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Climate,
Vernacular Architecture
and Architecture Regionalism
Fabio Peron
Uni
vers
ità
IUA
V di
Ven
ezia
, En
viro
nmen
talB
uild
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Phys
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Inte
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1 –
Mas
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in A
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Università IUAV - Venezia
Bioclimatic architecture: some notes
the term bioclimatic is linked to the scienceof bioclimatology, which studies thedistribution of vegetation in the variousregions of our planet according to theclimate.
A bioclimatic approach to architecturaldesign takes into account how in differentparts of the Earth man has built his ownhome. There is therefore a strong link withpopular or vernacular architecture.
The bioclimatic design is stated openlyaround 1950 by the Olgyay brothers, whotry to develop a scientific method of designtaking into account the research ofclimatologists and biologists
Bioclimatic architecture: some notes
Vernacular architectureis the popular architecture, linked to the
tradition of a certain region orgeographic area
BioarchitectureBorn as “baubiologie” in Germany during
the ’70s. This is a special approach todesign.
the prefix bio highlights the need todesign, build and select materials,construction techniques and plantsystems so that the highest healthinessis guaranteed for buildings.
The term ecologic indicates the willingnessto place buildings in a balanced way inthe environment.
Architectural Regionalism
Iran Centrale Sud Sudan Europa
The relationship between climate and building has been clear since ancienttimes. Vitruvio in his "De Architectura" book VI, chap. 1 states:
“The style of the buildings should be manifestly different in Egypt and inSpain, in Pontus and in Rome and in countries and regions of differentnature. Because in one part the earth is oppressed by the sun, in anotherpart it is too far from it , in another still it is median distance….. “.
Regionalismo architettonico
Iran Centrale Sud Sudan Europa
Ma anche tra i moderni architetti ancora prima del lavoro di Olgyay si hacoscienza del rapporto necessario clima-edificio. Walter Gropius dice questo:
Un autentico carattere regionale non si può trovare attraverso un approcciosentimentale o imitativo, incorporando i vecchi emblemi o le ultimissime mode locali,scompaiono con la stessa rapidità con cui compaiono. Ma se si accolgono le differenzefondamentali imposte alla progettazione architettonica dalle condizioni climatiche, nepuò risultare una diversità di espressione se l’architettura utilizzerà i rapporti,profondamente contrastanti, fra interno e esterno come centro focale della concezionearchitettonica
Traditional Architecture
The traditional architecture is characterized by an extremely efficient use of the available resources in terms of materials and energy.
The basic function is to create a shelter and this act as factors diversifiersclimate , technical means , materials , social structure .
The crucial link is with the climate in particular with the extremeconditions with which it must deal .
International Style
• Climate varies around the globe and indigenous architecture used to respond to climate
• 20th century buildings became exclusively dependent on mechanical systems to heat and cool buildings
• International Style Architecture, characterized by sealed buildings, tried to create an architectural style that ignored climate
• This has resulted in a proliferation of architecture that does not properly respond to its climate
• Such buildings now account for between 40% and 70% of energy use in North America – and this cannot be sustained given Climate Change (GHG) and fossil fuel shortages
• This lesson will examine how to reconnect issues of local climate and building design
Building as an environment moderator
A building’s primary function is to provide shelter from the elements, as a function of CLIMATE.
To function as a moderator of the environment and to satisfy all other requirements, a building envelope must provide control of:
1. heat flow2. air flow3. movement of water as
vapour and as liquid4. solar and other radiation
Urban Ecology Centre, Milwaukee
V. Olgyay and Bioclimatic design
Range of climates around the world as first set out for architectural purposes by Victor Olgyay. If we examine the vernacular architecture associated with each climate type, we can begin to understand the range of available natural solutions that can inspire your architectural design
Image source: Design with Climate. Victor Olgyay, 1963.
Bioclimatic design
Image: 1963 “Design With Climate”, Victor Olgyay.
Design must first acknowledge regional, local and microclimateimpacts on the building and site.
COLD
TEMPERATE
HOT-ARID
HOT-HUMID
The idea of bio-climatic design lies in the need for the architecture to be modified to respond to the regional climate type. Victor Olgyay outlined the four basic types of climate.
Bioclimatic design
Image: 1963 “Design With Climate”, Victor Olgyay.
HOT-HUMIDFairly high daytime temperaturesSmall temperature variationsLight to non-existent windsHigh humidityHigh rainfall
Bioclimatic design
Image: 1963 “Design With Climate”, Victor Olgyay.
HOT-ARIDHigh daytime temperaturesLarge night/day temperature variationsintense windshigh solar intensity –reflected by groundLow humidityWater is scarce
Traditional hot climate design
In hot dry (arid) climates
windows are kept to a minimum to prevent the sun from entering the building.
Bright stucco finishes are used to reflect light and keep the environment bright.
Large use of stone, thick walls
Traditional hot climate design
Acoma pueblo –New Mexico
Traditional hot climate design
Mesa Verde Colorado
Traditional hot climate design
Mesa Verde Colorado
Traditional hot climate design
Mesa Verde Colorado
Traditional hot climate design
Mesa Verde – Colorado(37°35’ N)
Traditional hot climate design
Mesa Verde Colorado
Traditional hot climate design
Mesa Verde Colorado
Traditional hot climate design
Pueblo Bonito – Chaco Canyon New Mexico
Traditional hot climate design
Pueblo Bonito – Chaco Canyon New Mexico
Traditional hot climate design
Pueblo Bonito – Chaco Canyon New Mexico
Traditional hot climate design
Pueblo Bonito – Chaco Canyon New Mexico
Traditional hot climate design: courtyard
Courtyards are used in hot arid climates and work well because sun can warm these spaces in cooler months. Covered exterior corridors and vegetation create a cool “microclimate” in the hot months Courtyards do NOT work well in cold climates because of low winter sun angles.
Traditional hot climate design: courtyard
Traditional hot climate design: courtyard
Aereare ed illuminare ma limitando la radiazione incidente sulle sue superfici verticali, anche con presenza di vegetazione.Trattenere aria fresca della notte. Umidificare e raffrescare con presenza di acqua.
Traditional hot climate design: courtyard
Traditional hot climate design: courtyard Traditional hot climate design: courtyards
Alcazar - Siviglia
Traditional hot climatedesign: courtyards
Alcazar - Siviglia
Climate Responsive Design: town layout
St. Thomas University, Houston
Tunisi, Algeri, Fez
Climate Responsive Design: town layout
St. Thomas University, Houston
Traditional hot climate design: water use
Alcazar - Siviglia
Traditional hot climate design: water use
La Zisa - Palermo
Traditional hot climate design: schermi
Moucharrabiah
Traditional hot climate design: shading
Moucharrabiah
Traditional hot climate design: shading
Siviglia
Traditional hot climate design: shading
Siviglia
Traditional hot climate design: shading
Siviglia
Traditional hot climate design: wind towers
Malqaf Egitto
Traditional hot climate design: wind towers
Malqaf Egypt, Fu’ad house
Traditional hot climate design: wind towers
Bagdir Iran
Traditional hot climate design: wind towers
Bagdir Iran
Traditional hot climate design: wind towers
Torri del vento Deira Dubai
Traditional hot climatedesign: wind towers
Mangh Hyderabad Pakistan
Traditional hot climate design: underground
Matmata Tunisia
Traditional hot climate design: vault and radiation
Matmata TunisiaOasi del Fayyun – Egitto
Borujerdi-ha khashan – Iran
Qa’a – Iran
Bioclimatic design
Image: 1963 “Design With Climate”, Victor Olgyay.
HOT-HUMIDFairly high daytime temperaturesSmall temperature variationsLight to non-existent windsHigh humidityHigh rainfall
Traditional hot humid climate design Traditional hot humid climate design
Traditional hot humid climate design
Etiopia – Tukul Sidama Struttura in legno di eucalipto coperta di intrecci di bambù spaccato
Bioclimatic design
Image: 1963 “Design With Climate”, Victor Olgyay.
TEMPERATESeasonalHot dry season (usually longest)Wet, warm seasonWinter quite longSolar radiation is variable but can be intense
Traditional temperate climate design
Veneto – Rural Farm, the porch
Traditional temperate climate design
Bazar di Kashan - Iran Bazar di Yazd - Iran
Traditional temperate climate design
Veneto – Rural Farm, The pergola
Traditional temperate climate design
Veneto – Casoni
Traditional temperate climate design
Veneto – Casoni
Traditional temperate climate design
Villa Trento-Morlini
Villa Trento-Carli Villa Eolia
Villino Garzadori Cà Molina
Villa da Schio
Traditional temperate climate design
Schio Villas complex
Trento villas complex
Traditional temperate climate design
Da Schio complex
Trento complex
Traditional temperate climate design
The covoli: big caves
Traditional temperate climate design
Wind-ducts, inlet grids
Traditional temperate climate design
Indians of the plains: Tepee
Traditional temperate climate design
Mongolian Yurta
Bioclimatic design
Image: 1963 “Design With Climate”, Victor Olgyay.
COLDLow daytime temperaturesmedium temperature variationsIntense winter windsLong winter
Traditional cold climate design
In cold climates buildings must be designed with an environmental barrier. More concerned with their “heating season” than their “cooling season”
Windows on north surfaces are kept to a minimum to prevent entering winter winds Windows are open on south.
Insulated walls and roof. Large use of wood
CadoreVal Badia
Traditional cold climate design
Val Badia
Traditional cold climate design
Val Badia
Traditional cold climate design
Val Badia
Traditional cold climate design
Caratteristica struttura a block-bau
Traditional cold climate design
Caratteristica struttura a block-bau
Traditional cold climate design
The stove – Stube- and internal wood panels
Traditional cold climate design
Val BadiaThe Igloo
Traditional cold climate design
Val BadiaGlaumbaer Farm - Iceland
Traditional cold climate design
Glaumbaer Farm – Iceland. Example of turf architecture
Traditional cold climate design
Structure of turf wall
References
Fathy: http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80a01e/80A01E00.htm
Gaut: http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/en/d/Jsk02ce/
Jacob II house FLL Wright
Jacob II house FLL Wright Jacob II houseFLL Wright
