BIOCHEMISTRY FILL IN NOTES

Organic ChemistryStudy of _________________________________ and their reactions with each other

MoleculesTwo or more atoms bonded together

Examples: N2, O2

CompoundsTwo or more _____________________atoms bonded togetherExample: Octane, C8H18

Properties of WaterCohesionAttraction between molecules of the ___________________________Adhesion–Attraction between 2 molecules of _____________________–This is also known as capillary action

Attraction between 2 molecules of different substances

Hydrogen Bonds_____________________between _____________________ molecules that can be easily broken.

Hydrogen Bonds in Waterhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/

animations/hydrogenbonds.html

Dissolving PropertiesWater is slightly charged = _____________________This allows it to _____________________ other substances

AcidA compound that will give off hydrogen ions(H+) when put in waterHas a __________ in its chemical formulaEx: HCl H2SO4

BaseA compound that will give off hydroxide ions (OH-) when put in waterHas _____________ in the chemical formulaEx: NaOH

pHA way to tell if a substance is an _____________________Range is 0-14

The pH ScaleAcids have a pH between and .A strong acid would have a pH of .A weak acid would have a pH of .

Bases have a pH between and .A strong base would have a pH of .A weak base would have a pH of .

IndicatorsPhenolphthaleinChanges to _____________________ in presence of

Bromothymol BlueChanges to _____________________in the presence of

Universal IndicatorChanges to a different color for each pH

Buffershttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf

pH Indicator Testshttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/

Organic vs. InorganicOrganicA compound that contains _____________________Examples:H2O CH4 CO2

HCl C6H12O6 COH4 H2SO4

Tell me if these compounds are organic or inorganic.CH4

CO2

HClC4H10

NaCl

MacromoleculesThere are 4 different Organic Molecules we will look at this year_____________________Lipids(Fats)Nucleic Acids_____________________

CarbohydratesWhenever you think carbs think….SugarCompounds that are composed of only _____________________End with_____________________Examples: Glucose Sucrose C6H12O6 C12H22O11

The ratio of H:O is 2:1!

Another word for carb is _____________________A simple sugar is called a ___________saccharide (__________means one)

Examples:________________: main energy source for animals________________: found in most fruits

What if I link 2 monosaccharides together?

A disaccharide! (2 sugar molecules)

Examples:Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + _____________________Maltose (corn syrup) Glucose + _____________________

What happens if I join together hundreds of glucose molecules?_____________________Hundreds of thousands of _____________saccharides joined togetherExamples: glycogen and starch

Practice - Is it organic? Is it a carbohydrate?

C6H12O10

C6H6O12

C6H12O8

C6H12O6NC6H12

H12O6

Dehydration Synthesis2 molecules _____________________to form a more complex moleculeOne water molecule is _____________________C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 --> C12H22O11 + H2O Glucose + Fructose --> _____________________

HydrolysisThe opposite of dehydration synthesisComplex molecule is broken down into _________________molecules by adding waterC12H22O11 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Sucrose + Water --> Glucose + Fructose

LipidsWhen you think of lipids you think…__________________________________________Cholesterol, steroidsHormones

Uses for LipidsStore _____________________Used for _____________________Components of _____________________Used for cell communication (hormones)

Do lipids dissolve in water?Water is polar (has charge)Lipids are _____________________ (no charge)Lipids are _____________________ in water (won’t dissolve).

DefinitionComposed of only Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (just like carbs)Have a lot more hydrogen than oxygen Examples: C51H98O6 Formed from 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

Carb or Fat?C51H98O6

C6H12O6

C12H24O11

C30H48O6

C34H120O20

C12H22O11

ProteinsComposed of _____________________Help build muscle and complete reactionsExamples: meats, eggs, beans, insulin, tryptophan, steroids, _____________________The basic building blocks of a protein are called _____________________

Peptide Bond FormationBond between 2 amino acidsFormed by …Dehydration Synthesis2 amino acids = _______peptideMany amino acids = _________peptideMany polypeptides = _____________________

Protein FunctionDepends on the _____________________ of amino acidsExample:Glycine - Alanine - GlycineIS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROMGlycine - Glycine - Alanine

Activation EnergyThe amount of energy needed to_____________________a reaction

Enzymes (catalyst)_____________________ the activation energy

Not changed during a reaction_____________________End with -____________

Ex: Lactase - breaks down …_____________________

How an Enzyme WorksSubstrate

Molecule(s) enzyme works onActive Site

Place on enzyme where substrates bind

Enzyme Substrate ComplexThe formation of the enzyme and the substrates togetherSubstrates are either broken down OR bound together hereProduct is made and releasedEnzyme is _____________________

Lock and Key Model

CoenzymesNon-organic molecule that assists the enzyme in catalyzing a reactionExample: _____________________

4 factors that affect enzyme reactionsTemperatureIf too high, it becomes _____________________ (changes its shape so it can’t work)pH_____________________of enzyme or substrateSome enzymes need a coenzyme to function

Specific Environments: pH

Nucleic AcidsComposed of _____________________2 TypesDNA: _____________________-strandedRNA: _____________________-stranded

Both are composed of different nucleotides that bind together to form chains

Deoxyribonucleic acidDeoxy-missing _____________________Ribo- ribose, a 5 carbon sugarNucleic acid- composed of C,H,O,N,P

Double Helix2 DNA strands held together with _____________________ (weak

bonds) DNA discovered in the _____________________of cells.

Protein or Nucleic Acid?C12H22O11N6P5

C12H22O11N7

C2H72O21N2P3

C48H222O11N9P2

C7H42O11N6