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Impact of climate change on food securityImpact of climate change on food security
� Reduced yields of wheat, rice and soyabeans in the tropics and subtropics.
� Approximately -10% per 1º C warming
� Est. reduction of 30-40% by 2100
� Reduced nutritional content (especially � Reduced nutritional content (especially protein in wheat and rice)
� Increased disease transmission rates
� Loss of water stored in snow packs and glaciers (Eg., Himalayas)
� Reduced supply of river supplied water for irrigation
Impact of climate change on food securityImpact of climate change on food security
� Possible changes in pest and pathogens.
� Increased carbon dioxide and plants
� Enhanced biomass growth rate for some C3
plants (Benefits limited to <2030 AD)
� Temperature increase due to CO2, a net� Temperature increase due to CO2, a netnegative impacts for all crops (C3 and C4)
� Effects on soil BGC properties
� Effects on plant pathology (reduced proteincontent and resilience to disease
• Sea level raise- about 35 cm by 2100� Salinization and loss of arable land
BiocharBiochar in Agriculturein Agriculture� Biochar - carbonized biomass that is effective to
activate living things and improve natural environment
� carbonized biomass such as rice husk charcoal or wood ash have been valuable material as soil wood ash have been valuable material as soil amendment
� symbiosis between effective microbes and plant root through the medium of charcoal, that promotes the growth of plants
� Biochar help plants’ growth, rise up productivity and contribute sustaining the quality of soil.
A micro study with A micro study with BiocharBiochar in in CC33 and Cand C44 plants in plants in CC33 and Cand C44 plants in plants in
DindigulDindigul District, Tamilnadu.District, Tamilnadu.
�Crops studied� Rice (C3 plant)
� Maize (C4 plant)
�Area of study:� Dindigul District, Tamilnadu
Soil typeSoil type
Rice area : Clay loam
Maize and Egg plant area : Red loam
Soil pH : In the range of 6.5 – 7.5 Soil pH : In the range of 6.5 – 7.5 (almost neutral)
Soil fertility status : Low nitrogen and medium phosphorus and potassium
Previous crops grown : Rice / Maize / Pulses
CROPPING DETAILSCROPPING DETAILSCrops forthe study
No. of farmers
Crop area (m2)
Terra pretatrial
Untreated control
Rice 1 160 80 80
Maize 1 80 40 40
Egg Plant(Brinjal)
1 200 100 100
Total 3 440 220 220
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS APPLIED MANURES AND FERTILIZERS APPLIED
Crop Fertilizers (kg. NPK per ha)
Rice 120 : 50 : 50
Maize 135 : 62.5 : 50
Brinjal 100 : 50: 30
Crop Fertilizers (kg. NPK per ha)
In the treated fields, Application of 200 kg of powdered charcoal (worked out to 25, 50 and 20 tonnes of charcoal per hectare area of rice, maize and egg plant crop)
Inputs for Maize Experimental and Control plotsInputs for Maize Experimental and Control plots
Sl.No Name of the Input Experiment Plot (Quantity) 100
Sq.Mtre
Comparision Plot(Quantity) 100
Sq.Mtre
1 Farmyard Manure (FYM) 125 Kg 125 Kg
2 Charcoal Ash 200 Kg -
3 Vermi compost 50 Kg 50 Kg
4 Nitrogen 3.0 Kg 3.0 Kg
5 Phosphorus 3.9 Kg 3.9 Kg
6 Potassium 0.835 Kg 0.835 Kg
Inputs for Rice Experimental and Control plotsInputs for Rice Experimental and Control plots
Sl.No
Name of the Input Experiment Plot (Quantity) 100 Sq.Mtre
Comparison Plot(Quantity) 100
Sq.Mtre
1 Farmyard Manure (FYM) 125 Kg 125 Kg
2 Charcoal Ash 200 Kg -2 Charcoal Ash 200 Kg -
3 Vermi compost 50 Kg 50 Kg
4 Nitrogen 2.650Kg 2.65 Kg
5 Phosphorus 3.125 Kg 3.125 Kg
6 Potassium 0.835 Kg 0.835 Kg
Comparison of Different ParametersComparison of Different Parameters--Rice (CRice (C33))
73 79
1611
129
0
20
40
60
80
Comparison of Growth Parameters
Terra-preta
Control 11 10
256236
2816
2360
18 180
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000Comparison of Yield Parameters
0
Plant Height Tillers/Plant Root Length
Length in cm
0Productive
tillers/ plant
Grains per
panicle
Total grains/ hill 1000 grains
weight (g)
Length in cm
50.6
42.5 40.5
34
2 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Grain yield (g)/ plant Grain yield (kg)/ plot Straw bundles)/ plot
Length in cm
Comparison of Yield Parameters
Economic benefit of TerraEconomic benefit of Terra--pretapreta AgricultureAgriculture
Sl.No
Details (Rice)
Income realized (Rs)
Experimental PlotControl plot
1. Grains 40.5 kg of paddy grains @ Rs. 12 per kg = Rs. 486
34 kg of paddy grains @ Rs.12 per kg = Rs.408
2. Straw Rs.200 Rs.200
3. Gross Income Rs.686 Rs.608
4. Profit(Gross Income – Cost ofcultivation)
Rs.66 Rs.38
5. Anticipated profit/acre Rs. 3300 Rs. 1900
Comparison of different parametersComparison of different parameters--Maize (CMaize (C44))
97.4 95.9
135128
6080
100120140
Comparison of Growth Parameters 384371
140140
88.3 86.9100
150
200
250
300
350
400Comparison of Yield Parameters
0204060
Germination
Percentage
Plant Height
Length in cmTerra-preta
Control
88.3 86.9
0
50
100
Grains/ cob Weight of 1000 grains
(g)
% of flowering plants
Length in cm
Economic benefit of TerraEconomic benefit of Terra--pretapreta AgricultureAgriculture
Sl.No
Details- Maize
Income realized (Rs)
Experimental Plot Control plot
1. Grains 29 kg of maize grains @ Rs. 12 per kg = Rs. 348
23 kg of paddy grains @ Rs.12 per kg = Rs.276
2. Straw Rs.200 Rs.200
3. Gross Income Rs.548 Rs.476
4. Profit(Gross Income – Costof cultivation)
Rs.87 Rs.35
5. Anticipated profit / acre Rs.8700/- Rs.3500/-