Biodiesel Training, Demonstration and Analysis - CCFI Training, Demonstration and Analysis.pdf · P-8073 Biodiesel Training, Demonstration and Analysis – Final Report pre-processing

Biodiesel Training, Demonstration and Analysis

Prepared for:

Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture

And

Canadian Centre for Fisheries Innovation

Prepared by:

Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development

Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland

P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5R3

February 15, 2011

Centre for Aquaculture and

Seafood Development

P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3

Tel: 709-778-0532, Fax: 709-778-0670

1

P-8073 Biodiesel Training, Demonstration and Analysis – Final Report

REPORT COVER PAGE

Project Title:

Bio-Diesel Training Project #:

P 8073

Report Status

√ Applicable Block

Date Progress Report #

Final Report

√

February 15, 2011

Name

Signature

Date

Written by: Wade Murphy

February 15, 2011

Reviewed by: Heather Manuel February 15, 2011


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Contents

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................................. 4

ACQUIRING OIL SAMPLES ............................................................................................................... 4

PRE-PROCESSING OF OIL FEEDSTOCK.......................................................................................... 5

OILS FROM SALMON AQUACULTURE ...................................................................................... 7

BIODIESEL TRAINING SESSION ...................................................................................................... 7

COMMERCIALLY PROCESSED MARINE OILS .............................................................................. 8

TESTING OF BIODIESEL .................................................................................................................... 8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ........................................................................................................... 10

PRE-PROCESSING OF OIL FEEDSTOCKS ..................................................................................... 10

COD LIVER OIL PRE-PROCESSING ........................................................................................... 10 PROCESSING COD LIVERS TO EXCRACT OIL ........................................................................ 12 PROCESSING COMMERCIALLY PROCESSED MARINE OILS .............................................. 17

SALMONID OIL TESTING ............................................................................................................ 20

BIODIESEL TRAINING SESSION .................................................................................................... 21

TESTING OF BIODIESEL ................................................................................................................... 23

ASTM TESTING .................................................................................................................................. 23

SMALL ENGINE PERFORMANCE TESTING ................................................................................. 24

CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 31

RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 32

APPENDIX A: BIODIESEL TRAINING WORKSHOP AGENDA ................................................. 34

APPENDIX B: LIST OF INVITED GUESTS ..................................................................................... 37

APPENDIX C: COD LIVER OIL ANALYSIS.................................................................................... 40

APPENDIX D: OIL TESTING PROCEDURES ................................................................................. 43

APPENDIX E: BIODIESEL STANDARDS/SPECIFICATIONS ..................................................... 44

APPENDIX F: MAXXAM ANALYTICS INC. ................................................................................... 45

RESULTS FOR COD LIVER OIL AND SALMON BIODIESEL .................................................... 45

APPENDIX G: TRAINING ON SMALL ENGINE DYNAMOMETER .......................................... 46

APPENDIX H: DYNAMOMETER RESULTS ................................................................................... 54


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INTRODUCTION

The Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development (CASD), in partnership with Memorial

University’s (MUN) faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, is conducting research to advance

current biodiesel conversion technologies for specific applications to marine waste oil feedstock.

Existing conversion technologies have been developed to handle primarily homogenous oils from

vegetable sources. These technologies have had limited success when applied to marine waste oils.

Mitigating the technical challenges specifically associated with utilizing marine waste oils as biodiesel

feedstock is the focus of this research program.

The main objective of the current research program is to develop an economically viable, fish oil

derived biofuel/biodiesel production system for rural communities in Newfoundland and Labrador. In

the 2009-2010 fiscal year, the Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development (CASD) received

funding through the Fisheries Technology and New Opportunities Program (FTNOP) and the Canadian

Centre for Fisheries Innovation (CCFI) to acquire a customized mobile 55 gallon batch biodiesel

processor. The biodiesel processor was purchased from Biodiesel Logic Inc. and has been installed at

the CASD’s Atlantic Canada Fishery By-products Research Facility.

In previous research projects, there was significant interest from various industry partners in

investigating the potential for processing biodiesel from marine oils. When the Biodiesel Logic unit was

purchased, a component of the agreement required training to be provided by the manufacturer at the

site where the system was installed. CASD incorporated into the operational training program an

introductory workshop for interested industry participants.

As part of its research plan, CASD tested the units’ capabilities to produce biodiesel from marine oil;

specifically cod liver oil and salmon oil. Initial efforts to test locally acquired marine oil were met with

limited success. CASD readjusted its work plan to evaluate the system using marine oils that were

commercially processed. This would, in a sense, establish a bench mark for the units’ capabilities and

eliminate the quality of the oil as a contributing factor to any issues identified.

This report describes the work carried out on this project from April 2010 to January 2011.


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MATERIALS AND METHODS

ACQUIRING OIL SAMPLES

The production of biodiesel commonly uses oils derived from plant sources such as corn, soy, etc. This

oil feedstock can be extracted from farming operations which grow crops directed to supplying oils for

biodiesel production. Plant derived oils are also collected from food processing operations that generate

used fryer oils they need disposed.

For the testing of the Biodiesel Logic processor (Figure 1) and the workshop CASD required

approximately 650 L of oil. The CASD project manager procured approximately 420 L of used plant

based fryer oil from food processing and food service operations. This plant based oil was used to test

and calibrate sensors on the Biodiesel Logic processing unit and for the day 1 component of the work

shop.

On day 2 of the workshop, CASD processed oil derived from marine feedstock sources. Marine oils,

unlike plant oils, have additional constituents that may interfere with the transesterification reaction (i.e.

the chemical process which converts organic oils into biodiesel). It was decided that the best approach

was to conduct the initial production of marine based biodiesel while an experienced technician was on

site. The CASD project manager sourced approximately 210 L of cod liver oil from Seaward Farms Inc.

for this purpose.

Figure 1: Biodiesel Logic Processor


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PRE-PROCESSING OF OIL FEEDSTOCK

The oil feedstocks sourced from the food processing operations were initially processed through a

screening system. The oils were relatively debris free and required minimal processing prior to biodiesel

production. The cod liver oil supplied by Seaward Farms Inc., however, did require an additional

screening as there was a significant quantity of debris in the oil such as pieces of liver (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Cod liver oil from rendered livers prior to pre-processing

The Biodiesel Logic processor has a filtration system (Figure 3) at the input and between transfer points

to each processing step. The bag filters remove large particles that are in the oil and/or settle out during

processing. These filters can be cleaned if required.


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Figure 3: Bag filters between reactor tanks

The primary focus of research for the Biodiesel Logic processor was to produce biodiesel from oil

collected from marine by-products. Due to the nature of this raw material, the presence of a high

quantity of foreign material is very likely. Thus, the pre-processing of the feedstock oil included

pumping the raw feedstock oil through a pre-screening filter (Figure 4) and a 25 micron bag filter prior

to pumping the product into the biodiesel processing unit.

Figure 4: Pre-screening filter used to process oil


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OILS FROM SALMON AQUACULTURE

Marine oil obtained from the by-products of salmonid aquaculture is also of interest. These by-products

consist of processing discards (i.e. gut material and trimmings) and dead fish collected from grow-out

operations (i.e. morts). The fat content of farmed salmonids is estimated to be between 15-18% of the

whole fish.

The salmonid aquaculture industry is in a growth phase in the province and is expected to have

significant production increases over the next 2 to 3 years. The industry will have an estimated

production of 26,000 MT by 2012. The available by-product estimates from this industry are:

Morts: Estimate of 2% mortality for industry

o Approximately 520 MT/yr

Processing Discards

o Gut material: 11% of round weight

Approximately 2800 MT/yr

o Trimmings from fillet processing: 5% of round weight

Assuming 40% of marketable salmonids are processed for fillets

520 MT

Currently, the majority of discards from this industry are either shipped to landfill/composting

operations or frozen in bulk for pet food manufacturers and/or mink farming operations. As the industry

continues to grow, there is potential for processing the discards for agricultural and/or food use as well

as other applications.

CASD has been providing support to research being conducted by Dr. Kelly Hawboldt, MUN Faculty of

Engineering and Applied Science, on efficient methods of recovering salmonid oil from processing

discards. The research investigates the option of particle size reduction to improve the extraction of high

quality salmonid oil by heating and/or ethanol extraction. However, not all oil will be of high enough

quality for food or animal use (e.g. oils extracted from morts). These oils could be another source of

biodiesel feedstock.

BIODIESEL TRAINING SESSION

The biodiesel workshop was held over a two day period on June 23rd

& 24th

. The first day of the

workshop provided the group with an overview of CASD and its history with respect to marine oil

processing in relation to the production of biodiesel. Day 1 of the workshop concluded with a hands-on

demonstration for testing the quality of oil using a titration method.

Day 2 of the workshop provided participants with information on the differences between plant derived

oils and the oils extracted from animal/protein sources. The participants were shown how to produce

biodiesel using vegetable oil, and how to stabilize the biodiesel for cold climates. Day 2 concluded with


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a demonstration in which CASD ran a 6.5 hp diesel motor with a 50/50 blend of biodiesel/diesel. The

complete agenda and list of invited attendees are included in Appendices A and B.

COMMERCIALLY PROCESSED MARINE OILS

It was demonstrated during the workshop/training session, that the Biodiesel Logic processor is able to

produce a biodiesel from used vegetable fryer oil that will work in a diesel engine. However, the

question posed by the research funding group was; what are the best results that can be potentially

achieved with this system when processing marine feedstock oils?

To establish a bench mark of the biodiesel processor’s capabilities with respect to marine feedstock oils,

the CASD project manager procured two barrels of commercially processed and refined marine oils;

salmon oil and cod liver oil. A sample of each (4 L container) was initially ordered to perform a jar test

(refer to Appendix D for detailed procedure) to determine the amount of chemicals (i.e. methanol and

sodium hydroxide) required for the transesterification reaction.

TESTING OF BIODIESEL

At the onset of this project the intent was to produce biodiesel from used vegetable oil, and from cod

liver oil from rendered livers supplied by Seaward Farms Inc. However, further testing of the cod liver

oil (Appendix C) showed that it required additional processing to lower the free fatty acid (FFA) content

of the oil prior to producing biodiesel. During the training session biodiesel from used vegetable oil

feedstock was successfully produced. The used vegetable oil was collected from Country Ribbon and

the cafeterias of the Marine Institute (MI) and College of the North Atlantic (CNA). To determine the

quality of the biodiesels produced, the CASD proposed to use 2 evaluation methods; ASTM and small

engine dynamometer testing.

ASTM Testing

There are four standards available from ASTM International which provides quality assurance for

biodiesel used in freight trucks, buses, boats, ships and more. The ASTM specifications define

biodiesel as a “fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable

oils or animal fats, designated B100.” The specifications provide details on requirements for fuel

characteristics as well as the relevant standard test methods to use for each. The specifications define

properties and controls critical to the viable use of biodiesel blends in the marketplace.

The ASTM biodiesel standards include the following:

ASTM D975-08a, Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils used for on- and off-road diesel

applications, was revised to allow for up to 5 percent biodiesel;

ASTM D396-08b, Specification for Fuel Oils used for home heating and boiler applications, was

revised to allow for up to 5 percent biodiesel; and

http://www.astm.org/Standards/D975.htm



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ASTM D7467-08, Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to 20) a completely

new specification that covers finished fuel blends of between 6 (B6) and 20 (B20) percent

biodiesel for on- and off-road diesel engine use.

ASTM D6751-08, Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate

Fuels used to control pure biodiesel (B100) quality prior to blending with conventional diesel

type fuels, was revised to include a requirement that controls minor compounds using a new cold

soak filterability test.

(Source: http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/ND_2008/D02E0_nd08.html)

Small Engine Dynamometer (Dyno) Testing

Memorial University’s Faculty of Engineering has a small engine testing dynamometer (dyno) which

measures key parameters (e.g. torque and horse power) in the operation of motors under load. The

CASD purchased a 6.5 hp diesel engine which was used on the dyno testing platform. The testing

evaluated the performance of the engine using various ratios of diesel and biodiesel fuel mixtures

ranging from 100% diesel to 50% diesel.



http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/ND_2008/D02E0_nd08.html


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

PRE-PROCESSING OF OIL FEEDSTOCKS

The oil feedstocks used in this project were procured from:

Country Ribbon Limited, MI and CNA cafeterias

o Used fryer oil

o Setting up and calibrating biodiesel reactor

o Day 1 of the training workshop

Seaward Farms Inc.

o Cod liver oil

o Day 2 of training workshop

Jedwards International Inc.

o Commercial marine oil for bench mark study

The oil feedstocks from Country Ribbon Limited and Seaward Farms Inc. required some processing

prior to loading the product into the stage 1 reactor (i.e. pre-processing reactor in Figure 1). The main

purpose of the pre-processing was to remove protein/food particles (bread crumbs, pieces of cod liver,

etc.) from the oil which could interfere in the transesterification reaction.

The oil was pumped through the 1 mm screen and through a 4 micron screen on the processing unit. A

25 micron bag filter system was ordered for pre-processing the oil samples; however, it did not arrive

prior to the commencement of this project. The biodiesel processor did aid in the removal of large

particulate matter however the larger mesh size of the primary filter allowed particles to pass through to

the 4 micron filter. This required additional cleaning over time.

COD LIVER OIL PRE-PROCESSING

The cod liver oil supplied by Seaward Farms Inc. was also processed through the 1 mm filter screen. A

sample of the oil was tested by Dr. Hawboldt to determine its initial quality. Testing of the oil was

conducted approximately 3 weeks prior to the delivery of the training workshop. A copy of the test

results is available in Appendix C. Based on the tests conducted by Dr. Hawboldt, the oil required

further processing to make it suitable for biodiesel production.

The first step in preparing oil for processing in the biodiesel reactor requires that a 500 ml sample of oil

be removed and tested for quality. The cod liver oil was tested as per the titration procedure outlined by

the technician from Biodiesel Logic (Appendix D). The titration number for the cold liver oil was high

(44-49). The biodiesel processor can only make biodiesel from feedstock oils with a FFA (free fatty

acid) number below 15. To verify that the oil was unsuitable for biodiesel processing as indicated by the


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titration number, a second 500 ml sample of oil was removed and used to perform a “jar test”. For this

test, the same ratio of methanol and base (potassium hydroxide) was added to the oil. Figure 5 shows the

results of the test. The sample jar on the right shows a successful transesterification reaction performed

with vegetable oil. The oil separated into layers of methanol on the top, glycerine on the bottom and

biodiesel in the middle. The jar of cod liver oil on the left shows no reaction. Several variations of the

chemical ratio were tested using the cod liver oil. The results from each test had either no reaction or

soap production.

Figure 5: Mason jar test of stock oil; cod liver oil on the left and canola oil on the right

Both the titration number and the “jar test” indicated that the cold liver oil raw material was unsuitable

for biodiesel production. Further research was conducted to determine if there was a way to reduce the

FFA content of the cod liver oil. For oil feedstocks with high FFA numbers, an acid esterification

reaction could be used, however the amount of additional chemicals required and the additional by-

products produced deemed this option unviable. Also, the Biodiesel Logic processor would require

modifications for it to be compatible with the acid esterification method. As a result, fresher oil is

required for producing biodiesel.


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PROCESSING COD LIVERS TO EXCRACT OIL

Following the pre-processing experiments, additional cod livers were collected from Seawards Farms

during their harvesting operations in late October, 2010. A total of 6 barrels of cod livers were obtained.

The barrels of livers were transported to the MI and stored in the loading area of the MI by-products

facility where they were left to ferment over a 4 week period. After the fermentation period, the barrels

were placed in the chill room at 6OC for an additional 3 weeks to “winterize” the oil that was released by

the livers. Winterization is done to remove solids that would cause turbidity or cloudiness in the oil

when stored at chilled temperatures. These solids are high melting point triglycerides that are naturally

present in fish oils.

The separation of the oil from the solids and water was done following a 3 step process. The first step

involved draining the livers on a large screen. The barrels were carefully poured onto the drain screen

and allowed to drain for approximately 1 hour (Figures 6 & 7). The fermentation process had completely

broken down the livers. Therefore, when manipulating the livers on the screen to facilitate the draining

process, more solids fell into the oil.

Figure 6: Separating the oil from the livers


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Figure 7: Cod livers draining on screen

The preparation of the barrels of cod livers was not weighed for yield assessment. However, based on

visual estimates ⅔ of the barrel was a mixture of cod livers and oil. The bottom ⅓ of the barrel was

mainly water (Figure 8). During the screening process, the barrels of product were decanted carefully to

minimize adding water to the oil as subsequent separation of water and oil would be required adding to

processing time.

Figure 8: Water released from the cod liver oil process

Once the initial screening was completed, the small solids remaining in the oil had to be removed

(Figure 9). Normal food grade processing of the oil would require that the product be processed through

a series of filters to remove all protein particulates from the oil. This cold filtration process is done to

retain the maximum amount of the long chained omega-3 fatty acids.


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Figure 9: Screened cod liver oil

For the production of biodiesel however, the focus was on removing compounds that interfere with the

transesterification process such as proteins and fat solids. To remove these components, the cod liver oil

was heated to 70OC for 2 minutes. The heating process coagulated, or cooked, the proteins in the oil.

The heated oil was then processed through the Westfalia centrifuge (Figure 10).

Figure 10: Heating (left) and centrifuging (right) cod liver oil

The clarified oil was stored in 135 L buckets until required for biodiesel processing. The extracted oil

was considered to be minimally processed oil (Figure 11).


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Figure 11: Cod liver oil minimally processed

The first step in processing biodiesel from the minimally processed cod liver oil was to determine the

amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) needed to react with the oil. The oil was titrated using a 0.1%

sodium hydroxide solution. To determine the total amount of NaOH required for the process, the volume

of NaOH required to neutralize the cod liver oil was added to the basic amount of NaOH required to

process the oil (Appendix D). Based upon the results of the titration 7.4 g of NaOH/L was needed for

the minimally processed cod liver oil. Table 1 summarizes the amount of chemical inputs required to

produce biodiesel from the minimally processed cod liver oil.

TABLE 1: PROCESSING DATA FOR MINIMALLY PROCESSED COD LIVER OIL

Total Volume

of Oil (L)

Total Volume

of Methanol

(L)

Total Weight

of NaOH (g)

Volume of

Biodiesel

Produced (L)

Volume of

Methanol

Recovered (L)

161 32 1191 150 1.5

Overall, the minimally processed cod liver oil had a production yield of approximately 93% biodiesel.

The estimated cost to produce this biodiesel is $0.21/L based in the input costs (Table 2). For this

process, approximately 1.5 L of methanol was recovered (Table 1). However, during the initial

calibration of the biodiesel processor approximately 7 L of methanol was recovered when the used fryer

oil was processed through the system. For the minimally processed cod liver oil, the unrecovered

methanol may have been trapped in the biodiesel and/or removed with the glycerine prior to the

methanol recovery step in the process.

Table 2 outlines the raw material and chemical costs associated with biodiesel production for the

minimally processed cod liver oil.


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TABLE 2: MATERIAL COSTS FOR MINIMALLY PROCESSED COD LIVER OIL

PROCESSING COSTS

INPUTS Cost/Unit Amount Required Total Costs

Cod Liver Oil (L) N/A 161 L N/A

Methanol (L) $0.945 30.5 L $ 28.82

Caustic Soda (kg) $ 2.84 1.191 kg $ 3.38

Based on the data collected from this pilot production run, it is potentially viable to produce biodiesel

from cod liver oil.

At the current production levels, the volume of oil that Seaward Farms Inc. can obtain from processing

the cod livers is not significant enough to warrant selling the oil to food grade or nutraceutical grade

markets. However, to produce biodiesel, the company would have to make a small investment to

purchase a kettle and filtration system to clarify the recovered oil. The company could rent the current

MI biodiesel processor for a small fee which would be sufficient capacity to process current oil volumes.

The equipment required to refine the oil so that it meets the standards for food grade oil, such as a

contherm, centrifuge, decanter, etc., is more costly. Thus, producing biodiesel from the cod livers, which

are currently being discarded, can potentially provide economic benefits to this company by reducing in-

house fuel costs. The intent is that the company would use biodiesel produced by from its cod liver

discards to run its generator system which is currently used to power the cod ranch operation.


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PROCESSING COMMERCIALLY PROCESSED MARINE OILS

It was demonstrated during the training session, that the biodiesel reactor is able to produce a biodiesel

that will work in a diesel engine. The oil processed during this session was used fryer oil acquired from

a secondary food processing operation. The question posed by the research funding group was; what are

the best results that can be potentially achieved with this system when processing marine oils?

To establish a bench mark, the CASD project manager procured two barrels of commercially produced

marine oils; salmon oil and cod liver oil. A sample of each (4 L container) was initially ordered to

perform a jar test to determine the amount of chemicals required (See Figure 12).

Figure 12: Samples of marine oil used for the jar test

The jar test highlighted one issue with respect to processing the salmonid oil. The titration of the oil to

determine the required volume of caustic indicated that the minimum amount of caustic required was

5g/L of oil. However, the separation of the glycerine took much longer than the normal 2 hours observed

for other oils. The salmon oil was left over night to react and allow the glycerine to separate into layers

(See Figure 13). Based on the jar test results, the processing procedure for the salmonid oil had to be

modified to allow a longer separation period for the glycerine.


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Figure 13: Jar test performed on marine oils

TABLE 3: PROCESSING DATA FOR MARINE OILS

INPUT

MARINE

OIL

Total Volume

of Oil (L)

Total Volume

of Methanol

(L)

Total Weight

of NaOH (g)

Volume of

Biodiesel

Produced (L)

Volume of

Methanol

Recovered (L)

COD LIVER 175 42 1049 160 2.5

SAMLONID 190 42 1188 175 1.5

TABLE 4: PROCESSING COSTS FOR COMMERCIAL MARINE OILS

Input Cost/Unit Volume Required Total Costs

Cod Liver Oil $ 5.00 /L 190 L $ 950

Methanol $ 0.945/L 39.5 L $ 37.32

Caustic Soda $ 2.84/kg 1.049 kg $ 2.98

Salmonid Oil $ 5.70/L 190 L $ 1,083

Methanol $ 0.945/L 40.5 L $ 38.27

Caustic Soda $ 2.84/kg 1.188 kg $ 3.37


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Tables 3 & 4 provide a summary of the processing yields and costs for both commercially processed

marine oils. For each production run, a barrel of commercial oil was processed. However, a mechanical

problem with the biodiesel processor occurred when processing the cod liver oil which resulted in a loss

of approximately 15 L of raw oil. Based on the raw material and chemical input costs, the cost per litre

of biodiesel for each feedstock is estimated at:

- Cod Liver Oil:

Including raw oil cost: $5.66/L

Chemical cost only: $ 0.230/L

- Salmonid Oil

Including raw oil cost: $ 6.43/L

Chemical cost only: $0.238/L

As can be clearly seen, it is not economical to purchase commercial food grade oil to make biodiesel.

However, if the oil is obtained at little or no cost as a by-product of fish processing, and is not suitable

for food grade or nutraceutical grade oil, then the option to produce biodiesel becomes more

economical. It should be noted that the quality of the feedstock oil does have an impact on the yield of

biodiesel obtained. Thus not all waste fish oils will be suitable for biodiesel production.

Not included in the data is the cost to discard the glycerine produced. Biodiesel Logic indicated that the

glycerine can be used in agricultural operations as part of a soil conditioning material. However, before

it is used, any remaining methanol in the glycerine has to be evaporated off. Glycerine is also used in

other industries such as soaps, window wash, etc. Therefore, further investigation into the potential uses

of the glycerine by-product may be worthwhile.

Figure 14: Comparing the size of glycerine beads in canola oil (L) and salmon oil (R).


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During the production of the marine biodiesels one of the differences noted was the size of the glycerine

beads that settled out of the biodiesel after the transesterification reaction was completed. As

demonstrated in figure 14 above, the beads produced from plant oils were much larger than those

produced from both of the marine oils used. This could have an impact on both the time that is required

for the glycerine to settle out and the presence of this material in the finished biodiesel. As noted

previously the time for glycerine to settle out was extended for both marine oils in comparison to the

typical settling time used for plant based oils.

Another difference in processing biodiesel from marine oil as compared to the vegetable oil was the

volume of methanol recovered. During the setting up of the unit and workshop, a total of 3 barrels of

used fryer oil (canola) was processed into biodiesel. For each batch processed, the volume of methanol

recovered ranged from 6 L on the initial batch to 7.5 L on the remaining 2 batches processed. The

increase in recovered methanol in the last 2 batches can be attributed to pre-treating with the glycerine

recovered from the previous batch. In comparison, the maximum volume of methanol recovered from

the marine oil feedstocks was 2.5 L. This is a significant reduction as compared to the canola oil results.

The minimally processed cod liver oil was also pre-treated with glycerine. The amount of methanol

recovered from this production was estimated at 1.5 L as compared to the 7.5 L recovered from

processing canola oil that was pre-treated. It is possible that the biodiesel produced retained methanol.

This may have contributed to lowering the flash point of the material below the standards for biodiesel

(Table 5).

SALMONID OIL TESTING

The evaluation of biodiesel production from salmonid oil was focused on using morts from grow-out

operations. This by-product is becoming a major concern for the aquaculture industry. CASD, from a

previous project, had commitment for Cooke Aquaculture to supply morts for processing and oil

extraction. However, due to the nature of this raw material, there is a tendency for emulsions to form

making oil extraction difficult. Thus, before handling this raw material, CASD worked with researchers

at Memorial University to determine an efficient and effective method of removing the oil from the

discards.

M.Sc. candidate Punayma Jayasinghe carried out the research under the supervision of Dr. K. Hawboldt.

The research focused on the feasibility and impact of utilizing salmonid fish waste for the production of

biodiesel. The study examined the characteristics of the extracted oil, chemical composition of the

material and the impact of the resulting biodiesel on the environment. A copy of Ms. Jayasinghe’s

research report and the findings can be acquired through the Queen Elizabeth Library of Memorial

University, or by contacting Dr. K Hawbolt, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, MUN.


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BIODIESEL TRAINING SESSION

The training session on the operation and maintenance of the Biodiesel Logic processing unit was

carried out during the week of June 21–25, 2010. Todd Bent from Biodiesel Logic supervised the

commissioning of the processor, and the operation and maintenance training of CASD technologists

(Figure 15). The by-product facility supervisor was provided additional training on the required

maintenance of the unit.

In conjunction with the training session, interested industry participants were invited to attend a work

shop on the production of biodiesel from marine oils. Participants in the work shop were provided with a

hands-on demonstration of the procedures for evaluating oil feedstock and the production of biodiesel

using the Biodiesel Logic processor. A copy of the work shop agenda and a list of invited industry

participants is provided in Appendices A and B, respectively.

Figure 15: Todd Bent of Bio-diesel Logic overseeing the training of CASD personnel

The training session and workshop highlighted some of the key benefits of the Biodiesel Logic

processor such as:

Glycerine, a by-product of biodiesel manufacturing, is used to pre-treat raw oil.

o Pre-treating the oil reduces the amount of base chemical (i.e. NaOH or KOH) required by

as much as 50% based on titration results.

The processor can recover up to 45% of the methanol used in the process.


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o The vlume of methanol recovered will depend on quality of the feedstock oil.

o This is an automated process carried out prior to final filtration and storage of the

biodiesel.

Cold filtration ensures the biodiesel is suitable to operate at temperatures below 0OC.

Automated process timers ensure consistency of the finished biodiesel.

o The processor has timers for each processing step which are set to allow sufficient time

for the completion of each reaction and/or each processing step. Timers control operating

time (e.g. 2 hours for pre-treatment step), and when pumps are circulating the oil. Settling

times can vary based on operators requirements.

o The processor is also equipped with temperature sensors which are set for each

processing step.

o The operator can adjust either process parameter (time or temperature) for a particular oil

feedstock.

The Biodiesel Logic processor ensures low cost biodiesel manufacturing. The oil processed during the

workshop maintained approximately 85% yield of finished biodiesel. In manufacturing biodiesel, the

volume of methanol required on average is 20% of the volume of oil being processed. This particular

processor is designed to process 209 L of oil per batch. For each batch, approximately 42 L of methanol

was required. The methanol used was laboratory grade (99.9% methanol) and cost $2.46/L or

$103.32/batch. At the completion of the process approximately 11 L of methanol was recovered from

each batch. This recovery reduced the methanol cost by $27.06 as the recovered methanol can be reused

in subsequent batches.

In addition to the methanol, the process required the addition of a basic chemical. For the work shop,

potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used. The KOH used was laboratory grade and cost $39.88/kg.

Titration testing of the raw oil prior to pre-treating indicated that as much as 4 kg of KOH would be

required for the reaction per batch. With pre-treating, however, the 3 batches of oil processed during the

training and workshop sessions on average required only 2.5 kg of KOH per batch. Based on

information provided by the Biodiesel Logic representative, pre-treating can potentially reduce the

amount of base required by as much as 50%.

The main by-product produced from the biodiesel process is glycerine. The lower the oil quality, the

higher the volume of glycerine recovered and the lower the yield of biodiesel. Glycerine is a product that

is used in the manufacture of soaps such as car wash soap. It also can be used in composting processes

as a carbon source.

The major cost in the biodiesel process is the chemical cost required for the transesterification reaction.

The CASD project manager contacted chemical suppliers in the Atlantic region for pricing of both

methanol and potassium hydroxide. Pricing was based on industrial grade materials which are suitable


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for this process. Using industrial grade chemicals can potentially reduce these costs to approximately

$0.21/L.

TESTING OF BIODIESEL

As indicated in the previous discussion, CASD proposed two methods of testing the fish biodiesels

produced; ASTM testing and diesel engine performance tests.

ASTM TESTING

Samples of biodiesel produced from the commercial fish oils were shipped to Maxxam Analytics in

Ontario. Table 5 provides a summary of the test results as compared to the industry standards. Web links

to the Canadian, United States and European standards for biodiesel can be found in Appendix D.

Based upon the ASTM test results, the biodiesels CASD produced from marine oils do not meet the

B100 Canadian Standards for two critical specifications:

Flash Point

The flash point measures the tendency of the sample to form a flammable mixture with air under

controlled laboratory conditions. The flash point indicates the possible presence of highly volatile and

flammable materials in a relatively non-volatile or non-flammable material. The Canada/US minimum

standard for a B100 is 93oC. The CASD biodiesel samples had a flash point of less than 40

oC. This

indicates that there is a high concentration of volatile material in the biodiesel produced. It is possible

that the methanol content of the fish biodiesel is high since there was very little recovered during the

methanol recovery stage of the conversion process.

Acid Number

The acid number is used to determine the level of free fatty acids or processing acids that may be present

in biodiesel. Biodiesel with a high acid number has been shown to increase fuelling system deposits and

may increase the likelihood for corrosion. The acid numbers for both fish biodiesels do not meet the

ASTM standard.

Biodiesel is normally mixed with regular carbon diesel at rates between 5-20%. With such a low flash

point, mixing the fish biodiesels with regular carbon diesel would reduce the flash point of the

carbon/biodiesel mixture. Depending upon the amount of biodiesel used, the blended fuel would not

likely meet the ASTM standard for a biodiesel fuel.


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The fish biodiesels produced do not meet the ASTM standard for use in diesel engines mainly due to

their low flash points. However, discussions with the Laboratory co-ordinator with Maxxam Analytics,

it is possible that the biodiesels produced would make a high quality material for blending with furnace

oil. To test this hypothesis would require re-testing the biodiesel samples against the standards for

furnace oil.

A copy of the ASTM test results performed by Maxxam Analytics on the cod liver oil and salmon oil

biodiesels are included in Appendix F.

TABLE 5: BIODIESEL STANDARDS/SPECIFICATIONS FOR B100

Specification Standard

Canada/US

Cod Biodiesel Salmonid Biodiesel

Cetane Number Min 40 44.1 51

Flash Point (oC) >93 min <40 <40

Distillation (%) 85-95% @ 360 O

C 91.9 94.7

Water & Sediment (mg/kg) 500 0 0

Kinematic Viscosity mm2/s 1.9-6.0 4.244 3.535

Ash (% wt) 0.01 <0.005 <0.005

Sulfur (% wt) 0.05 0.00081 0.00065

Copper Strip Corrosion 3 h/50 OC 1A

1 1A

1

Cloud Point (OC) Report

OC -2 -4

Acid Number (mg KOH/g) 0.10 0.5 0.4

SMALL ENGINE PERFORMANCE TESTING

In preparing for project work with biodiesel CASD purchased a 10K Kubota generator and a 6.5 hp

diesel engine. The large diesel generator will be used for running the biodiesel reactor in remote

locations.

During the biodiesel training workshop, the ability of the biodiesel produced to run the small 6.5 hp

diesel engine was demonstrated. The initial blend tested was 80% regular carbon diesel and 20%

biodiesel. Prior to adding the biodiesel blend to the fuel tank, any remaining carbon diesel in the fuel

tank was removed. The engine performance using the biodiesel/diesel blends was similar to its

performance when using 100% commercial diesel with respect to starting and idling.

1 The 1A for the copper strip corrosion means that the strip was only slightly tarnished after the test. The copper strips are

compared to an ASTM standard which contains 12 different strips with varying degrees of tarnish. A rating of 1A is the least

tarnished one could possibly have.


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Since the workshop in June 2010, the CASD project manager has continued to run the small diesel

engine on a 50/50 blend of biodiesel (Figure 16). Up to mid-August 2010, approximately 12 L of the

blended biodiesel had been used in the engine. There has been no change observed in the performance of

the engine with respect to starting and idling.

The CASD, in collaboration with the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science of Memorial

University, installed the 6.5 hp diesel engine on a testing dynamometer (Dyno) located in the

Thermodynamics and Fluids Laboratory. In preparing the dyno testing system, CASD engineering

technologist Mark Ingerman, travelled to the Land & Sea Inc. training center in New Hampshire to be

trained on the set-up and operation of the dyno testing system (refer to “trip report” in Appendix G).

Figure 16: The 6.5 hp diesel engine running on a 50/50 Blend of biodiesel

During the dyno training session the instructor indicated that the diesel engine could not be directly

connected to the measuring system on the dyno. It was suggested to build a testing bed for mounting the

engine and having it connect to the torque drive through a belt drive. This would lessen the vibration on

the torque system and provide a smoother measurement. The CASD engineering technologist worked

with 2 engineering work term students to design and fabricate the test bed system (Figure 17). The

fabrication of the system was completed in early December 2010.


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Figure 17: Small engine test bed

Testing the performance of the 6.5 horse power diesel engine was conducted from December 13-23,

2010. The focus of the testing was to evaluate the impact various concentrations of biodiesel would

have on the total horsepower output of the engine. General industry guidelines with respect to the impact

on an engine’s performance suggest that using biodiesel would result in up to a 5% loss in horsepower

output. The impact on the engine performance would vary depending upon the amount of biodiesel

mixed with the carbon diesel.

The first step in evaluating the performance was to establish a testing procedure. Various procedures

were evaluated to determine if the information obtained was a true evaluation of the engine’s

performance. The procedures varied from running the engine at various throttle speeds and maintaining

a fixed load to a fixed throttle speed and varying the load applied to the engine. The procedure most

suited for the required testing was to fix the throttle speed at maximum revolutions per minute (RPM)

and apply the load over a series of stages.

In establishing the procedure the engine throttle was set at full open and no load was applied to the

torque converter giving a maximum RPM of 3600. To determine the minimum RPM, the engine throttle

was set at the full open position. Force was applied to the torque converter which slowed the RPM of the

engine. The stall point for the engine was determined to be approximately 1750 RPM’s. Therefore to

maintain minimum idle speed the minimum RPM for the engine was set at 1800.

For testing purposes the engine’s throttle was set in the full open position to eliminate any affect of the

governor. Before any load was applied, the engine was allowed to run for approximately 1 minute. Force


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was applied to the torque converter to reduce the RPM of the engine from 3600 RPM to 2600 RPM. The

force was applied in stages to reduce the RPM of the engine by 200 RPM. The force remained constant

at each stage for approximately 90 seconds. Once the test was completed, the pressure on the torque

converter was reduced so that the engine could run at maximum RPM for a minimum of one minute

before repeating the procedure.

For each marine oil biodiesel, the following biodiesel mixtures were tested: 20% biodiesel; 50%

biodiesel; and 100% biodiesel. Each marine biodiesel was mixed with diesel purchased from a local gas

bar to obtain the desired biodiesel/diesel ratios. To mix the various concentrations of each test mixture, a

volumetric measuring cylinder was used (Figure 18). The mixed biodiesel was held in 5 L fuel cans until

required for testing.

Upon completion of a series of tests for each biodiesel blend, the remaining biodiesel was drained from

the fuel tank and approximately 1 L of commercial diesel was placed in the tank. The diesel engine was

run with approximately 20% load until the fuel in the tank was depleted. This took approximately 20

minutes. Any remaining fuel was drained from the tank before it was refilled for the next series of tests.

All the biodiesel mixtures tested were compared to commercial diesel results using the same testing

procedures. Figures 19 & 20 are the graphical summaries of the dyno testing. The overall results of the

testing were in line with what was anticipated. The individual graphical results for each biodiesel are

included in Appendix H. The summary data shown in Table 6 demonstrates that there is a small loss in

horse power when running the engine on biodiesel. The degree of horsepower loss ranged from 1.4% to

over 9% depending upon the amount of biodiesel used in the mixture. The average power loss was

approximately 4% for both marine biodiesels. However, if the biodiesel is mixed based on transport

Canada’s recommended level of 20% for vehicles, the average loss of power is less than 3% for both

types of marine oil.

Figure 18: Mixing the various ratios of biodiesel


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Figure 19: Summary graph of dyno results for Cod Liver Biodiesel

Figure 20: Summary graph of dyno results for Salmon Biodiesel

Horse

Power

RPM

RPM

Horse

Power


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TABLE 6: SUMMARY RESULTS FOR DYNAMOMETER TESTING

Cod 20% Cod 20%2 Cod 50% Cod 100 % Cod 100% 2

Median HP 5.35 5.30 5.66 5.20 5.11

% difference 2.44% 3.35% -3.09% 5.24% 6.78%

Average HP 5.40 5.34 5.66 5.25 5.18

% difference 1.42% 2.54% -3.33% 4.12% 5.48%

Salmon 20% 2 Salmon 20% Salmon 50% Salmon 50% 2 Salmon 100% Salmon 100% 2

Median HP 5.37 5.44 5.30 5.23 5.55 5.15

% difference 2.09% 0.78% 3.36% 4.64% -1.18% 6.10%

Average HP 5.40 5.43 5.32 5.25 5.57 4.97

% difference 1.40% 1.03% 3.01% 4.22% -1.44% 9.49%

Diesel Diesel 2

Median HP 5.43 5.54

Average HP 5.43 5.52

Average Diesel 5.48

Average Median 5.49

The dyno tests have shown that there is a loss in power when using fish oil biodiesel. The amount of

power loss varies with the ratio of biodiesel to carbon diesel. Based on recommendations put forward by

Transport Canada fuel mixing for vehicles should have a maximum inclusion of 20% biodiesel. At this

inclusion rate, the power loss in the engine varied between 1-3% for both types of biodiesel tested.

However there are other benefits to mixing biodiesel with carbon fuel. One of the major benefits of

biodiesel is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Burning biodiesel can reduce tailpipe particulate

matter, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions in most modern four stroke engines.

The testing conducted on the dyno did not focus on the emissions from the engine. However, looking at

the exhaust from the engine it was noted that when burning commercial diesel the exhaust was very dark

and a significant amount of tailpipe particulate matter was present in the area. When the fish oil

biodiesel samples were tested, the exhaust from the system was notably lighter in appearance (Figure

21). Also, there was very little to no particulate material present in the exhaust area.


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Figure 21: Diesel exhaust when burning biodiesel

The dyno testing on the small diesel engine demonstrated that there is a slight power loss when using

fish oil biodiesel. The loss of power will vary depending on the type of oil feedstock and the

concentration of biodiesel used in the engine. During the set-up of the dyno two concerns were

identified:

1. Length of the exhaust for the engine.

a. The total length of the exhaust was approximately 35 feet.

b. Any particulate matter could deposit along the pipe resulting in an engine shut down.

c. There was no fan to draw the exhaust out of the system.

2. Variation in water pressure.

a. Water is used to increase the amount of torque on the system. During the testing it was

noted that the water pressure varied as much as 20%. This would have an impact on the

horse power results.

Prior to further testing it is recommended that an exhaust fan be installed to take the exhaust out of the

dyno testing system. This would reduce or eliminate any back-pressure on the engine. With respect to

varying water pressure, the addition of a boosted pump should be considered to ensure a consistent

supply of water at the required pressure.


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CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the Biodiesel Logic processor is capable of producing a biodiesel from marine oil feedstocks.

The training program provided by the manufacturer highlighted the key benefits of the system such as:

Consistency in final product output

Automated process systems for each step in the process

Improved yield and/or lower production cost as a result of pre-treating incoming oil

feedstock with glycerin from previous batch

The anticipated yield that is achievable from a high quality food grade marine oil feedstock is in excess

of 90%. Based on testing conducted with cod liver oil, this feedstock must be minimally processed prior

to conversion into biodiesel. The pre-processing done during this project involved heating the oil and

separating the solids. The degree of pre-processing will vary depending on the source and the quality of

the oil feedstock. Thus, this must be evaluated for each oil feedstock prior to conversion into biodiesel.

Using biodiesels as an alternate fuel for operating engines on equipment, such as generators, is not

expected to significantly impact on the performance of the engine. Testing conducted on the

dynamometer using a 6.5 hp diesel engine resulted in a performance loss of less than 4% horse power

when using biodiesel at the 100% level. The government of Canada recommends incorporating biodiesel

at a maximum of 20% for diesel operated trucks and 5% for marine applications. At the 20% inclusion

level the loss in engine performance during this study was approximately 1%.

The biodiesel produced using the various oil feedstocks (marine oils & used fryer oil) can potentially

provide a cost benefit in offsetting operating costs through incorporating the biodiesel as part of the fuel

supply. Based on the results from the marine oil processing, the chemical cost for biodiesel production

was approximately $0.21/L. The actual production cost can vary depending upon the grade and quantity

of chemicals purchased as well as the quality of the oil feedstock.


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RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the research conducted to date the following recommendations are forwarded for consideration

for future research:

1. Evaluate the potential to produce biodiesel from other marine oil feedstocks.

a. Utilization of seal oil as the main source of feedstock for biodiesel production should be

considered. This is recommended due to the large volumes of seal blubber available in

Newfoundland and Labrador, the high yield of the oil from the blubber (estimated at

88%), and the simple extraction process as by-product of pelt processing (Source: CASD

2006).

b. Other sources of marine oils such as capelin, mackerel and herring may only be

economically viable where these oils are obtained as by-products of fishmeal production

(Source: CASD 2006). Evaluation of these oil feedstocks in conjunction with the

establishment of a small portable fish meal plant should be considered.

2. Identify the minimal processing requirements to produce biodiesel from salmonid discards.

a. Biodiesel can be produced from marine oils using the Biodiesel Logic processor.

However, only food grade commercial salmonid oil has been processed using this system.

Although discards recovered from salmonid processing operations were used to identify

the minimal processing required for this raw material on a laboratory scale, this process

needs to be scaled up to the 209 L batch size required for the Biodiesel Logic processor.

3. Conduct further evaluation on producing biodiesel from cod liver oil.

a. Initial research was conducted on cod liver oil recovered from ranched cod. There were

some difficulties encountered resulting in the necessity to pre-process the oil prior to

conversion into biodiesel. Further research is required to optimize the oil extraction from

the livers and identify recoverable oil yields and biodiesel production yields.

4. Dynamometer testing of the 6.5 hp engine indicated that there was some performance loss when

biodiesel was mixed with the carbon diesel. The loss in performance was only small and may

have been a result of other factors. It is recommended to purchase a larger test engine for

evaluating the fuels performance.

5. During this study only one barrel of each marine oil feedstock was processed through the

biodiesel processor. The glycerine pre-treating procedure should reduce the chemical inputs

since residual chemicals (i.e. methanol and NaOH/KOH) in the glycerine are transferred to the

incoming oil feedstock. In evaluating the processor’s capabilities and the economic viability of

each oil feedstock, it is recommended that a minimum of 4 barrels (800 L) of each oil feedstock

be processed to obtain a more accurate indication of the effectiveness and possible cost savings

obtained due to the pre-treatment step.


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6. The biodiesel processor is designed to be a portable unit so that it can be loaned/rented to

interested clients for use and evaluation. To make the system more suitable for moving to remote

sites it would be necessary to incorporate the unit onto an enclosed trailer. The unit could then be

towed to various locations for the purpose of testing biodiesel production as an option to reduce

fish processing discards and reduce in-house fuel costs.

7. One of the purported major benefits of the biodiesel processing system is the consistency of the

finished product it produces. The quality of the finished biodiesel is determined through ASTM

testing with the results compared to established standards. The costs for these tests are expensive

and the manufacturer claims that it is not necessary to conduct these tests on each individual

batch of biodiesel produced from a given feedstock. To ensure the biodiesel processor is

producing a consistent product from each marine oil feedstock of interest, it is recommended to

produce at least 3 batches of biodiesel from each feedstock (e.g. salmon oil, cod liver oil, seal oil,

herring oil, etc.) and have each batch tested for conformance to the ASTM standard. This will

verify that the system is functioning properly and can produce a consistent end product. Once

this has been verified it is recommended that a list of quick quality tests be developed that can be

conducted onsite to assess each batch without having to perform the expensive ASTM tests.


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APPENDIX A: BIODIESEL TRAINING WORKSHOP AGENDA


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PRODUCTION OF BIO-DIESEL Demonstration of Biodiesel Logic Oil Processing Unit

Date: June 23 & 24, 2010

Location: Atlantic Canada Fishery By-products Research Facility, Mt. Scio Rd.

AGENDA DAY 1 8:45 – 9:15 am Meet and Greet

- Coffee and Muffins

9:15 - 9:30 am Welcome and Opening Remarks - Wade Murphy, By-Product Facility Supervisor

- Heather Manuel, Director CASD

9:30 – 10:15 am Making Bio-Diesel: The Transesterification Process - Speaker TBD

10:15 – 10:30 am BREAK


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10:30 – 11:45 am Practical Exercise: Determining Oil Quality - Free Fatty Acid Titration

- Calculating Quantity of Base

11:45 am – 1 pm LUNCH 1:15 – 2:00 pm Overview of Bio-Diesel Reactor

- Biodiesel Logic

2:00 – 4:00 pm Demonstration: Production of Bio-Diesel - Large Scale

- Small Scale

DAY 2 8:45 – 9:00 am Meet and Greet

- Coffee and Muffins

9:00 – 9:45 am Producing Bio-Diesel from Animal Based Oils

- Presenter TBD

10:00 am – 12:00 pm Demonstration: Bio-Diesel Production using Cod Liver Oil

- Biodiesel Logic

12:00 – 1:00 pm LUNCH 1:00 – 2:00 pm Demonstration: Cold Filtration of Bio-Diesel

- Biodiesel Logic

2:00 – 3:00 pm Demonstration: Diesel Engine using Bio-Fuel

- Mark Ingerman

3:00 – 4:00 pm Review and Work Shop Wrap-up

- Wade Murphy


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APPENDIX B: LIST OF INVITED GUESTS


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The Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development

INVITES YOU TO ATTEND:

A 2-DAY WORKSHOP ON THE

PRODUCTION OF MARINE OIL BIODIESEL

Demonstration of Biodiesel Logic Oil Processing Unit

Date: June 23 & 24, 2010

Location: Atlantic Canada Fishery By-products Research Facility, Mt. Scio Rd.

SPACE IS LIMITED!

PLEASE RSVP BY JUNE 18, 2010 TO

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


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INDUSTRY

Cooks Aquaculture

o Heather to fill in

Seaward Farms Ltd

o Valerie Johnson [email protected]

Barry Group

o Dion Dakins [email protected]

Seal Oil Processor

o George Walsh [email protected]

o Shannon Lewis [email protected]

Allen’s Fisheries Limited

o Sean Allen [email protected]

OCI Limited

o Fred Earl [email protected]

Country Ribbon Limited

o Leah Hounsell [email protected]

EDUCATION

MUN Engineering

o 1 Person from Dr. Kelly Hawboldt’s Group

College of the North Atlantic

o Leona Raymond [email protected]

School of Fisheries

o Geoff Whiteway/Leslie Bonnell

CASD

o Mark Ingerman










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APPENDIX C: COD LIVER OIL ANALYSIS


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Percentage by weight

FFA Data 1 Data 2 Data 3 Data 4

All no. of data Average Range Stdev. RSD%

B1 4.19 2.52 0.43 2.69

4 2.46

0.43-4.19 1.55 62.9%

B2 1.26 2.32 1.32 2.33

4 1.81

1.26-2.33 0.60 33.1%

B3 4.63 4.53 1.07 1.26

4 2.87

1.07-4.63 1.97 68.7%

B4 1.63 1.73 0.68

3 1.34

0.68-1.73 0.58 42.9%

B5 2.69 2.27 0.42

3 1.79

0.42-2.69 1.21 67.2%

TAG Data 1 Data 2 Data 3 Data 4

All no. of data Average Range Stev. RSD%

B1 25.70 12.82 2.51 16.02

4 14.26

2.51-25.7 9.56 67.0%

B2 9.89 10.87 14.10 20.21

4 13.77

9.89-20.21 4.65 33.8%

B3 43.40 21.32 5.07 19.40

4 22.30

5.07-43.4 15.83 71.0%

B4 16.31 9.32 5.03

3 10.22

5.03-16.31 5.69 55.7%

B5 22.12 13.49 4.79

3 13.46

4.79-22.12 8.66 64.4%

Corrected no. of data Average Range Stdev. RSD%

2 2.60 2.52-2.69 0.12 4.6%

4 1.81 1.26-2.33 0.60 33.1%

2 1.16 1.07-1.26 0.13 11.5%

2 1.68 1.63-1.73 0.07 4.2%

2 2.48 2.27-2.69 0.29 11.8%


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Corrected no. of data Average Range Stdev. RSD%

3 18.18

12.82-25.7 6.71 36.9%

2 17.15

14.1-20.21 4.32 25.2%

3 15.26

5.07-21.32 8.88 58.2%

2 12.82

9.32-16.31 4.94 38.6%

2 17.80

13.49-22.12 6.10 34.3%


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APPENDIX D: OIL TESTING PROCEDURES

• Why We Titrate:The biodiesel reaction needs alkaline lye (NaOH) or KOH, as a catalyst (methanol and vegetable oil wont' react to make biodiesel by themselves) Waste oil contains free fatty acids (FFA's), and the free fatty acids will mix with lye to make soap before the lye has a chance to participate in making biodiesel. We do a titration to find out how much free fatty acid is present and to find out how much to compensate for it by adding more lye so there's some left for the desired biodiesel reaction.

• How To Titrate:The titration performs the lye/free fatty acid reaction on a very small scale, and we use pH to measure it (somebody before us has previously figured out which pH change indicates that this reaction is complete, and it's at pH 8.5, the color change point of phenolphthalein indicator. Phenol red is close enough and is a hardware store item).

• How To Use The Information:The titration will give you a number (technically called acid value or acid number). We know that we can compensate for the fact that the free fatty acid will consume some of our lye, by adding a specific amount of lye to 'sacrifice' to the soap-making side reaction that the FFA's forces on us. The way this particular titration is written, every 1 ml titration result (ie the acid number) will tell us to add an extra 1 gram of lye for each liter of oil/ffa's you're using to make biodiesel to compensate for the side reaction caused by the FFA's.

Titration for NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)Step 1: Make Reference Tester Solution:

First, make a .1% NaOH in water solution- 1 gram of catalyst in 1 liter of distilled water. Try and be as accurate as possible with the measurement of the 1 gram of NaOH. Keep it sealed and it'll last for many titrations. You should be as accurate as possible when measuring the 1 gram of NaOH. You can improve your accuracy by measuring 3 grams of NaOH and adding it to three liters of distilled water, or some similar variation on that theme. Every 1 ml of this solution will now contain 1/1000 of a gram of NaOH- an amount too small to weigh. The water makes it possible to measure such tiny amounts of NaOH however. Keep this base solution in a bottle with a tightly closed lid, make new base solution every 30 days and make a new base solution each time you open a new bag of NaOH or KOH.

Step 2- Perform a blank Titration:

Sometimes alcohol becomes slightly acidic with age, which would throw off your results. So we test it by performing a blank titration periodically. A blank titration looks just like a regular titration but without the oil. A blank titration neutralizes any acids that the isopropyl contained, so you're starting with a 'blank' slate and your real titration only reads the free fatty acids instead of the acids in the isopropyl. - Add 10 ml of isopropyl to a small 'beaker' - Add four drops of phenolphthalein or phenol red' - Swirl. It'll be some sort of yellow color' - Next, add NaOH/water drop by drop and keep swirling' - The moment it turns purple, stop- you've neutralized all the acids in the isopropyl. This is your starting point. You will now add oil to the mixture for the actual 'titration' step. If the isopropyl only needed 5 or 10 drops of NaOH/water solution to neutralize the acids, it's not very acidic. If it required a half milliliter or more of NaOH/water then that's more unusual (you should consider replacing your isopropyl alcohol). Perform a blank titration every time (it provides a more neutral starting point for the real titration) and the chance of batch failure will be greatly reduced.

Step 3: Measuring Oil Sample:

Measure an exact 1 ml of oil with an oral syringe. Measure the oil with a different syringe than the isopropyl. The amount of oil is very crucial , but the isopropyl isn't. Add the 1 ml of oil to the 10 ml of alcohol that you have prepared above and stir. The liquid will be yellow after you've added the oil.

Step 4: Add And Measure NaOH/Water Base Solution:

Now, add to this 'beaker', a small amount (¼ milliliter at a time) of the 0.1% NaOH solution drop by drop to the oil-alcohol-phenolphthalein mixture, stirring all the time. It might turn a bit cloudy, keep stirring. Keep on carefully adding the NaOH solution until the mixture starts to turn pink (magenta) and stays that way for 30 seconds of swirling. Don't mix up your oil and your lye/water syringes (clean them with isopropyl if you've made a mistake)

(Chopsticks make the best stirrers for titration.)

Take the number of milliliters of 0.1% NaOH solution you used and add 5 (the basic amount of NaOH needed for waste oil). This is the total number of grams of NaOH you'll need per liter of the oil you titrated.

Titration for KOH (Potassium Hydroxide)Step 1: Make Reference Tester Solution:

First, make a .1% KOH in water solution- 1 gram of catalyst in 1 liter of distilled water. Try and be as accurate as possible with the measurement of the 1 gram of KOH. Keep it sealed and it'll last for many titrations. You should be as accurate as possible when measuring the 1 gram of KOH. You can improve your accuracy by measuring 3 grams of KOH and adding it to three liters of distilled water, or some similar variation on that theme. Every 1 ml of this solution will now contain 1/1000 of a gram of KOH- an amount too small to weigh. The water makes it possible to measure such tiny amounts of KOH however. Keep this base solution in a bottle with a tightly closed lid, make new base solution every 30 days and make a new base solution each time you open a new bag of NaOH or KOH.

Step 2- Perform a blank Titration:

Sometimes alcohol becomes slightly acidic with age, which would throw off your results. So we test it by performing a blank titration periodically. A blank titration looks just like a regular titration but without the oil. A blank titration neutralizes any acids that the isopropyl contained, so you're starting with a 'blank' slate and your real titration only reads the free fatty acids instead of the acids in the isopropyl. - Add 10 ml of isopropyl to a small 'beaker' - Add four drops of phenolphthalein or phenol red' - Swirl. It'll be some sort of yellow color' - Next, add KOH/water drop by drop and keep swirling' - The moment it turns purple, stop- you've neutralized all the acids in the isopropyl. This is your starting point. You will now add oil to the mixture for the actual 'titration' step. If the isopropyl only needed 5 or 10 drops of KOH/water solution to neutralize the acids, it's not very acidic. If it required a half milliliter or more of KOH/water then that's more unusual (you should consider replacing your isopropyl alcohol). Perform a blank titration every time (it provides a more neutral starting point for the real titration) and the chance of batch failure will be greatly reduced.

Step 3: Measuring Oil Sample:

Measure an exact 1 ml of oil with an oral syringe. Measure the oil with a different syringe than the isopropyl. The amount of oil is very crucial , but the isopropyl isn't. Add the 1 ml of oil to the 10 ml of alcohol that you have prepared above and stir. The liquid will be yellow after you've added the oil.

Step 4: Add And Measure KOH/Water Base Solution:

Now, add to this 'beaker', a small amount (¼ milliliter at a time) of the 0.1% KOH solution drop by drop to the oil-alcohol-phenolphthalein mixture, stirring all the time. It might turn a bit cloudy, keep stirring. Keep on carefully adding the KOH solution until the mixture starts to turn pink (magenta) and stays that way for 30 seconds of swirling. Don't mix up your oil and your lye/water syringes (clean them with isopropyl if you've made a mistake)

(Chopsticks make the best stirrers for titration.)

Take the number of milliliters’ of 0.1% KOH solution you used and add 7 - 8 (the basic amount of KOH needed for waste oil). This is the total number of grams of KOH you'll need per liter of the oil you titrated.

To confuse matters further, KOH comes in a variety of purities. You want an 85% or higher. However for beginners we recommend just buying the 99% pure. Later on you can adjust your KOH levels to compensate for impurities (ie if you've got 90% pure KOH use 10% more of it and so on). Do not adjust the results of the titration! the titration will automatically reflect the impurity level for you.

55 US gallons = 208.186 liters


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APPENDIX E: BIODIESEL STANDARDS/SPECIFICATIONS

ASTM standard for B100 is available at:

http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb/biofuels/biodiesel/Specification_for_Biodiesel_B100.xls

Canadian biodiesel standard is available at:

http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/ca/fuel_biodiesel.php

European and US biodiesel standards are available at:

http://www.biofuelsystems.com/biodiesel/specification.htm

http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb/biofuels/biodiesel/Specification_for_Biodiesel_B100.xls

http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/ca/fuel_biodiesel.php

http://www.biofuelsystems.com/biodiesel/specification.htm


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APPENDIX F: MAXXAM ANALYTICS INC.

RESULTS FOR COD LIVER OIL AND SALMON BIODIESEL

Your P.O. #: P0079663 Your Project #: BIODIESEL

Attention: Wade MurphyMarine InstituteMemorial University of NFLDPO Box 4920155 Ridge RoadSt. John's, NFCanada A1C 5R3

Report Date: 2011/01/28

CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS

MAXXAM JOB #: B104849Received: 2011/01/13, 15:14

Sample Matrix: Petroleum Product# Samples Received: 2

Date Date MethodAnalyses Quantity Extracted Analyzed Laboratory Method ReferenceSulfated Ash 2 2011/01/13 2011/01/19 SLA SOP-00013 ASTM D874 Cloud Point 2 2011/01/13 2011/01/14 SLA SOP-00119 ASTM D5771 Copper Strip Corrosion 2 2011/01/13 2011/01/14 SLA SOP-00031 ASTM D130 Copper Strip Corrosion Temperature 2 2011/01/13 2011/01/14 SLA SOP-00031 ASTM D130 Copper Strip Corrosion Test Time 2 2011/01/13 2011/01/14 SLA SOP-00031 ASTM D130 Metals by ICP 2 2011/01/13 2011/01/14 SLA SOP-00114 ASTM D4951/D5185 PM Flash ( 1 ) 2 2011/01/13 2011/01/20 SLA SOP-00029 ASTM D93 Trace Sulfur by ANTEK 2 2011/01/13 2011/01/18 SLA SOP-00106 ASTM D5453 T.A.N. 2 2011/01/13 2011/01/28 SLA SOP-00054 ASTM D664 Viscosity @ 40°C 2 2011/01/13 2011/01/28 SLA SOP-00028 ASTM D445

* RPDs calculated using raw data. The rounding of final results may result in the apparent difference.

(1) Not an approved method for non-petroleum samples.

MAXXAM ANALYTICS

Approved by GRACE SISONTechnical and Customer Service Coordinator

GSI/gsiencl.

Total cover pages: 1

Maxxam Analytics International Corporation o/a Maxxam Analytics Sladeview Industrial: 4141 Sladeview Cresent, Unit 10, Mississauga L5L 5T1 (905) 569-7599 Fax (905) 569-6250

Page 1 of 4

Marine InstituteMaxxam Job #: B104849 Client Project #: BIODIESELReport Date: 2011/01/28

Your P.O. #: P0079663

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF PETROLEUM PRODUCT

Maxxam ID I J 4 8 4 3 I J 4 8 5 0Sampling Date U n i t s Salmon Cod RDL

Biodiesel Oil Biodiesel

Phosphorus (P) wppm 2 1 1

Cloud Point °C -2.0 -4.0

Copper Strip Corrosion N/A 1A 1A

PM Flash Point °C <40 <40 40

Sulfated Ash %w/w <0.005 <0.005 0.005

Sulphur (S) wppm 8.100 6.500

Temperature °C 50.0 50.0 N/A

Test Hours hours 3 3 N/A

Total Acid Number (T.A.N.) mgKOH/g 0.40 0.50 0.10

Viscosity @ 40°C cSt 3.535 4.244

RDL = Reportable Detection Limit

Page 2 of 4

Marine InstituteMaxxam Job #: B104849 Client Project #: BIODIESELReport Date: 2011/01/28

Your P.O. #: P0079663

GENERAL COMMENTS

Sample IJ4843-01: Flash Point Test: Sample flashed on first application of test flame.

Sample IJ4850-01: Flash Point Test: Sample flashed on 1st application of test flame.

Results relate only to the items tested.

Page 3 of 4

Validation Signature Page

Maxxam Job #: B104849

The analytical data and all QC contained in this report were reviewed and validated by the following individual(s).

GRACE SISON, Technical and Customer Service Coordinator

====================================================================Maxxam has procedures in place to guard against improper use of the electronic signature and have the required "signatories", as per section 5.10.2 ofISO/IEC 17025:2005(E), signing the reports. For Service Group specific validation please refer to the Validation Signature Page.

Page 4 of 4

Your Project #: B104849

Attention: GRACE SISONMAXXAM ANALYTICS INC.SLADEVIEW4141 SLADEVIEW CRES. UNIT 10MISSISSAUGA, ONCANADA L5L 5T1

Report Date: 2011/02/02

Job/Sample Analysis Type Well Name/Sample ID Sample Point

B103439/ Z43106 Certificate of Analysis MAXXAM IJ4843-02R SALMON BIODIESELB103439/ Z43107 Certificate of Analysis MAXXAM IJ4850-02R COD OIL BIODIESEL

Encryption Key Please direct all questions regarding this Certificate of Analysis to your Project Manager.

STEPHANIE EWASIUK, Project Manager, Petroleum DivisionEmail: [email protected]# (780) 378-8580

====================================================================Maxxam has procedures in place to guard against improper use of the electronic signature and have the required "signatories", as per section5.10.2 of ISO/IEC 17025:2005(E), signing the reports. For Service Group specific validation please refer to the Validation Signature Page.

Report Distribution0 Reports(B103439)GRACE SISON MAXXAM ANALYTICS INC. 4141 SLADEVIEW CRES. UNIT 10MISSISSAUGA, CANADA

Date of Issue 2011/02/02

All analyses are performed according to internal procedures that are based on current published reference methods.


MaxxID Client ID Meter Number

B103439:Z43106Laboratory Number

MAXXAM ANALYTICS INC.Operator Name LSD Well ID

MAXXAMWell Name

N/AInitials of Sampler

MAXXAM ANALYTICSSampling Company

Field or Area Pool or Zone

IJ4843-02R SALMON BIODIESELSample Point

PLASTIC BOTTLEContainer Identity Percent Full

Test Recovery Sample Gathering Point Solution Gas

Test Type No. Multiple Recovery

I n t e r v a l

From:

To:

Elevations (m)

KB GRDWell Fluid Status Well Status Mode

Well Status Type Well Type

Gas or Condensate Project Licence No.

Production Rates

Water m3/d Oil m3/d Gas 1000m3/d

Gauge Pressures kPa

Source As Received

Temperature °C

Source

23.0As Received

Date Sampled Start Date Sampled End

2011/01/17Date Received

2011/02/02Date Reported

2011/02/02Date Reissued

MH3,SM4,SF ,MAM,MC3,SM1,AG3Analyst

PARAMETER DESCRIPTION Result unit MDL

Industrial

Cetane Number 51.1 n/a ASTM D613Oxidation Stability 0.2 hr EN 14112 0.1

Distillation Analysis

Distillation Recovery 91.9 wt% N/A 0.1Distillation Residue 7.6 wt% N/A 0.1Distillation Loss 0.5 wt% N/A 0.1

Industrial

Calcium (Ca) <1 mg/L 1Magnesium (Mg) <1 mg/L 1Potassium (K) <1 mg/L 1Sodium (Na) <1 mg/L 1Water and Sediment 0.000 % ASTM 2709Free Glycerin <0.001 mass% Obsolete 0.001Monoglycerides 0.20 mass% Obsolete 0.001Diglycerides 0.18 mass% Obsolete 0.001Triglycerides 0.39 mass% Obsolete 0.001Total Glycerin 0.12 mass% Obsolete 0.001

Physical Properties

Cold Soak Filtration Time 140 s ASTM D6217 1Micro Carbon Residue 0.100 mass% ASTM D4530 0.010Initial Boiling Point 175.0 °C ASTM1160 0.10005 Vol Percent 342.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100010 Vol Percent 345.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100015 Vol Percent 346.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100020 Vol Percent 348.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100025 Vol Percent 349.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100030 Vol Percent 350.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100035 Vol Percent 351.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100040 Vol Percent 352.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100045 Vol Percent 353.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100050 Vol Percent 354.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100055 Vol Percent 355.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100060 Vol Percent 355.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100065 Vol Percent 357.0 °C ASTM1160 0.1000

** Information not supplied by client -- data derived from LSD information Results relate only to items tested

Remarks:

CALGARY 2021-41 Avenue N.E., Calgary, Canada T2E 6P2 Tel: (403) 291-3077 Fax (403) 291-9468EDMONTON 6744-50 Street, Edmonton, Canada T6B 3M9 Tel: (780) 378-8500 Fax (780) 378-8699

GRANDE PRAIRIE #101, 7002 - 98 Street, Clairmont, Canada T0H 0W0 Tel: (780) 532-0227 Fax (780) 532-0288RED DEER Bay #3, 4845 79 Street, Red Deer, Canada T4P 2T4 Tel: (403) 341-8811 Fax (403) 341-8815 2011/02/02 10:22





MAXXAMWell Name




IJ4843-02R SALMON BIODIESELSample Point




I n t e r v a l

From:

To:

Elevations (m)




Production Rates


Gauge Pressures kPa

Source As Received

Temperature °C

Source

23.0As Received







Physical Properties

70 Vol Percent 359.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100075 Vol Percent 362.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100080 Vol Percent 363.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100085 Vol Percent 369.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100090 Vol Percent 383.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100095 Vol Percent 391.0 °C ASTM1160 0.1000Final Boiling Point 391.0 °C ASTM1160 0.1000


Remarks:







MAXXAMWell Name




IJ4850-02R COD OIL BIODIESELSample Point




I n t e r v a l

From:

To:

Elevations (m)




Production Rates


Gauge Pressures kPa

Source As Received

Temperature °C

Source

23.0As Received







Industrial

Cetane Number 44.1 n/a ASTM D613Oxidation Stability 0.2 hr EN 14112 0.1

Distillation Analysis

Distillation Recovery 94.7 wt% N/A 0.1Distillation Residue 5.0 wt% N/A 0.1Distillation Loss 0.3 wt% N/A 0.1

Industrial

Calcium (Ca) <1 mg/L 1Magnesium (Mg) <1 mg/L 1Potassium (K) <1 mg/L 1Sodium (Na) 2 mg/L 1Water and Sediment 0.000 % ASTM 2709Free Glycerin <0.001 mass% Obsolete 0.001Monoglycerides 0.34 mass% Obsolete 0.001Diglycerides 0.14 mass% Obsolete 0.001Triglycerides 0.29 mass% Obsolete 0.001Total Glycerin 0.14 mass% Obsolete 0.001

Physical Properties

Cold Soak Filtration Time 280 s ASTM D6217 1Micro Carbon Residue 0.170 mass% ASTM D4530 0.010Initial Boiling Point 184.0 °C ASTM1160 0.10005 Vol Percent 336.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100010 Vol Percent 340.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100015 Vol Percent 342.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100020 Vol Percent 344.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100025 Vol Percent 347.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100030 Vol Percent 349.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100035 Vol Percent 351.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100040 Vol Percent 352.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100045 Vol Percent 354.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100050 Vol Percent 358.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100055 Vol Percent 360.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100060 Vol Percent 362.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100065 Vol Percent 366.0 °C ASTM1160 0.1000


Remarks:







MAXXAMWell Name




IJ4850-02R COD OIL BIODIESELSample Point




I n t e r v a l

From:

To:

Elevations (m)




Production Rates


Gauge Pressures kPa

Source As Received

Temperature °C

Source

23.0As Received







Physical Properties

70 Vol Percent 370.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100075 Vol Percent 374.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100080 Vol Percent 380.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100085 Vol Percent 386.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100090 Vol Percent 393.0 °C ASTM1160 0.100095 Vol Percent 401.0 °C ASTM1160 0.1000Final Boiling Point 410.0 °C ASTM1160 0.1000


Remarks:




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APPENDIX G: TRAINING ON SMALL ENGINE DYNAMOMETER


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The Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development (CASD)

Trip Report To Land & Sea Dynamometers

Submitted By: Mark Ingerman Submitted to: Heather Manuel


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Table of Contents

1.0 Background: .............................................................................................. Page 1 2.0 Goals and Expectations: ................................................................................. Page 1 3.0 Training session overview: ................................................................................. Page 1 3.1 Morning Session: ................................................................................. Page 1 3.2 Afternoon Session: ................................................................................. Page 1 4.0 Recommendations: ................................................................................. Page 3 4.1 Chassis and test bed modification:.......................................................... Page 3 4.2 Cell/Facility Modification:........................................................................ Page 4 4.3 Software upgrade: ................................................................................. Page 5 5.0 Conclusions: ................................................................................. Page 5


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Trip Report to Land and Sea Dynamometers

1. Background:

This tech transfer is part of a project in progress that involves the production of biodiesel through marine waste products. Part of this project is to understand the effects and performance of using biodiesel in a diesel engine. Therefore the marine institute has teamed up with MUN's Faculty of Engineering (FOE) to utilize their facilities in particular their dynamometer (dyno). Unfortunately the dyno was never set up and no one at the FOE was ever trained in how to use or set up this equipment. It was then arranged for two techs one from FOE and the other from The Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development (CASD) to travel to Land and Sea Dynamometers manufacturing and training facility in Concord, New Hampshire for a one day training course.

2. Goals and Expectations:

Learn how to use and navigate within the new software for the dyno.

Learn how to properly set up a safe and user friendly cell for using this equipment.

Understand what is needed for a cell and test bed design for the particular diesel engine that

we will be using.

3. Training session overview:

3.1 Morning Session:

The first half of this training was a classroom session where the instructor Kevin Hamilton taught the basics of how to start up, navigate and configure the software for our particular needs. The software has a vast amount of options, however due to time constraints we focused on how to use the software for the particular equipment package that FOE has purchased. 3.2 Afternoon Session: The afternoon session mainly focused on a hands-on demo where the trainees got to operate an actual dynamometer that was located in their testing facility. This facility has a number of working cells that housed different configurations of engine/dyno test beds. Each engine and dyno test bed was housed in a room or cell engineered for sound dampening and ventilation with the control panel mounted safely outside and it could be viewed through a window made from transparent lexan that is virtually bullet



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proof. The cell that was used as shown in figure 1 and 2 had a small Brigs and Stratton gasoline engine coupled to one of their dynos. A variety of tests were run measuring horsepower, torque, engine exhaust temperature ect. These tests were run at different engine speeds and engine throttle postions.

Figure 1

Figure 2



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4. Recommendations:

4.1 Chassis and test bed modification:

There were a number of questions asked about using this dyno on a diesel engine. The test

bed that the FOE has in place now will not be sufficient for testing the diesel engine that was

purchased for this project. A sprocket, belt and jackshaft configuration is needed for the

testing of a diesel engine very similar to the setup in figure 3. The diesel engine cannot be

directly coupled to the absorber because of the engine harmonics and vibration associated

with a 4 stroke diesel engine. Therefore there will have to be a new test bed designed and

constructed for this project.

Figure 3


4.2 Cell/Facility Modification:


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The recommended cell would look like figure 4. The FOE facility does not have the ideal

setup for running these dyno tests. The most important is the safety issue. There needs to

be at minimum an adequate shield installed to protect the user from flying debris. The

sound damping is not adequate at the FOE facility however, for this test personal protective

ear muffs could be used. Figure 5 shows the sound damping brick wall. The ventilation is

also not adequate at the FOE test facility. The recommended exchange of air in a cell is 50

times a minute. However, the particular tests on the diesel for horsepower and torque will

be rather short tests and the longer running fuel consumption tests can be done outside.

Figure 4

Figure 5



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4.3 Software upgrade:

It is recommended that the software be upgraded to the 2010 version that was

demonstrated during the training session. The software is approximately $500 and this also

comes with a tech support line that can be used to help with the initial setup and any

problems encountered or questions about the dyno that the user may have.

5. Conclusions:

The training section at Land and Sea Dynamometers was not only very worthwhile but essential for the

safe operation of their dynamometers. The basics of the software are now understood and there is a

clear picture of what if needed to set up a proper test bed for the diesel engine. The new design will not

only be useful for the diesel engine but it can be used to mount a variety of different engines that the

FOE could use for lab demos or research purposes.


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APPENDIX H: DYNAMOMETER RESULTS


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Figure 6: Regular diesel test.


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Figure 7: Regular diesel, Test #2.


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Figure 8: Cod Biodiesel at 20%.


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Figure 9: Cod Biodiesel at 20%; Test #2.


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Figure 12: Cod Biodiesel at 100%; Test #2.


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Figure 13: Salmon Biodiesel at 20%.


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Figure 16: Salmon Biodiesel at 50%; Test #2.


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Figure 18: Salmon Biodiesel at 100%; Test #2.

Documents

Biodiesel Training, Demonstration and Analysis - CCFI Training, Demonstration and Analysis.pdf · P-8073 Biodiesel Training, Demonstration and Analysis – Final Report pre-processing