38
BIODIESEL December 2015

BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

BIODIESEL December 2015

Page 2: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Biodiesel What….Why……..How……….

Page 3: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

What is biodiesel ?

• Diesel oil made of vegetable oil. It has comparable properties with a “fossil diesel oil”

Why use biodiesel ?To reduce the consumption of fossil diesel. To use renewable sources.

How to prepare biodiesel ?Esterification

Page 4: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Biodesel is made from :

waste vegetable oil (WVO) or straight vegetable oil (SVO).Lipid from algae

Oil is Fatty acid. (Long chain Carboxylic Acid)

What is oil?

Cant we just use oil directly without converting into biodesel?

Raw materials

Page 5: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Straight vegetable oils (SVO):

- Too viscous - -Low cetane number-High freezing point (easy to freeze)

Viscosity At 40 C:

Petrodiesel : 4 to 5 mm2/s, vegetable oils: 30 and 40 mm2/s.

Page 6: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………
Page 7: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………
Page 8: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Cetane number is a measure of how quickly a fuel will ignite in acompression ignition engine.

Cetane is very quickly ignited, and its number is set to 100.

The cetane number of the fuel should be above 41. Most vegetable oils have an adequate cetane number, but, if necessary, additives can be mixed with the oil. Small amounts of acetone have been used.

Cetane number

(C16H34), also called hexadecane,

Page 9: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Viscocity and Cetane Number

Page 10: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Freezing Point of Veg Oil

• corn oil - 20 deg. C• sunflower oil - 17 deg. C• olive oil - 6 deg. C• sesame oil - 6 deg. C• peanut oil 3 deg. C• palm oil 24.1 deg. C• coconut oil 25.1 deg. C

What to do ?????

Page 11: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Solutions :

a. Blend with Diesel oil or kerosene.b. Preheat (65 C)c. Transesterification --> biodiesel

Page 12: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Oil = Fatty Acid

Page 13: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………
Page 14: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Oil content (wt%) of oil fruits and oil seeds

Page 15: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

ESTERIFICATION

Page 16: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………
Page 17: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………
Page 18: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Transesterification of triglycerides with alcohol

Transesterification

Page 19: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

CH2

|

CH

|

CH2

CH3OCOR”

OCOR”’

OCOR’

OH

CH3

CH3

OH

OH

Page 20: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………
Page 21: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………
Page 22: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………
Page 23: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Transesterification of rapeseed oil using

Transesterification of rapeseed oil

Page 24: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Flow diagram of the Jatropha Energy System

Page 25: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

For biodiesel, methanol is currently popular,But ethanol is the better choice because it isProduced from biomass

Methanol is usually obtained from petroleum although it can be produced from biomass.Methanol is toxic

Methanol or ethanol ?

Page 26: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

C16H32O2

Molar mass 256.42 g/mol

You have 1000 kg of a vegetable oil that happens to consist of a single triglyceride (not a mixture of triglycerides). The three acids in each molecule are all palmitic acid (C16:0).

What is the proper chemical name of this triglyceride?What is the molecular mass of the triglyceride?Estimate the number of kilograms of glycerine produced when the above vegetable oil is transesterified with ethanol.

Page 27: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Glycerol C 3H5(OH)3Molar mass92.09382 g/mol

Molecular formula C16H32O2Molar mass 256When make a bond, loss 1 H → 255Tri → 255 x 3 = 765CH2-CH-CH2 = 41Total = 806

This is a triple palmitate of glycerine hence it is glyceryl tri-palmitate.

Page 28: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Each mole of triglyceride releases 1 mole of glycerine upon beingesterified. 1000 kg of oil correspond to 1000/806 = 1.24 kilomoles. Henceglycerine produced : 1.24 kilomolesWeight of glycerine produced : 1.24 × 92 = 114 kg.

Page 29: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

Example 2:

To produce biodiesel, ethyl or methyl esters from rapeseed oil, ethanol or methanol, and potassium hydroxide are used in the reaction:

a. Determine the theoretical conversion efficiency of the biodiesel reaction

b. Determine the amount of ethanol required to convert 1 L of rapeseed oil reacted with 1 percent potassium hydroxide.

Base your calculations on triolein since this is often the predominant triglyceride in vegetable-based oils: C57H98O6,

Page 30: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

C57H98O6, MW 878 g/gmol, density 0.88 kg/LEthanol: C2H5OH, MW: 46 g/mol, density 0.794 kg/LMethanol: CH3OH, MW: 32 g/mol, density: 0.796 kg/LPotassium hydroxide in alcohol (1 wt %/vol):

Oleic acid 18:1 cis-9

C18H34O2

Fuel Density (kg/L)

Energy (MJ/L)

Biodiesel 0.88 36.6

Methanol 0.79 22.7

Page 31: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

CH2-CH-CH2 = 413 Oxygen = 3 X 16 = 483 Carbonyl (CO) = 3 x 28 = 843 oleic = 3 [( 17x12 )+(33 x 1)] = 3[ 237]= 711

Total = 711+84+48+41 = 884

Molecular formula C57H104O6

57*12+104+6*16 = 884 Molecular weight

Page 32: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

C3H5OOCR)3 + 3 C2H5OH → 3 RCOOC2H5 + C3H5(OH)3

884 46

R= C17H33 -->237

237 + 12+32+24+5 36+5+3(17)

310 92

36+5+(16+16+12+237)3

a. Conversion efficiency : 105 %

1000 gram = 1.13 mol

3 x 1.13=3.39 mol=1050 gram

b. The weight of 1 litre oil = volume x density , ------>0.88 kg = 0.995 mol ------> ethanol = 3 x 0.99 mol

= 3 mol = 3 x 46 gram= 138 gram

Every 1 litre ( or 880 gram) oil needs 138 gram ethanol. Every 1 gram of ethanol will convert 880/138 = 6.4 gram 0f oil

Page 33: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

b. Molar ratio for alcohol to triglyceride molecule is 3 to 1; → 3 mol EtOH × 46 g/mol = 138 g So 138 g of ethanol per gmol of triglyceride are needed. 1 gmol of triolean × 878 g/gmol = 878 g triolean;

EtOH needed for compl conversion =

878 g triolean/138 g EtOH = 6.4 g oil/1 g

Page 34: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

If methanol is used instead of ethanol :a. Stoichiometrically, how many kg of methanol are required for each kg of vegetable oil?b. If the methanol, were used directly as fuel, how much energy would be released?c. If 1 liter of biodiesel is used as fuel, how much energy is released?

d. What is the methanol-to-biodiesel enegy ratio?

Fuel Density (kg/L)

Energy (MJ/L)

Biodiesel 0.88 36.6

Methanol 0.79 22.7

Page 35: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

C3H5(OOCR)3 + 3 CH3OH → 3 RCOOCH3 + C3H5(OH)3

a. 1 litre oil = 0.88 kg = 0.995 mol ------> Methanol = 3 x 0.99 mol

= 3 mol = 3 x 32 gram= 96 gram

Every 1 litre ( or 880 gram) oil needs 96 gram Methanol. Every 1 gram of Methanol will convert 880/96 = 9.16 gram 0f oil (compare with that of ethanol)

b. ref to table in question, methanol energy = 22.7 MJ / LMethanol density = 0.8 kg/L. Every 1 L methanol will produce 22.7 MJ energyOr, every 0.8 kg ( 800 gr) methanol will produce 22.7 MJ energyFor every 96 gr methanol – > 96/800 x 22.7

= 2.72 MJ

Page 36: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

C3H5(OOCR)3 + 3 CH3OH → 3 RCOOCH3 + C3H5(OH)3

c. Mw biodiesel = 237+12+32+15 = 2961 mol oil will produce 3 mol biodesel. 3 mol biodesel= 3 x 296 gr= 888 gr

ref to table , biodiesel energy = 36.6 MJ / LBiodiesel density = 0.88 kg/L. Every 1 L methanol will produce 36.6 MJ energyOr, every 0.88 kg ( 880 gr) methanol will produce 36.6 MJ energyFor every 888 gr biodiesel – > 888/880 x 36.6

= 37 MJ

Fuel Density (kg/L)

Energy (MJ/L)

Biodiesel 0.88 36.6

Methanol 0.79 22.7

Page 37: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………

What is the main reason to prefer biodiesel tostraight vegetable oils (SVO) as fuel for diesel engines?

What should you do to make SVOs more acceptable as diesel fuel (other than making biodiesel out of them)?

Page 38: BIODIESEL December 2015. Biodiesel What…. Why…….. How………. What…. Why…….. How………