Bioactive polysaccharides from medicinal plants used in woundhealing and against inflammation Berit Smestad Paulsen Department of Pharmacognosy School

Bioactive polysaccharides from Bioactive polysaccharides from medicinal plants used in medicinal plants used in

woundhealing and against woundhealing and against inflammationinflammation

Berit Smestad PaulsenBerit Smestad Paulsen

Department of PharmacognosyDepartment of Pharmacognosy

School of PharmacySchool of Pharmacy

Oslo, NorwayOslo, Norway

MALIMALI

http://www.xs4all.nl/~ilja/mali/mali-map-htm

Malian population:Malian population: Population: ca 12 mill.Population: ca 12 mill.

Ethnic diversity: Sénoufo, Bambara, Sarakolé, Milinké, Ethnic diversity: Sénoufo, Bambara, Sarakolé, Milinké, Peulh, Dogon, Bobo, Sonrhaï, Tamacheck……..Peulh, Dogon, Bobo, Sonrhaï, Tamacheck……..

AreaArea 1 241 248 km1 241 248 km22

Expected living age: 47 yearsExpected living age: 47 years Age repartition: Age repartition:

47.2% : 0-14 years 47.2% : 0-14 years 5,5% : > 60 years5,5% : > 60 years

Fertility rate: 6.7 children born/womanFertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman Child mortality: 12%Child mortality: 12% Rate of alphabetization:Rate of alphabetization:

Men – 31%Men – 31% Women – 15%Women – 15%

Appr. 75% in rural areasAppr. 75% in rural areas

Photo: C.S. Nergård

Curative urban based Curative urban based health servicehealth service, ,

limited curative or limited curative or preventive health service in preventive health service in the rural areasthe rural areas

59% of the population have 59% of the population have healthservice within 15 km healthservice within 15 km

Local clinicsLocal clinics:: difficult to keep the difficult to keep the

personnel personnel Funding not available for Funding not available for

long time treatmentlong time treatment

Medical doctors

1:16,000 inhabitant

(Norway: 1:272)

TRADITIONAL HEALERS

1:500 inhabitants

80% use traditional medicine

Department of Traditional Medicine (DMT)

Traditional medicine is composed of:

-Secret traditional medicine

-Methods of diagnosis

-Methods of treatment

EthnopharmacologyEthnopharmacology

The observation, identification, description and The observation, identification, description and experimental investigation of the ingredients and experimental investigation of the ingredients and the effects of such indigeneous drugs is a truly the effects of such indigeneous drugs is a truly interdisiplinary field of research which is very interdisiplinary field of research which is very important in the study of traditional medicineimportant in the study of traditional medicine

The interdisiplinary scientific exploration of The interdisiplinary scientific exploration of biologically active agents traditionally employed biologically active agents traditionally employed or observed by man. or observed by man.

Traditional preparation and adminiatrationTraditional preparation and adminiatration

Collection of the plant partCollection of the plant part Use either fresh or dryUse either fresh or dry

PreparationPreparation Dry powderDry powder Infusion or macerateInfusion or macerate

Normally wash the body or drink the Normally wash the body or drink the extractextract

Preparation of the polysaccharidesPreparation of the polysaccharides

Ethanol extractionEthanol extraction Water extraction 50Water extraction 50ooCC

Dialysis, freezedryingDialysis, freezedrying Anion exchange chromatographyAnion exchange chromatography gelfiltrationgelfiltration

Water extraction 100Water extraction 100ooCC Dialysis, freezedryingDialysis, freezedrying Anion exchange chromatographyAnion exchange chromatography gelfiltrationgelfiltration

Structure elucidationStructure elucidation

Methanolysis, TMS GCMethanolysis, TMS GC Carbohydrate compositionCarbohydrate composition

Methylation studies GC-MSMethylation studies GC-MS Linkage determinationLinkage determination

NMR anomeric configuration, sequenceNMR anomeric configuration, sequence Mw - gelfiltrationMw - gelfiltration Enzymatic degradationEnzymatic degradation

Gives polygalacturonans, hairy regions, Gives polygalacturonans, hairy regions, oligosaccharide sidechains etc.oligosaccharide sidechains etc.

Immunomodulation associated with Immunomodulation associated with activation of the complement system:activation of the complement system:

Thymus dependant antibody responseThymus dependant antibody response Regulation of specific cyclic antibody productionRegulation of specific cyclic antibody production Regulation of IgM-IgG switchRegulation of IgM-IgG switch Modulation of T and B cell proliferationModulation of T and B cell proliferation Induction of supressor or helper T-cellsInduction of supressor or helper T-cells Modulation of monokine or lympokine releaseModulation of monokine or lympokine release

Structures of pectic type Structures of pectic type polysaccharidespolysaccharides

Arabinogalactan type IArabinogalactan type I 1,4,gal1,4,gal

Arabinogalactan type IIArabinogalactan type II 1,3,6 gal1,3,6 gal

Rhamnogalacturonan IRhamnogalacturonan I Hairy region, alternating rha / galA backboneHairy region, alternating rha / galA backbone

Rhamnogalacturonan IIRhamnogalacturonan II Macro-oligosaccharide, 20 units, complexMacro-oligosaccharide, 20 units, complex

Proposed structure of pectins, Perez et al 2003Proposed structure of pectins, Perez et al 2003

Hairy region of Hairy region of rhamnogalacturonan Irhamnogalacturonan I

2Rha12Rha14GalA14GalA12Rha12Rha14GalA14GalA12Rha12Rha14GalA14GalA12Rha12Rha14GalA14GalA1 4 4 44 4 4 1 1 11 1 1 AraAraf f Gal Gal Gal Gal 5 6 65 6 6 1 1 11 1 1 AraAraff113Ara3Araf f Ara Araff113Gal Gal3Gal Gal 5 6 65 6 6 1 1 11 1 1 AraAraf f Gal Ara Gal Ara ff1g3Gal 1g3Gal 5 6 65 6 6 1 1 11 1 1 AraAraff113Ara3Araf f Ara Araff113Gal Gal3Gal Gal 5 6 5 6 1 1 1 1 AraAraff Ara Araff

Are polysaccharides transported Are polysaccharides transported over membranes?over membranes?

Peyer´s patches Peyer´s patches Yamada et al. produced antibodies against Yamada et al. produced antibodies against

bupleuranbupleuran Detected polymers with binding sites for Detected polymers with binding sites for

the antibodies in liverthe antibodies in liver

Bupleuran epitopesBupleuran epitopes

Medicinal plants used for Medicinal plants used for woundhealing in Maliwoundhealing in Mali

Baccharoides adoensis var. kotschyanaBaccharoides adoensis var. kotschyana (Sch.Bip.ex.Walp.) M.A.Isawumi, G.El-(Sch.Bip.ex.Walp.) M.A.Isawumi, G.El-Ghazaly & B.Nordenstam (Ghazaly & B.Nordenstam (Vernonia Vernonia kotschyanakotschyana (Sch.Bip.ex.Walp.)) (Sch.Bip.ex.Walp.))

Cochlospermum tinctoriumCochlospermum tinctorium Perr. Perr. Glinus oppositifoliusGlinus oppositifolius (L.) A. DC(L.) A. DC. .

Biophytum petersianum Biophytum petersianum KlotzchKlotzch

Baccharoides adoensis var. Baccharoides adoensis var. kotschyanakotschyana ( (Vernonia Vernonia

kotschyana)kotschyana) Powdered roots are Powdered roots are recognised by the recognised by the government in Mali as government in Mali as a natural drug for the a natural drug for the treatment of treatment of gastroduodenal gastroduodenal ulcers.ulcers.

GASTROCEDALGASTROCEDAL

Characteristics of A.2Characteristics of A.2

Acacia gum (std.)

Vk100

A1

A2

A2.1

A2.2

Gelfiltration of A.2 from V.kotschyana. Effect on the Yariv reagent, separation after enzymic degradation of A.2.2

A.2.1

A,2,2

Effect of A.2.1 after enzymatic degradationEffect of A.2.1 after enzymatic degradation

Complement fixation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

concentration (μ / )g mL

2.1A2.1-A AF2.1-A GAL

standard PMII

Effect of A.2.2 after enzymic Effect of A.2.2 after enzymic degradationdegradation

Complement fixation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Concentration (μ / )g ml

2.2A2.2.A A.2.2.A B

standard PMII

Mitogenic activity of fractions Mitogenic activity of fractions from from V. kotchyanaV. kotchyana

Control0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

1

Stimulation index (SI)

(A)

*

*

*

*

*

Spleen-cells

10μ/g mL

Vk100A2a

100

μ/g mL

10μ/g mL

Vk100A2b

100

μ/g mL

Anti

- ( )IgM F ab

2

10μ/g mL

5ConA

μ/g mL

2 100BR IIc

μ/g mLControl

BR2IIc 100

μg/mL

Control

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

1

OD 405

(B)

*

*

*

Spleen-cells

10μg/mL

Vk100A2b

100

μg/mL

10μg/mL

Vk100A2a

100

μg/mL

10μ/g mL

Vk100A2a

100

μ/g mL

10μ/g mL

Vk100A2b

100

μ/g mL

Anti

- ( )IgM F ab

2

10μ/g mL

5ConA

μ/g mL

2 100BR IIc

μ/g mLControl

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

1

Stimulation index (SI)

*

*

(C)

*

*

B-cells

Alamar blue Acid phosphatae Alamar blue

Stimulation of Stimulation of macrophages macrophages with Vk100A2 with Vk100A2

fractions, fractions, chemotaxis in chemotaxis in response of response of

diff. conc. in 2 diff. conc. in 2

diff. patientsdiff. patients

# of migrated cells0

100020003000400050006000700080009000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Medium1 μ/g ml

10μ/g ml

100

μ/g ml

Medium1μ/g ml

10μ/g ml

100

μ/g ml

12100CXCL

ng/ml

B

012345678910

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

C

100 2Vk A a 100 2Vk A b LPS

Medium100

μ/g ml

10μ/g ml

250

μ/g ml

500

μ/g ml

100

μ/g ml

10μ/g ml

250

μ/g ml

500

μ/g ml

25ng/ml

2.5

ng/ml

250

ng/ml

10μ/ g ml

inulin

(Nitrite

μ/ )g ml

100 2Vk A a 100 2Vk A b

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Medium1μ/g ml

10μ/g ml

100

μ/g ml

Medium1μ/g ml

10μ/g ml

100

μ/g ml

12100CXCL

ng/ml

100 2Vk A a 100 2Vk A b

4Donor1Donor

A

- 14Anti CD

Macrophages

Yield (%, w/w), total carbohydrate content (%, w/w) and Yield (%, w/w), total carbohydrate content (%, w/w) and monosaccharide composition (mol.%) of the fractions Vk100A2a and monosaccharide composition (mol.%) of the fractions Vk100A2a and

Vk100A2b obtained after size exclusion chromatography on Sephacryl Vk100A2b obtained after size exclusion chromatography on Sephacryl S-400 of Vk100A2.S-400 of Vk100A2.

Polysaccharide fraction Vk100A2a b

Yield (%, w/w) a 0.05 0.34Total carbohydrate (%, w/w) 86 68 Monosaccharide composition (mol.%) Arabinose 31.3 3.9Rhamnose 11.0 4.9Galactose 24.4 4.9Xylose 0.7 traceMannose 0.3 traceGlucose 5.7 1.8Fucose - -Glucuronic acid trace traceGalacturonic acid 26.4 84.6Reaction with Yariv-reagent + -Protein content (%, w/w) b < 0.5 < 0.3a based on dried and pulverized rootb based on the Lowry method

Degradation of VKA2 by Degradation of VKA2 by a, polygalacturonasea, polygalacturonasefollowed byfollowed byb. arabinofuranosidaseb. arabinofuranosidasefollowed by followed by c. galactanasec. galactanase

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83

Absorbance

A

Vk2a-HR

Vo

Vi

-0,1

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83

Absorbance

B

AF-HR

Vo

Vi

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0,14

0,16

11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83

Fraction no.

Absorbance

C

AF-GN-1

AF-GN-2

AF-GN-3

AF-GN-4

AF-GN-5

AF-GN-6 AF-GN-7

AF-GN-8

Effect of the different fractions on the Effect of the different fractions on the complement systemcomplement system

-20,0

0,0

20,0

40,0

60,0

80,0

100,0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Vk2a

Vk2a-HR

AF-HR

AF-GN-1

AF-GN-2

AF-GN-3

AF-GN-4

AF-GN-5% Inhibition of hemolysis

Sample concentration (μg/mL)

Mitogenic activity Mitogenic activity on the original on the original

fraction and the fraction and the degradation degradation

productsproducts

Spleen cells

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

1

OD (405 nm)

Control BR2IIcVk2a

Vk2a-HRAF-HR AF-HR-GN-mix AF-GN-2AF-GN-1

B

*

*

*

*

*

*

Sample concentration (100μg/mL)

Spleencells

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

1

(405 )OD nm

Control 2BR IIc2Vk a

2 -Vk a HR-AF HR - -AF HR-GN mix - -2AF GN- -1AF GN

B

*

*

*

*

*

*

Sampleconcentration(100μg/mL)

Bcells

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

9,0

10,0

1

( )Stimulation index SI



A

*

*

*

*

*

*

*


Bcells

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

9,0

10,0

1

( )Stimulation index SI



A

*

*

*

*

*

*

*


ConclusionConclusion

Bioactive parts on the VK1002a Bioactive parts on the VK1002a polysaccharide are situated both in the polysaccharide are situated both in the inner and in the external part of the pectic inner and in the external part of the pectic arabinogalactanarabinogalactan

Cochlospermum tinctoriumCochlospermum tinctorium, root, root

The root is The root is traditionally used traditionally used agains gastric ulcer, agains gastric ulcer, often together with often together with the powder from the the powder from the root of root of V. kotchyanaV. kotchyana

Cochlospermum tinctoriumCochlospermum tinctoriumactivity on whole spleen cellsactivity on whole spleen cells

Cochlospermum tinctoriumCochlospermum tinctoriumactivity on B - cellsactivity on B - cells

Used in traditional Used in traditional medicine for the medicine for the treatment of joint pains, treatment of joint pains, inflammations, fever, inflammations, fever, malaria, skin disorders malaria, skin disorders and wounds.and wounds.

The immune system an The immune system an important factor in the important factor in the wound healing process.wound healing process.

Plant polysaccharides Plant polysaccharides reported to have reported to have immunomodulating immunomodulating activities.activities.

Glinus oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. (Aizoaceae)

Glinus oppositifoliusGlinus oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. (L.) A. DC. (Aizoaceae)(Aizoaceae)

50°C water extract separated into one neutral 50°C water extract separated into one neutral (GON) and two acidic fractions (GOA1 and GAO2). (GON) and two acidic fractions (GOA1 and GAO2).

Monosaccharide GO GON GOA1 GOA2ArabinoseRhamnoseFucoseXyloseMannoseGalactoseGalacturonic acidGlucose4-O-Me-Glucuronicacid

97,21,31,11,714,958,951,1

32,20,10,52,35,134,5-25,4-

234-3,44,544,613,43,63,5

4,49,11,10,40,69,271,53,20,5

Molecular weights 70kDa 39kDa(Determined using SEC/MALLS)

The monosaccharide compositions of the crude water extract GO and the different fractions obtained after ion exchange chromatography.

The complement fixating activities determined The complement fixating activities determined in vitroin vitro. . GOA1 shows an ICHGOA1 shows an ICH5050 value at 40 value at 40 μμg/ml (the lowest concentration of g/ml (the lowest concentration of

sample needed to give 50% inhibition of lysis of antibody-sensitized sample needed to give 50% inhibition of lysis of antibody-sensitized SRBS). SRBS). Plantago major Plantago major L. was used as a positive control.L. was used as a positive control.

0102030405060708090

100

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Concentration ug/ml

% inhibition of hemolysis

GOA1

GOA2

GON

PMII

Complement fixating activity I

Complement activation associated with several immune reactions; activation of macrophages and lymphocytes, immunopotenation and regulation of cyclic antibody production, anti-inflammatory effects.

Type of linkage

GOA1 Original Hydrolysed

T-Araf Ara 1,3 Ara 1,5 Ara 1,3,5 Ara 1,2,5 T-Rha Rha 1,2 Rha 1,2,4 T-Xyl Xyl 1,4 Xyl 1,2,4 Man 1,2 T-Galf T-Galp Gal 1,4 Gal 1,3 Gal 1,6 Gal 1,3,4 Gal 1,4,6 Gal 1,3,6 Gal 1,3,4,6 T-Glc Glc 1,4 Glc 1,4,6 T-GalA GalA 1,4 T-4-O-Me-GlcA 4-O-Me-GlcA 1,4

5,4 1,6 3,9 1,1 0,2 1 0,4 0,7 0,9 0,6 0,2 2,3 0,2 2 2,8 3,6 4,2 0,3 0,1 8,6 1,6 0,4 1,1 0,4 1,3 5,7 1,3 0,5

0,03 0,06 0,05 0,03 0,03 0,3 0,5 0,8 0,2 0,4 0,06 1,5 0,09 1,5 1,8 1,9 4,8 0,1 0,05 2,8 0,05 0,2 0,6 0,1 2,0 4,7 1,2 0,3

The main linkages in GOA1:

GalA 14Rha 12, 12,4

Gal 1 4, 1 3,4Gal 1 3, 1 6, 1 3,6, 1 3,4,6

Araf T, 1 3, 1 5, 1 3,5

Linkage analysis

Chemotaxis of macrophages, B-cells, and T-cells.

B-cells

T-cellsMacrophages

0

5

10

15

20

25

Medium GOA1100

ug/ml

GOA110 ug/ml

GOA1 1ug/ml

GOA1100

ng/ml

Medium GOA2100

ug/ml

GOA210 ug/ml

GOA2 1ug/ml

GOA2100

ng/ml

# of migrated cells

0

1

2

3

4

5

Medium 100 ugSB1

10 ugSB1

1 ug SB1 Medium 100 ugSB2

10 ugSB2

1 ug SB2 SDF-1

# of migrated cells

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Medium

GOA1 100 ug/mlGOA1 10 ug/mlGOA1 1 ug/mlGOA1 100 ng/ml

Medium

GOA2 100 ug/mlGOA2 10 ug/mlGOA2 1 ug/mlGOA2 100 ng/ml

IP-10

# of migrated cells

The migration of different leukocyte populations in response to GOA1.


Two different pectic polysaccharides Two different pectic polysaccharides isolated from isolated from Glinus oppositifoliusGlinus oppositifolius (L.) A. (L.) A. DC. (Aizoaceae) with potent complement DC. (Aizoaceae) with potent complement fixating activity. fixating activity.

Further structure- and activity studies in Further structure- and activity studies in progress. progress.

A complement A complement fixing fixing

polysaccharide polysaccharide from from Biophytum Biophytum

petersianumpetersianum Klotzch, a Klotzch, a

medicinal plant medicinal plant from Mali, West from Mali, West

Africa.Africa.

Bp 100, Fr. III, and degradation fraction of Fr. III with Bp 100, Fr. III, and degradation fraction of Fr. III with the polygalacturonase, Fr.III 1 is the hairy regionthe polygalacturonase, Fr.III 1 is the hairy region

Monosaccharide Fr.IIIMonosaccharide Fr.III 1 1 22 33 ArabinoseArabinose 8,58,5 7,97,9 11,111,1 10,410,4 RhamnoseRhamnose 7,37,3 22,622,6 12,312,3 7,77,7 FucoseFucose 0,80,8 1,11,1 2,32,3 1,91,9 XyloseXylose 7,27,2 5,05,0 7.17.1 9,49,4 MannoseMannose 0,40,4 2,02,0 0,80,8 1,01,0 GalactoseGalactose 9,09,0 20,020,0 8,58,5 6,46,4 Galacturonic acid Galacturonic acid 64,164,1 38,538,5 55,255,2 60,860,8

Effect of polysaccharide fractions from B.petersianum on the complement system

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

inhibition

Bp100

Bp100 -I

Bp100-I I

Bp100-I I I

PMII

Linkage analyses of the different monosaccharides Linkage analyses of the different monosaccharides present in the fraction Bp 100 Fr.III and the present in the fraction Bp 100 Fr.III and the fractions after polygalacturonase treatmentfractions after polygalacturonase treatment

Type of link Type of link B.P OrigB.P Orig B.P.IB.P.I B.P.II B.P.II B.P.IIIB.P.III T-AraT-Ara 6,2 6,2 7 7 8,5 8,5 8 8 1->5 Ara1->5 Ara 2,7 2,7 1,1 1,1 0 0 0 0 T-XylT-Xyl l6,4 l6,4 4,9 4,9 6,1 6,1 9,7 9,7 1->2 Xyl1->2 Xyl 0 0 0 0 1,3 1,3 0 0 1->4 Xyl1->4 Xyl 1,2 1,2 0,6 0,6 3,1 3,1 2,8 2,8 T-RhaT-Rha 1,2 1,2 2,4 2,4 5,2 5,2 2 2 1->2 Rha1->2 Rha 3,4 3,4 14,214,2 2,5 2,5 3 3 1->3 Rha1->3 Rha 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 2,9 2,9 1,6 1,6 1->3,4 Rha1->3,4 Rha 0,5 0,5 0 0 1,8 1,8 1,6 1,6 1->2,4 Rha1->2,4 Rha 2,5 2,5 6,3 6,3 0,7 0,7 0,5 0,5 T-FucT-Fuc 1 1 1,3 1,3 2,4 2,4 2,1 2,1 T-GalT-Gal 3,1 3,1 6,8 6,8 5 5 1,9 1,9 1->3 Gal1->3 Gal 2,2 2,2 4,9 4,9 3,4 3,4 3,7 3,7 1->6 Gal1->6 Gal 1,1 1,1 3,1 3,1 0 0 0 0 1->3,6 Gal1->3,6 Gal 3,3 3,3 6,2 6,2 0,6 0,6 1,4 1,4 T- GlcAT- GlcA tr tr tr. tr. T- GalAT- GalA 2,5 2,5 2,3 2,3 4,1 4,1 6,4 6,4 1->4 GalA1->4 GalA 52,352,3 30,230,2 31,2 31,2 30,130,1 1->3,4 GalA1->3,4 GalA 8,5 8,5 6,8 6,8 17,9 17,9 22,222,2 1->2,4 GalA1->2,4 GalA 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 3,3 3,3 3 3

Major features of the regions of BPMajor features of the regions of BP

BP I HMWBP I HMW Hairy region, alternating GalA and Rha, Hairy region, alternating GalA and Rha,

sidechains of 1/3 of Rhasidechains of 1/3 of Rha BP II MMWBP II MMW

High GalA, 1/3 branchedHigh GalA, 1/3 branched BP II LMWBP II LMW

High GalA, 2/3 branchedHigh GalA, 2/3 branched

ConclusionsConclusions

Activity compared with structural differences indicate that Activity compared with structural differences indicate that the hairy region is important for the activity of the native the hairy region is important for the activity of the native polymer. polymer.

It appears also that the regions of the original polymer It appears also that the regions of the original polymer containing sections of galacturonic acids that are highly containing sections of galacturonic acids that are highly branched, also are important for the activity when branched, also are important for the activity when comparing those fractions with that of PMII not having comparing those fractions with that of PMII not having long sections of branched uronic acid chains.long sections of branched uronic acid chains.

Comparing the activity of Fr.III.1 with that of the native Comparing the activity of Fr.III.1 with that of the native polymer, it is also obvious that the regions of the polymer, it is also obvious that the regions of the polymers giving rise to the other two fractions have an polymers giving rise to the other two fractions have an inhibitory effect on the activity of the total polymer. inhibitory effect on the activity of the total polymer.

Bioactive polysaccharides from the Bioactive polysaccharides from the stems ofstems of Acanthus ebracteatus Acanthus ebracteatus

Sanya Hokputsa, Sanya Hokputsa, Stephen Harding, Stephen Harding,

Kari Inngjerdingen, Kari Inngjerdingen, Kornelia Jumel, Kornelia Jumel,

Terje Michaelsen, Terje Michaelsen, Thomas Heinze, Thomas Heinze,

Andreas Kochella Andreas Kochella and Berit Smestad and Berit Smestad

PaulsenPaulsen

Traditional use in Thailand and Traditional use in Thailand and other countries in the regionother countries in the region

Sea holly, a mangrove plantSea holly, a mangrove plant In Malaysia,In Malaysia,

seeds against cough and boilsseeds against cough and boils

In ChinaIn China hepatitis, lymphoma and astmahepatitis, lymphoma and astma

In ThailandIn Thailand Root and stem for skin diseases and longevityRoot and stem for skin diseases and longevity Crushed leaves on inflamed jointsCrushed leaves on inflamed joints Decoction of the whole plant against inflammationDecoction of the whole plant against inflammation

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

A601

concentration of NaCl

Fraction number

Absorbance at 490 nm

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0A602

NaCl (M)

Separation on DEAE-Sepharose, 50oExtract

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5A1002

A1001

concentration of NaCl

Fraction number


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

NaCl (M)

Separation on DEAE-Sepharose, 100oExtract

Table 1. Appearance, yield, protein content and sugar composition (mol%) of polysaccharide fractions obtained after separation of the crude extracts on the DEAE-Sepharose Fast-flow column

6060C water extractC water extract 100100C water extractC water extract

A601A601 A602A602 A1001A1001 A1002A1002

AppearanceAppearance cream, cream, fluffyfluffy

white, white, fluffyfluffy



YieldsYieldsaa 20.020.0 50.250.2 10.110.1 48.948.9

Protein content Protein content (w/w)(w/w)

4.84.8 6.46.4 5.95.9 6.26.2

Sugar compositionSugar compositionbb

AraAra 9.19.1 11.011.0 13.313.3 6.16.1

RhaRha 0.90.9 12.312.3 0.80.8 7.57.5

FucFuc tracetrace 0.80.8 tracetrace 0.30.3

XylXyl 0.60.6 1.41.4 1.11.1 0.80.8

ManMan 3.63.6 1.41.4 2.32.3 0.40.4

GlcGlc 4.34.3 3.13.1 9.99.9 2.22.2

GalGal 55.055.0 18.718.7 39.639.6 11.011.0

3-3-OO-Me-Gal-Me-Gal 26.526.5 1.31.3 33.033.0 1.91.9

GalAGalA -- 50.050.0 -- 69.869.8a calculated as weight % of applied materialb mol% of total carbohydrate content

Effect of the fractions in the Effect of the fractions in the complement systemcomplement system

Table 2. Glycosidic linkage composition (mol%) of the polysaccharide fractions obtained after separation of the crude extracts on the DEAE-Sepharose Fast-flow column

SugarSugarType of Type of linkagelinkage

FractionFraction

A601A601 A602A602 A1001A1001 A1002A1002

AraAra TTff 1.81.8 2.52.5 2.72.7 2.32.3

1,31,3 1.01.0 -- 0.70.7 --

1,51,5 4.94.9 7.27.2 6.06.0 3.83.8

1,3,51,3,5 1.41.4 1.31.3 2.12.1 --

1,2,51,2,5 -- -- 1.81.8 --

RhaRha TT -- 3.13.1 -- --

1,21,2 -- 7.37.3 0.80.8 7.57.5

1,2,41,2,4 -- 1.91.9 -- tracetrace

FucFuc TT -- -- tracetrace 0.30.3

XylXyl TT -- -- 1.11.1 0.80.8

ManMan TT 3.63.6 1.41.4 2.32.3 --

GlcGlc TT tracetrace tracetrace 0.90.9 tracetrace

1,41,4 4.34.3 3.13.1 7.97.9 --

1,61,6 -- 0.40.4 --

1,4,61,4,6 -- -- 0.60.6 --

GalGalaa TTpp 7.87.8 3.53.5 8.58.5 1.71.7

TTff 4.14.1 -- 1.51.5 --

1,41,4 55.855.8 9.89.8 57.957.9 5.35.3

1,61,6 4.64.6 1.41.4 2.32.3 --

1,4,61,4,6 9.59.5 3.93.9 4.44.4 5.35.3

1,2,41,2,4 1.41.4 0.50.5

GalAGalA TT -- 1.81.8 -- tracetrace

1,41,4 -- 45.445.4 -- 69.869.8

1,3,41,3,4 -- 2.02.0 -- --

1,2,41,2,4 -- 0.80.8 -- tracetrace

aas combined amount of galactose and 3-O-Me-galactose

Linkages presentLinkages present

Neutral polymersNeutral polymers Arabinose, Arabinose, f (minor)f (minor)

T; 1,3; 1,5M; 1,3,5T; 1,3; 1,5M; 1,3,5 Galactose, Galactose, p (major)p (major)

T; 1,4M; 1,6; 1,4,6T; 1,4M; 1,6; 1,4,6 Incl. 3-O-methyl-GalactoseIncl. 3-O-methyl-Galactose

Acidic polymersAcidic polymers Arabinose, Arabinose, ff

T; 1,5T; 1,5 Rhamnose, Rhamnose, pp

T; 1,2M; 1,2,4T; 1,2M; 1,2,4 Galactose, Galactose, pp

T; 1,4m; 1,4,6T; 1,4m; 1,4,6 Incl. 3-O-methyl-GalactoseIncl. 3-O-methyl-Galactose

Galacturonic acid, Galacturonic acid, pp T; 1,4MT; 1,4M

6 5 4 3 2 1

1H-NMR

ppm

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

13C-NMR

ppm

Acetyl

CH3-O-C

108,5 – C1 L-Araf

104,5 – 1-4 gal

105,3 – 1-4 3-O-megal

58,5 – OCH3

21,2 and 174,8 – acetylgroups

NMR of the Neutral Fraction

6 5 4 3 2 1

1H-NMR

ppm

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

13C-NMR

ppm

ResiduesResiduesChemical shift (ppm)Chemical shift (ppm)

C-1C-1 C-2+3C-2+3 C-4C-4 C-5C-5 C-6C-6

-(1-(14)-Gal4)-GalppAA 100,2100,2 69.2-69.769.2-69.7 79.2-79.779.2-79.7 71.571.5 175.8175.8

6-Me-Gal6-Me-GalppAA 101.0101.0 69.2-69.769.2-69.7 79.2-79.779.2-79.7 71.571.5 171.7171.7

-(1-(14)-Gal4)-Galpp 104.4104.4 72.572.5 n.dn.d n.dn.d 61.861.8

-(1-(15)-Ara5)-Araff 108.6108.6 n.dn.d n.dn.d n.dn.d --

-(1-(12)-Rha2)-Rhapp n.dn.d n.dn.d n.dn.d n.dn.d 17.617.6

Summary of 13C chemical shifts for A1002

100 200 300 400 500 600

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

A1002f

A1002e

A1002d

A1002c

A1002b

A1002a


Elution volume (ml)

Gelfiltration ofthe acidic fraction1002

Table 4. Yield, weight average molecular weight (Mw) and sugar composition (mol%) o

f A1002 sub- fractions obtained after size exclusion chromatography of A1002

FractionFraction

A1002aA1002a A1002bA1002b A1002cA1002c A1002dA1002d A1002eA1002e A1002fA1002f PM IIPM IIaa

YieldYieldbb 8.68.6 8.68.6 24.024.0 16.016.0 31.431.4 3.43.4 --

Molecular weight Molecular weight (KDa)(KDa)

150015003030 2762762020 585866 424233 323244 292944 46-4846-48

Sugar compositionSugar compositioncc

AraAra 7.37.3 7.17.1 5.65.6 4.34.3 3.93.9 4.34.3 8.88.8

RhaRha 5.95.9 5.75.7 5.65.6 5.55.5 5.55.5 5.75.7 4.24.2

FucFuc 0.60.6 0.30.3 0.30.3 0.30.3 tracetrace 0.30.3 --

XylXyl 0.70.7 0.60.6 0.60.6 0.60.6 0.50.5 0.60.6 --

ManMan 1.41.4 -- -- -- -- -- --

GlcGlc 5.15.1 2.12.1 1.51.5 1.61.6 1.51.5 2.32.3 7.37.3

GalGal 16.216.2 13.113.1 10.010.0 8.28.2 6.96.9 8.18.1 8.08.0

3-3-OO-Me-Gal-Me-Gal 13.913.9 1.81.8 0.50.5 tracetrace tracetrace tracetrace --

Total neutral sugarsTotal neutral sugars 51.151.1 30.730.7 24.124.1 20.520.5 18.318.3 21.321.3 28.328.3

GalA (A)GalA (A) 49.149.1 69.469.4 75.975.9 79.579.5 81.881.8 78.778.7 71.171.1

a data obtained from Samuelsen et al. 1996bcalculated as weight% of applied materialc mol% of total carbohydrate content

5 10 15 20 25 30

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Detector response (volts)

Elution volume (ml)

90º detector RI detector

5 10 15 20 25 30

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16


Elution volume (ml)


5 10 15 20 25 30

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6


Elution volume (ml)


10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09


Elution volume (ml)

1002a 1002b 1002c 1002d 1002e 1002f

0 50 100 150 200 2500

20

40

60

80

100

Inhibition of lysis (%)


PM II 1001A 1002A

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0

20

40

60

80

100 A1002f A1002e A1002d A1002c A1002b A1002a A1002 PMII

% Inhibition of lysis


Effects on the complement system


High mol.weight fraction of 1002 highest High mol.weight fraction of 1002 highest activityactivity

May be one or two types of molecules, May be one or two types of molecules, If so:If so: One basically pectic likeOne basically pectic like One rich in 3-O-methylgalactoseOne rich in 3-O-methylgalactose Or one with all componentsOr one with all components

The effect of the polysaccharides may The effect of the polysaccharides may explain the traditional use in inflammation explain the traditional use in inflammation

Plantago majorPlantago major

Traditional use in Scandinavia:

Wound healing

PM IIPM II De-esterification and de-acetylationDe-esterification and de-acetylation PectinasePectinase Oxalic acid hydrolysisOxalic acid hydrolysis TFA-hydrolysisTFA-hydrolysis PectolyasePectolyase Periodate oxidationPeriodate oxidation

Structure/activity relationsStructure/activity relations

De-esterification and de-acetylation De-esterification and de-acetylation no change of activityno change of activity

Hairy regions more active than smooth areasHairy regions more active than smooth areas HMW hairy regions with 1,3,6 linked galactose HMW hairy regions with 1,3,6 linked galactose

highly activehighly active Removal of arabinose on galactose Removal of arabinose on galactose

increase activityincrease activity Removal of arabinose on galacturonic acid Removal of arabinose on galacturonic acid

reduce activityreduce activity

PM II activate the complement system

Classical pathway activator

Alterantive pathway activator

not through C1Q (as IgG)

not through the lectin pathway

probably through C3

Variation in activity between different sera, 220 fold

No difference in the level of antibodies against PMII in the sera

Variation in individual effectVariation in individual effect

PMII protects against systemic PMII protects against systemic Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Mice Infection in Mice

PMII protects against the infection when PMII protects against the infection when administered systematically prechallengeadministered systematically prechallenge

Protective effect is due to stimulation of Protective effect is due to stimulation of the innate immune system, not the the innate immune system, not the adaptive.adaptive.

ConclusionsConclusions

Polysaccharides from different medicinal plants Polysaccharides from different medicinal plants from various countries that traditionally are used from various countries that traditionally are used as woundhealing agents or against inflammation as woundhealing agents or against inflammation have bioactivities that influence the have bioactivities that influence the immmunsystem in different ways in vitro, most immmunsystem in different ways in vitro, most probably also in vivo.probably also in vivo.

Possible agents or leads for safe medicines as Possible agents or leads for safe medicines as no toxic effects yet shown for polysaccharides of no toxic effects yet shown for polysaccharides of these types.these types.

Co-workersCo-workers Cecilie SognCecilie Sogn Kari InngjerdingenKari Inngjerdingen Drissa DialloDrissa Diallo Haruki YamadaHaruki Yamada Hiroaki KiyoharaHiroaki Kiyohara Terje MichaelsenTerje Michaelsen Sanya HokputsaSanya Hokputsa Stephen HardingStephen Harding Anne Berit SamuelsenAnne Berit Samuelsen Hilde BarsettHilde Barsett

Financial support:

NUFU,PRO 22/2002 Medicinal plants from Mali

COST D28 Therapeutic polysaccharides

Documents

Bioactive polysaccharides from medicinal plants used in woundhealing and against inflammation Berit Smestad Paulsen Department of Pharmacognosy School