Bioactive ceramic-reinforced composites for bone augmentation

by K. E. Tanner

InterfaceVolume 7(Suppl 5):S541-S557

October 6, 2010

©2010 by The Royal Society

Apparent shear viscosity of 48 650 molecular weight PE reinforced with 40 vol% spray-dried HA (P205) and sintered HA particles (P215) at temperatures between 200 and 250°C (adapted from

Joseph et al. 2002a).

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Schematic showing the different amounts of matrix used to coat high specific surface area spray-dried HA (P205) versus sintered low specific surface area HA (P215S) (adapted from

Joseph et al. 2002a).

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Impact fracture surfaces of 30 vol% (a) spray-dried HA and (b) sintered HA in polyethylene, showing the longer draw fibrils with the lower surface area filler particles (marker bars = 10 µm)

(adapted from Zhang & Tanner 2008).

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Effect of the extrusion ratio on the flexural strength (crosses), flexural modulus (open squares) and strain to failure (filled triangles) of hydrostatically extruded 40 vol% HA/PE.

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Optical micrographs of selectively laser-sintered 20 vol% HA in PE showing the infiltration of the resin and thus that it is an open-celled material with each particle composed of HA/PE composite

(marker bars are 50, 50 and 10 µm, respectively) (adapted fro...

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Isochronous creep testing of HAPEX showing (a) the loading regime and (b) the results obtained for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and reinforced with 20 vol% (20 HA/PE) and 40 vol% HA (40

HA/PE) (adapted from Suwanprateeb et al. 1995).

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) Influence of immersion upon the creep behaviour of 2.5 Mrad γ-irradiated 40 HA/PE at 6 MPa applied stress at 37°C in Ringer's solution (continuous line, non-immersed; dash–dot line, 1 day;

short-dashed line, 7 days; dotted line, 90 days; long-dashed lin...

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Stress–strain loops for fully reversed (a) tension compression at ±50% of ultimate tensile strength and (b) torsion at ±50% of ultimate shear strength (adapted from Ton That et al. 2000a).

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) Comparison of the Young modulus of HA in PE measured experimentally (filled squares) and predicted using FEA modelling with the PE bulk modulus at 5 GPa (circles) and 10 GPa (open

squares); (b) contours of stress concentration of the von Mises stress in...

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) Alkaline phosphatase activity on samples of HAPEX (filled bars) and PE (striped bars) with Thermanox (TMX) (unfilled bars) as a control surface and (b) SEM of osteoblasts attaching down

onto the HA particles in HAPEX (marker bar = 10 µm) (adapted from H...

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Effect of surface texture on osteoblast attachment to (a) grooved with grooves 50 µm deep and 50 µm wide and (b) pitted with pits 50 µm deep and 50 µm wide and polished areas of HAPEX

(marker bars = 100 µm) (adapted from Rea et al. 2004c).

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

The interaction of femoral head origin osteoblasts with 30 vol% HA/PE manufactured using (a) spray-dried HA, (b) sintered HA particles (marker bars = 10 µm) and (c) the alkaline phosphatase

activity of osteoblasts from femoral heads (HOBf) and calvaris (HOB...

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

The interaction of human osteoblasts on selectively laser-sintered (a) 20 vol% HA/PA; (b) 30 vol% HA/PA (marker bars = 10 µm) and (c) osteocalcin levels on Thermanox control (TMX, unfilled

bars), electively laser-sintered 20 vol% HA/PA (SLSHAPE, grey bars) ...

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Section through the base of the slot machined into a HAPEX cylinder and implanted in a rabbit knee for five weeks.

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

A HAPEX implant in the orbital floor of a patient who has lost an eye.

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Middle ear implant in situ showing the notch cut in the HAPEX shaft to allow the implant to sit over the arch of the stapes (top) and the HA head resting on the tympanic membrane (bottom).

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Actin cytoskeleton (green)/vinculin (red) interaction surrounding the cell nucleus (blue) on (a) PMMA (marker bar = 10 µm) and (b) PMMA reinforced with 6 vol% HA (marker bar = 10 µm)

(adapted from Dalby et al. 2001).

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Interface developed between cortical bone and 40 vol% HA/PHB after one month (marker bar = 100 µm) (adapted from Luklinska & Bonfield 1997).

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Comparison of the reinforcing effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) (filled diamonds), Bioglass (filled squares) and A–W glass (filled triangles) ceramic in polyethylene on (a) Young's modulus and (b)

tensile strength at a range of volume fractions.

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

Polished sections of 40 vol% Bioglass-reinforced PE. (a) Polished section (marker bar = 100 µm) and (b) after 7 days in simulated body fluid (marker bar = 10 µm) (adapted from Huang et al.

1997a).

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) An osteoblast growing on A–W glass ceramic in PE composite showing the cell attaching preferentially onto the A–W glass ceramic particles (marker bar = 10 µm) and (b) the increases in

cell number with time for 30 and 50 vol% A–W glass ceramic in PE with...

K. E. Tanner J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S541-S557

©2010 by The Royal Society