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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
BIODIVERSITY CHARACTERIZATION ATLANDSCAPE LEVEL USING SATELLITE REMOTESENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Dr. SARNAM SINGHForestry & Ecology Division
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (ISRO)
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g
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Biodiversity = Biological + Diversity (variability of livingorganisms includes all Plants and Animals)
Characterization = Classification or categorization
Landscape = Large area i.e. aggregation of landforms
Remote Sensing = Earth Observation Systems
Geographic Information System = a tool for data
collection, storing, organizing, retrieving, displaying,integration and analyses as per user requirement, asand when and the way required, in computer domain
Terms in the title
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
The term Biological diversity was first defined byNorse & Mc Manus (1980) and its abridged form
Biodiversity was coined by Walter G Rosen in 1985.
The biodiversity has been defined in various ways,an appropriate definition of biodiversity is thetotality of genes, species and ecosystem in a region(IUCN & UNEP.1992).
The simple definition is the variety and variabilityof living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms)on planet earth.
This lecture focuses on Phytodiversity
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Global Scenario
In 600 million year, 5 to 50 million species
on planetOnly 1.6 m species have been identified
Animals 1.17 millions
One higher plant species is lost per dayfrom Tropical Rain Forest
About 25% of the total 2,50,000 higherplants species will be lost in the next fewdecades, and another 25% by the end of21st century
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DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY
DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY IS NOTUNIFORM !!!
It increases :
from pole to equator
from high to low attitude
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
TREASURE HOUSE OF BIODIVERSITY
7% of the total land surface but more than of thespp. on earth
80% of word's Insects live in these forests.
Flora of India occur in Western Ghats ofPeninsular India
Tropical Rain Forests
17 Mega Biodiversity Centers in the world
Area with high concentration of Biodiversity are known as
Biodiversity Hotspots
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Himalayas 3160
Western Ghats- Sri Lanka
3049
Indo-Burma7000
Map of Biodiversity Hot Spots and Number of Endemic species
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Source: R.A. Mittermeter, Primate diversity & Tropical forest: case studiesfrom Brazil & Madascagar & Importance of Megadiversitycountries,Biodiversity, 1988 National Academy Press
Areas with high levels of Biodiversity
BIOLOGICAL RICHNESS MAP OF WORLD HUMAN DISTURBANCE MAP OF WORLD
Source: Data from Lee Hannah & David Lohse, 1993Annual Report,Conservation Institution, Washington, D.C.
A Human disturbance-map comparespredominantly natural areas with thosethat are partially disturbed or humandominated
BIODIVERSITY - GLOBAL SCALE
HOWEVER ???
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Mega centres of endemism in India
Hot spots No. species
Western Ghats 1500
Eastern Himalayas 1808
Western Himalayas 1195
Endemism is the occurrence of species in a particularlocality, area or the country
It is most important criteria for declaring such areas
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16 forest types and 221 sub-typesprobably unique in the world
Ecosystem diversity from sea level(Mangrove) to Alpine in the Himalayas
Diverse habitats from extreme icy cold inHimalayas to extreme hot in western India
Biodiversity Scenario in India
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3000 wild edible plant species used in rural& tribal areas.
3000 medicinal species - 85% of whichare wild.
27 Breeds of Sheep.
20 Breeds of Goats.
Biodiversity Scenario in India
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India ranks 7th in the world incontribution of agricultural plants
6th amongst centre of diversity and origin
as far as Agro-bio-diversity is concerned. Local land races-
Rice (60000)
Mango (5000)
Biodiversity Scenario in India
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Genetic Diversity of India167 species of crops, 335 species of wild relatives, and
several species of domesticated animals have originatedhere. The genetic diversity within these species isastounding. Some examples:
Rice: 50,000 varietiesMango: 1000 varieties
Sorghum: 5000 Varieties
Pepper: 500 varieties
Cattle: 27 breeds
Goats: 22 breeds
Sheep: 40 breedsPoultry: 18 breeds
Buffalo: 8 breeds
Camel: 8 breeds
Horses: 6 breeds
Donkey: 2 breeds
COS S S
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ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
Forest Ecosystems Grassland Ecosystems
Cold Desert EcosystemsHot Desert Ecosystems
Wetland Ecosystems Coastal & Marine Ecosystems
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FLOWERING PLANTS USED IN TRADITIONALSYSTEMS OF MEDICINE IN INDIA
Courtesy : NBRI , 2001
Particulars SpeciesFlowering Plants 17,500
Tribal Medicine 8,000
Folklore/LHT 5,000Ayurveda 900
Siddha 800
Unani 700Amchi 300
Modern 30
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Endemic flowering plants in India
In India about 5725 species distributed in 148
genera and 47 families (33%) are endemic out of
17,500 species. Three Phytogeographic areas where
endemism and floristic diversity maximum are:
Region Species
Himalayas 3471
Peninsular India 2015
Andaman &
Nicobar Islands
239
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Men made Natural
Habitat loss
Causes of Loss of biodiversity
Quarrying of stones
Grazing, Fire
Over exploitation of med plants
Environmental pollution
Invasive of foreign weeds
Flood
Diseases
Lack of pollinator
Draught
Landslides
(90% collected from forests.Out of which 70% collected indistractive manner.
Cutting of forests
Competitors, predators and pests
Socioeconomic changes
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Fragmentation often reduces biodiversityand consequently decreases genetic diversity.
One of the major causes of biodiversity loss and extinction
Causes of Loss of biodiversity
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Skulls of wild animals hanging at communitycentre in Arunachal Pradesh
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IRS LISSFCCs showing
deforestationSonitpur,Assam
1994
1999
2000
Habitat Loss
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PA Types Number Area(km2)
GeographicalArea (%)
PAs 603 156000 4.57
Biosphere Reserves 15
National Parks 99 38029 1.16Wildlife Sanctuaries 515 118128 3.55
Conservation
Reserves
2 Uttrakhand
Community Reserves
World Heritagesites
6
Conservation status in India
T f Bi di i
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Species Diversity: variety of species within a
region Genetic Diversity: variations of genes within a
species
Ecosystem Diversity: different types ofecosystems/ habitats
Alpha Diversity (Within Community Diversity)
Beta Diversity (Between Community Diversity) Gamma Diversity (Diversity of the habitats in the
whole geographic region)
Types of Biodiversity
H h f B l l
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Biosphere
Biomes
Landscape
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Species
A structurally distinct geographical space, which is kilometres wide, iscalled a landscape. Biosphere is the limited zone of life on earth
Hierarchy of Biological Organisation
Amenability to SatelliteRemote Sensing
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Conventional Time Consuming
High extinction rate ?Overtaking inventoryprocess
Gene
Species
Population
Community
EcosystemLandscape
Approaches for Inventorying Biodiversity
Geospatial Stratified approach Extrapolation on large landscapes Systematic Monitoring Spatial Environmental Database
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Landscape Characterization
What is Landscape?
Landscape commonly refers to the landforms ofa region in the aggregate (Websters New
Collegiate Dictionary, 1980) or
Most simply, a landscape can be considered a
spatially heterogeneous area.
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Landscape Characterization
Unit of Landscape is Patch, thereforelandscape characterization is basicallybased on patch characteristics i.e. patchcharacterization
What is a patch ?
Patch is a non-linear relativelyhomogeneous contiguous area.
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Why at Landscape level ??
Because every species needs a minimum(optimum) area for evolution, survival andadaptations to changing climatic conditions
Because biodiversity of small forest areas/patches is poor therefore, conservation ofsmall areas/patches is not viable as a long
term conservation strategy
Because conservation of single species is notfeasible in long term
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Large area provides better chances ofsurvival and evolution
In situconservation is essential for speciesto evolve
Adaptations to changed climatic andenvironmental conditions
Ecosystem goods and services will notfunction properly
Nutrient cycle will be always threatened insmall area
Why at Landscape level ??
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Because conservation of one or fewecosystems may not represent thebiodiversity of the region
Large areas have more core & intact foresthence less biotic interference
Fewer Extinctions
Constancy of Environment
Varied Habitats due to topography, soils,climate, etc.
Why at Landscape level ??
P t h Ch t isti s
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
SIZE
SHAPE
CORE
BUFFER
Patch Characteristics
IDEAL
Good
Small-MediumMedium-High
Small Size
Peoples
Criss-cross
High Biotic
Pressure
HighDisturbance
Not
Suitable
Symmetric
Small Large
Small
Good
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Role of Geoinformatics - Remote Sensing
Data Available for Global to Local level studies
From Coarse resolution: NOAA-AVHRR, SPOTVegetation, MODIS for Global studies/scenarios/decision and policy making
To Moderate resolution: WiFS and AWiFS forNational - Regional studies / scenarios / decision andpolicy making
To High Resolution: Landsat TM, IRS LISS III,
ASTER, SPOT for State/District/ localstudies/scenarios / planning and management
To Very High Resolution: IKONOS, LISS IV, Cartosat1, 2, Quickbird, etc. for village level planning and
management
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Scale diversity of Remote Sensing Data
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
APPROACH
BIODIVERSITY
PRIORITY ZONE
TERRAINCLIMATERainfall
Temperature
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGYPatch characteristicsHuman Intervention
VEGETATION / ECOSYSTEM MAPPINGRemote Sensing + Ground Truth + Existing Vegetation Maps
HABITAT(ECOSYSTEMS)
LOWDISTURBANCEREGIMES
ENVIRONMENTALCOMPLEXITY
GIS
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
APPLICATIONS
BIODIVERSITYPRIORITY ZONE
HABITAT(ECOSYSTEMS)
LOW
DISTURBANCEREGIMES
ENVIRONMENTAL
COMPLEXITY
GIS
Biodiversity Richness Identification
Disturbance Gradient Analysis
Biodiversity Conservation Gap Areas
Conservation of BR areas
Extension of PA area or Network
Prioritization of Biodiversity Surveys
Working Plan and Forest Management
Germplasm Location for
Bioprospecting
PPR CH F R D T RB NCE NDEX
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
APPROACH FOR DISTURBANCE INDEX
Disturbance Index= ( Fragmentation, Porosity, Interspersion,Biotic/Human Disturbances & Juxtaposition )
VegetationType Map
Landscape Analysis PackageSPALMForest /NonForest map
Broad CoverTypes
Road
Fragmentation
Porosity, PatchinessInterspersion Settlement
ProximityAnalysis
Juxtaposition
Association ( Weightsdetermined basedon Adjacency of thevegetation types
Sources ofHuman
Disturbances
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Landscape Parameters
Of the several parameters available in literaturefollowing parameters were considered
Fragmentation Porosity Patchiness Interspersion Juxtaposition
LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS
IMPACT OF FRAGMENTATION
Lowest HighestIntact
Natural Landscape Artificial Landscape
Intact Lowest Highest
IMPACT OF POROSITY
FRAGMENTATION
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
FRAGMENTATION
The number of patches of forest and
non-forest type in per unit area.
PATCHINESS
The measure of the density of patches of alltypes or number of clusters in a given mask
POROSITY
The measure of number of patches or densityof patches within a particular type.
INTERSPERSION
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INTERSPERSION
The count of dissimilar neighbors with respectto central pixel or measurement of the spatialintermixing of the vegetation types.
JUXTAPOSITIONThe measure of proximity or adjacencyof the vegetation types.
APPROACH FOR VEGETATION / LANDCOVER TYPE MAP
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
APPROACH FOR VEGETATION / LANDCOVER TYPE MAP
Raw Satellite Data
Pre-Processing
Removal ofDiscrepancies
Visual Interpretation of digital data
Hybrid ClassificationUnsupervised + Supervised + Knowledge Base
Digitally Classified Vegetation / Landcover Map
Geometric AndRadiometric Correction
Haze Removal Histogram MinimizationDark Object Subtraction
Sun Angle Effect Ratioing Biophysicalspectral
Indices NDVI, SAVI
Ground TruthKnowledge
base
FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE OF IRS LISS III (MARCH)
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE OF IRS LISS III (MARCH)
Doon Valley
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Sal Forest
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Dry Deciduous Forest
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Mixed Moist Deciduous Forest
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Subtropical Moist Deciduous Forest
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Temperate Forest
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Mixed Pine Forest
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Agriculture
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Rivers
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Settlements
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
VEGETATION COVER TYPE AND LAND USE MAP
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
VEGE N VE Y E ND L ND U E M
S li D i
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Sampling Design
Plot Design
Transect
Point
Square
S mplin D si n
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Sampling Design
Nested Quadrate ApproachN
Laying of plots North-South
Along Slope or gradient
Mark trees with ring withpaint at dbh (1.37 m)
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Landscape Analysis
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Analysis for number of patches / unit area
Determination of optimal mask size toexplain of landscape parameter usingdifferent mask size (250, 500, 1000, n)
Apply 3 3 mask size Interspersions andJuxtaposition analyses
Fragmentation, Porosity, Patchiness
Interspersion and Juxtaposition
LU/LC Map Input for Landscape Analysis
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
LU/LC Map Input for Landscape Analysis
MASK SIZE: 250 250 m
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
MASK SIZE: 250 250 m
MASK SIZE: 500 500 m
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
MASK SIZE 500 500 m
MASK SIZE: 1250 1250 m
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
M SK S ZE 5 5 m
False Color Composite of PBR Region
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
False Color Composite of PBR Region
PACHMARHI SANCTUARY
SATPURA NATIONAL PARK
BORI SANCTUARY
BUFFER ZONE
HOSHANGABAD DI STRICT
BETUL DI STRICT
CHH INDWARA DISTRICT
FCC of Bori WLS and Satpura NP in Madhya Pradesh
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
FCC of Bori WLS and Satpura NP in Madhya Pradesh(IRS WiFS data, 2002)
Agriculture
Water body
Lantana
Dry deciduous
Rehabilitation sites
Bamboo
Very basic understanding of RS data is sufficient
Location of Sample Plots In PBR Region
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Location of Sample Plots In PBR Region
Land Use / Land Cover Map of PBR
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22 10 49.46
22 50 10.01
Land Use / Land Cover Map of PBR
Moist Deciduous ForestDry Deciduous Forest
Sal mixed Forest
Teak mixed Forest
Degraded Forest
Scrub
Agriculture
Fallow/ Barren land
Water body
Wetland / Sand
Settlement
Sal Forest
Teak Forest
Bamboo mixed Forest
Legend
Fragmentation Map of PBR
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22 50 10.01Fragmentation Map of PBR
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Fragmentation
Class Area %
High Fragmentation 31.71
Medium Fragmentation 35.99
Intact 15.88
Agriculture 16.42
Moderate Fragmentation
Non- Forest
Low Fragmentation
High Fragmentation
Legend
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Road Network
Settlements
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Disturbance is inverselyproportional to distance
S ttl t I fl
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Settlement Influence
Road Impact
Meters
Meters
Disturbance Zones of 500 Meters Distance
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HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
LEGEND
Disturbance Zones of 500 Meters Distance
Disturbance Index
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Disturbance Index
Disturbance Index = {(Fragmentation,Porosity, Interspersion, Proximity fromdisturbance source (settlement+ Roads) and
Juxtaposition)}
DI= (Frai * WTi1 + Pori * Wti2 + Inti *
Wti3 + BDi * Wti4 + Juxti * Wti5DI= Disturbance Index, Frg = Fragmentation, Por= Porosity,Int = Interspersion, BD = Proximity from disturbance source(settlement+ Roads) and Juxt = Juxtaposition; Wt = Weight
22 50 10.01
Disturb nc Ind x M p f PBR
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22 10 49.46
Disturbance Index Map of PBR
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Disturbance
Class Area %
High 39.95
Medium 25.47
Low 18.09
Agriculture 16.49
Very High Disturbance
High Disturbance
Low Disturbance
Legend
Non- forest
Approach For Biological Richness
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Ground Sampling
Species Richness Total Value Index
(Known Economic uses)
Disturbance
Index
Digital
ElevationModel
Ecosystem Uniqueness Representativeness Endemism
SPALM- Landscape Analysis Package
Biological Richness
=f (Ecosystem Uniqueness, Species Richness,Biodiversity Value, Terrain Complexity &
Disturbance Index )
Terrain
Complexity
Botanical Survey of IndiaSpecies Database
Assign attributesto
Vegetation types
Knowledge Base
Approach For Biological Richness
Biological Richness
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Biological Richness = (EcosystemUniqueness, Species Richness, BiodiversityValue, Terrain Complexity & DisturbanceIndex )
Biological Richness
BR= (EUi *WTi1 + SRi * Wti2 + BVi * Wti3+ TC
i* Wt
i4 + DI
i* Wt
i5
EU = Ecosystem Uniqueness; SR = Species Richness;BV = Biodiversity Value; TC = Terrain Complexity; DI=Disturbance Index
Biological Richness Mapping
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g pp g
SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES (Ground and/or knowledge-based)
Species Diversity ( H )
Ecosystem Uniqueness (EU)Biodiversity Value (BV)
Terrain Complexity (TC)
Disturbance Regimes (DI)
Biological Richness Mapping
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Field data Collection
Height Measurements
g pp g
Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis
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Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis
Species Diversity (H) is estimated using Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index formula, is based onthe Phytosociological analysis either number of
species or Importance Value Index).
Field sample plots of appropriate size are laid toenumerate trees, shrubs, herbs, climber,
epiphytes etc.Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on therichness value in decreasing order
(A) Species Richness
Measurements of Biodiversity
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y
Shannons Index
H= - [(ni/N logn (ni/N) where log implies log base n
Where
= H is the Shannon-Wiener Index Value= ni is importance value or number of species= N is total number of species
Also Sensitive to number of samples
Shannon-Wiener Index and Sample Plot Statistics
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S. No. Forest Types Basal Area
Tree He rbs Shrubs Total Trees He rbs Shrubs Total Tree s He rbs Shrubs Total Trees He rbs Shrubs Total Trees (m 2/ha)
1 Mixed Moist Forest 13 60 24 97 77 97 46 220 1274 1968 1648 4890 1.60 1.62 1.15 4.37 23.21
2 Mixed Dry Forest 17 40 16 73 54 68 22 144 1461 1395 561 3417 1.31 1.33 1.03 3.67 12.29
3 Sal Mixed Forest 6 15 6 27 47 42 22 111 640 388 242 1270 1.08 1.36 1.09 3.54 21.14
4 Sal Forest 7 20 8 35 38 57 28 123 742 536 269 1547 0.78 1.55 1.21 3.54 22.43
5 Teak Mixed Forest 9 20 8 37 41 42 26 109 888 588 429 1905 1.19 1.32 0.79 3.30 18.37
6 Riverine 3 15 6 24 33 29 24 86 169 434 248 851 1.04 1.04 1.07 3.16 25.83
7 Bamboo Mixed Teak 7 35 14 56 36 48 22 106 350 1009 1599 2958 1.26 1.33 0.30 2.89 10.49
8 Scrub 2 10 4 16 19 32 14 65 172 603 509 1284 0.87 1.09 0.74 2.70 5.31
9 Teak Forest 11 30 12 53 37 55 19 111 756 1081 271 2108 0.83 1.41 0.16 2.40 12.88
10 Savanna 2 5 2 9 13 16 2 31 25 275 18 318 1.04 0.98 0.26 2.28 9.85
11 Plantation 2 2 6 6 112 112 0.38 0.38 27.68
Plots Observed No. of Species Total Individuals Shannon Value
Shannon Wiener Index and Sample Plot Statistics
of different Land Use / Land Cover Classes of PBR
Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis
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Ecosystem Uniqueness (EU) is uniqueness of the ecosystem.
Number of endemic species, Representativeness of the vegetation (vegetation with
exotic species is not representative i.e. original), Number of economically and medicinally important
species, based on the known uses Presence of Keystone species, Umbrella species, rare and
endangered species in the ecosystem/vegetation type Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on the ecosystem
uniqueness in decreasing order
(B) Ecosystem Uniqueness
Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis
Cosmopolitan (3) < Regional (6) < Local (10)
Ecosystem Uniqueness
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S. No. SP_Name E M ME E M ME E M ME1 Dry Deciduous Forest 33 44 54 26 41 58 52 130 52 490
2 Teak Mixed Forest 29 41 48 22 36 41 43 125 59 444
3 MDF 23 35 52 17 36 30 28 87 28 336
4 Scrub 14 20 31 22 30 29 26 91 28 291
5 Sal Forest 10 18 31 14 28 33 30 73 26 263
6 Sal Mixed Forest 16 19 34 13 35 22 27 70 23 259
7 Teak Forest 13 20 38 16 19 22 22 82 27 259
8 Degraded Forest 11 16 34 9 16 15 16 70 28 2159 Riverine Forest 11 21 33 9 26 19 12 56 15 202
10 Bamboo Forest 7 18 20 7 19 21 14 39 18 163
11 Bamboo with sal 6 49 22 6 17 11 11 25 6 153
12 Acacia Forest 5 12 26 5 8 11 10 35 17 129
13 Anogeissus Forest 7 9 17 5 5 12 6 29 10 100
14 Grassland 2 4 4 1 2 2 19 44 18 96
15 Boswellia Forest 7 6 20 4 4 15 7 23 6 92
16 Savannah 5 3 8 2 3 3 4 16 6 5017 Plantation 1 0 7 4 3 0 5 17 5 42
18 Ravine Forest 2 3 2 2 3 5 4 7 2 30
19 Ziziphus Forest 2 2 2 3 1 2 4 5 1 22
Trees Shrubs Herbs
Total
y q
Value of Biodiversity
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y
Source of food
Material for breeding improvedvarieties
Drug & Medicines
Fibre: Cotton, flax, jute, hemp,sunn
Useful products: Gums, resins,tannins, dyes, paper, tea,coffee etc.
Others: fodder, fuel, timbersetc.
Scientific value: material forstudy
Ecological balance: CO2 & O2,reduce pollution, Check soil erosion,food chain, food web, nutrient cycleetc.
Aesthetic value: Green forests,beautiful flowers, song of birds,colorful butterflies, fishes, birds,landscape, ecotourism etc.
Cultural value: Inspires poets andartists to compose poems, songs,and
to make paintings, sculptures,photography, etc.
Right to live:
Recreation: visit to gardens, NP,Sanctuaries, Zoo etc.
Direct use Indirect use
Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis
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Biodiversity Value (BV) is the total economicvalue of the biodiversity (phytodiversity) basedon known uses, as proposed by Belal and
Spreiguel (1996)Depending upon the number of general uses andmedicinal properties, value is assigned to each
use by a group of experts.Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on thebiodiversity value in decreasing order
Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis
(C) Biodiversity Value (BV)
Total Important Value- Weight Table
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Species Name Foddr Med Edbl Tmbr Chrcol Others Total
E
Abelmssehus manihot (l.)
Medic 0 2 4 0 0 3 9
M Abrus precatorius L. 0 2 0 0 0 1 4
M Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. 0 4 0 0 0 0 4
M
Acacia catechu (L.f.)
Willd. 4 3 5 0 0 0 24
M
Acacia leucophloea
(Roxb.) Willd. 5 2 0 3 4 2 32
M Acacia nilotica (L.) Delila 4 2 3 3 4 3 28
M Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. 4 2 0 2 3 5 19
E
Acacia sinuata
(lour.)merr. 4 0 0 3 3 3 17
Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis
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Terrain Complexity (TC) is the variability of thetopograpphy or terrain, rate of change of variance inDigital Elevation Model.
Assumed that higher the terrain complexity (slope,aspect, elevation) richer is biodiversity.
Higher microclimatic conditions created due complex
terrain and supporting very high and uniquebiodiversity.
DEM created based either on contours or pointelevation data (Shuttle Radar Terrain Mapper)
Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis
(D) Terrain Complexity (TC)
Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis
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(E) Disturbance Regimes (DI)
Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis
Disturbance Regimes (DI) established based onthe Landscape parameters like Fragmentation,
Patchiness, Porosity, Interspersion, Juxtapositionand Biotic Pressure is used in modeling biologicalrichness analysis.
Component Weight Table
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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Forest Type Code EU SR BV
Moist Deciduous Forest 13 7 10 8
Dry Deciduous Forest 14 7 8 10
Sal Mixed Forest 15 7 10 7
Teak Mixed Forest 19 7 8 7
Sal Forest 21 7 6 6
Teak Forest 22 7 4 5
Bamboo Mixed Forest 25 4 5 6
Bamboo Mixed Sal 26 6 5 7
Hardwickia Forest 31 10 5 7
Boswellia Forest 34 9 4 6Ziziphus Forest (Ber) 38 6 3 4
Anogesus Forest 41 8 6 5
22 50 10.01
Biological Richness Map of PBR
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22 10 49.46
g p
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
BiorichnessClass Area %
Very High 13.77
High 36.37
Medium 8.75
Low 24.61
Agriculture 16.49
Non- Forest
Low Biological Richness
Moderate Biological Richness
Very High Biological Richness
Legend
High Biological Richness
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Thank you !