ofimplementation of the law in Albania. mitigation measures recommendedIn 1998, a governmental decision under the environmental impacttransformed the CEP into the NEA by assessment process of the Forestpositioning it directly under the Management Project.authority of the Council of Ministers
instead of the Ministry of Health and 3.17 The General Directorate ofEnvironmental Protection. This act Fisheries administrates the resources
was an important and progressive step of marine aquatic fauna, and of thefor strengthening and enhancing the freshwaters in areas where there isposition of the NEA, and preparing it fishing and aquaculture.for possibly becoming a future
Ministry of Environment. TI:is step 3.18 The judicial system guarantiesequality in front of the law and, when
42
relevant, rules on civil and criminal Protection (CEP) was put under thecases which are affected by authority of the Ministry of Health.environmental legislation. Figure 2 This reform weakened its position andpresents a general scheme of the Independence in the environmentalinstitutional framework of Albania and area. Being under the authority ofdepicts the relations and functions of another Ministry, the CEP and thethe existing institutions, country's environmental problems
were viewed as secondary ones.3.19 However, the role of the central
and local institutions is still 3.24 The NEA has played the role ofinadequate with respect to the catalyst and co-ordinator for the
problems of inventorying, studying, protection of nature and blodiversity.managing, and monitoring CEP previously, and NEA today,blodiverslty, nominally has control of, but
effectively limited participation In, the3.20 Albania inherited a very limited management of the natural andexperience and institutional structure biological resources of the country.in the area of environment. In This is because of the lack of
addition, there is a lack of alms, governmental support and theobjectives, and national strategies and incomplete legal framework.action plans for nature andblodiversity protection. This is 3.25 The shortage of NEA employeescompounded by the existing gaps in and its unstable positioning has had athe legal framework and in law strong negative impact on theenforcement, and this explains why environment, and biological andthe responsible institutions do not landscape diversity.
effectively co-ordinate their functionsand responsibilities. 3.26 The recent changes that
positioned the NEA under the direct3.21 This situation has led to authority of Council of Ministers, andovcrexploitation of some of the natural the establishment in the future of theresources without taking into Ministry of Environment willconsideration the real cost of the strengthen its role, especially in the
damage done, the consequences on process of decision-making.resource depletion, and the relatedeffects on other biological resources. 3.27 A number of Institutions have
been defined by decisions of the3.22 With an incomplete institutional Council of Ministers to participate inframework for euvlrollmental Environment and Biodiversltymanagement, the responsible Monitoring (Figure 3).ministries for nature and bio{liversitymanagement have not yet establishedtheir environmental monitoring units,which should oversee the effects ofeconomic activities on the
environment. Experience has alsoshown that the NationalEnvironmental Action Plan has not
been completely implemented, andthat the systematic request of J:he NEAfor the implementation of the relevantacts and programs has not beencomplete.
3.23 After 1990, the National
Environmental Agency has undergonesome reforms of its structure and
institutional dependency. In 1992, theformer Committee of Environmental
Figu
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44
However, their efficiency is limited 3.31 The lack of law enforcement, lowbecause of a lack of co-ordination collection of fines because of the weak
among them, and the low level of institutions, and the corruption of thetechnical and financial support, judicial system has had adverse
impacts on the environment, and on3.28 The role of Non Governmental biological and landscape diversity.Organlsations (NGOs) and the citizensfor the protection of environment and THE CONVENTIONSAND INTERNATIONALbiodiversity should also be mentioned. PROGRAMS
3.29 In Albania, there _re 15 3.32 The long isolation of Albania hadenvironmental NGOs - all o,_ which notable impacts on the environment.were established after 1991. Their Until 1990, the participation ofrole is promoting public awareness Albania in international organisationsand participation and the protection of and agreements was only formal andnature and biodiversity. During these very limited.years they have enhanced theiractivities with support fo]' their · On February 4, 1975 Albaniaprojects from foreign and :,uational ratified the Agreement "For Non-donors. Gradually, their activity has proliferation of Nuclearexpanded throughout the country. Weapons.'Also they are setting up a forum of · On March 26 1975, Albaniaenvironmental NGOs to further their ratified the Convention "On the
work. However, the environmental Prohibition of the Developmentmovement of NGOs is still weak and Production and Stockpiling ofits Impact on society and the general Bacteriological (Biological) andpublic is limited. Some of the reasons Toxic Weapons and on theirare: Destruction. '
· On March 20, 1979 Albania· lack of experience; ratified the Convention concerning· total lack of financial and material "The Protection of the World
means (the only financial source Cultural and Natural Heritage".for the majority of NGOs is the As part of UNESCO, the Worldcontribution of their members and Heritage Committee, whichthe project funds released by administers the List of Worldforeign donors); Heritage, was established.
· Concentration of work in the
hands of a few people and the 3.33 After 1990, Albania started tononactlvisaUon of the members; participate in the international
· Insufficient co-ordination of Joint environmental organisations and toactivities among NGOs; benefit from the rights of this
· Activity concentration oI NGOs participation by trying to fulfil its legalmainly in big cities; duties as a member and participant.
· Relatively low level ofenvironmental awareness of the 3.35 The European Union has its own
people; and legislation and directives onDifficult economic conditions and environment, which are mandatory for
the unstable political situation in all of its members. As part of thisthe country especially during the legislation, there are also a series oflast two years, conventions and directives, which are
consistently revised according to
3.30 There are also virtu,ally no social-economic developments and
sanctions in case of damage to the their impacts on the environment.environment or non-implemenlation of Gradually, Albania is taking part inthe law. This situation has had its this initiative by signing different
negative effects on the existing conventions, and by trying toinstitutional structure, implement them as best as possible
under current conditions.
45
3.46 During the past years, Albania nature and biological diversity inhas continued to work to fulfil the Albania. Some of the programs thatduties defined in the agreement they have been more active in are: "Anbetween the Government and NGO Strategy for Nature ProtectionUNESCO as part of the regional in Albania" (1994-1997) financed byprogram on the pollution of the REC (Budapest), IUCN andMediterranean Sea {MEDPOLI. This MilieuKontakt {Netherlands), and
has been done through pollution "Blodiversity Protection of themonitoring in coastal areas. Thus, in Ohrid-Prespa Transboundaryco-operation with UNEP and with the Lakes" (PPNEA, EURONATURE, GTZ).Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP)
based in Athens, Albania began the 3.51 The Blodlversity Strategy andprocess of pollution monitoring in the Action Plan Is based on the
Ionian and Adriatic Seas as well as on recommendations and findings of thethe main rivers that discharge into the above mentioned programs, but goesseas. one step further by evaluating what
should be done based on current3.47 In Albania, from 1993-1996 the conditions."Program on Coastal ZoneManagement in Albania" was DivjakaPineForest (NationalPark)
initiated as a co-operation of theAlbanian Government, UNEP, World
Bank and the European Union. Themain objectives of the program were:(i) biodiversity protection in the
coastal areas of Albania, including aswell the marine habitats, fresh, and
intertidal waters; (ii) development oftourism and of recreation activities;
and (iii) institutional strengthening ofthe institutions responsible for coastalmanagement in Albania.
IN-SITUAND EX-SITUCONSERVATION
3.48 Co-operation also began with theMediterranean Technical Assistance 3.52 In Albania, in-situ conservation
Program (METAP), which included started to be applied only in thesome programs on the "AssEssment second halfofthis century. A numberof Environmental Status" financed of Protected Areas have beenby the European Community and the established, and a number of lawsWorld Bank. and by-laws for the protection of3.49 Another program financed by the endangered species of plants andWorld Bank was the "Ecological animals have been passed.Monitoring of the High Forests inAlbania" (1995). This program aimed 3.53 The Protected Areas are withinto address the needs of biodiversity the forest areas, and to enhance their
protection for the high forests of protection and management theAlbania through the extension of Department of Nature Protection wasProtected Areas and the improvement established within the National
of forest management. The Project on Environmental Agency. In some of theForests Management being districts with Protected Areas orimplemented with the technical and National Parks there are locallyfinancial assistance of the World Bank functioning units responsible for theirand other foreign donors, is aiming to management and protection.strengthen the management of theprotected areas as one of its 3.54 Until the beginning of the 1990s,components, the total amount of Protected Areas
was not more than 2% of the country's3.50 The NGOs are also contributing territory. At that time there were onlyto awareness of different isaues on three categories of Protected Areas:
46
3.35 The environmental conventions Fauna of the Natural
of which Albania is a party are as Environment in Europe," whichfollows: was ratified by the Parliament on
March 2, 1998.
· On May 30, 1990, Albaniaparticipated by accession to the 3.36 Albania participated in the EarthBarcelona Convention "For the Summit "The Environment and
Protection of the Mediterranean Development" of the United NationsSea against Poilution' (UN) (Rio de Janeiro, 1992). Around(Barcelona, February 16, 1976). 500 documents were approved, theThis convention has some most important of which were:
protocols as well, such as theProtocol Concerning 1. Agenda 21 - a complex programMediterranean Specially Protected for the development of ecologicalAreas {1982), and the Protocol for actions.the Protection of Biodiversity in 2. Rio Declaration on Environmentthe Mediterranean Sea (1996). which proclaims 27 principles
· On October 4 1991, Albania following the ones included in theratified the ESPO0 Convention Stockholm Declaration of 1972.
(Finland) "On Environmental 3. Convention on Climate Change.
Impact Assessment in a [On October 3, 1994 AlbaniaTransboundary Context." signed the basic text of this
· On March 18, 1992 Albania signed convention (New York, May 9,the convention "On the 1992). The Council of MinistersProtection and Use of approved the accession of AlbaniaTransboundary Watercourses to this convention by the decreeand International Lakes" no. 580 on June 29, 1993].
(Helslnki March 17, 1992). The 4. Convention "On Biologicalratification of the convention was Diversity" which represents an
done on January 5, 1994. agreement among different· The convention "On countries for the conservation of
Transboundary Effects of biological diversity, theIndustrial Accidents" was sustainable uses of genetic
approved in principle on March resources, and the transfer of18, 1992, and was ratified on relevant technologies by
January 5, 1994. appropriate funding. [Albania· On November 29, 1995 Albania signed the convention on January
participated by accession to the 5, 1994 and it entered into forceRamsar Convention (Ramsar, on April 5, 1994 ].1971). The official name of it is 5, Declaratio_ on "Forest Related"Convention on Wetlands of Principles" was a non-mandatoryInternational Importance declaration but it is an importantespecially as Waterfowl step towards the composition of anHabitat." Decision no. 581 on international convention for theJune 29, 1993 of the Council of forests which will later be
Ministers approved the accession mandatory.of Albania to this convention.
Decision no. 413 on August 22, 3.37 The treaties and documents of1994 of the Council of Ministers the Earth Summit aim to promote
declared the area of Divjaka- environmental actions, and theKaravasta as a "Specially establishment of solidarity among thcProtected Natural Ecosystem". countries of the world for betterAlbania became a party to this managing the world's environmental
convention through ratification on problems. This conference also defined? March 29, 1996. the concepts of environmental
· , On October 31, 1995 Albania protection and sustainablesigned the Bern Cm_vention development for developing countries.(September 19, 1979) "For the The adopted documents stated theProtection of Flora and Wildlife
47
importance of NGO participation for Flora and Fauna (CITES) signedtile protec!iop al environment in Washington DC March 3, 1973
with amendments done in Bonn
3.38 The Conuet;tioi_ on Access to June 22, 1979.
It!formation, Pabli.' Foriicipationin Decision_MakHlq _lll_l Access to 3._-1 7he engagement of Albania inJustice in alluiFOlll?lintilJ ¥iatiers international environmental
(Aarl'us-Denmarh, dune 25, 1998), is agreements has been growing,an important instrtm!er t for however, implementation and fulfillingstrengthening ai_d harmonislng the the duties specified in theseenvironmental righls oI _iti2ens by agreements is still lacking in manygiving them more posziibi/ities tar instancesbeing inlormed lot public pmticipationand for justice in Et,rap*- Albania was THE EXISTING NATIONALPROGRAMSamong the 35 countries. _,,llif l, signedthis convention. 3.42 The preparation of the National
Environmental Action Plan is a
3.39 Albania is aisc a part 5, to the continuation of previously undertaken
"Adriatic Initiative' together with activities, including those undertakenItaly, Slovenia, Croatia. G_ecce, and with international co-operation andthe EU assis!ance.
3.40 Albania's parti/:ipa'ion in other 343 Part of this co-operation is alsoconventions is sift! under preparation: the presence of many international
organisations in Albania such as the1. The Coaventtot_ al l'roietiion of European Union, UNDP, World Bank,
Migratory Species q] Wildlife International Monetary Fund,known also as &lc Bo]In European Bank for ReconstructionConvention (Born, 'n: J_me 23, and DeYelopment, and others. They1979. Entry into loree o_: 1983). have financed and prepared studiesAlbania tws s!gncd two p_otocols on euvironment in Albania.of this convention ¢ff_r the
Mediterranean mammals and for 3.44 lhe first was the study "Ontile Numenius tennuirosttts}. The Environmet?tal Status and the
documents for the participation of Environmental Strategy" financedAlbania in this co _veoJi_,n have hy the World Bank. Its first phase wasbeen prepared, compleled in 1992. It was considered
2 Basel ti:mvention on t_te i_onitol to be a technical documentation in
oj' Transboundary Mo!,m lent of support of the Albanian Government,Hazardou.q Wastes atlr their and served as a basis for the NationalDestruc,ion. The col]vC'ili au was Environmental Action Plan.
. adopted In 1989, a,_d chic,ed intoforce in May 1992. Thc C,.:uncil of 3.45 The second phase of the
Ministers and the pa!l!ament "Envirol_.mental Strategy inapproxed the participalion of Albania" was completed in 1993. ItAlbania. but the process of was based on the co-operation of thedocument deposition at Ihe UN by CEP with the World Bank, andthe Fo-eign Affairs Ministry still financed by though the Government ofneeds to be eonpleted Italy and the World Bank. This
3. The Co_mcrltion on important study preceded otherDese_tljication and dryness concrete projects in this area. Basedaiming to combat these on it _md on the Declaration of thephenomena in coaniiies _uflering Ministers of Environment (Lucerne,form them (December 4, 1996). 19931 togethe_ with its document:Annex no.4 recognises the Environmental Action Program lEAP),desertification problen in Albania prepared its NationalMediterranean ct;tm_rJes. Environmentfd Action Plan (NEAP).
4. The Conoer_t[on on lnier_,citlonal
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49
Forest National Parks, Hunting Protected Areas has been prepared.
Resources of Categories "A" and "B,_ This will be presented to the
and Nature Monuments. Government together with the BSAP.
3.55 In i994, as part of the Ecological Box 5Monitoring of tile High Forests in
Albania, and based on the Protected The Management Categories ofAreas categorisation system cf IUCN, Protected Areasthere were identified and proposed a
number of new Protected Areas which Category I- Strict Nature Reseroe/would have effectively doubled the Wilderness Area. These are small
existing number. After the recent areas to be managed mainly roidesignation of the Prespa National science or wilderness protection.Park, and the lake Ohrid as
Landscape Protected Area, the total Category II. National Park. These arecountry'3 area under protection has large areas managed primarfiyforreached at 5,8% of the total territory, the protection of ecosystems,
education and recreation.3.56 Although progress has been
achieved, there are still probkms and Category III. Natural Monument.issues, which need to be, addressed These are small areas managed forsuch as: the conservation of specific natural· The lack of a national strategy on or historic characteristics or
nature protection; )henomena.· The lack of an adequate legal and
institutional framework; gategory IV. Species and Habitat!· The existing network of Protected Management Area/Manage_
Areas is very limited, not always Resource Area. These are protectedrepresentative of the highest areas for the conservation of speetefnature and biodiversity values, and habitats through appropriate
and poorly managed (less than 6% management.of the territory of the country isproteetedh Category V. Protected Landscap_
· The lack of existing Protected and Seascape. Protected areaAreas Management Plans managed mainly foi(Management Plans have been landscape/seascape protection andprepared for only 2-3 of the recreation. This category lnclude_,existing Protected Areas}; terrestrial or marine areas, whiel_
· Lack of financial resomces for can be public, or private property,effective administration of the and inhabited areas where differenl
protected areas; activities are undertaken such as· Shortage of personnel and lack of agriculture, fishing, and forestry
training; and The aim is to maintain the nature!· Lack of protection for endangered conditions of the landscapes, tc
species of plants and animals protect the biological diversity, andoutside the Protected Areas. encourage the harmoniouf
Interaction of man with the
3.57 On the basis of the Albanian environment.
NGOs Project: "NGO Strat:.'gy for Category VI. Protected Area oJNature Protection in Alban,!a," the Managed Resources/Resource._
activily of Specially Protected Areas Reserve. Protected area managec
(1996) which was ?inanced by the mainly for the sustainable use o _,
Regional Activity Centre/Specially natural resources.
Protected Areas (RAC/SPA, Tunis),
and of the Coastal Zone Management Source: IUCN (1990/931.
Plan (CZMP), a new proposal for a
representative network of Albanian
5O
3.58 up to now, practices for ex-sltuconservation of endangered species of
plants and animals do not exist in The Blue Eyes {Delvina)-NatureAlbania. The Botanical Garden dose Monument
to Tirana University is a possibility,which should be considered in thefuture.
3.59 There is also no existing geneticbank for endangered species of plantsand animals. A seed bank for
agricultural crops was establishedrecently near the National SeedInstitute (NSI). This institution has
around 260 species, subspecies, andvarieties, of which 230 areherbaceous, and the other 30 aretrees and shrubs, From all of the 260taxa, 180 are cultivated and 80 are
spontaneous plants. However, this Flag-shaped Pine tree-Naturalbank should be used for the collection Monument
of the genetic material of endangeredendemic species belonging to thenatural flora of the country.
Lura National Park
RSJETI EKZISTUE$ I ZONAVE TE MBROJTURA TE SHQIPERISEEXISTING SYSTEM OF PROTECTED AREAS OF ALBANIA
4',
TiuAN
O _&x.
. Legjenda/ Legend
Rezerv_t Strikt Satyror/ R,zervat Shkea¢or _ Monument Natyre _ Zou, · Pej,,gh.ve te MbroJturStrlet Nature Reserve/ Scientific Reserve __ Nature Monument LandJcape/Sea_ape Protected A_ea
National Park Managed N_ture Reserve _1 Multiple Use arei
52
Box i5
National Environmental Agency Projects for Nature ConservationFinanced by International Organisations
Project Program Phase Grant Project's Objective1. Dajti National Phare finished 50,000 The preparation of aPark Conservation ' Program ECU management plan for thePlan AL9306 conservation of the Dajtl
National Park
2. Management of Phare finished 346,224 The preparation of aKaravasta Lagoon, Program ECU management plan and aPhase I AL9306 regulatory framework for the
Karavasta Lagoon and of theeco-guldes for this lagoon
3. Blodlverslty GEF/World finished 96,000 The preparation ofStrategy and Action Bank the first USD Blodlverslty Strategy andPlan phase, Action Plan, and the National
(l year] Reporton Blodlverslty
4. Lake Ohrid GEF/ start-up $1.78 To establish the base forConservation World Bank In million for sustainable management andProject December Albania joint protection of Lake Ohrld
1998 from GEF with Macedonia - legal{4years) framework and institutional
strengthening, lakemonitoring, watershedmanagement, and publicawareness
5. Management of Phare preparatio 400,000 Support for the managementKaraYasta Lagoon, Program n phase ECU of the lagoon, pilot study forPhase II SOP97 (2years) setting up an artificiallagoon
for sewage water treatment,building guard facilities, localworks for immediateImprovement of the fence,entering roads, etc...
6. Conservation LIFE/ Finished MedWet Study of the environmentaland Management of MEDWET 2 (l year) 3 and economic/social statusMediterranean (1,815,00 of the lagoons of the area oflagoons (the 0 USD) Kune-Vainlas part oftheextension to non- financed report on wetland status ofEU countries) by the participating countries
GEF [Albania, Algeria, Morocco,through and Tunisia), and theUNDP development of a model
methodology for wetlandstudies. The fulfilment of thisproject was followed byanother regional projectexpected to start soon,including Narta Lagoon,Llogar a-Kanall- Orlkumi-Karaburunl peninsula-SazanlIsland.
I
53
PART TWO
IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY ISSUES
CHAPTER 4
THE TOPICS AND ISSUES
INTRODUCTION
only through the acceptance and
4.1 Albania's biological and landscape fulfilment of the objectives and principlesdiversity constitutes a valuable heritage of protection, as well the practices ofnot only for Albania but also for the sustainable development in the sectors
Mediterranean region as a whole, the which affect biodiversity such as
European continent and the rest of the agriculture, forestry, fishing, energy,world. The Albanian people are the tourism, urbanisation, transport, andowners of these resources, and hence it is water use and management. Thesein their interest that this property and its globally recognlsed principles areheritage be protected and managed in a emphaslsed in the Pan-European Strategyway that it will promote sustainable on Biodiversity and Landscape Diversityeconomic development in the future. (PESBLD) as follows:
4.2 In fact, natural resources have been The Principle of Diligent Decision-
valuable in the past for their economic making: The decisions regarding theimportance. However, their exploitation Strategy are taken based on the bestbrings not only profits (for both the state available information, and they adopt, asand private persons), but also losses much as possible, measures which take{when they are not used in the right way) into consideration economic and socialwhich impede future development factors to serve as incentives for the
because of further degradation of the protection and sustainable developmentenvironment, of biological and landscape diversity.
4.3 The development of a new zone not The Principle ofyet exploited brings short-term economic Avoidance/Elimination: The
benefits followed by the degradation of implementation of procedures that requirenatural systems, which can lead to higher Environmental Impact Assessment (El/k)economic losses than the initial benefits, for any activity that might haveOf course, today it is impossible to considerable effects upon biological andconserve "museum ecosystems" especially landscape diversity and, when it isclose to inhabited areas, but these possible, the guarantee of publicecosystems need to be properly managed participation in these procedures.by protecting their natural values, and,
when possible, by restitution of some of The Principle of Prevention: The
their lost values, avoidance or minlmlsatlon of negativeeffects of the activities upon the biological
4.4 Due to the potential adverse effects of and landscape diversity.resource depletion, it is wise to implement
the concept of sustainable development The Principle of Transfer/Shifting: Theaccording to which every natural resource activities which are expected to haveshould be used to fulfil the needs of both notable effects upon biological andpresent and future generations, landscape diversity but that could not be
STRATEGIC PRINCIPLES avoided, should, when possible, be shiftedto areas which might be less affected bythem.
4.5 The implementation of thebiodiversity convention can be achieved
54
The Principle of Ecological biodiversity protection. Because the termCompensation: The negative effects of biodiversity constitutes species, habitats,physical changes which could not be and ecosystems, the criteria shouldavoided, should be balanced with express the need for their protection andprotection and compensation measures for the survival of endangered species oftaken by the subject that is causing them national and international significance.in the areas with high values of biological These criteria also should address aspectsand landscape diversity, of the economic and social benefits
attributable to the protection andThe Principle of Ecological Integrity: sustainable use of biodiversity. TheThe ecological processes responsible for criteria used in this BSAP are as follows:species survival should be protected, and
at the same time the habitats supporting · Critically endangered species andtheir survival should be preserved, habitats of global, regional, or national
importance;The Principle of Restoration and Re- · Habitats/ecosystems distinguished forestablishment: The rehabilitation of their high endemism or biodiversity;
biological and landscape diversity when · Habitats or species at risk of totalthis is possible, and its re-establishment extinction;
through the necessary measures for · Habitats or species for whichrescuing the endangered species and for appropriate protection and
setting up appropriate conditions for management would lead to local orthem. national economic and education
benefits;
The Principle of Best Technology and · Endangered species or habitatsPractice: From the environmental view because of the use of Inappropriatepoint, measures which are most practices, but which could beappropriate for the protection and improved through policy adjustments;sustainable use of biological and and
landscape diversity. * Actions/deeds that might lead toappropriate economic, social, and
The Principle of the Polluter Pays: ecological ehoices.According to this principle, the
responsible party should cover as much 4.7 During the BSAP preparation process,as possible the costs of measures for the lists of priority species and habitats wereprevention, control, compensation, and composed (Annexes E and F) along withmlnlmlsation of damages on biological action plans for protecting them throughand landscape diversity, the enhancement of the Protected Areas
network and/or through in-sltu and ex-The Principle of Public Participation situ conservation {Annex B).and the Public's Right for
Information: Active public participation ISSUES/PRIORITYTOPICSand support is Important for the
successful fulfilment of any protection 4.8 The Pan-European Strategy onplan for biological and landscape Biological and Landscape Diversitydiversity. The media and other education (PESBLD) has defined the 11 main topics,programs should Incorporate which should be addressed and developedenvironmental issues by supporting according to the specific conditions ofparticipation in the decision-making each country. They are as follows:process of public and private persons, the
scientific community, and of all the 1. The establishment of a Europeanindividuals and other civil groups, which Ecological Network (EECONET);use terrestrial and marine resources. 2. The integration in other sectors of the
biological and landscape diversity'['HECRITERIA issues;
3. The enhancement of awareness and
4.6 Different countries use different support from the public and policy-criteria for defining the primary problems makers;
and priority issues in the area of 4. Landscape protection;
55
5. Coastal and marine ecosystems; years. The first list of short-term
6. River ecosystems and the wetlands priorities includes 80 species/taxa - 42linked to them; vertebrates, 26 Invertebrates and 12 plant
7. Inland wetland ecosystems; species, while the longer-term priorities8. Grassland ecosystems; include 143 species/taxa - 959. Forest ecosystems; vertebrates, 31 invertebrates and 17 plant10. High mountain ecosystems; and species. The lists are presented in the11. Actions for the endangered species. Annexes E- 1 and E-2.
4.9 The preparation of the national action
plans for the above topics, remains agovernmental duty, but at the same timeco-operation with the environmentalNGOs will be required. For _his reason
the permanent working groups (WG) withjoint participation of Governmentorganlsations, NGOs, and other interestedpersons or groups should be establishedas shown in Box 7. During the BSAPpreparation process 14 Working Groupswere identified, the establishment of
which will be done after the approval ofthis document. The duties of each
Working Group will be the preparation ofaction plans, as well as facilitation and
co-ordination, and promoting theimplementation of these plans.
HABITAT AND SPECIES ACTION PLANS
4.10 Based on the above criteria and the
existing level of knowledge of nationalbiodlversity, a consensus has been
reached on the selection of endangeredspecies and habitats for which actionplans will be prepared (Annexes E and F).The proposed network of Protected Areasshown in Annex B takes intoconsideration the inclusion of terrestrial
protection of the landscapes, habitats,and species which are an importantinstrument for the protection of biologicaland landscape diversity in the country.At the same time this instrument could
not solve the survival issues for a largenumber of species and habitats thatremain outside the Protected Areas, or
where the level of protection isinadequate. Hence, the implementation ofaction plans for endangered species andhabitats has a special importance.
4.1 1 The selected species and habitatsare presented in two lists based on their
importance and the level of danger: (i)species/habitats action plans whichshould be undertaken within 1-2 years;and (ii) species/habitats action planswhich should be undertaken within 3-5
56
Box
The Worklng Groups for BSAP Implementation
1. The Working Group for Protected Areas and the Establishment of t_Ecological Network -- Co-ordinator: the General Directorate of Forest antPasture (GDFP)
Z, The Working Group for Public Education and Information.-- Co-ordinator:Protection and Preservation of the Natural Environment in Albania (PPNE_
3. The Working Group for Landscape Protection -- Co-ordinator: InstituteGeographical Research and National Planning Institute
_. The Working Group for Coastal and Marine Ecosystems -- Co-ordinatoFisheries Research Institute and Institute for Biological Research
5, The Working Group for Wedand Ecosystems -- Co-ordinators: FacultyNatural Sciences (FNS) and Institute for Biological Research
3. The Working Group for Plants and Agriculture Ecosystems -- Co-ordinator:Agriculture Directorate (MAF) and FNS
7. The Working Group for Forest and Alpine Ecosystems. Co-ordinatorForest and Pasture Research Institute (FPRI)
The Working Group for the Protection of Plant Species -- Co-ordinatoInstitute for Biological Research and FNS
9. The Working Group for the Protection of Animal Species -- Co-ordinator:Faculty of Natural Science
10. The Working Group for the Protection of Native Cultivated Plants -- Co-ordinator: Agricultural Research Institute (MAF)
[ 1. The Working Group for the Protection of Native Animal Agricultur_ Breed_,-- Co-ordinator: Institute of Zootechnic Research (IZR)
L2. The Working Group for Genetic Banks (Animals) -- Co-ordinator: FNS andInstitute of Zootechnic Research
L3. The Working Group for Genetic Banks (Plants) -- Co-ordinators: NationaJSeed
Institute and FNS
[4. The Working Group for Biotechnology -- Co-ordinator: Food Research·Institute and Institute for Biological Research.
57
Box
What should be the Content of the Action Plans for Species andHabitats?
1. The actual status (situation) -- the reasons that explain this situatiorand what ts the knowledge level of the limiting factors
z. The factors that cause depletion or aggravation - a short summary o:the threatening factors of the past and present
The Protection measures taken up until now -- a short summary of whaqis being done for the moment regarding species/habitat protection
The Objectives of the Action Plan -- the objectives defined for thcprotection, improvement, and/or the growth of species population, or fo_the geographical extension of species or habitats.
S. The deeds/actions/proposed measures and the responsible lead agenc 5-- here are presented the steps to be undertaken for the achievement o:the objectives; what is being done, what should or might be done In thcfields of.'
Politics and legislationcl Site/zone, protection and management
Species/habitats protection and managementConsultation
:_ Scientific research and monitoringo Public communication and publication
58
Part Three
THE BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN:PRIORITY ACTIVITIES AND ACTIONS
CHAPTER 5
THE NEED FOR CHANGE AND ACTION
INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY WITH ACTIVITIES IN OTHERSECTORS
5.1 The success in the recent years, there have been aimplementation of the CBD and the number of advantageous and
BSAP can be achieved only through disadvantageous effects of thesethe integration of strategic principles changes on the landscape andand objectives to protect biodiverslty biological diversity.in other sectors of the economy.These include agriculture, forestry, 5.5 The following factors have had afishing and hunting, energy and positive impact on blodiversity:industry, transport, tourism, and change of land use structure - thewater management, surface covered with crops is
diminished, the surface of land5.2 Protection of the country's planted with fodder 137% in 1996
landscape and biological diversity is compared with 23% in the earlyonly possible if sustainable policies 1990s) has been reduced, pesticideand practices are implemented as an use has decreased, and farmingintegral part of sector policies, techniques are now less mechanised.
5.3 Agriculture plays a vital role in 5.6 Reduction of soil fertility,the protection mid management of the desertlfication, and impoverishment oflandscapes and semi-natural habitats, the soil from degradation have beenand also in the protection of the among the adverse effects over thecountry's biological diversity. Over past decade. Erosion exists on one-one-third of the ornithofauna species third of the total land area, and itsof the country visit the country's effects are closely linked to impacts onagricultural ecosystems seasonally, the country's biodiversity.and over 15 bird species (some of
which are globally threatened} have 5.7 Under a free market economytheir critical habitats within without the support of stateagricultural lands. The life of some investments, parts of the nativeanimal species and reptiles is also agricultural plant and animal geneticlinked with agricultural ecosystems, material have been lost In Albania.Draining channels, riverbanks, Other parts have geneticallygardens, and salty lands within degenerated. To reverse this situationagricultural lands are a habitat for a the support of the governmentconsiderable number of plant and through a protection and subsidyanimal species. 'policy for farmers to protect these
genetic resources is necessary,5.4 Following the privatisation of land Alternatively, efforts could be made toin the 1990s, agriculture has returned preserve them ex-sltu through geneticto the traditional practices of a more banks to be preserved for future
extensive agriculture with less impact generations.on the environment and biodiverslty.This is primarily because state 5.8 Albanian agriculture is ansubsidies for more intensive extensive biological one. Preservationagriculture were abolished. During of this ecological character and its
59
balanced development must be kept in 5.10 The requests of the EU Directivemind as the basis fur future policies on Agro-Environment [see Box 9)since intm_sive land use practices are need to be incorporated into thelikely to increase with economic Agriculture Strategy.development. In particular, tiledevelopment of agriculture is expected 5.1 I Preservation, rehabilitation, andto be highest ill the low-lying coastal enlargement (where possible) of theareas, and this will have a significant natural and semi-natural habitats ofimpact on the country's biodiversity, agricultural land are required toImplementation of Environmental secure the preservation of theImpact Assessment procedures, in country's btodiversity,particular for new projects on soil
drainage and irrigation, will be 5.12 Priority measures proposed inimperative in the fnture, the framework of the BSAP for the
agriculture sector include:
Box §
The EC Agro-Envlronment Regulation · afforestation of abandoned lands;(EEC 2078/92) provides for: · creation of soil protection barriers
to reduce the impacts of erosion;
a) Subsidies to farmers in selected areas ol · planting of bushes and trees inhigh environmental value: these would hell: coastal lowlands:to maintain traditional, low-intenslt · restoration of the naturalfarming. This includes the designationschemes similar to Environmental vegetation on river banks;Sensitive Areas (ESAs/, and othe · re-creation of the wetlands inmanagement agreements, some saline and former marsh
lands;Many Category V protected landscapes and · afforestation of watersheds tosome Category IV areas would greatb avoid creation of floods and
benefit fi-om such designation, since sliding:changes in farming practice are often th_greatest threat to their integrity. · agroforestry development;
· use of new technologies to
b) The removal of land from agriculture: decrease deep tillage:Under this provision, reserves for selected · new technologies for cultivation ofhabitats and species should be created different agricultural plantsperhaps by establishing new national parks through artificial irrigation;and forest parks on land no longer needed ° rehabilitation of poliphytefor agriculture or extending existing parks, pastures through evaluating the
c) Extenslficatlon generally in agriculture stages of degradation andMost measures are horizontal (i.e. affect ali vegetation succession:farmers equally), but some can relate tr · increasing farmers' awareness ofspecific areas. Extenslficatlon will b{ the benefits of ecologicalparticularly important by reducing the us_ agriculture;of fertillsers, herbicides, and pesticides Ir · application of models ofand around protected areas. Mediterranean and Albanian
ecological agriculture, taking intoSource: IUCN(1993) account agro-silvo-pastorallsm;
· application of biological actions toprevent against parasites and their
5.9 The effects of agriculture on the damages on agricultural andcountry's biodiversity should be taken forestry cultures.into account based on the "Green
Agriculture Strategy" which has been 5.13 Energy and Industry. Theprepared by the Ministry of impact of these sectors on theAgriculture and Food and is expected environment, biological diversity, andto be approved soon. In this way, the landscape are well known. Although anegative eflecis of agricultural large part of the industrial sector isactivities on biodiversity can be not currently working, its negativeaddressed, effects on the country's biological
06
diversity are likely to increase in the environmental protection measures;future. This will be particularly true (iii) use of recycled materials; and (iv}in low-lying coastal areas, where the pollution control measures such asmain population and Industrial integrated waste management.centres of the country are located.
5.16 Because an Important part of theBox lc country's biodiversity is linked with
Main Elements of a National Energy forests and pastures, theStrategy implementation of sustainable forestry
Policies for the optimal of use of fossl] policies and practices Is a priorityfuels, bearing in mind the need te Issue for Albania. Integratedminimise depletion of non-renewable management of the Albanian forestsresources and to mlnlmlse pollution must be the first step. GDFP has thefrom energy consumption and main responsibility to design andproduction; implement sustainable policies forPolicies for the safe use of other fuels; integrated forest and pasturesPolicies and standards for energy management, which will enhance theefficiency; protection of natural habitats andEconomic policies that ensure thai wildlife.energy prices reflect the full social andenvironmental costs of alternatives andencourage the consumer to choose the 5.1 7 The strategic objectives of aleast damaging option; sustainable forestry policy are: (i)Taxes and Incentives to encourage better integration of strategicenergy efficiency and shelter poore_ principles {see chapter IV) in forestryfamilies from steep energy price management and planning; (ii)increases; protection of native tree species; (iii) toInformation campaigns to promote secure some protected forest areasenergy efficiency; where man can not Intervene inObligations on manufactures tc natural development and processes;monitor and publlctse the energyefficiencyofproducts; (iv) harmonisation and co-ordinationProduction of a national report, of reforestation policies withrecording progress towards realisation landscape and nature protectionof energyefficieneytargets; and policies; and (v) sustainable use ofSupport for citizens' groups promoting pesticides and fertilisers where it isenergy conservation, feasible. Some of the principles of a
sustainable forestry policy are shown_uree: IUCN [1993) in Box 11.
5.18 The measures and pilot projectsfor the ecological use of forests and
5.14 In the framework of the BSAP, it pastures, which are recommended byis recommended that energy and the working group on pasture andIndustry policies and practices forest ecosystems, are explained inIntegrate ecological considerations by detail in Appendix B of this report.using the proper sites for industrial The priority issues to be addressedactivities. Reduction of waste and are:
discharge of harmful substances will
enhance biological diversity and * Control of cutting tn forests, inlandscape protection. The main particular of illegal cutting:elements of a sustainable national * Rehabilitation of forest and
energy strategy are discussed In Box pastures ecosystems, degraded10. terrain, landscapes, and
abandoned lands for the
5.15 The Action Plan for the protection of habitats and wildlife;:protection of biological diversity and ° Creation of new forests,landscape proposes that all Industries establishment of new areas, and
should Implement sustainable widening of existing forestdevelopment practices such as: (1) Protected Areas;clean production technologies; (11)
6]
· Protection of the environnmntal integration of landscape and biologicalbahmcc through ecological diversity objectives in fisheries in aintervention iii forest and nasture way, which harmonises theseecosystems; activities with nature. The effects on
· Inclusion of blodiversily resource sustainability of over-fishing,considerations in Forest inappropriate fishing practices,Management Plans; including those of benthic, pelagic,
· Inclusion of biod!versity and other animal communities willconsiderations in forest need to be taken into account and
harvesting; minimised.· Consideration o[ tile eflects of
population migration; and Box 1· Inclusion of the public and local
conmmnities in forests and The Principles of Sustainablepastures plamiing and Forestry Policymanagement.
Establishment of a legall:5.19 One important emergency and guaranteed permanent forest;
temporary measure which could be Training in forest ecology andtaken to control illegal culling in management;forests when the state can not control Secure conditions for foresl
this activity is the ban of exToort of managers In the public, private,round-wood and charcoal. This and community forestry sectors;measure would prevent the over- Standards for annual allowable
harvesting in forests, help tim cut, cutting cycles, harvestingdevelopment of the forestry business techniques, infrastructure, andwithin the country and the internal environmental safeguards;market for timber, and create jobs for [2 Controls over all aspects olAlbanians. In addition, it is proposed harvesting and forest treatment toto liberalise the price of timber to protect the environment;
improve the qualily of the product so [2 Economic and financial policiesthat tire domestic market and product that do not require more from
more closely appro_'dmaie the forests than they can sustaina_yintcrnationa! one.yield;
5.20 Tile working group on Alpine .qznd Q Multiple use policies, to ensurethat the society gets the full
Forests Ecosystems proposed to be benefit (e.g., ,; timber, Jobs,established to ensure the environmental _ services
implementation of the CBD amd BSAP recreation) from all forests;will support and furthel develop Environmental policies tha'alpine ecosystems and foreslry protect ecological servicesbiodiversity act!on plans, and willmonitor the implementation of biological diversity and thiresource base: of all forest userssustainable practices and policies in andthe forestry mad pastures sector.
Effective monitoring of all theabove.
5.21Fishing. The effects of fisfiing,aquaculture, and hunting practices on
ourcc: Caring for the Earth (1991)the country's marine and wetlandbiodiversity have been substantial inthis decade. The filrtfier development 5.23 Responsible fishing managementof this sector in the future will have should consider the impact of fisheries
considerable effects on biodiversity if on the ecosystem as a whole,measures and policies to promote including its biodiversity, and shouldsustainable development arc not strive for sustainable use of wholetaken, ecosystems and biological
communities. Some of the main
5.22 Strategic objeetiw2s of a principles of a responsible fisheriessustainable policy will include are given in the box 12.
i
62
· periodically review of the objectivesBox 12 and policies In the fishery sector in
Main Principles of Responsible order to ensure that ecologicalFisheries considerations are incorporated
into the sector
[3 The State and water users · improvement and enforcement ofshould _orescrve water the low and regulations onecosystems fisheries
[3 Fishing management should · further improve the survey, controlpromote and ensure the and monitoring scheme onmaintenance of quality, fisheries
diversity and values of fishery · improve the water regime of theresources coastal lagoons and their waterThe State should not allow exchange with the seaover-fishing and should · creation of a national network ofimplement appropriate fish hatcheries In fresh andmeasures to avoidthat coastal waters in order to
[3 Facilities and practices of a rehabilitate and restore native fishselective flshing should be populations and biologicaldeveloped and implemented In communitiesorder to ensure the
enhancement of blodiverslty 5.25 Hunting was and still is havingand conservation of water its adverse impacts on the country'secosystems biological communities, particularly
[3 Fish catching, and processing along the coast and wetlands. Withand distribution of fish the Increase of hunting activities inproducts should be carried the future the effects on biodlversityout In a way that reduces the will be increasingly higher. National,waste and minimise the regional and local policies to controladverse Impacts on and sustainably develop huntingenvironment activities, taking into account the
[3 All the key habitats for fish sustainabfllty of the hunting'" colpmunlties in marine and resources, and the species
freshwater, ecosystems should requirements for survival.be preserved and restored, if
appropriate._ . 5.26 There is an urgent need to[3 The State _honld Ensure that enforce the law and stop and control
its fi,ghlntitlSterests and those the illegal hunting activities andto conserve fishery rcso}lrces practices, particularly those practisedare considered and respected on benthic, pelagic, and other animalby all the users of the Coastal communities of the coastal zone, withZone, and are integrated in the special emphasis on endangeredmmaagement, planning and species protected by internationaldevelopment of this zone conventions.
C_ The State should promote andincrease pubilc awareness 5.27 The relevant and responsiblethrough education and hunting state authority shouldtraining administrate and manage the hunting
on a scientific basis and should take
Source: Code of Conduct for appropriate measures to protect andResponsible Fisheries {FAO, 1995) manage the hunting species, but also
to create facilities for hunters and
generate incomes from hunting.5.24 The proposed measures to betaken in this sector aim at ensuring 5.28 More attention should be paid toan effective control and a sustainable thc illegal trade of the endangereddevelopment of fishery and species that are protected by theaquaculture In Albania. Some of them international laws. The customare the following: personnel should be trained to get
63
knowledge to deal with this problem to change this, with the help of theand get the low enforced. Another Council of Europe and the NEA, theimportant requirement to the relevant level of training and assistance to thestate authority is the development of institutions dealing with thesequarantine regulations and activities must increase in order to
enforcement in customs at the ensure that there will be enoughnational level, in order to control the specialists to include the concept ofimport of animals and breeds that sustainable development andmight be vector of diseases or biodlversity management in planning.harmful for native animal species.
5.29 Territorial Planning and Box 13
Urbanisation. Urbanisation is turning Main Elements of a SustainableInto a serious negative factor because policy for Transportof high levels of construction, aconsiderable part of which is out of n Ensure that transport policycontrol and without any territorial takes full account of the socialplanning. This has especially and environmental costs of eachdamaging effects in very sensitive form of transport;environments of high ecological risk. Review the current balance olThe establishment of state control on expenditure between road
this activity, and the integration of the construction, and investments forprinciples of nature, biological improvements in the railways antdiversity, and landscape protection in other forms of transport;territorial planning policies are a high Use economic instruments (e.gpriority for the country. Without such charges and taxes) to promot{considerations, the adverse effects will efficient transport use and cleanel
increase, and the costs very high. technologies;Link land-use planning tc
5.30 In the future, free and transport planning so as tcuncontrolled movement of the reduce the need for Journeys,
population from rural areas to urban especially by private transport;areas will have increasing impacts and Encourage traffic managemenlpressures on the coastal and land and "traffic calming" measures tc
fit traffic to the environmenJecosystems, which are moreecologically sensitive. This will require rather than vice versa; andthe responsible authorities to take Greatly expandedresearchintomeasures to prevent and mlnimlse the pollution-free vehicles and cleanimpacts, and efficient public transport.
5.31 The Council of Ministers, and _urce: IUCN[19931
especially the Ministry of Public Works
and Transport, will need to take the 5.33 Transpor_ has a great impact onresponsibility in this sector. More the country's biodiversity, especiallyresponsibility and expertise is taking into account Albania's need torequired from the Planning Institute, widen the transport infrastructure toNCTP, and RCTP to consider the promote trade with Europe. Forintegrated nature of development in example, plans to construct thethe rural and urban planning process. "Corridor 8" will have environmentalIn this way, steps can be taken to impacts. Therefore, it is important topreserve natural and landscape integrate landscape and biologicalvalues, in particular in the areas with diversity considerations into transporthigh landscape and blodiverslty policies and infrastructure
values, development. This will requireavoiding as much as possible areas
5.32 To date, in the constrttction with high natural values, andand transport sectors in Albania, prevention and mitigation measures tobiodiversity and landscape protection reduce the negative impacts onare virtually not considered. In order ecosystems and landscapes.
64
:3 _'_c Ah;}tuian government, and resources, which has not alwaysn pa i,_da, t2e Ministry of Public benefited local populations.
I_V:z/} '%::; }Olil] _l _ulsport, nlust review ils Ecoiourisnl or green tourism is one of1_oli¢:_:,; ?c, _hc transport seclor to the best and most sustainable
lcd'Lei' . p sustainable policies. Box 14]Sca,. <;_ _'_:enlmended principles, Environmental Guidelines for I
from _ l_e ?:*nune Caring .for the rourlsm Adopted by the World[
Earth. _o _)( included into sector rravel and Tourism Council {WTTC) Ipoliclc,_ ,i _ s_to_vn in Box 13. 1992
b ,Lc)Tourism and recreation are Travel and tourism companies shou dstate their commitment t_
expec'_cd ;c, he r:car luture to have a environmentally-sustainable growth; [bif, iu'p t,:i ©ti thc country's biological The environment commitment should[
an0 k_ -t:_(r,!>e diversity, in particular be company-wide; li1_ ilw : ;s; ;1 areas. Tourism with its Education and research intc
de,fcl(_ ;.,chi denlands and improved environmental programme..
p)s,_;it,ili .:._. :_; . factor that can have should be encouraged; and
';' " Ibc biodiversity, Travel and tourism companies shouldan a:iverr_e i .pa_t on
ii L,oii) (l;_ Pew areas of development seek to implement soundm_d £1_cc;<i,'i!lil_ ones. environmental principles througk
self-regulation, recognizing thai
5.3(" !17 lhe existing tourism national and international regulatiormay be inevitable, and thai
dcv lo :er_*:_'__, care mnsl be taken to preparation ts vital.mJnir:!i_:,_ ! itc negative impacts on '2nvironment improvement programmesbiod_ve/:oii?. For a sustainable _hould be systematic and comprehensivedevc!_pmcnl of the sector it is /'hey should aim to:necea_-;a: ' that tourism and Identify and mlnlmise product and
l-c!e'eL',io!oci policies better integrate operational environmental problemstl_e r:;_ic::l:"c_ of landscape and nature paying particular attention to ne_
p_e:xc-:-_.!ir:_ ;;_nce this will prevent projects;
seisitt,,_e (la,?.:_ges to landscape and Pay due regard to environmentalconcerns in design, plannln
bi,_lo?!c;d _!ive!-_qity which would construction and implementation;_,DJ, In,l( l_le appeal cf tourism. Be sensitive to conservation
environmentally protected o_;'37 . ,. ,_ _mmittee for Tourism threatened areas, species and scenicDc,/: )l::: _CTD) and the NCTP aesthetics, achieving landscape;-_c,tb play a_! important role in this enhancement whereposslble;
sector _. 's unacceptable that the Practice wa/er conservation;
C'D drcs l,?t have a staff person Reduce and recycle wastes;Practice fresh-water management andrCSl)ons_b!e [or environment. Re-control sewage disposal;
ol _x,i_'_ ti _! 9:'. the tourisnl sector as a Control and diminish air emissions
('_.) - .to* '. utzdcr the Council of and pollutants;MiDi'_ ,_;, z 7_ strc;agthening the role Monitor, control, and reduce noiseoi b_ _(_(_l_ai !.:_l:onlnental Agency on levels;t_wi_f'l_intvi:d m-_.tters will create the Control and reduce environmentally.
;)o_;dbilifx _, cmm:-e more responsible unfriendly products, such a..c(m,'id( rs' i,:',_' .'A' envircurnental issues asbestos, CFCs, pesticides, and toxic,i%11}3,' ioxtl at_! sector, corrosive, infectious, explosive oi
flammable materials;Respect and support historic oi
5.38 t'b_': are many examples of religious objects and sites;poli(i_:s and types of tourism Il. Exercise due regard for the interestsd_v,.lopii_c_,t, arid Albania should of local populations, including thel_:C_tI I Cll;ill i'.IC experiences of other history, traditions and culture and
counlrics, tx1 particular, Albania future development; and$bott[¢l ' _ '' (,Jti_ l]to consideration that in [2, Consider environmental issues as a
many .ieve})pirg countries poverty key factor in the overall developmenla_xd l)re}_sL,!ls 10r last economic of travel and tourist destinations.
((?ye opt) _ have lead to over-cx0icilo ic_ ;:md cxl:ractloll of natural 5ource: WTTC (1992)l
alternatives, which can protect and National Water Council (NWC). Theimprove the quality of the responsible Ministries mustenvironment, biological diversity, and reconsider their policies to promotelandscape. At the same time, this will the sustainable and environmentallyhelp to secure a sustainable income sound use of waters.base for the Albanians working in thissector. 5.44 Improving the existing water
supply and wastewater sewerage5.39 One important area of systems will be important for bettercollaboration is to develop the tourism managing blodiverslty. Presently, thepotential within and near protected existing networks and waterareas. Sustainable planning and management are poor, and thismanagement of tourism based on adversely affects biodiversity.nature protection can be a positive Feasibility studies and projects forforce to bring incomes to the local rehabilitation of water supply andcommunities. Tourism is welcomed wastewater treatment systems inwithin and near protected areas if it urban areas must play an importantrespects the specific characteristics of role in the future.every area, and the natural andcultural values. Ecological tourism 5.45 Application of EIA procedurescan be both cultural and educational and calculation of the social and
and have mlnimal pollution and environmental costs of differentadverse environmental effects, operations of water management must
be a priority for future policies in the5.40 Tourism development in Albania sector.must keep in mind the EnvironmentalGuidelines on Tourism approved by 5.46 Defence/Mllitary. The military'sthe World Council on Travel and role in the past has been important forTourism {WCTT) of 1992 shown in Box the country's biological diversity and14. landscape, and this will continue in
the future. This role has been and can
5.41 Water Management has been be positive and/or negative. As aand continues to be an important positive example, the military areasfactor with impacts on the country's have been, and are, the mostenvironment, biological diversity, and protected natural areas in thelandscape. As a result of demographic country. As a negative example onmovements and an increase in landscape and biological diversity, onepopulation and the demand for water, can note the construction of bunkersthe effects of this sector on the quality and tunnels, where the enviztbnmental ,'of the country's biological diversity are costs of these activities were notbecoming increasingly important, taken into account,
5.42 Albania is_a rich country in 5.47 The low cost attributed towater resources, but it is necessary environmental damage in Albania wasthat these resources be managed in a a result of the lack of knowledge of itssustainable manner for present and importance and values. Today, thefuture generations. The strategic strategic military needs of the countryobjectives of this sector in the have increased the demand for theframework of the BSAP are: Albanian territory to develop milltary
integration of biological diversity and manoeuvres with foreign partners.landscape protection objectives in allaspects of water administration and 5.48 Military objectives should be
management, including the Integrated with those for landscapemanagement of wastewater discharges and biological diversity in order toand polluting substances, avoid as much as possible the use of
areas with hlgh natural value for5.43 To achieve these objectives an military reasons. Measures to preventimportant role is played by the or mitigate the negative impacts ofCouncil of Ministers, through the military activities on the landscape,
66
and to develop more environmentally have the need for repair or fullfriendly activities, should be taken, recovery: and (iv) buffer zones which
support and protect the ecological5.49 It Is important to create and network from external impacts. Corestrengthen an environmental unit at areas/biocenters must include areasthe Ministry of Defenee, and to and main characteristics, whichintroduce the polluters and users pay represent biological diversity andprinciples. In the case of areas to be landscapes. Blocorrldors areused for military manoeuvres, necessary to secure the coherence andpermission should be taken from the funefionlng of the ecological networkNational Environmental Agency so as because they facilitate spreading andto take Into account and minlmise the migration of species betweenenvironmental impacts of the activity, biocenters.
EXPANDING AND STRENGTHENING THE 5.53 A Representative Network ofNETWORK OF PROTECTED AREAS AND Protected areas (RNPA) which is
ESTABLISHING THE ECOLOGICAL proposed for approval In this strategyNETWORK represents the realisaUon of the first
step for the creation of the country's5.50 One of the main mechanisms for Ecological Network, Approximatelybiodlversity protection and ecological 14% of the country's territory aremanagement is the establishment and included in it, and within it there aremanagement of ProteetedAreas. These the best ecosystems, habitats, andareas vary in dimensions and landscapes of Albania. After approval,protection scale, and in the level of the first steps to be taken will be tocontrol of human use. They offer a preserve and improve the country'snumber of products and services with biological and landscape diversity forlocal, national, and international present and future generations. Atbenefits, the same time, this approval will be a
contribution of Albania to the
5.51 The Global Blodlversity Strategy establishment of the pan-Europeanand the Pan- European Strategy on ecological network,Biological and Landscape Diversity 5.54 The proposed RNPA does not(PESBLD), understanding and mean that the man and his interestsappreciating the importance of are excluded from the 14% of theProtected Areas for the preservation of country's territory designated to beblodlversity, have recommended covered as Protected Areas. Ratherexpanding Protected Areas and than dictating the exclusion ofstrengthening their management as economic, social, and recreationhigh priority objectives for every activities, Protected Areas are zonescountry, where this aefivityis sustainable and
controlled, and developed in5.52 A European initiative to establish accordance with the needs for theand develop an ecological network protection of the ecological integrity ofknown as EECONET aims to protect the ecosystems, habitats, landscapes,the structure and complex ecological and survival of the plant and animalrelationships of Europe. EECONET at species (Box 15).the same time Is an instrument todevelop the priorities for action for 5.55 Preparation of the managementeach country. The establishment of plans for the Protected Areas ofthe ecological network requires four Albania Is considered as a highmain elements: (i) core area or priority; so far, only 2-3 Protectedbiocenter to preserve ecosystems, Areas have existing managementhabitats, species, and landscapes; [11) plans or plans under preparation.ecological corridors or blocorridors to This should be a high priority activityimprove the coherence of the not only for the responsiblebiological systems; (111)rehabilitation authorities such as the DGFP and theareas where damaged elements of the NEA, but also for the scientific andecosystems, habitats, and landscapes research institutions such as the
67
MNS, IBR, FPRI, FRI, the involvement in -this process. TheHydrometeorogical Institute (HMI), second step for the establishment ofand specialised NGOs in the country the Ecological Network after RNPAwhich have the necessary expertise for approval and establishment will be thethe preparation of the management creation of the biocorridors for linkingplans, the various Protected Areas with each
other. A long-term objective of thisBox li process is that Protected Areas cover
Protected Areas and Sustainability 25% of the country's territory by2020.
?rotected areas contribute t(
sustainable development by: 5.58 Achieving short and long termobjectives for the establishment of the
1. Conserving soft and water ir Ecological Network will need supporterodlble areas; from the government, in particular
2. Regulating and purifying water flow from the NEA and Environmentalespecially by protecting wetland,' Protection Unit (EPU) within DGFP, toand forests; enable fulfilment of these objectives.
3. Shielding people from naturadisasters, such as floods or storrr 5.59 The working group for thesurges; establishment of the Ecological
_. Maintaining important naturad Network and Task Force (ENTF) whichvegetation on soil s of inherently lo_ will be established after the BSAPproductivity; approval, and will design the proper
5. Maintaining wild genetic resource,' programmes and projects which are
important to medicine or for plant 01 needed in order to strengthenanimal breeding; Protected Areas management andProtecting species that are highl_ establish the Ecological Network of thesensitive to human disturbance; country.
Providing critical habitat for feeding
breeding or resting of species thaiare harvested;
Providing inconie and employmenithrough tourism,
5ource: Action Plan.for the Protected_reas in Europe (IUCN, 1993)
5.56 Taking into account thatAlbania's Protected Areas are part ofthe European natural heritage, It isthe responsibility and obligation of theinternational organisations to providesupport for the preparation andimplementation of the existing andproposed management plans. TheNEA and DGFP must help to createthe conditions to attract more of these
organisations to work in Albania.
5.57 Establishment of the EcologicalNetwork is a long process which willbe accompanied by a programme tohelp understand the Ecological
Network, its planning andestablishment, and to promote publicparticipation and local community
RRJETI I PROPOZUAR I ZONAVE TE MBROJTURA TE SHQIPERISE
PROPOSED REPRESENTATIVE NETWORK OF PROTECTED AREAS OF ALBANIA
\
_toto_o_oTM
<)
/
Legjenda/ LegendZone
m mmO Pe_mzhove to MbroJtur
Rexervot Strikt Nltyror/ Rozor_at Shkaneor Monument Natyrem
mm _,.,_tN.t... _..o.o_so,..,,,,,b.ar. _' '"Nature Monument tond_apo/Sea]Bolpe Protected Area
P. ozarv&t Natyror I Mo_axhuer _ Zone · per4ortmit tm Shumftghte
Park Xom',.ter [/_ ...o,.d Nature ,es.ye [[[[[SS MuJt,,le Use AreaNatiGnll Park
69
BIOD1VERSITY CONSERVATION OUTSIDE material of wildlife species. It isTHEPROTECTEDAREAS proposed to establish a genetic bank
for the spontaneous flora of Albania, a5.60 Only some 5.8% of the country's genetic bank for microorganisms, andterritory arc currently included in the a genetic bank for wild animals.Protected Areas network. Although amuch larger percentage (14%) is NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ANDproposed by the RNPA, the proposed MONITORINGterritory under protection would stillbe small in comparison with the 5.64 The unknown can not be
country's territory outside of the protected against and managed.Protected Areas. Even if we suppose Starting from this, the need for thethat the surface of Protected Areas wfil development of scientific research inincrease, and be sustainably Albania is a high priority. The lack ofmanaged, this will not be enough to study of many animal groups (mostlysecure the survival of the species and invertebrates) and plants (mostly lowhabitats, in particular of the migratory species of moss) and low scale ofspecies of birds and animals. Outside knowledge of a considerable part ofthe Protected Areas there are also a plant and animal species call for morenumber of landscapes, which must be and better research support inprotected and managed in a Albania. With economic developmentsustainable manner, there will need to be more research for
the protection of the sea, and coastal5.61 To achieve the above objectives it and inland water blodiversity, whichis necessary to prepare action plans will be more threatened in the futurefor the ecosystems, habitats, and due to the increased activities of man
species. This will be the task of the in these ecosystems.Working Groups, which will be
established after the approval of the 5.65 More financial support is alsostrategy, needed for training programmes for
the main research institutions
NEED FOR EX-SITU CONSERVATION involved in biodlversity inventory andmonitoring such as the BRI, MNS,
5.62 Increasing pressure on FRI, and FPRI. Better co-ordination
blodiverslty, accompanied by the among the country's researchextinction of a number of species and institutions, and with their
an increase in the number of counterparts abroad, is important. Inendangered ones, warrants ex-situ addition, increased NGO and privatepreservation in zoological and sector involvement should bebotanical gardens or parks developed in the future.established for this purpose. The
support of the Botanical Garden to 5.66 Biodiverslty protection andrealise ex.situ preservation of endemic management requires monitoring inand endangered species is an order to control and prevent damagesimportant action which should be from exploitation andcomplemented by the future mismanagement. This can be realiseddevelopment of such practices for with the establishment of fixedanimal species in the long-term, stations to regularly monitor the
evolution of the plant and animal5.63 Where in-situ and ex-sim communities.
preservation of the threatened speciesare not possible, preservation of 5.67 Monitoring biotic data ratherbiological material should be done than measuring abiotic data can bestthrough genetic banks for plants and monitor the environmental situation.animals. The strengthening of the As a first step, a map of the mostGenetic Banks within the National sensitive biotopes should be prepared,Seed Institute, and a Laboratory of beginning with those of ProtectedDeep Freezing nearby the ZRI should Areas (within first 5 years), and laterinclude preservation of the genetic for the rest of the country (5-20
7O
years). Within this activity is proposed * Data completion andthe mapping of sea meadows with standardisation:
Posidonia oceanica and Cymadocea * Establishment of a biodiversitynodosa, and those environments with database at the national level; and
reed coral {Corolum rubrum) and * Development of a co-operative and(Llpthophaga lipthophaga) which are open information network forcollected by fishermen and divers Interested parties at the local level.(within 1-3 years).
5,72 Establishment of a database on
5.68 Securing funds for biodiversity flora arid fauna to be used by existingmonitoring must be considered a institutions such as the BRI, MNS.
priority not only for government FRI, and FPRI is considered a highinstitutions, but also for the priority. Without a good database, itinternational community. The NEA, will not be possible to promoteGDFP, GDF, and others must better sustainable management ofco-ordinate their work programmes to blodiverslty. As a first step, aimprove efficiency. NGOs with their database for Protected Areas is
projects and programmes financed proposed, beginning with Nationalfrom internal and foreign donations Parks. To do so, the aboveshould also offer their contribution. A institutions must co-ordinate their
priority for BSAP implementation will work, and be supported withbe the development of blodiverslty equipment and necessary expertisemonitoring and research, from the state and donors.
INFORMATION USE ANDMANAOEMENT 5,73 Data creation and
standardisation will require better5,69 Information use and collaboration with speciallsed
management is another high priority international organisations.for blodiversity management and
protection in Albania. The lack of use 5,74 Development of an open and co-of existing knowledge of the country's operative information network for thcbiodiversity derives from the lack of an Interested parties will need to secureoperative and wen-organlsed the right of access to electronicInformation system in the country, information services such as theImproving the use of this information internet for central and localwill save time, money, and energy, Institutions, environmental NGOs,since this issue has not received and other groups interested in
enough attention in the past. information exchange. This willIncrease the efficacy of biodiversity
5,70 Article 56 of the constitution protection and management. As astates that everybody has the right to first step, It is recommended tobe informed concerning the state of provide electronic information servicesthe environment and its protection, to the central and speciallsedEstablishment of the Ministry of Institutions that are responsible forInformation is an important first step, data collection and management.which must be followed by other ones.
This action must be used to secure 5,75 Copyrights and intellectualthe necessary support to develop property rights must be respected andinformation programmes for regulated by the law and regulationsbiodiversity, pertaining to environmental
information. Such a legal framework5,71 To improve the quality and use must still be developed in Albania toof information and data on enhance bl0dlverstty management andblodlversity the following measures protection. For this reason Albaniaare proposed: must consult the existing
international legislation and· Maximal usc of the information regulations.
and existing data;
71
EDUCATION, TRAINING AND EXTENSION and training of professionalSERVICE PROGRAMMES/INCREASING journalists for environmental mattersAWARENESS OF THE PUBLIC, POLICY- ts a priority for the media in Albania.MAKERS, AND DECISION-MAKERS
5.80 Providing a simple and5.76 Achieving tile objectives of the understandable message is importantCBD require increased public for environmental education and
awareness and sensibilisation of public awareness since highlydecision-makers and policy-makers, scientific presentations will notArticle 13 of the Convention states effectively increase the awareness ofthat the contracting parties must: the public. Increasing publicpromote and encourage understanding awareness of biodiversity wfil requireof the importance of, arid the measures simple messages to explain what isrequired for, the conservation of the biodiversity, why it is important, andbiological diversity, as well as its what needs to be done to preserve it.propagation through media, and the Preparation and publication of anyinclusion of these topics in educational guidelines to make a clear andprogrammes. In light of the low level of emotional communication with the
public awareness and environmental public for different aspects of theeducation in Albania, this is an blodiversity can be an important tool.important priority. Editing of popular books, which treat
the importance and the role of5.77 Programmes and projects to biodiversity for man, will also help toencourage public and community promote its sustainable managementparticipation in the process of and protection.biodiversity plamning and
management must be developed, 5.81 NGOs play an important role inencouraged, and implemented in the increasing the environmentalfuture. These programmes should be awareness in general, and forsuitable for the target age groups and biological diversity in particular. Theyprofessions. Environmental education often promote environmentalshould start with children under 7 education by carrying out concreteyears old, and be a priority for pupils actions for nature and biodiversityof elementary schools, protection. The state and NGOs
should work to renew the tradition of
5.78 Biodiversity protection should nature care. Special days or monthsreceive more attention in textbooks offer good opportunities forand progranlmes as a way of environmental education and publicdeveloping more environmentally awareness events. For example,aware citizens. December was the month of
reforestation and there can be special5.79 In a civil society the role of mass days such as Earth Day, Bird's Day,media in environmental education is Spring Day, and others.increasing. Although small progress
has been achieved, the Albanian 5.82 Implementing the abovemedia is still very much focused on recommendations will be the duty of apolitics and pays less attention to separate working group on Publicissues like biodiversity or the Education and Awareness proposed toenvironment. The infbrmation be established after BSAP approval.provided to readers or viewers is often
lacking, presented by people without 5.83 Training and qualificationadequate expertise, and is sometimes programmes on blodiversity study andwrong or difficult to be understood, management are another priority forGiven its importance in a post- Albania. These programmes mustCommunist society, the Albanian involve state institutions and
media must find more and better ways organisatlons, the NGO community,to inform the public and have a more and the private sector. Some of thepositive impact on its environmental objectives and directions of theseawareness and education. Formation programmes will be:
72
· Focusing on professional trainingschemes for biodiverslty
management and protection;· Personnel training, of those that
work on a professional basis on'biodiver sity monitoring andmanagement;
· Training on particular issues ofbiodiversity action plans; and
· Encouraging a wider participationof the public with the nature as asource of education and pleasure.
5.84 Extension service on blodiversity
for land users is a long-term objective,but necessary to be developed in thefuture. This service must be organisedat the local level by the REAs, incollaboration with the speciallsedinstitutions in the country for
biodiver sity protection andmanagement (e.g., existing ones suchas the BRI, MNS, FPRI, and FRI, andnew ones such as the NPI).
73
Figure 6. Functional Scheme for the Implementation of the CBD and BSAP
74
CHAPTER 6
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN
REFORMANDINSTITUTIONALSTRENGTHENING
6.1 Reform and institutional include a plan for administration andstrengthening are essential to the creation of a decision-makingguarantee the implementation of the authority. Preparation of the law onBSAP. Only through completion and Watershed Management must also beimprovement of the legal framework, undertaken to harmonize thereforming and establishing suitable protection and use of water resourcesand responsible institutions, and for economic interests In a way, whichimproving law enforcement can we be mlnlmises adverse effects on theoptimistic for the future, ecosystem.
LEGISLATION INSTITUTIONALSTRENGTHENING
6.2 Legislation, which is coherent and 6.5 Strengthening of thc responsibleenforceable, will form the foundation state institutions for biodiversityfor sound biodlversity management, inventory, management, andOf particular importance will be the monitoring is also a high priority.approval of the proposed draft-law on Greater support must be given to theNature Protection and Biodlversity, strengthening and enlargement of theits harmonlsation with other sector NEA and its regional authorities, aslaws, and its supremacy over the well as creation of environmentalother laws and regulatory measures units in different sectors. For thison nature protection issues. The NEA reason, an important recent step isand DGFP must discuss and agree on the establishment of the Projectthe division of responsibilities Environmental Management Unitemanating from this law, (PEMU) in the Ministry of Agriculture
and Food {MAF), The establishment of6.3 Laws, which create autonomous such units in other sectors is alsoauthorities that encourage wide recommended.participation, will form thecornerstone for future law 6.6 In the framework of scientific and
enforcement. This process must be institutional reform, it is necessary toaccompanied by cooperation between create as soon as possible thepublic and private institutions in the Institute for Nature Conservationmanagement of Protected Areas .in (INC). The INC should beaccordance with management plans multldiscipllnary, and able to offerand the stated policies established by qualified guidance for biodiversitythe central environmental authorities, protection and sustainableThese policies should consider the management. Simultaneously,opinions of technical experts, and additional support is required for thehave publie approval, existing responsible institutions for
biodiversity inventory, management,6.4 The priority of the coastal area for and monitoring.the country's development warrantsthe preparation of the Law on Coastal 6.7 The consideration ofZone Management. Implementation of environmental issues, and particularlysuch a law can help to avoid biodiverslty, has been very weak In theenvironmental problems In the coastal decision-making process. With theareas. The law should be based on inclusion In the executive system ofthe principles of sustainable use and new concepts of territorialintegrated management and administration (watersheds, coastaldevelopment of this territory, and areas, and other territorial
75
ecosystems), and with the preparation composed of the co-ordinators ofand approval of integrated laws on technical working groups. TheCoastal Zone Management, Protected Secretariat of the Cot_ventlon onAreas, and Watershed Management, Biological Diversity (SCBD) in thethe results of the decisions of the NEA, proposed for approval, will beinter-ministerial structures should be another important co-ordinationmore consistent with the principle of mechanism Their duty would be thesustainable development in the future, co-ordination of work and
programmes in the framework of the6.8 Decision-making of Inter- BSAP, and identification and securingministerial structures such as the of the financial resources for the
NCTP, NUC, and NEC, will yield better implementation of the landscape andresults if project assessment criteria biological diversity action plan.better incorporate environmentalissues, and not exclusively focus on DECENTRALIZATIONnatural resources exploitation.Establishment of the National Council 6.1 i Power decentralization and a
on Nature and Biodiversity (NCNB) wider autonomy for the localcan help to provide balance in the authorities is necessary for thedecision-making process, democratic development of the
country. More regional autonomy as it6.9 The NCNB would be composed of: is foreseen under the New(i) representatives of the Constitution will allow local andministries/institutions of the main regional authorities to becomesectors of the economy; (ii) increasingly active in the planningrepresentatives of the scientific and and management of the biological andacademic institutions in the area of natural resources they share. In thisbiodiversity and nature preservation; context, the implementation of theand (iii) representatives of the objectives of the CBD and the BSAP atenvironmental NGO community The the regional and local levels will beChairman of the NCNB would be the essential.Chairman of the Council of Ministers
(Prime Minister???), and its secretary 6.12 Laws and national programmeswould be the Chairman of the NEA. are effective if they are realized andThe establishment of this council implemented at the local level since
would promote proper decision- implementation of the BSAP can notmaking and prevent or minimize the be realized without the direct supportadverse effects of different and participation of the public andinterventions on the environment - local communities in the planning andespecially in the design and management of landscape andpreparation of national or regional biological diversity. Physical vicinityprogrammes and projects. Strategic with the natural environment,principles will be incorporated into the animals, plants, and habitats whichdecision-making process in order to have the need for protection andpromote their implementation in other proper management create a strongsectors since, without cooperation personal link of man and nature, andwith other sectors, the implementation focus particularly on the importanceof the CBD and BSAP can not be of nature protection. In addition,
guaranteed, many areas in towns and villages,which are not expected to be used for
DEVELOPMENT OF iNTER-SECTOR CO- buildings or streets, are the propertyORDINATIONMECHANISMS of the municipality or c3mmune.
Local authorities are directly
6.10 Development of inter-sectional responsible for the management of theco-ordination is also a high priority, public areas such as game areas,Establishment of the NCNB is the first parks, riverbanks, zoological gardens,step towards the achievement of this and green areas, These and otherobjective. The Implementation reasons must be kept in mind by theBoard of the CBD and BSAP would be central authorities, in particular those
76
responsible for environmental, nature and experience to contribute toand biodiversity management and landscape and biological diversityprotection, inventory, planning, management,
and monitoring. Creation of the legalTHE NEEDS AND THE ROLE OF mechanisms to promc/te a widerTHE NOOsAND LOCAL involvement of these NGOs in this
COMMUNITIES process will better ensure theimplementation of the CBD and BSAP
6.13 Increasing the role of the NGOs in Albania.and local communities will be
essential for the implementation of the COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES OFCBD and BSAP since a precondition BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYfor their implementation Is a well-informed public. Principle 10 of the 6.16 To date, man has not adequatelyRio Declaration says: "Every individual taken into account the environmentalhas the right to be informed concerning costs associated with natural andissues related to the environment, biological resources exploitation. Onlydealing with public authorities, when forced to pay for and/or repairincluding information on hazardous the damages or the loss to thesubstances and activities in collective, environment and btodlversity hasand to have the possibility to take part society become aware of their realin decision-making." A second value. This concept has only recentlyimportant step is the creation of the begun to be implemented in Albania.legal mechanisms for the participationof NGOs and the public in the 6.17 Cost-benefit analysis for thedecision-making process. NGO protection and preservation ofrepresentation in the NCNB, and the biological diversity, and the benefitImplementation Board of the CBD and from its use and preservation, mustBSAP, will institutionalize public be used to avoid non-economic and
participation in the decision-making non-sustainable practices andprocess, and be an important step policies. Cost-benefit analysis is anforward, instrument, which should be
increasingly used in the future for6.14 The scale of the public decision-making in sector policies, asparticipation in decision-making and well as for conservation practices.implementing the decisions taken inthe environmental area depends on INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIONthe level of economic development,and cultural and social awareness. 6.18 Because of the lack of experienceNGOs, in particular environmental in the environment field, international
ones, play an important role in technical and financial co-operationincreasing the environmental has been, and continues to be, vitalawareness of the public, and of the for Albania. The opening of theimportance of improved environmental country in 1990 created wideprotection and biodiversity possibilities for such collaboration,management. Securing assistance for and its results are measurable.NGOs to develop their programmes forenvironmental education must be a 6.19 A number of programmes forpriority not only of the NGO forum technical assistance have made the
and Regional Environmental Centre transfer and use of international(REC], but also for the state, experience possible. ThesePartnerships of the state with NGOs programmes have been important forworking on the environmental are a increasing the professionalism of ournew objective of NGOs, which must be experts in environment. EUdeveloped In the future, programmes, such as PHARE, and
LIFE, the World Bank, the Global
6.15 A number of Albanian NGOs, in Environment Facility {GEF), UNDP,collaboration with international ones, UNEP, and technical assistance from
have developed sufficient expertise the governments of the USA (USA/D),
77
Germany (GTZ), Italy, and has increased. A number of contactsNetherlands (SNV) and others, have all have been established with UNEP,contributed to this effort. UNESCO, IUCN, REC, WWF,
EURONATUR, Birdlifc International,6.20 The benefits of international co- EUCC, and others. Besides
operation have also been realized by strengthening co-operation with theseenvironmental NGOs. A number of organisatlons, which is a continuousenvironmental NGOs such as PPNEA, priority, establishment of links andASPBM, AQUARIUS, ABA, Forestry co-operation with other internationalProgress, the Albanian Ecological organisation is also recommended.Club, and others have had a These include:
successful co-operation withinternational organlsations such as * World Conservation Monitoringthe IUCN, WWF, EURONATURE, REC, Centre (WCMC) offering data onBirdlife International, protected areas and endangeredMIL1EUKONTAKT, and counterpart species;associations in neighbouring and · European Environmental Agencyother European countries. (EEA);
· European Thematic Centre on6.21 There are three primary Nature Conservation (ETC/NC inmechanisms for developing the framework of CORINE and
international co-operation: NATURA 2000 programmes);
· PLANTA EUROPA through the· Conventions; project on Important Plant Areas;
· Co-operation with International · European Commission, DG IX -Organisations; and the process of conforming to
· Agreements and bilateral European legislation;activities. * Federation of EUROPARK -
Exchange of Experience and6.22 Adherence of Albania to PHARE projectinternational environmental · ICOMOS International Council on
conventions such as Ramsar, the Cultural Monuments;CBD, and the Barcelona Convention * IPGRI - International Institute ofhave had important impacts on the Plant Genetic Resources;
environmental policy. It increases * ECP/GR - European Co-operationAlbania's international obligations as Programme on Genetic Resources;a party to these conventions, and · EUFORGEN - Europeanincreases the possibilities to raise Programme on Forest Geneticforeign funds. The examples of Resources;Karavasta, MedWet 2 and MedWet 3, · SAVE - Protection of AgriculturalThe Lake Ohrid Conservation Project, Varieties In Europe; andCoastal Zone Management Program * UNIDO - United Nation's
and others demonstrate this fact. Industrial DevelopmentStrengthening Albania's compliance Organisatton.with these international conventions,
and signing other conventions such as 6.24 Although there have beenBonn, International Trade of achievements in international co-
Endangered Species of Flora and operation for the environment,Fauna (CITES) is a priority. The bfiateral intergovernmentalstrengthening of the links with agreements and interministerial onesRamsar Convention can be done
or memoranda of understanding onthrough designation of other Ramsar environment are lacking. In othersites such as Shkodra Lake, Lake
countries, these are valuable practicesOhrid, Lake Prespa, and Narta Lagoon for environmental integration Into- all of which fulfil the conditions to be Europe, and have enhanced theincluded on the Ramsar list. implementation of the environmental
programmes In Central Eastern6.23 Co-operation with International European Countries. The onlyOrganizations during the past years
78
agreement signed with the German · GEF/World Bank;Ministry of the Environment made · UNESCO;
possible the removal of 460 tons of · Ramsar Convention;dangerous and damaged pesticides. · UNEP;
Other agreements, particularly with · European Union;nelghbouring countries for issues like · IUCN;transboundary co-operation, use of · WWF;natural resources, and technical · REC for Central and Eastern
assistance for specific programmes are Europe; andrequired. In the framework of · Econet Fund (EUCC,international conventions, co-
EURONATUR, Euro Sites).operative work planning with
nelghbours can yield positive results. 6.28 Creation of a Blodiverslty
STRATEGY FOR BSAP Special Fund from the State and ItsIMPLEMENTATION administration in the Interest of
blodiversity protection would beanother instrument, which could be6.25 The work to be carried out forestablished to guarantee financial
BSAP implementation includes: support of the CBD and BSAP
· · Dialogue and co-ordination Implementation process.
processes; 6.29 Support of identified projects· Identification and securing of and those to be identified and
financial resources; prepared in the future in the· Reducing economic barriers to framework of the implementation of
biodiversity preservation; the BSAP Is necessary to achieve CBD· Finding and implementation of the objectives. The GEF will be contacted
proper mechanisms; together with other donors to make· Project support; and possible preparation and financing of· MOnitoring. a national project for biodiversity
based on the priority actions identified6.26 The NEA and Its regional offices, in the BSAP. The general meeting tothe National Council for Nature and present the BSAP to the GovernmentBiodiversity (NCNB), and the and donors will serve as a step toSecretariat of the Convention on identify and secure support for theBiological Diversity {SCBD) proposed BSAP.to be established at the NEA will be
responsible for the implementation of 6.30 The BSAP is not the final act. It
the CBD and BSAP, and monitoring can change and must change togetherthis process, with the changes in the country. It
must adapt to the new conditions6.27 For poor countries like Albania, created as part of the economic andinvestments for nature protection, in social development of the country.comparison with other sectors, receive BSAP preparation is the firstless attention. Still, it Is imperative important step along the long andthat modern states not only exploit challenging road to preservation andthese resources, but also, preserve, sustainable management of the
protect, and rehabilitate them for country's biological and landscapefuture generations. It is the duty of diversity - the wealth upon which ourthe central and local government, common futuredepends.scientific and research institutions,NGOs, and other to convince
international organizations anddonors to invest in Sustainable nature
protection and the Improvedmanagement of landscape andbiological diversity in Albania. Some ofmain financial sources can be:
79
Appendix/Annexes
A List of the Experts for the Preparation of the BSAP
Management Task ForceDr. Ferdinand Bego --Biologist, Tlrana University {TU), Museum of Natural Sciences (MNS)Dr. Mynyr Koni --Biologist, Academy of Sciences (AS), Institute of Biological Research (IBR)Prof. Janl Vangjell -Biologist, AS, IBRProf. Kastriot Misja --Biologist, TU, MNSMark Cosmo --International Consultant, ALBANIA 2001
National Consultants
Ass. Prof. Babl Ruci -- Biologist, AS, IBRProf. Dalip Habili -- Forest Engineer, Forest and Pasture Research Institute (FRPI)Prof. Perikli Qlrjazl -- Geographer, TU, Faculty of History and PhilologyAss. Prof. Kozlna Buzo -- Biologist, TU, Botanical Garden (BG)Dr. Andrian Vaso --Biologist, AQUARIUS{NGO) .Prof. Niko Pano --Hydrologist, AS, Hydrometereologlcal Institute (HMI)Prof. Niko Peja -- Ecologist, TU, Faculty of Natural Sciences (FNS}Prof. Leke Gjiknurl -- Zoologist, TU, FNSProf. Mural XhulaJ -- Botanist, TU, FNSProf. Ndoc Rakaj -- IchthyologistLefter Veshl -- Soft SpecialistPro[. Ntkolla Konomi -- Geologist, Technical Tlrana University {TTU)Prof. Mlhallaq Kotro -- Forest Engineer, Agricultural Tlrana University {ATU)Dr. Maxhun Dida -- Forest Engineer, FPRIAss. Prof. Idriz Haxhlu -- Zoologist, TU, MNSDr. Taulant Bino -- Ornithologist, TU, MNSRoland Kristo -- Ichthyologist, Fishery Research Institute (FRI)Ass. Prof. Eqerem Kapedanl, -- Ichthyologist, Fishery Research Institute {FRI)Dr. Aleksander Flloko, -- Ichthyologist {Private Sector)Ass. Prof. Alfred Mullaj, -- Biologist, AS, IBRAss. Prof. Lefter Kashta, -- Biologist, AS, IBRDr. Petrit Hoda, -- Biologist, TU, BGAss. Prof. Gjovalin Gruda, --Geographer, Shkodra University "LuigJ Gurakuqf'Ass. Prof. Dhlmiter Dhora, --Biologist, Shkodra University "Luigj Gnrakuqf'Ass. Prof. Sabri Laqi, -- Economical Geographer, TUDr. Aleko Mlho, -- Biologist, TU, FNSAss. Prof. Mersin Mersinllarl, -- Botanist, TU, FNS
Ass. Prof. Arsen Proko, --Biologist, Agricultural Tirana University (ATU}Nihat Dragotl, -- Forest Engineer, GDFPProf. Kristaq Kume, -- Institute of Zootechnical ,Research {IZR)Merita SpahillarL -- National Seed Institute (NSI)Ass. Prof. Vangjel Andoni, -- BiologistPandeli Pasho, -- PaleontologistValbona Shutina, -- AQUARIUS (NGO)Elto Mazrekn, -- Lawyer,Enio HaxhimihalL --LawyerDamian Gjiknurl, --LawyerArben Pustina, MsD Forest Engineer, National EnvironmentalAgency (NEA)Drita Dade, --NEAGene Pasko, --National Committee of Tourism
Kujtim Jaho, --Ministry of DefenceDr. Mihallaq Qirjo, --Regional Environmental Center (REC}-Tlrana officeJuli Hoxha, -- ORT, Democracy Network
Advisory PanelDr. Maksim Deliana--Chalrman of the NEA
Prof. Dr. Lek_ Gjiknurl--Biologist, Chairman of the PPNEADr. Kol_ Malaj--Forester, Director of the GDFPDr. Aleksanct_r Flloko--Biologist, private sectorMSc, Zamir Dedej--Hydrobiologist
8O
r.
B-1
PR
OP
OS
ED
RE
PR
ES
EN
TA
TIV
EN
ET
WO
RK
OF
PR
OT
EC
TE
DA
RE
AS
FO
RA
LB
AN
IA
1.
Shkodra
Lak
e1
6,0
00
ha
Man
aged
Nat
ure
Sh
ko
dra
and
Tra
nsb
ou
nd
ary
Pro
tect
edA
rea.
Monte
neg
ro's
par
tof
the
lake
has
bee
nR
eser
ve(C
ateg
ory
IVM
ales
iae
desi
gnat
edas
aN
atio
nal
Park
and
isa
Ram
sar
site
.T
hela
rges
tla
keof
)M
ad
he
the
Balk
an
s,an
done
ofit
sm
ost
import
ant
ones.
Itis
avery
import
ant
Inte
rnat
iona
lB
ird
Are
a(I
BA
)in
Eur
ope
with
abou
t40
wat
erfo
wl
and
wat
erhlr
dsp
ecie
s,an
dit
isth
em
ost
imp
ort
ant
site
for
glo
bal
lyth
reat
ened
spec
ies
Phcd
acro
cora
xpy
gmeu
sin
the
coun
try.
The
rear
e45
Bsh
spec
ies
-am
ong
them
the
high
lyth
reat
ened
spec
ies
Aci
pens
erst
urio
.A
nar
eaof
ave
rych
arac
teri
stic
aqua
ticve
geta
tion,
whe
reth
reat
ened
plan
tsp
ecie
soc
cur,
such
asN
ymph
aea
alba
.N
upha
rlu
teum
,N
ymph
oide
spe
ltat
a,T
rapa
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ms,
and
othe
rs.
2.
Bu
na
Riv
er-D
ora
l44
kin
Hab
itat
and
Sp
ecie
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hk
od
raT
ran
sbo
un
dar
yri
ver
.D
om
ltm
arsh
isan
IBA
for
the
cou
ntr
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Mar
sh!
and
300
Man
agem
ent
Are
a'
Mig
ratio
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vari
ous
fish
spec
ies,
amon
gw
hich
incl
ude
the
Acl
pens
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(Cat
egor
yIV
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rio,
isth
roug
hth
eB
uns
Riv
er.
Intil
lsar
eaon
eca
nfi
ndra
rean
dth
reat
ened
plan
tan
dan
imal
spec
ies
such
asT
rapa
nata
nsan
dL
utra
lutr
a(g
loba
llyth
reat
ened
spec
ies)
.
I3.
Buns
Riv
erO
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et-
1,5
00
ha
Man
aged
Nat
ure
Sh
ko
dra
Tra
nsb
ou
nd
ary
Pro
tect
edA
rea.
One
of
the
most
import
ant
IBA
sfo
rth
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elip
oja
and
its
iR
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ve
[Cat
ego
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try
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yp
ical
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iter
ran
ean
veg
etat
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dan
area
of
the
nea
rly
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ound
ings
extin
ctoa
ksp
ecie
sQ
uerc
usro
bur.
Inth
isar
eaon
eca
nal
sofi
ndsp
ecie
sof
Eur
opea
nim
port
ance
such
asP
hola
croc
orax
pygm
eus,
Lut
raI
lutr
a,an
dC
anis
aure
us.
4.V
fiun
iL
agoo
n95
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Man
aged
Nat
ure
Shko
dra
An
area
ofpa
rtic
ular
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rtan
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rw
ater
bird
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part
icul
arfo
rR
eser
ve(C
ateg
ory
IV)
mig
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ryw
inte
ring
wat
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wl
and
wat
erbi
rds,
anu
mbe
rof
whi
char
epr
otec
ted
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eB
onn
Con
vent
ion.
5.M
aja
eZ
ez/_
-Ren
ci2,
000
haL
ands
cape
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dA
nar
eaof
very
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acti
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asca
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ape,
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ciM
ount
ains
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ount
ains
Seas
cape
Prot
ecte
dL
ezba
the
area
ofth
era
resp
ecie
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ustr
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a,an
dw
here
one
can
find
inA
rea
{Cat
egor
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ew
ildw
oodl
and
ofP
unic
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igh
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esin
rept
iles
and
bird
sof
prey
such
asA
quila
chry
saet
usan
dF
aico
pere
grin
us.
6.K
une-
Wes
tern
part
300
haSc
ient
ific
Res
erve
Lez
haA
smal
lsp
otof
the
very
typi
cal
Med
iterr
anea
nfo
rest
and
habi
tats
,
ofM
erxh
nnl
(Cat
egor
yI)
desp
iteha
bita
tch
ange
sov
erth
epa
st50
year
s.It
isa
very
impo
rtan
t
81
?!
?q
¸¸5
!¸¸¸
:i
ii_.
!
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oon
1BA
,in
part
icul
ar'a
nest
ing
site
for
hero
ns{f
aro.
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eida
e).
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_nal
la-
Eas
tern
1,10
0ha
Man
aged
Nat
ure
Lez
haIn
spite
ofbe
ing
dam
aged
and
dist
urbe
d,a
very
typi
cal
Med
iterr
anea
npa
rtof
Mer
xhan
iR
eser
ve(C
ateg
ory
IV/
fore
stst
illex
ists
tnth
ear
ea.
The
surr
ound
ing
lago
onan
dw
etla
nds
Lag
oon
have
mar
lyw
ater
bird
sdu
eto
whi
chtil
ear
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rfor
ms
anim
port
ant
IBA
.T
hela
goon
itse
ffis
impo
rtan
tfr
oman
icht
hyol
ogic
alpo
int
ofvi
ew.
8.D
rtni
Riv
erO
utle
t1,
700
haM
anag
edN
atur
eL
ezha
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area
ofa
very
wel
lde
velo
ped
aqua
tic(b
rack
ish
and
fres
hwat
er)
with
Cek
aan
dR
eser
ve(C
ateg
ory
IV)
vege
tatio
n,w
ithve
ryex
tend
edre
edbe
dsal
tern
ated
with
wat
erm
irro
rs.
Vai
niw
etla
nds
Bec
ause
ofits
vege
tatio
n,th
ear
eais
impo
rtan
tfo
rits
wat
erbi
rds
and
bird
sof
prey
,an
dts
anot
her
impo
rtan
tIB
Afo
rth
eco
untr
y,In
side
the
area
one
can
fmd
asm
all
typi
cal
Med
iterr
anea
nfo
rest
.T
heD
rtni
Riv
erO
utle
tha
sa
part
icul
arim
port
ance
for
mig
rato
ryfi
shsp
ecie
s.
9.T
ale-
Mai
lR
iver
1.00
0ha
Man
aged
Nat
ure
Lez
haA
nar
eave
ryri
chm
wet
land
san
daq
uatic
vege
tatio
n.T
hew
etla
nds,
Out
let
Res
erve
(Cat
egor
yIV
)m
arsh
land
s,an
dth
eri
ver
outle
tar
eim
port
ant
for
wat
erbi
rds
and
fish
spec
ies.
10.
Mat
tR
iver
Out
let
2,30
0ha
Man
aged
Nat
ure
Kur
bini
Ver
yty
pica
lan
dex
tend
edha
loph
yte
vege
tatio
n.O
neof
the
mos
tau
ldFu
sheK
uqe-
Res
erve
(Cat
egor
yIV
)im
port
ant
lago
ons
inth
eM
edite
rran
ean
with
rega
rdto
wad
ers
Pato
k-Is
hml
Riv
er{C
hara
drif
orm
es);
itis
sofa
rth
eon
lypl
ace
whe
reth
egl
obal
lyO
utle
tth
reat
ened
spec
ies
Num
enlu
ste
nnui
rost
ris
has
been
reco
rded
inA
lban
ia,
mak
ing
ita
very
part
icul
arIB
Afo
rth
eco
untr
y.
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Cap
eR
odon
i-2,
500
haL
ands
cape
/Sea
scap
eD
urre
sA
nar
eaof
very
wel
lco
mbi
ned
natu
ral
Imar
ine
and
terr
estr
ial}
Lal
ezi
Bay
-Ish
mi
Prot
ecte
dA
rea
land
scap
esw
ithcu
ltura
lan
tiru
ral
ones
:(i
lPo
sitio
nla
mea
dow
s,F
ores
t(C
ateg
ory
V)
Posi
doni
aoc
eani
ca,
and
ave
ryw
ell
deve
lope
dan
dri
chlit
tora
lfa
una;
anu
mbe
rof
spec
ies
occu
rrin
gin
here
are
prot
ecte
dby
the
Bar
celo
naco
nven
tion;
(ti)
aM
edite
rran
ean
oak
fore
st(a
lthou
ghda
mag
ed)
ofQ
uerc
usfr
aine
toan
dQ
.pu
besc
ens;
(iii)
ave
rysm
all
spot
ofF
agus
sylv
atic
ais
occu
rrin
gat
100
met
ers
abov
ese
ale
vel;
(iv)
Rod
oni/5
kend
erbe
gca
stle
and
itsm
edie
val
chur
ch,
12.
Rru
shku
ll-E
rzen
i2,
700
ha,
Man
aged
Nat
ure
Dur
res
dist
rict
An
area
ofth
eve
ryty
pica
lal
luvi
alM
edite
rran
ean
fore
stof
Aln
us,
Riv
erO
utle
t-
ofw
hich
Res
erve
{Cat
egor
yIV
)gl
utin
osa,
Ulm
usca
mpe
stri
s,F
raxi
nus
angu
stif
olia
,an
dot
hers
.Sa
ndB
isht
it
Pall/
/s-P
orin
1400
hadu
nes
rela
tivel
yw
ell
deve
lope
d,ha
lo-p
hyte
and
hygr
o-ph
yte
vege
tatio
n,R
oman
ow
ater
and
apl
ante
dpi
nefo
rest
can
befo
und
inth
isar
ea.
Wat
erbi
rdan
dsu
rfac
e,w
ater
fow
lce
nsus
esof
the
last
two
year
sha
veid
entif
ied
this
area
asan
impo
rtan
tIB
A{o
ver
10,O
00w
ater
bird
san
dw
etla
ndbi
rds
have
been
82
!;ii
coun
ted
here
).T
heE
rzen
iR
iver
Del
tais
impo
rtan
tfo
rm
igra
tory
fish
I
spec
ies
bree
ding
infr
eshw
ater
.Po
sido
nta
mea
dow
s,P
osid
onia
ocea
nica
,an
dve
ryw
ell
deve
lope
dm
arin
eco
mm
uniti
esar
efo
und
alon
gth
ero
cky
litto
ral
and
Port
oR
oman
oba
y.
13.
Cap
eL
agli/
Tur
ra60
0ha
Scie
ntif
icR
eser
veK
avaj
aA
very
typi
cal
Med
iterr
anea
nm
aque
s,w
here
the
anci
ent
tert
iary
'C
astle
{Cat
egor
yl)
spec
ies
Lau
rus
nobi
lisgr
ows
inna
tura
lco
nditi
ons,
and
can
occa
sion
ally
befo
und
inth
etr
ees,
Som
ene
wm
utat
ions
ofth
ispl
ant
spec
ies
have
thri
ved
insi
deth
ear
ea,
too.
14.
Vili
_B
osht
ov/_
-12
,000
haN
atio
nal
Park
Lus
hnja
and
Itis
the
mos
tim
port
ant
biod
iver
slty
area
inth
eco
untr
y's
coas
tal
zone
.
Shkt
unbi
niR
iver
(Cat
egor
yH
)K
avaj
adi
stri
cts
,T
hem
ost
impo
rtan
tIB
Afo
rth
eco
untr
yan
don
eof
the
mos
tim
port
ant
outle
t-
Div
jaka
-in
the
Med
iterr
anea
n(o
ver
45,0
00w
inte
ring
wat
erbi
rds
ofab
out
70K
arav
asta
-Sem
ani
spec
ies)
.B
reed
ing
site
ofth
egl
obal
lyth
reat
ened
spec
ies
Pel
ecan
usR
iver
Out
let
cris
pus.
Div
ersi
tyof
habi
tats
:ri
ver
delta
,la
goon
,sa
nddu
nes,
psam
ophy
te,
halo
phyt
e,hy
drop
hyte
and
hygr
ophy
teve
geta
tion,
and
lpi
nefo
rest
with
pres
ence
ofJu
nipe
rus
rnon
ocar
pa.
Thr
eeen
dem
icpl
ant
spec
ies
(Orc
hida
ceae
)of
Orc
his
and
Ast
eral
bani
cus
are
foun
din
here
,w
hile
alon
gth
eri
ver
delta
the
glob
ally
thre
aten
edsp
ecie
sL
utra
lutr
aoc
curs
.It
isun
ique
for
the
herd
ofth
ew
ildca
ttle
Bos
prim
igen
ius
and
the
dom
estic
ated
wat
erbu
ffal
o(B
uba/
usbu
balis
),w
hich
are
foun
d
only
here
inA
lban
ia.
The
very
firs
tR
amsa
rsi
tefo
rth
eco
untr
y.A
n]
area
ofar
chae
olog
ical
and
hist
oric
alva
lues
,an
dgr
eat
pote
ntia
lfo
rec
otou
rism
deve
lopm
ent.
15.
Sem
ani
Riv
er1,
500
haM
anag
edN
atur
eFi
eri
The
mos
tim
port
ant
rive
rde
ltas
ofth
eco
untr
y,w
here
very
wel
lO
utle
t-Pi
sh/_
Poro
-R
eser
ve(C
ateg
ory
IV)
deve
lope
dsa
nddu
nes
{up
to4
mhi
gh),
and
psam
ophy
te,
hygr
ophy
te,
Sem
ani
Riv
erha
loph
yte
vege
tatio
nca
nbe
foun
d.A
nar
eaof
exte
nded
Med
iterr
anea
nO
utle
tpi
nefo
rest
s.B
esid
esL
atra
lutr
a,th
eV
josa
rive
r'sw
ater
sar
eim
port
ant
for
mig
rato
ryfi
shsp
ecie
s(S
alm
osp
.).
Ano
ther
impo
rtan
t1B
Afo
rth
eco
untr
yre
gard
ing
bird
sof
prey
{Fal
conf
form
es).
16.
Vjo
saR
iver
Out
let-
3,40
0ha
Man
aged
Nat
ure
Vlo
raA
nar
eari
chin
wet
land
san
dw
ater
bird
s.V
ery
wel
lde
velo
ped
sand
Pish
6Po
ro(V
lora
)R
eser
ve(C
ateg
ory
IV)
dune
sps
amop
hyte
,hy
dro-
hygr
ophy
te,
and
halo
phyt
eve
geta
tion
take
plac
ein
side
the
area
.
17.
Nar
taL
agoo
n-
6500
haL
ands
cape
Prot
ecte
dV
lora
Des
pite
itsec
olog
ical
prob
lem
sN
arta
lago
onis
seco
ndaf
ter
Kar
avas
taZ
v/_r
nec
mA
rea
(Cat
egor
yV
)fo
rits
orni
thol
ogic
alva
lues
(20,
000
win
teri
ngw
ater
bird
sof
abou
t40
spec
ies)
.A
san
IBA
for
the
coun
try
the
area
beco
mes
impo
rtan
tw
hen
one
cons
ider
sth
atP
elic
anus
cris
pus
feed
she
rean
dP
heni
copt
erus
83
i_!
_:i_
ii_i
i¸¸
¸'¸!il¸¸
rabe
rfe
eds
and
rest
sdu
ring
itsm
igra
tion.
The
salt
plai
nin
the
nort
hof
the
lago
onpr
ovid
esap
prop
riat
ebr
eedi
ngha
bita
tsfo
ra
num
ber
ofbi
rds.
Alo
ngth
eN
arta
lago
onty
pica
lM
edite
rran
ean
flor
aan
dfa
una
occu
r.Z
v/_r
necl
Isle
tin
the
sout
hof
the
lago
onis
cove
red
with
ever
gree
nfo
rest
ofC
ypre
sus
span
dP
iata
eia
lent
tscu
s.A
med
ieva
lm
onas
tery
ofcu
ltur
alan
dhi
stor
ical
valu
esis
loca
ted
onit
sso
uth
edge
.A
nar
eaof
pote
ntia
lec
otou
tism
deve
lopm
ent.
i
18.
Llo
gora
-O
riku
m,
35,0
00ha
Nat
iona
lPa
rkV
lora
The
area
ofth
ehi
ghes
tbt
odiv
ersi
tyva
lues
inth
eco
untr
y,an
don
eof
Kar
abur
tm-
Saza
n-(M
arin
e/T
erre
stri
al)
the
mos
tim
port
ant
inth
eM
edite
rran
ean
basi
n:al
pine
and
suba
lpin
eR
adhi
mi_
-Tra
g)as
-{C
ateg
ory
II)
past
ures
and
mea
dow
s;M
aced
onia
nin
'{A
bica
bori
ssi-
regi
s)fo
rest
Duk
atm
ixed
wit
hpi
nefo
rest
sof
Pin
usni
gra,
Pin
usle
ucod
erm
is;
mix
edde
cidu
ous
woo
dlan
dw
ith
Que
reas
cocc
ifer
a,Q
.m
acro
lepi
s:ty
pica
lM
edit
erra
nean
maq
ues;
typi
cal
rock
yco
asta
lve
geta
tion
;w
etla
nds
wit
hre
sidu
esof
allu
vial
fore
sts;
aw
ell
deve
lope
dlit
tora
lan
dbe
ntho
s;po
sido
nia
mea
dow
s(P
osid
onia
ocea
nica
};in
the
mar
ine
wat
ers
one
can
freq
uent
lyfi
nddo
lphi
ns(D
elph
inus
delp
hian
dT
ursi
ops
trun
catu
s};
the
,m
onk
seal
(Mon
achu
sm
onac
hus)
may
visi
tth
eca
ves
and
shor
esof
the
Ear
abur
unl
peni
nsul
a;no
rth
limit
ofal
lianc
eO
leo-
Cer
atin
ion,
End
emic
,su
bend
emic
,an
dm
any
rare
and
thre
aten
edta
xaoc
cur
insi
deth
ear
ea,
such
asT
axus
baca
ta,
Cer
aton
iasi
liqua
,P
itym
ysfe
lten
i,P
itym
ysth
omoo
si,
and
othe
rs.
Hig
hpo
tent
ial
for
tour
ism
and
ecot
ouri
smde
velo
pmen
t.
19.
Can
yon
ofG
jipes
e1,
200
haL
andg
cape
Prot
ecte
dV
lora
Ver
yat
trac
tive
land
scap
eof
quite
part
icul
aran
din
tere
stin
gA
rea
(Cat
egor
yV
)ge
omor
phol
oglc
form
atio
nsw
here
cave
sar
eno
tm
issi
ng.
20.
Port
oPa
lerm
o60
0ha
Stri
ctN
atur
eR
eser
veV
lora
The
best
-pre
serv
edm
arin
ean
dco
asta
lar
eaof
high
scie
ntif
icva
lues
in(M
arin
e/T
erre
stri
al)
the
coun
try.
Ave
ryw
ell
deve
lope
dlit
tora
l,w
here
one
can
mee
ta
{Cat
egor
yl)
num
ber
ofth
reat
ened
taxa
prot
ecte
dby
inte
rnat
iona
ltr
eatie
s(B
arce
lona
conv
entio
n).
Of
nole
ssim
port
ance
isits
terr
estr
ial
part
with
very
exte
nded
beds
ofE
upho
rbia
dend
roid
esan
dSa
lvia
trilo
ba.
The
pres
ence
ofth
eA
liPa
sha
cast
leac
ids
som
ehi
stor
ical
valu
esto
the
)_
area
,to
o.
2l.
Bor
shi
Stre
am2
kmSc
icnU
t'mR
eser
veSa
rand
aA
stre
amw
ithw
ell
deve
lope
dan
dpr
eser
ved
site
sof
Ner
ium
olea
nder
(Cat
egor
yI)
alon
gits
dow
nstr
eam
.
22.._
.K
akom
eba
yan
d22
00ha
Pro
tect
edL
ands
cape
Sara
nda
An
area
ofve
ryat
trac
tive
land
scap
ean
dse
asca
pe,
ofsc
ient
ific
,
84
Cap
eQ
efal
ian
dSe
asca
peA
rea
tour
istlc
and
recr
eatio
nal
valu
es.
As
am
ifita
ryar
eait
isw
e[[
pres
erve
d(C
ateg
ory
V)
and
prov
ides
rest
ing
site
sfo
rth
ese
atu
rtle
Car
etta
care
tta,
ave
ryth
reat
ened
spec
ies
tnth
eM
edite
rran
ean.
The
occu
rren
ceof
this
spec
ies
inti
nsar
eagi
ves
ave
ryun
ique
valu
ean
dim
port
ance
toth
ear
eain
natio
nal
cont
ext;
som
e40
0ha
part
ofth
isar
eato
bede
sign
ated
asSc
ient
ific
Res
erve
(Cat
egor
yI)
.
23.
{_uk
aC
hann
el-
1,00
0ha
Prot
ecte
dL
ands
cape
Sara
nda
The
area
,in
part
icul
arK
sam
ifi's
smal
lis
land
sve
rycl
osed
toth
eK
sam
fii
Bay
and
and
Seas
cape
Are
ase
asho
re,
form
ave
ryun
ique
and
won
derf
ulla
ndsc
ape/
seas
cape
.T
heIs
land
s(C
ateg
ory
V}
isla
nds
are
cove
red
bya
very
typi
cal
and
deve
lope
dM
edite
rran
ean
ever
gree
nve
geta
tion,
whi
lein
the
mar
ine
wat
erth
ere
Isa
very
rich
flora
and
faun
a-
mos
tno
tabl
yH
alop
hyla
stip
uloc
eaan
dPi
nna
nobi
lisw
hich
are
both
prot
ecte
dsp
ecie
sby
conv
entio
nsto
whi
chA
lban
iais
aP
arty
.So
me
400
haou
tof
1,00
0ha
ofth
ear
eash
ould
bede
sign
ated
asSt
rict
Nat
ure
Res
erve
(Cat
egor
yI]
.
24.
But
rint
iL
ake
and
4,00
0ha
Mul
tiple
Use
Are
a,
Sara
nda
and
Insp
iteof
itsec
olog
ical
prob
lem
s,B
utri
nti
lake
lsan
impo
rtan
tar
eaits
Surr
ound
ings
{Cat
egor
yV
I)D
elvi
nafo
rits
icht
hyof
auna
/aqu
acul
ture
and
avif
auna
.In
the
lake
Myt
ilus
sp.
iscu
ltiv
ated
-pr
ay/d
ing
the
area
with
impo
rtan
tec
onom
ic'il
valu
es.
Buf
f(R
r_za
)la
ketn
the
Sout
heas
tof
But
rinU
adds
othe
rna
tura
lan
d
biol
ogic
alva
lues
toth
ear
ea.
Typ
ical
Med
iterr
anea
nfo
rest
ofQ
uerc
usili
cis,
Q.
robu
r,A
lnus
glut
inos
a,U
lmus
cam
pest
ris,
Fra
xinu
san
gust
ifol
iaan
dot
hers
with
rich
faun
ain
inse
cts
and
rept
iles
cove
rsm
ost
ofth
ean
cien
tci
tyof
But
rint
lw
hich
has
been
desi
gnat
edas
aU
NE
SCO
Site
.T
hean
cien
tci
ty,
alon
gw
ithne
arby
cast
les,
brin
gsbo
thhi
stor
ical
and
cultu
ral
valu
esto
the
area
and
mak
esit
very
attr
activ
efo
rvi
sito
rsan
dto
uris
ts.
25Pa
gane
-C
ape
500
ha,
Stri
ctN
atur
eR
eser
veSa
rand
aT
rans
borm
dnry
Prot
ecte
dA
rea.
One
ofth
ebe
stpr
eser
ved
mar
ine
and
'St
filo
and
Isla
nds
Mar
ine
and
coas
tal
area
sof
the
coun
try
with
high
scie
ntif
icva
lues
for
itsve
ryw
ell
terr
estr
ial
(Cat
egor
yde
velo
ped
litto
ral
zone
.O
fno
less
impo
rtan
ceap
pear
sis
itste
rres
tria
lI)
part
with
very
typi
cal
Med
iterr
anea
nm
aqui
s.T
heoc
curr
ence
ofT
estu
dom
argi
nain
insi
deth
ear
eais
ofve
ryhi
ghsc
ient
ific
valu
e.
Bog
a-T
heth
i-{C
ateg
ory
I1)
Shko
dra
and
dive
rsity
inth
eco
untr
y's
cont
inen
tal
part
:hi
ghdi
vers
ityin
habi
tats
.V
albo
na-
Gas
hi-
Tro
poJa
anim
alsp
ecie
s,an
dpl
ant
spec
ies.
The
area
iseh
arac
terl
sed
bypi
ne.
Cur
raj
fir.
beec
hfo
rest
s,ex
tend
edsu
balp
ine
and
alpi
nem
eado
ws
and
85
past
ures
,m
ount
ain
stre
ams
and
rive
r,fo
rest
ofC
asta
nea
saliv
ain
natu
ral
cond
ition
s.A
rich
area
inen
dem
ican
dsu
bend
emic
spec
ies.
The
only
site
Inth
eco
untr
yw
here
one
can
find
fore
sts
ofPl
cea
abie
s(a
flor
istie
elem
ent
ofC
entr
alE
urop
e).
Big
gam
ean
dth
reat
ened
spec
ies
like
Urs
usar
ctos
,C
auls
lupu
s,F
elts
lynx
,R
upic
opra
rupi
capr
a,C
apre
olus
capr
eolu
san
dSu
ssc
rofa
occu
rIn
side
the
area
,w
hile
bird
sin
clud
eT
etro
our
ogal
lus
and
Aqu
ilach
rysa
etos
.It
ison
eof
the
mos
tim
port
ant
mou
ntai
nIB
As
ofth
eco
untr
y.A
long
the
clea
nw
ater
sof
the
Val
bona
and
$hal
ari
vers
the
glob
ally
thre
aten
edsp
ecie
sL
utra
lutr
ais
foun
d.B
esid
esits
natu
re,
land
scap
e,an
dsc
ient
ific
valu
es,
the
area
has
grea
tpo
tent
ial
for
alpi
neto
uris
m/e
coto
uris
mde
velo
pmen
t.
27.
Raz
ma
1,50
0ha
l.anr
t_ea
pePr
otec
ted
Mal
i_si
eM
adhe
An
area
ofdi
stin
guis
hed
land
scap
ebe
auty
whi
chis
freq
uent
edas
aA
rea
(Cat
egor
yV
)re
crea
tion
site
and
tour
istic
plac
eby
prim
arily
loca
lpe
ople
.C
onif
erou
s(p
ine)
and
deci
duou
sbr
oadl
eaf
(bee
ch)
fore
sts
cove
rm
ost
ofth
ear
ea.
Itts
incl
uded
inth
epr
ogra
mm
eof
prio
rity
area
sfo
rto
uris
mde
velo
pmen
t.
28.
Dow
nst
ream
ofth
e20
kmL
ands
cape
Prot
ecte
dT
ropo
jaA
very
clea
nri
ver
(dri
nkab
lew
ater
inits
uppe
rpa
rt),
ofsp
ecia
lin
tere
stV
albo
lmri
ver
Are
a(C
ateg
ory
V)
and
impo
rtan
cefo
rtr
out
($al
mo
sp.)
repr
oduc
tion
.O
ccur
renc
eof
Lut
ralu
tra.
The
dow
nstr
eam
ofth
eV
albo
nari
ver
isan
attr
activ
ela
ndsc
ape,
and
cove
red
with
typi
cal
ripa
rian
vege
tatio
n.
29.
Hel
shan
iFo
rest
-2,
200
haM
anag
edN
atur
eH
asi
An
area
cove
red
with
oak
woo
dlan
dof
asp
ecia
lIn
tere
stin
full
Fier
zaL
akes
hore
Res
erve
(Cat
egor
yIV
)ha
rmon
yw
ithth
cla
ndsc
ape
alon
gth
ela
kesh
ore.
Cha
ract
eris
ticbi
rdan
dm
amm
alco
mm
uniti
esar
efo
und
insi
deth
ear
ea.
The
wat
ers
ofth
e
lake
host
ari
chic
hthy
ofau
na,
and
the
lake
shor
eho
lds
pote
ntia
lsfo
r'
ecot
ouri
smac
tiviti
es.
30,
Tej
Dri
niB
ardh
e6,
500
haR
esou
rces
Has
t,
Tra
nsbo
unda
ryPr
otec
ted
Are
a,si
tuat
edne
xtto
thc
rive
rD
rini
iZ
i.A
Res
erve
/Mul
tiple
use
rich
woo
dlan
dar
eaw
ith
wel
lde
velo
ped
flor
aan
dfa
una
com
mun
ities
.ar
ea(C
ateg
ory
VI)
Asm
all
part
ofth
ear
eaha
sbe
ende
sign
ated
for
prot
ectio
n,an
dno
wit
ispr
opos
edth
atth
een
tire
fore
stun
itbe
desi
gnat
edas
such
.
31.
_Bje
shka
eO
rosh
iC5,
000
haR
esou
rces
Mtr
dita
Ver
yex
tend
edal
pine
past
ures
and
mea
dow
s,an
dve
ryin
tere
stin
gan
dR
eser
ve/M
ultip
leus
eim
port
ant
geol
ogic
alca
rsti
cfo
rmat
ions
{hor
izon
tal
and
vert
ical
cave
s),
Oro
shi's
Alp
ine
area
{Cat
egor
yV
I)of
grea
tsc
lent
ffic
and
aest
hetic
impo
rtan
ce.
An
area
ofla
ndsc
ape
]M
eado
wbe
auty
and
attr
activ
enes
sw
ithpo
tent
ial
for
ecot
ourl
smde
velo
pmen
t.I
--
p.
....
......
--....
86
_
/c;!
_!i;
2q:X
/¥¸4
;;¸¸i
¸¸¸¸
;¸';Z
!?
ilil;;
!_?;
?;!
;_x_
<_
>_
_x_i
_::_
>_;
:f
_;_:
:_,,<
32.
T_r
buni
3,00
0ha
,R
esou
rces
Puka
T_r
bunf
sal
pine
mea
dow
sre
pres
ent
adi
vers
ela
ndsc
ape
ofa
spec
ial
'R
eser
ve/M
ultip
leus
ebe
auty
,w
hich
hold
sgr
eat
pote
ntia
lfo
rto
uris
m.
Fore
sts
inits
low
erar
ea(C
ateg
ory
VI)
part
,ri
chfl
ora
and
faun
a,in
tere
stin
gge
olog
ical
form
atio
ns,
and
wat
ers
prov
ide
num
erou
sre
crea
tiona
lop
port
uniti
es.
Situ
ated
clos
elo
Puka
tow
n,th
ear
eaof
fers
real
oppo
rtun
ities
for
the
loca
lco
mm
unity
tode
velo
pye
ar-r
ound
ecot
ouri
smac
tiviti
es.
33
.B
irza
na
1,7
00
ha
Man
aged
Nat
ure
Lez
ha
'T
yp
ical
Med
iter
ran
ean
veg
etat
ion
dom
inat
edby
mlx
edw
oodla
nd,
whic
hR
eser
ve(C
ateg
ory
lV/
ism
ostly
oak.
The
shru
bsan
dhe
rbac
eous
vege
tati
onar
ew
ell
deve
lope
d.A
mon
gth
ehe
rbs
loca
ted
here
,th
ere
are
seve
ral
med
ical
plan
ts.
Fau
nais
rich
and
char
acte
rist
icof
Med
iterr
anea
nw
oodl
and.
Am
ong
the
mam
mal
she
reth
ere
are
wil
dbo
ar,
wol
f,re
dfo
x,be
ech
mar
ten,
and
othe
rs.
The
area
has
been
used
asa
gam
ere
serv
ein
the
past
.
34.
"Kur
ora
eL
ur_s
-12
,000
haN
atio
nal
Park
,D
ibra
,M
all,
Ver
yhi
ghbi
odiv
ersi
tyva
lues
:di
vers
eha
bita
tty
pes;
grea
tnu
mbe
rof
Zall
Gjo
caj-
(Cate
gory
lf)
Mtr
dit
apla
nt
and
anim
al
specie
s:m
an
yg
lacia
lla
kes
wit
hch
ara
cte
rist
icK
unor
/_V
alm
ori"
aqua
ticve
geta
tion
{Nym
phae
a,N
upha
r,et
c.)
and
faun
a;al
pine
mea
dow
s,pi
nefo
rest
ofP
inus
peac
ean
dP
.le
ucod
erm
is,
and
beec
hfo
rest
(Fag
ussy
loat
lca)
;th
ree
ende
mic
spec
ies,
seve
ral
sube
ndem
icsp
ecie
s,an
dan
cien
tsp
ecie
s;ga
me
spec
ies
such
asU
rsus
arct
os,
Cun
islu
pus,
Fel
isly
nx,
Rup
icap
raru
pica
pra,
and
the
occu
rren
ceof
Tet
rao
uroq
allu
san
dA
quila
chry
saet
os.
The
area
repr
esen
tson
eof
the
mos
tIm
port
ant
mou
ntai
nIB
As
and
the
mos
tIm
port
ant
Cen
ter
for
the
abov
em
enti
oned
big
mam
mal
sin
the
coun
try.
Bes
ides
its
high
natu
rean
dsc
ient
ific
valu
es,
this
area
has
tour
isti
can
dla
ndsc
ape
beau
tyva
lues
ofa
spec
ial
inte
rest
,an
dre
pres
ents
one
ofth
em
ost
visi
ted
mou
ntai
nous
area
sin
the
coun
try
insp
ite
ofbe
ing
dhT
mul
tto
acce
ss.
The
natu
ral
and
biol
ogic
alva
lues
,as
wel
las
part
icul
arla
ndsc
ape
beau
ty,
prov
ide
grea
tpo
tent
ial
for
tour
ism
deve
lopm
ent
asan
impo
rtan
tin
com
ege
nera
ting
activ
ity
for
the
loca
lpe
ople
and
Nat
iona
lP
ark
adin
inis
traU
on.
35.
Fore
stof
Pin
us1,
000
haSc
ient
ffie
Res
erve
Mat
ian
dT
heon
lypl
ace
ofvi
rgin
fore
stof
Ptnu
spe
uce
inA
lban
ia.
Thi
san
cien
tp
euce
inA
llam
an(C
ateg
ory
I)B
ulq
iza
wood
spec
ies
shou
ldb
ep
ut
un
der
stri
ctp
rote
ctio
n.
36.
"Liq
ein
iZ
ff-
Th
e2
,00
0h
aL
and
scap
eP
rote
cted
Bn
lqiz
aA
nal
mo
stv
irg
inar
eaof
rich
bio
logic
alre
sourc
es.
The
landsc
ape
and
Bla
ckla
ke:
Are
a(C
ateg
ory
V)
the
glac
ial
lake
itsel
fpr
esen
top
port
uniti
esfo
rre
crea
tiona
lan
dI
ecot
ouri
smac
tivity
.
87
:No:
Prot
ecte
dA
rea
::Si
ze
37.
Kor
abi-
Shis
htav
eci
20,0
00ha
Lan
dsca
pePr
otec
ted
Dib
raan
dT
rans
boun
dary
Prot
ecte
dA
reas
ofqu
itedi
vers
eha
bita
ts:
alpi
nean
dM
assi
fA
rea
(Cat
egor
yV
)K
uki_
sisu
balp
ine
past
ures
,m
ount
ain
wet
land
s,pi
ne,
beec
han
doa
kfo
rest
s.A
nar
eaof
ende
mic
,su
bend
emic
and
relic
tsp
ecie
ssu
chas
:N
arth
eciu
msc
ardi
cum
,R
anun
calu
sw
etsh
tein
i,R
.de
geai
,an
dT
riph
oliu
mw
etsh
tein
i.O
ccur
renc
eof
big
mam
mal
sU
rsus
arct
os,
Can
tslu
pus,
Fel
tsly
nx,
Rup
icap
rani
pica
pra,
Cap
reol
usca
preo
lus.
Tog
ethe
rw
ithth
eSh
arov
aM
ount
ain
(Nat
iona
lPa
rk,
FYR
OM
)th
isar
eare
pres
ents
anim
port
ant
regi
onal
bioc
orri
dor
ofth
eB
alka
npe
nins
ula.
Tile
natu
ral,
bio
logic
alan
dla
nd
scap
ev
alu
eso
fth
ear
eah
ave
po
ten
tial
for
deve
lopi
ngto
uris
mac
tiviti
es,
inpa
rtic
ular
alpi
neto
uris
m,
alon
gw
ithtr
aditi
onal
use
and
activ
ity.
38.
Fore
stof
Bei
nla
400
haN
atur
eM
onum
ent
Kuk
esi
Asm
all
tran
sbou
ndar
yar
eath
atin
clud
esth
eon
lypl
ace
inth
eco
untr
ype
ndul
aof
(Cat
egor
yII
I)w
here
Bet
ula
pend
ula
crea
tes
afo
rest
.Sh
isht
avec
i
39.
Qal
'eSh
tam
a-L
iqej
t3,
500
haL
ands
cape
Prot
ecte
dK
ruja
and
Mat
tPi
nean
dbe
ech
fore
sts,
whe
reth
een
dem
icsp
ecie
sF
orsy
thia
euro
pea
eG
erm
anjit
Are
a(C
ateg
ory
V)
occu
rs.
Tile
Shta
ma
pass
and
Ger
man
jfs
lake
sof
fer
aest
hetic
,la
ndsc
ape,
and
recr
eati
onal
and
cura
tive
valu
es.
Par
tof
the
area
has
been
used
assu
chpl
ace
even
inth
epa
st.
40.
Mou
ntai
nR
idge
3,80
0ha
Lan
dsca
pePr
otec
ted
Kru
jaan
dA
nar
eaof
land
scap
e,cu
ltura
lan
dhi
stor
ical
valu
es.
Wel
lde
velo
ped
"Kru
ja-T
ujan
ffA
rea
(Cat
egor
yV
)T
iran
aca
rstie
form
atio
ns(c
anyo
nsan
dca
ves)
;de
grad
edM
edite
rran
ean
shru
bsat
low
erel
evat
ions
,be
ech
fore
stat
altit
udes
high
erth
an90
0m
.It
isad
jace
ntto
the
Daj
tiN
atio
nal
Park
and
the
Bov
illa
wat
erba
sin.
41.
Daj
ti-Pr
iska
-Mal
t16
,000
haN
atio
nal
Park
Tir
ana
An
area
whe
reon
eca
ndi
stin
guis
hal
mos
tal
lth
em
ain
coun
try'
sm
eG
ropa
(Cat
egor
yII
)ph
ytog
eogr
aphi
cal
units
:M
edite
rran
ean
shru
blan
d(m
aqui
s),
oak
fore
sts
(Que
rcei
nm),
beec
hfo
rest
s(F
aget
um),
and
suba
lpin
e/al
pine
mea
dow
san
dpa
stur
es.
Insi
deth
ear
eath
ere
are
grou
psof
rare
and
prot
ecte
dw
ood
spec
ies
ofC
asta
nea
sp.
and
nut.
The
rear
eal
soth
reat
ened
mam
mal
ssu
chas
Can
islu
pus,
Urs
usar
ctos
,Su
ssc
rofa
,M
arte
sfo
ina,
and
Fel
Ls
sylv
estr
ls.
Itis
anim
port
ant
IBA
intil
eco
untr
y.B
esid
essc
ient
ific
,an
dna
tura
lan
dbi
olog
ical
valu
es,
the
area
has
also
land
scap
e,re
crea
tiona
l,an
dto
uris
tlcva
lues
,ba
sed
onw
hich
inco
me-
gene
ratin
gac
tiviti
esca
nbe
deve
lope
d.A
man
agem
ent
and
adm
inis
trat
ion
plan
isal
read
ypr
epar
edfo
rth
ew
hole
area
prop
osed
asa
Nat
iona
lPa
rk.
88
42.
BIZ
e-M
arta
nesh
16,0
00ha
Lan
dsca
pePr
otec
ted
Tir
ana
and
MaU
Ver
yex
tend
edal
pine
and
suba
lpin
em
eado
ws
and
past
ures
and
beec
hA
rea
(Cat
egor
yV
)fo
rest
s{F
agus
sylv
atic
a);
very
inte
nsiv
ean
dex
tend
edca
rstic
(hol
es,
cave
s)fo
rmat
ions
;ve
ryat
trac
tive
land
scap
ebe
autie
s.O
ccur
renc
eof
Urs
usar
ctos
,C
ants
lupu
s,F
elts
lynx
,F
ells
sylv
estr
is,
Cap
reol
usca
preo
lus,
and
othe
rs.
Thi
sar
eafu
nctio
nsas
abi
ocen
ter
and
bioc
orri
dor
for
anu
mbe
rof
spec
ies
ofna
tiona
lan
dim
port
ance
such
asB
ear,
Wol
f,an
dR
oeD
eer.
As
anar
eaof
very
part
icul
arla
ndsc
ape
beau
ties
itof
fers
grea
tpo
tent
ial
for
tour
ism
deve
lopm
ent.
The
size
ofth
epr
opos
edPr
otec
ted
Are
ado
esno
tex
clud
eth
esu
stai
nabl
eus
eof
natu
ral
and
biol
ogic
alre
sour
ces
ofth
issi
tefo
rac
tiviti
essu
chas
hunt
ing,
fore
stry
,an
dgr
azin
g.
43.
RaJ
c//-
Sheb
enik
-8,
000
haSc
ient
ific
Res
erve
/L
lbra
zhdl
Tra
nsbo
unda
ryPr
otec
ted
Are
a.H
igh
biod
iver
sity
valu
es:
virg
info
rest
sQ
arri
sht/_
Stri
ctN
atur
eR
eser
vedo
min
ated
bybe
ech
(Fag
etum
),bu
tth
ere
are
also
othe
rw
ood
spec
ies
(Cat
egor
yI)
{Pin
uspe
uce,
Bet
ula
alba
etc.
);al
pine
and
suba
lpin
em
eado
ws
onse
rpen
tine,
dom
inat
edby
Vio
ladu
cagi
nlca
;an
den
dem
ican
dsu
bend
emic
plan
tsp
ecie
s.Im
port
ant
bioc
ente
ran
dbi
ocor
rido
rfo
rbi
gm
amm
als
(Urs
usar
ctos
,C
ants
lupu
s,F
ells
lynx
,R
upic
apra
rupi
capr
a,an
dC
apre
olus
capr
eolu
s)of
supr
areg
iona
l/Bal
kan
inte
rest
and
impo
rtan
ce.
44.
Kut
urm
an-Q
afe
4,10
0ha
Man
aged
Nat
ure
Lib
razh
dlan
dIn
spite
ofda
mag
esca
used
inth
epa
st(w
ood
cutti
ng,
over
hunt
ing)
,th
eB
ushi
:R
eser
ve(C
ateg
ory
IV)
Elb
asan
iar
east
illpo
sses
ses
natu
ral
and
biol
ogic
alva
lues
,pa
rtic
ular
lyas
anm
area
ofex
tend
edoa
kfo
rest
s(Q
uerc
etum
).T
hear
eaha
scr
ucia
lim
port
ance
for
wild
boar
(Sas
scro
fa).
The
area
has
been
used
asa
gam
ere
serv
ein
the
past
.
45.
Rra
pish
teL
abin
ot-
35km
Lan
dsca
pePr
otec
ted
Lib
razh
dlan
di
Alo
ngth
isse
ctio
nup
stre
amof
the
Shku
mbi
niri
ver
ther
ets
still
aw
ell-
Qul
_ds
Are
a(C
ateg
ory
V)
Elb
asan
ipr
eser
ved
and
char
acte
rist
icri
pari
anw
oodl
and
ofP
lata
nus
orie
ntal
ts,
havi
ngve
rysp
ecia
lae
sthe
tican
dla
ndsc
ape
valu
es.
46.
Shpa
t-Po
lis-
Sopo
t35
,000
haL
ands
cape
Prot
ecte
dE
lbas
ani,
Thi
sve
ryex
tend
edar
eain
clud
esa
vari
ety
ofha
bita
ts;
pine
and
beec
h-
Gur
ii
Top
it-
Are
a(C
ateg
ory
V)
Llb
razh
dl,
fore
sts,
alpi
nean
dsu
balp
ine
mea
dow
san
dpa
stur
es,
glac
ial
lake
s,an
dV
alam
are-
Hol
t_-
Pogr
adec
i,K
ori_
aw
efia
nds.
Occ
urre
nce
ofen
dem
ican
dsu
bend
emic
plan
tsp
ecie
s;B
ulga
rG
ram
shi
impo
rtan
tbi
ocen
ter
and
bioc
orri
dor
for
big
mam
mal
s(U
rsus
arct
os,
Can
tslu
pus,
Fel
lsly
nx,
Rup
icap
raru
pica
pra,
and
Cap
reol
usca
preo
lus)
;an
dm
igra
tion
rout
efo
rbi
rds
ofpr
eym
ake
this
area
ofre
gion
alin
tere
st
9O
grow
thfo
rest
sof
Fag
tts
sylv
afic
a,P
inus
sp.
and
Que
rcus
sp..
An
impo
rtan
tar
eafo
rbi
gm
amm
als,
part
icul
arly
for
Sus
scro
faan
dR
upic
aprc
tru
pica
pra.
51.
Pisk
al-S
hqer
ri5,
400
haR
esou
rces
Res
erve
/K
olon
jaA
good
part
ofth
ear
eais
occu
pied
byex
tend
edde
grad
edoa
kfo
rest
s,M
ulti
ple
Use
Are
aw
bich
stif
fm
aint
ain
thei
rin
tere
stan
dim
port
ance
for
the
wild
boar
(Cat
egor
yV
I)(S
ussc
rofa
),an
dot
her
taxa
tied
tooa
kw
oodl
and.
The
area
isim
port
ant
for
firew
ood
supp
ly,
graz
ing,
gam
ehu
ntin
gfo
rth
elo
cal
com
mun
ity.
Und
erth
epr
opos
edpr
otec
tion
cate
gory
thes
eac
tiviti
es'
wou
ldbe
cont
rolle
dan
dre
gula
ted
inor
der
toen
sure
the
fore
stre
habi
litat
ion
and
rest
ore
the
lost
natu
ral
and
land
scap
eva
lues
ofth
esi
te,
52.
G_r
men
j-Sh
eleg
ur/_
-15
000
haN
atio
nal
Park
(cat
eg.
Kol
onja
An
impo
rtan
ttr
ansb
ouud
ary
Prot
ecte
dA
reas
whi
ches
tabl
ishe
sth
eL
esko
vlk
II)
cont
inua
tion
ofna
tura
lha
bita
tsbe
twee
nG
reec
ean
dA
lban
ia.
Goo
dan
dhe
alth
ypi
ne,
fir
and
beec
hfo
rest
s,w
hich
prov
ide
suita
ble
habi
tats
for
big
gam
e,su
chas
the
bear
(Urs
usar
ctos
],w
olf
(Can
tslu
pus)
,de
er(C
apre
olus
eapr
eolu
s),
etc.
,ar
est
illpr
eser
ved
insi
deth
ear
ea.
The
pres
ence
ofm
ount
ain
wet
land
s(s
mal
lgl
acia
lla
kes)
brin
gspa
rtic
ular
scie
ntif
icva
lues
toth
issi
te.
The
very
part
icul
arsc
ient
ific
,to
uris
tican
dre
crea
tiona
lva
lues
ofth
ear
eaar
eof
feri
nggr
eat
and
real
pote
ntia
lsfo
rth
ede
velo
pmen
tof
the
ecol
ogic
alto
uris
man
dot
her
recr
eatio
nal
activ
ities
,th
atw
ould
brin
gso
me
inco
mes
and
pros
peri
tyto
the
loca
lco
mm
unity
itse
lf.
53.
Tom
orr
i-K
ulm
aku
28,0
00
ha
Nat
ion
alP
ark
Ber
ati
and
,T
he
mo
stim
po
rtan
tar
eain
the
sou
thco
nti
nen
tal
par
to
fth
eco
un
try
Mou
ntai
ns{C
ateg
ory
II)
Skra
pari
inte
rms
ofri
chne
ssof
biod
iver
sity
.T
heri
ches
tsi
teof
the
coun
try
inen
dem
ican
dsu
bend
emic
spec
ies.
Var
iety
ofha
bita
ts:
alpi
nean
dsu
balp
ine
past
ures
and
mea
dow
s,an
dpi
nean
dbe
ech
fore
sts.
All
impo
rtan
tIB
Aan
dbi
ocen
ter
for
big
mam
mal
ssu
chas
Urs
asar
etos
,C
ants
lupu
s,ar
idot
hers
.B
esid
esit
sna
ture
,la
ndsc
ape,
and
scie
ntif
icva
lues
,th
ear
eaha
scu
ltura
l,hi
stor
ical
,an
dre
ligio
usva
lues
whi
chto
geth
erof
fer
grea
top
port
uniti
esfo
rsu
stai
nabl
eto
urts
m/e
coto
uris
mde
velo
pmen
t.
54.
Hot
ova'
sFi
r-4,
200
haN
atio
nal
Park
P/ir
met
iA
nar
eaof
high
biol
ogic
alan
dla
ndsc
ape
dive
rsity
.B
igga
me
such
as
Dan
gil
li(C
ate
gory
II)
bear,
wolf
,w
ild
boar,
roe
deer
and
oth
ers
are
pre
sent
inth
eare
a.
Out
stan
ding
old
grow
thfi
rfo
rest
m/x
edw
ithoa
kis
foun
din
itslo
wer
Ilin
e,as
wel
las
typi
cal
Med
iterr
anea
nw
oodl
ands
and
shru
bsin
side
the
91
mar
ea.
His
tori
cal
and
cultu
ral
site
sar
eal
sopr
esen
the
re.
Som
e1,
200
haof
the
area
have
been
rece
ntly
desi
gnat
edas
aN
atio
nal
Park
,bu
t:
the
enla
rgem
ent
ofth
ear
eais
need
edto
ensu
reth
em
aint
enan
ceof
itsna
tura
lan
dbi
olog
ical
valu
esan
dpr
ovid
eop
port
uniti
esto
deve
lop
tour
istic
auld
recr
eatio
nal
activ
ities
for
the
bene
fit
ofth
elo
cal
com
mun
ity.
55.
Vjo
saV
alle
y-
40km
Lan
dsca
pePr
otec
ted
Piir
met
iV
josa
rive
ris
shar
edbe
twee
nA
lban
iaan
dG
reec
e.It
ison
eof
the
(_ar
qovi
5A
rea
(Cat
egor
yV
)cl
eane
stan
dth
em
ost
impo
rtan
tri
vers
oftil
eco
untr
yfo
rits
aqua
tic
flor
aan
dfa
una
com
mun
ities
.T
heri
ver
isim
port
ant
for
the
glob
ally
thre
aten
edsp
ecie
sL
utra
latr
a,fo
ra
num
ber
ofpr
otec
ted
bat
spec
ies,
and
for
mig
rato
r,/
fish
spec
ies
(Sal
mo
sp.)
.O
fve
rym
uch
inte
rest
are
I
the
flor
aan
dfa
una
alon
gth
eri
ver.
Insp
iteof
bein
gun
der
cons
tant
hum
andi
stur
banc
e,th
eri
ver
isst
illco
nser
ved
inna
tura
lco
nditi
ons
in
'so
me
part
s/se
gmen
tsof
the
valle
y;on
eof
them
isth
eri
ver
valle
yse
gmen
tfr
omPe
rmet
ito
_arg
ova.
The
valle
yho
lds
stri
king
land
scap
ebe
autie
sw
ithsp
ecia
lto
uris
tican
dre
crea
tiona
lva
lues
.
56
.C
old
Wat
er-
50
krn
Lan
dsc
ape
Pro
tect
edT
epel
ena,
Anoth
erim
port
ant
segm
ent
of
the
Vjo
saR
iver
and
apar
tof
Dri
n's
atK
6lcy
raG
orge
and
1,50
0A
rea
(Cat
egor
yV
)P_
rmef
i.th
epo
int
whe
reth
etw
ori
vers
com
eto
geth
er.
The
area
has
natu
ral,
haG
jirok
astr
asc
ient
ific
,la
ndsc
ape,
and
recr
eatio
nal
valu
esw
hich
dese
rve
prot
ectio
nan
dm
anag
emen
tto
ensu
reth
em
aint
enan
cean
dhn
prov
emen
tof
such
valu
es.
57.
Zhe
Ji-Z
agor
i3,
500
haL
ands
cape
Prot
ecte
dG
jirok
astr
aA
nar
eaof
spec
ial
natu
ral,
biol
ogic
al,
and
land
scap
eva
lues
whi
chA
rea
(Cat
ego
ryV
)p
rov
ides
gre
atp
ote
nti
alfo
ree
oto
uri
sman
dre
crea
tio
nac
tiv
ity
.
58.
Kar
dhtq
1,80
0ha
Scie
ntif
icR
eser
veG
jirok
astr
aT
his
isa
larg
eoa
kfo
rest
dom
inat
edby
Que
rcns
cerr
isan
dQ
ucrc
us(C
ateg
ory
I1fr
aiae
ito.
The
Que
rcus
cerr
isfo
rest
isac
com
pani
edby
vari
ous
othe
rtr
ees
such
asF
raxi
nas
omus
,A
cer
cam
pest
re.
Ace
rob
tura
tum
,an
dso
me
Tili
apl
atyp
hyllo
san
dT
ilia
tom
ento
sa.
The
shru
bla
yer
and
herb
aceo
usve
geta
tion
are
wel
lpr
eser
ved.
Asm
all
fore
stof
Abi
esbo
risi
i-re
gis
with
Pin
usni
gra
occu
rsab
ove
the
oak
fore
st.
An
area
ofqu
itech
arac
teri
stic
bird
and
mam
mal
com
mun
ity
toth
eM
edite
rran
ean
woo
dlan
d.A
num
ber
ofsp
ecia
lta
xasu
chas
:A
escu
lus
hipp
ocos
tanu
m,
Tili
ato
men
tosa
,T
ilia
plat
yphy
llos,
Tax
usba
ccat
a,Q
uerc
usile
x,Sa
ture
jam
onta
na,
Ori
ganu
mva
lgar
e,an
dA
grim
onia
eupa
tori
aar
efo
und
insi
dem
the
area
.I [
92
59.
Sott
ra's
F/r
1,74
0ha
$cie
nt/f
icR
eser
ve/
Ojir
okas
tra
On
the
basi
sof
the
Eco
logi
cal
Surv
eyof
the
Hig
hFo
rest
sof
Alb
ania
,St
rict
Nat
ure
this
area
gain
edth
est
atus
ofN
atur
eM
onum
ent.
Bec
ause
ofits
Res
erve
.{C
ateg
ory
I)re
lativ
ely
larg
esi
ze,
and
base
dup
onth
eIU
CN
crite
ria
and
del't
uitio
ns,
the
stat
usof
Scie
ntif
icR
eser
ve/S
tric
tN
atur
eR
eser
vesh
ould
begi
ven
toth
isar
eaIn
stea
dof
that
ofa
Nat
ural
Mon
umen
t.
60D
rino
-Sot
/re
1000
0ha
Lan
dsca
pePr
otec
ted
Gjir
okas
tra
An
area
ofna
tura
l,se
rain
atur
alan
dtr
aditi
onal
agri
cult
ural
land
scap
esA
rea
(cat
eg.
V)
that
are
wel
ld
evel
op
edan
dp
rese
rved
,si
tuat
edn
ext
toth
eb
oar
der
wit
hG
reec
e.T
heup
per
part
ofth
eD
rIno
'sri
ver
wat
ersh
edth
atof
fers
part
icul
arsc
enic
and
land
scap
ebe
auti
es.
The
villa
geof
Sotir
ais
very
char
acte
risU
can
dpr
ovid
eshi
stor
ical
valu
esan
dsp
ecia
lar
chite
ctur
e,an
dth
usis
carr
ying
alo
tof
oppo
rtun
ities
for
envi
ronm
enta
lso
und
tour
ism
deve
lopm
ent.
The
enti
rear
eaca
npl
ayth
ero
leof
the
buff
erzo
nefo
rth
eSo
ttra'
sFi
r-St
rict
Nat
ure
rese
rve.
61.
Rri
_zom
i_15
20ha
Lan
dsca
pePr
otec
ted
Del
vina
An
area
ofty
pica
lM
edite
rran
ean
vege
tatio
nfo
rth
ehi
llyan
dA
rea
(Cat
egor
yV
),
mou
ntai
nous
zone
.O
fa
spec
ial
impo
rtan
cear
eth
eab
unda
ntca
rsU
cw
ater
sour
ces
and
sprI
ngs
ofth
isar
ea,
asw
ell
asot
her
geol
ogic
alfo
rmat
ions
.T
heup
per
part
sof
this
area
repr
esen
tpa
rtof
the
mig
ratio
nro
utes
for
bird
sof
prey
.M
any
orch
ids
are
grow
nIn
this
area
,an
dth
eyar
eth
reat
ened
spec
ies
and
thus
dese
rve
prot
ectio
n.J
62.
Dhr
ovia
n-$y
rii
180
haN
atur
eM
onum
ent
Del
vina
Man
yca
rstic
spri
ngs
--on
eof
the
mos
tbe
autif
ulan
dpo
wer
ful
ones
isK
alt_
r(t
heB
lue
(Cat
egor
yII
I)ca
lled
_Blu
eE
ye.'
Alo
ngw
ithth
eca
rstic
spri
ngs
and
stre
ams
ofL
1YiS
Eye
)si
te,
ther
ear
eve
ryty
pica
laq
uatic
and
ripa
rian
vege
tatio
nan
dol
dw
oods
ofP
lata
nus
orie
ntal
is.
Inso
me
area
s,th
eve
geta
tion
isve
ryde
nse
and
thic
klik
ea
littl
e"j
ungl
e.'
Inth
isun
ique
area
ther
ew
asve
ryre
cent
lyre
cord
eda
new
bat
spec
ies
for
Alb
ania
,M
yoti
sbe
ehst
eini
.I
93
B-2
Sum
mar
yS
tati
stic
sfo
rP
ropo
sed
Rep
rese
ntat
ive
Net
wor
kof
Pro
tect
edA
reas
Man
agem
ent
Cat
egor
y(b
yIU
CN
IN
o.of
Prot
ecte
dA
reas 9
14
54
02
3,2
5St
rict
Nat
ure
Res
erve
Scie
ntif
icR
eser
ve
[Cat
egor
yI)
9188200
42,1
0N
atio
nal
Park
(Cat
egor
yII
I
25
80
0,1
3N
atur
eM
onum
ent
(Cat
egor
yII
I)
Man
aged
Nat
ure
Res
erve
/Hab
itat
and
Spec
ies
1338
750
448,
68M
anag
emen
tA
rea
(Cat
egor
yIV
)L
ands
cape
/Sea
scap
ePr
otec
ted
Are
a(C
ateg
ory
2418
1020
145
40,5
0V
)
Res
ourc
esR
eser
ve/M
ultip
leU
seA
rea
(Cat
egor
y5
2390
05,
34V
I)
Note
s:
r
1)
The
Rep
rese
ntat
ive
Net
wor
kof
the
Prot
ecte
dA
reas
(RN
PA)
cove
rs14
.32
%of
the
terr
itory
ofth
eco
untr
y2)
The
RN
PA,
asde
fine
dhe
re,
does
not
incl
ude
eave
s,cl
iffs
,w
ater
falls
,ca
nyon
s,In
divi
dual
old
and
hist
oric
altr
ees
orgr
oup
oftr
ees,
and
othe
rpa
rtic
ular
smal
lte
rrito
ries
less
than
50ha
insi
zeth
atar
eco
nsid
ered
as'N
atur
alM
onum
ents
{Cat
egor
yIH
).
, 94
dC List of the Endemic/Subendemic Taxa of Albania
Plants
1. Arenaria serpentini 15. AJuga piskol2. Polygonum albanlcum 16. $tachys sericiphylla3. Ranuncultts degenll 17'. Stachys albanica4. Lunaria telekiana 18. Wulfenia baldaccii5. $anguisorba albanlca 19. Asyneuma comosiforrne6. AlchemlUa albanlca 20. Petasltes doe!flerl7. Genista hassertlana 21. Centaure koi_'tninii8. Astragalus autrani 22. Centaure candelabrum9. Hypericum haplophylloides 23, Crepis bertiscea10. Viola dukadJlnlca 24. Colchicum pieperanum11. Ligusticum albanicam 25. Festueopsis serpentini12. Forsythia europaea 26. Crex markgrafi13. Moltkia doerferi 27. Orchis albanlca14. Alkanna sandwithi
AnimalsFish
1. Alosa faUax lacustrls 4. $aln_ letnica2. Chalcalburnus chalcoides tiranemsis 5. $almo letnica lumi
3. Rhodeus sericeus amarus 6. $almothymus ohridanus
Mollusca
1. Orlentalia curta 42. Valvata stenotrema2. Ohridohoratia pygmaea 43, Valvata rhabdoda3. Ohridohoratla carlnata 44. Valvata htrsutecostata4. Pollnsklola pollnskl 45. Acroloxus macedonicus
5. Polinskiola sturanyl 46. Acroloxux improvlsus6. Ohrldohauffenia depressa 47, Ancylus lapicidus7. Ohridohauffenia sublitoralis 48. Ancylus scalarinlformes8. Ohridohauffenia rotonda 49. Ancylus tapirules9. Ohridohauffenia drimica 50. Gyraulus lychnidicus10. Ohridohauffenia minuta 51. Gyraulus trapesoides11. Ohridohauffenia sanctinauml 52. Gyraulus albidus12. Ohrigocea samuili 53. Gyraulus crenophillus13. Ohrigocea karevt 54. Gyraulus fontinalis14. Ohrigocea miladinovorum15. Ohrigocea stankovici16. Dolapia ornata17. Gocea ohridana18. Pseudohoratia ohridana19. Pseudohoratla brustnae20. Pseudohoratia lacustrls
21. Lyhnidla gJorgjevici22, Lyhnldla hadzU23. Lyhnidia karamanl24, Lyhnidia stankovici25, Lyhnidia sublitoralis26. Strugia ohrldana27. Zaumia kusceri28. Zaumia sanctinaumi
29. Pyrgohydrobla grochmallckll30. Pyrgohydrobia sanctlnauml31. Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensls32. Chllopyrgula sturanyl33, Neofossarulus stankovici34. Macedopyrgula pavlovlci35, Macedopyrgula wagnerl36. Stankovlcia baicaliiformis37. Trachyohridia filocincta38. Ohridopyrgula macedontca39. Glnala munda
40. Xestopyrgula wagnerl41. Micropyrgula stankovici
? _4 O Jw_
© _D C'D
96
-No Taxon Ex EW CR EN VU LR DD
50 Albumusalbldus X
51 BarbusprespensJs X52 Leuciscuslllyrlcus X53 Salmoletnlea X
54 HIppocampusramulosus x55 Barbusgraecus i X56 Chalcalburnusbelvica IX57 Chalealburnusehalcoldes X
58 Chondrostomaprespensls X59 Pachychllon plctum X
60 Mlsgurnlsfossllls X61 Alosafallax !X
62 Cyprinuscarplo I X
63 Paraphoxlnuseplrotleus X64 Paraphoxlnusmlnutus X
65 i Paraphoxinus pstrossl X66 Sabanjewiaaurata X
67 Atherinaboyerl X68 Aphanlusfasclatus X
69 i Syngnathusabaster X70 Zosterlsessor X
oplocephalus
71 Xiphias gladlus X72 Thunnusalalunga X73 Carassius carassius X
Invertebrates
74 Bubrestlsslolendens X
I 75 Cerambyscerdo , X76 Morlmusfunereus X
77 Rosalla allolna X78 Osmoderma eremita X
79 Parnassius apollo X80 Coenagrlonmercuriale X
81 Sagapedo X82 Carabus lntrieatus X83 Formica X
pratensls / nigrlcans84 Formica rufa X
85 Lycaena dispar X86 Macultnea alcon X87 Macullneaorlon X88 Maeulineanausithous X89 Hlrundomedieinalis X
90 Hypodryasmaturna X91 , Prosperinus prosperlna I X
97
E-1 List of Species for which the Species Action Plan will be Prepared within 1-2 years
Scientific Name Albaniau Common Scienlilic Name Albanian CommonName Name
Mamlnalla --_-- G__itar/_ 3. Scllmo letnlca Koranl1. Ursus arctos Ariu tyl, lclls
2. Canls lupus Ujku - S I. lumi ; Korani i lumit3. Lynx lynx Rri_qebulli - S. I. balcanicus Koranl i reres4. Fells silvestris Macja e egSr ..... - S. l. aestlvalis Koranl i dlmrlt5. Lutra lutra Lund/_rza 4, Salmothymzis Belushka
, ohridanus6. Monachus Foka e wesdheut;
monachus 5. Salmo trutta farlo_ Trofta malore (e egi_r)
7. Rhinolophus ----- Lakuriqi 6. M_blda mobular [ Lopa e detlteuryale hund/_paikua i ll_sects Insekte
mesdheut I. Sq__pedo Saga e stepave
8. Mqotis capaccinli ,_ _aknriq.i_.i_s_hti_gjat_ _ 2. Saga italica Saga itallane9. Myotis myotis Lakuriqi xesimliu i 3. Osmoderma Jeremltl {murgu)
madh eremlta
i 10. Tadarida tenlotls Lakurlql bishtlir_ 4. Cerambys cerdo Antenag}atl I zl 11I. Apodemus Mit! i shk6mbit dnshkut
m qstaclnus 5. Rosalia alpina Antenag, jati alpin12. Pit qmqsfelteni Miu i Felteni-it 6. Parrlassius apoUo Apollonja13. Pit!Ira!Is thomasi Miu i Thonlasi-iI 7. Lycaena dlspar Flaki_rroshja e arti_ e14, Bubalus bubalis Buallica madhe
15. Delphlnus delphi Delfiui 8. Maculinea alcon Kalt_roshja e vogel e
Aves Shpend/_ ki_net_s1. Pelecanus crlspus _ Pelikani ka_urrel 9. Maculinea arion Kalt/_rsohja njollazezi_2. Phalacrocorcl,_, i Karabullaku i vog/_l 10. Erebia oltomanus otomanjapygmaeus 11. Hypodryas Maturna3. Oxyura Rosa kok_bardh_ maturna
leucocephala 12. Phyllcdesma Fshik_endi_sja e ilqes4. Aythya nyroca____ Kryekuqja e vog/_l ilic!!blta ___
5. Circus maerour_ts Shqipjo e stepave 13. ProserFlrTus Proserpina6. Buteo rufinus Huta bish/bardh/_ _I2_serp ina
7. Haliaeetus alblcllla Shqiponja e deiit 14. Formica Milingona pratense8. Aquila clan_a Sbqiponj_a c rosavc t_raiensis9. Falco naumani -- Skifteri l_z_Formica rufa Mlllngona rufa
kthetraverdhb_ Mollusca (terresrial) Molusqi_t e toki_s
10. Tetrao urogaUus Gjeli i eger 1. Helot secernenda1 i. Bonasa bonasia Pula me 9atk_' -- 2. IIelix vladlca12. Crex crex Mbrcti i shkurt_s 3_?felix aspersa
13. Numenlus ---- Ko liku sqepholli Mollusca (marine} Molusqit e detittennuirostris 1. Lithofaqa_._z:_lith°facla Shk/_mb _pues
14. Gallinago media-- Sllapka t_-'nladll-e'_- .... 2. Venerupisujit decussatus
15, Larus adouinii Pul/_bardha e 3. Pinna nobilis Pina
Adouiniii 4. Charonla trltonls Gastropod
Rep/ilia _ _Rep111_ ..... varie_tata __1. Caretta caretta Breshk8 deli Crustacea Krustace
2. Dermochetys Breshk_ deli i. Pennaeus Karkalec detlcorlacea cheraturus
3, Testu. do mar_Jina_a Breshka malore 2. Homaras AstakolAmphibia Am fib(, _qam_larus1. Rana epelrotica Bretkosa e epiril --- 3. Pallnurus vulqaris Gambi_r
Knidarla Knidar_2. Rana balcanica Bretkosa e ___zakonshme J i. Corallum rubrum Korali i kuq.
-_. Rana lessonae Bretkosa e Vascular Plants Bim_ eni_soreleshterikui 1. Aesculus Geshtenje kall
Pisces Pest) q_ .... hlppocastanumi. Acipenser sturlo Blini 2. Quercus robur RrenJe2. Aclpenser naccari Blt,ii i bardhi _ 3, Beiula _endula Meshtekne
............ _ 4_._?_t)a n_atans Arre ujl
98
Scientific Name Albanian Common Scientific Name Albanian CommonName Name
5. Slderitls raeseri _aJ mall 2. Marsilea Marslle
· 6. Orchis sp.div. Salep quadrlfolia7. Gymnospermium Lule helmi 3. Botrichium Botrik glethekamomilshqlpetarum rnatricarllfoliumFerns Fierna Funghi K_r_udha
i. Lycopodlum Ltkopod 1. Arturus archerilclavatum : 2. Cudonia ciclnas
99
E-2 List of Species for which the Species Action Plan will be Prepared within 3-5 YearsScientific Name Albanian Common Scientific Name Albanian Common
Name Name
Mammalla Gjltari_ 24. Hieraeetus Shqiponja1. Myotis bechsteini Lakuriqi i Bechstelni- fasclatus blshtvlj_zuar
It 25. Hieraeetus Shqiponja e vogel2. Myotis daubentoni Lakuriql i pennatus
Daubentonit 26. Circaetus galllcus Shqlponja
3. Mi/otis nattereri Lakurlql l Nattererl-ti gJarp_rng/in_se4. N yctalus spp. Noktul_t 27, Faleo subbuteo Sklfteri 1 drur_ve
5. Plecotus spp. Lakuric[at vesh_jat/_ 28. Recurvirostra Sqepbiza6, Vespertilio Lakuriqi avoseita
murinus "climearg}end_" 29. Hlmantopus Kalor_sl7. Rhinolophus Hundipatkoi I vogel hlmantopus
hipposideros 30. Glareola Dall_ndyshe deti8. Rhlnolophus Hund_patkoi 1madh pratlncola
fermmequinum 31. Lams cachlnnans Pul_bardha9. Canis aureus _akallt kamb/_verdh_10. Meles meles Baldosa 32. Gelochelidon Dall_ndyshe detl
11. Mustela putorlus Qelb_si nilotlca k_mb_zez_12, Mattes martes Zardafi 33. Sterna Dall/_ndyshe deti
13, Sus scrofa Derrl 1 e/g_r sandvicensls pik_verdhi_14. Rupicapra Dhia e eg_r 34. Sterna hirundo Dallandyshe erupicapra zakon_shme e detlt15. Capreolus Kaprolli 35. Sterna albifrons Danandyshe deti
capreolus ball/_bardhi!Aves Shpend_ 36. Chlidonias Dall_ndyshe detlI. Phalacrocorax Karabunaku me hl/bridus fac[ebardhi/
aristotelis c_alk_ 37, Tyta alba KukuvaJka2. Phalacrocorax Karabullaku i madh mjek_roshecarbo 38. Bubo bubo Buff
3. Botaurus stellarls Gakthi 39. Asio otus Buff vesh_at_
4. Nicticorax _alka e nat_s 40. Remiz pendulinus Kolovat_sinicticorax 41. Parus lugubrls Trishtili i madh t
5. Ardeola raUoides _afka e verdh& murrm_6. Egretta garzetta _afka e vogel e 42. Dryocopus Qukapiku 1zi
bardh_ martlus
7. Ardea purpurea _afka e rrushit 43. Pieus vlridls Qukapiku 1_Jelb_r8. Ciconia ciconia Lejleku i bardh& 44. Plcus canus Qukaplki 1p_rhima9. Platalea leucorodia Sclepshpatukja 45. Dendrocopos Qukaplku l madh10, Plegadis Kojllku i zi major larosh
f alcinellus 46. Dendrocopos Qnkapiku ]arosh11. Milvus milvus Huta kuq_rreme s qriacus sirian
bishtg_rsh_r_ 47. Dendrocopos Qukaplku larosh12. Milvus migrans Huta e zez_ leueotos kurrizbardh_
blshtgirsh_r_ 48. Dendroeopos Qukapiku i mes_m13. Gypaetus Shkaba mjek_roshe medius laroshbarbatus _ 49. Dendrocopos Qukaplku i vogel
minor larosh14. Neophron Kall i qyqespercnopterus Reptilia Reptlli15. Aeglplus Shkaba e zez_ 1. Testudo hermani Breshkamonachus 2. Maureml/s casplca BreshkuJca
16. Gyps vulvus Shkaba 3. Lacerta vlridls Zhapiu i gjelb_rt17. Circus pygargus Shqipja e balltacleve 4. Lacerta irlllneata Zhaplu me tre visa
18, Circus cl/aneus Shclipja e fush_s 5. Podarcls erhardl Hardhue_ bari19. Circus ShqlpJa e k_netis 6. Podarcls Hardhue bishtg]at_aeruqinosus meliselencls
20. Aclplter nisus Gjerac[ina e shkurt//r 7, Ophlsaurus Bullarl21. AclPiter 9entills GJeraclina apodus22. Buteo buteo Huta 8. ColuberJuqularls Shig, jeta e _ate
23, Aquila pomarlna Shqiponja e vogel e 9. Coluber Shigjeta e shkurtirrosave !]emonensls
10. Elaphe Bolla e sht_pis_
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101
l
F-I List of Habitats for which Habitat Action Plans will be Prepared within 1-2 Years 11i
Medio and infralltoral Sea meadows of Posldonla aceanlca at Rodon,Porto-Romano, Karaburun, Sazan, Porto- iPalermo I
Lln (Ohrid lake} Site of intensive fish breeding and conservation IRiverine ecosystem "Buni-Drln-Vau 1Dej8s Breeding slte for Acipenser sturlo and
important migration route for other fishspecies
, Open sea waters Sublltoral (control for making evidence of theeventual presence of Caulerpa taxifotta)
I Sand dunes Sandy beaches and dunes along the low coastShrubs along the gravel river beds Shrubs with the presence of Nerlum oleander(Borsh}
Aluvlal hygrophll forests Forests of Alnus glutlnossa and Quercus robur(Patok, Vellpoji_)
Lakes Aquatic vegetation - habitats of Eiodeaeanadensls in Lake Ohrld to control further
expansion
F-2 List of Habitats for which Habitat Action Plans will be Prepared within 3-5 Years i1I
Sea meadows of fanerogams Meadows of Posidonia and those of Cymadocea.(Their inventory and mapping along the Adriaticand Ionian sea)
Rocky Coast "Forest" of Cystoseria. Inventory and mappingalong the Ionian Sca
Mediterranean Halo-Psamophil Meadows Along the coastal section Durres - VloreVegetation of Coastal Rocks Vegetation of the coastal section Karaburun-
Hlmare, and that of Ksamllt Islands
Lakes Habitats with aquatic plants and those with Trapanatans; habitats with Nympholdes peltata;vegetation along the lakeshore: restoration offorests with Sallx alba and Populus alba, and
m others along the eastern shore of Lake Shkodra,as well as in Lakes of Prespa and Belshi
Rivers Formations with Populus alba and othersdownstream on the Buns, Vjosa, Shkumblni, andSemanl rivers
i Xerophyte Shrubland Formation with Quercus ilex, and that withArbutus andrachne (_arshove-Sarandopore);
Garrige with Anthqlls hermania {Rrezome-Delvlne)Meadows Meadows with Deschampsia caespitosa, and
Cynosurus sp. (Blze)-Deciduous Broadleaf Forests Oak forests in Lcvan, Ishem, Belsh, Gorice,
Mlrdlte; Chestnut forest in Zdervaske-Pogradec,Gurakuq-Orenje; Forest with Betulus sp. itlShistavec-Kukes
Alluvial Forests Forest with Fraxtnus, Alnus, Ulmus- Rrnshkull
Coniferous Forests Forest of Ptcea shies in Valbona valley; Fir forestin Germenj-Shelegure; forest of Pinus peuce-Allaman, and that of Black Pine in Tu_ (Puke}
Semi-Deciduous Broadleaf Forest Forest of Quercus trojana on Rrenci mountainMarshes Reeds along the shores of Rreza lake {Sarandal;
vegetation along the Butrlnti channel; adjacentvegetation next to Narta lagoon
Irrigation channels Irrigation channel Vjose-Levan-Fier