Bio Sci Skeletal Complete

8/6/2019 Bio Sci Skeletal Complete

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1. FUNCTIONS1.Support form the framework that

supports the body and cradles softorgans

2. Protection provide a protective case

for the brain, spinal cord, and vital

organs

3. Movement provide levers for muscles4. Mineral storage reservoir for

minerals, especially calcium and

phosphorus

e.g. Ca, P, Mg, Na

Calcium is necessary for: Transmission of nerve impulses

Muscle contraction

Blood coagulation

Secretion by glands and nerve cells

Cell division


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5. Blood cell formation

hematopoiesis occurs

within the marrow cavitiesof bones

e.g. In infants, found in

the medullary cavity

and all areas of spongy

bone

In adults, found in

the diplo of flat bones,and the head of the

femur and humerus


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Includes not only bones, but also joints, cartilages, and

ligaments


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Skeletal Cartilages

Contains no blood vessels or nerves

Surrounded by the perichondrium (denseirregular connective tissue) that resists outward

expansion

Three types

1. Hyaline cartilage2. elastic cartilage

3. fibrocartilage


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Hyaline

Cartilage

Provides support, flexibility,and resilience

Is the most abundantskeletal cartilage

Is present in these

cartilages: Articular covers the ends

of long bones

Costal connects the ribsto the sternum

Respiratory makes up the

larynx and reinforces airpassages

Nasal supports the nose


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Elastic Cartilage

Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elasticfibers

Found in the external ear and the epiglottis


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Fibrocartilage

Highly compressed with great tensile strength

Contains collagen fibers

Found in menisci of the knee and inintervertebral discs


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Microanatomy of the Bone

Rigid form of CT with cell, fibers & ground substance /matrix

Ground substance is calcified becomes hard and brittle

Calcified matrix made up of organic elements (collagen,protein polysaccharide and chondroitin sulfate)

Inorganic elements calcium, magnesium, and sodium;makes up the greater portion of the matrix


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Bone Cells

1. Osteoblasts

2. Osteocytes3. Osteoclasts

4. Osteoprogenitor cells

Undifferentiated cells

On free bony surfaces,endosteum, periosteum,lining of the Haversiancanal, epiphyseal plate

Divide osteoblasts

(bone forming cells)

Unite osteoclasts

(bone destroying cells)


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Spongy Bone Irregular branching bony

spicules forming a networkof interconnecting spacescontaining bone marrow

With thin trabeculae madeup of irregular lamellae of

bone with lacunaecontaining osteocytes

Trabeculae lined byendosteum containing

osteoprogenitor cells,osteoblasts & osteoclasts

Absence of haversian system


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Compact Bone Haversian system, or

osteon the structuralunit of compact bone Lamella weight

bearing, columnlikematrix tubes composedmainly of collagen

Haversian, or centralcanal central channelcontaining blood vesselsand nerves

Volkmanns canals channels lying at rightangles to the centralcanal, connecting bloodand nerve supply of theperiosteum to that ofthe Haversian canal


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Osteoblasts bone

forming cells

Osteocytes mature

bone cells

Osteoclasts large cellsthat resorb or break

down bone matrix

Osteoid unmineralized

bone matrix composedof proteoglycans,

glycoproteins, and

collagen


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OSTEOGENESIS/ OSSIFICATION

q Begins at week 8 of embryo development

q Intramembranous ossification

q Intracartilaginous ossification


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OSTEOGENESIS/ OSSIFICATION

1. Intramembranous Ossification occurs directly in primitiveCT w/o cartilage formation

e.g. Commonly seen in the flat bones of the face & skull

Stages:


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Stages of Intramembranous Ossification


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2. Intracartilaginous / Endochondral Ossification

Involves the replacement of a cartilage model by bone

e.g. Involves the bones of the entire skeletal system except the

bones of the face & skull

Uses hyaline cartilage bones as models for bone construction

Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

Ectopic bone formation when bone arises in tissuesnot belonging to the skeletal system or in CT w/o

osteogenic properties


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Steps:


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Classification ofbones as toshape

1.Long bones

longer than theyare wide mostly compact

bone have a shaft with

heads at both

ends function as levers

e.g. limb bonessuch as humerus


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Periosteum a layer of

specialized CT w/ osteogenic

potential

Endosteum a thin cellular

layer w/ osteogenic

properties covering themarrow cavity


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2. Short bones

Cubeshaped bones

Contain mostlyspongy bone

Found in confinedspaces, where theytransfer forces ofmovement

e.g. wrists and anklebones


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3. flat bones

thin, flattened, and usually

curved

have 2 thin layers of

compact bone sandwichinga layer of spongy bone

provide protection for

underlying organs and

surfaces for muscle

attachment

e.g. ribs, sternum, and most

skull bones


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4. Irregular bones

bones with

complicated shapes

or

elaborated for

muscle attachment

or articulation

e.g. vertebrae and

hip bones, ethmoid


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Diploe found in the flat bones of the face and skull; a

layer of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone

forming an outer and inner table


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5. Wormian bones

accessory bones

found between thejoints of the skullwhen their edgesmeet

e.g. Sutures of theskull

6. Sesamoid bones

small bones which

develop withintendons in responseto stress

e.g. Kneecap


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Main Division of the Skeleton

1. Axial Division bones that form the axis of the body and supports

and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk2. Appendicular Division bones of the girdles and the extremities.

The girdles anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton.


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1. AXIAL SKELETONA. Skull Cranium (including hyoid and ear ossicles)

Facial Bones

B. Vertebral Column/ Spine Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacrum

Coccyx

C. Bony Thorax Sternum Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid

Ribs True ribs

False ribs(including floating ribs)


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11.Appendicular Skeleton A. Pectoral girdle Clavicle

Scapula

B. Upper Extremities Upper Arm HumerusLower Arm Radius

Ulna

Hand Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

C. Pelvic Girdle Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

D. Lower Extremities Thigh Femur

Leg TibiaFibula

Foot Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges


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There are 206 bones in typical human skeleton.

1. AXIAL SKELETON (80) 3. Ear ossicles (6)

A. SKULL (22) malleus (2)1. Cranial (8) incus (2)

frontal (1) stapes (2)

parietal (2)

temporal (2) 4. Hyoid (1)

occipital (1)

ethmoid (1) B. Thorax (25)sphenoid (1) sternum (1)

2. Facial ribs (24)

nasal (2)

lacrimal (2) C. Vertebral Column (26)

maxlla (2) cervical (7)

inferior nasal conchae (2) thoracic (12)zygomatic (2) lumbar (5)

palatine (2) sacrum (1) 5 fused vertebrae

vomer (1) coccyx (1) 4 fused vertebrae

mandible (1)


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11. APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126)

A. Pectoral Girdle (4) C. Pelvic Girdle (2)

scapula (2) os coxae (2) each contains

clavicle (2) 3 fused bones

B. Upper Extremities (60) D. Lower Extremities (60)

humerus (2) femur (2)

radius (2) tibia (2)

ulna (2) fibula (2)

carpals (16) patella (2)metacarpals (10) tarsals (14)

phalanges (28) metatarsals (10)

phalanges (28)


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1. AXIAL SKELETON

q divided into 3 parts: skull, vertebral column and thorax

q divided into 3 parts: skull, vertebral column and thorax

A. SKULL

1. Cranium

protects the brain

consist of 8 large, flat bonesall are single except the parietals and the temporals


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1.1 Frontal

forms the forehead, the bony

projections under the eyebrows and

the superior part of each eyes orbit

If the frontal suture uniting the left

and right sides of the frontal bone

persists, it is referred to as the

metopic suture

1.2 Parietals

forms the lateral and superior walls

of the skull

they meet in the midline of theskull at the sagittal suture

meet the frontal bone by a

coronal suture


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Orbit

roof is formed by the

frontal

lateral wall by the

zygomatic and

sphenoidmedial wall by the

nasals, lacrimals, and

ethmoid

floor by themaxillaries


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1.3 Temporalsform the temple

lie inferior to the parietal bonesmeet the parietals at thesquamous suture

with 5 bone markings1.external acoustic (auditory)

meatuscanal that leads to theeardrum and middle ear2.styloid processinferior to theexternal auditory meatusneedle like projection that servesas attachment point for some neck

muscles3.zygomatic processjoins thetemporal process of the zygomatic

bone to form the zygomatic arch


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4.mastoid process rough breast likeprojection posterior and inferior to theexternal

acoustic meatusattachment site for some neck muscleeasily palpated as a bony knob behind theear lobefull of air cavities called mastoid sinuseshigh risk spot for infectionbecause of itsproximity to the middle ear and brain

5.Jugular foramenat the junction of theoccipital and temporal bonesallows passage of jugular vein (largest veinof the head)that drains the brain

Carotid canal allows passage of carotidartery that supplies blood to the brain

6.temporal fossa a depression on theinferior side of the zygomatic process of thetemporal

bonearticulates with the mandible to form theTMJ


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1.4 Occipitalforms the floor and back wall of theskulljoins parietal bones at the lambdoid

suture.

with 3 bone markings:1.foramen magnum large openingat the base that allows the brain toconnect with the spinal cord2.occipital condyles roundprotrusions, lateral to the foramenmagnum, that articulate with the atlasof the vertebral column3.external occipital

protruberance prominent midlineprojection on the posterior surface justposterior to the foramen magnum thatserve as attachment point for theligamentum nucha, a large fibrouselastic ligament which helps support

the head


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1.5 Sphenoid bonebutterfly shaped bone thatspans the width of the skull

keystone of the craniumforms the floor of theskull

with 2 bone markings:1. sella turcica(Turks

saddle) a depression at thecenter that holds thepituitary gland in place2.foramen ovale a large opening at the posterior endof the sella turcica that

allows the passage ofcranialnerve V (trigeminal nerve)


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1.6 Ethmoid bone an irregular bone infront of sphenoid and behind frontal boneforms the roof of the nasal cavity and part of

the medial wall of the orbit

with 4 bone markings:1.crista galli (literally, cocks comb) projecting from its superior surface.serves as a point of attachment for the

membranes that cover the brain2.superior and middle nasal conchae(turbinates) scroll shaped bones in thelateral wall of the nasal cavity

Turbinates allow the air to swirl soforeign particles may become trapped in themucus that lines the nasal passageways.3.perpendicular plate forms the superiorportion of the nasal septum4.cribriform plate the holey areas on eachside of the crista galli that allow fiberscarrying impulses from the olfactory (smell)receptors of the nose to reach the brain


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2. FACIAL BONESconsist of 14 bones12 are paired only the mandible and

vomer are single

2.1 Maxillaeform the upper jawthe main, or keystone bones of theface because all facial bones exceptthe mandible join the maxillae

its extensions called palatineprocesses form the anterior part of thehard platecarry the upper teeth in the socketsof the alveolar margin2.2 Palatinesform the posteriorpart of the hard palate

Failure of the palatines or thepalatine processes to fuse mediallyresults in cleft palate


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2.3 Zygomatics the cheekboneswith temporal processes that unite

with the zygomatic processes of the

temporal bones to form thezygomatic arch2.4 Lacrimals form part of themedial walls of each orbitsmallest facial bones about thesize of a fingernail

with grooves that serve as apassageway for tears2.5 Nasals small rectangular

bones forming the bridge of thenose2.6 Vomer single bone in the

median line of the nasal cavityforms the bridge of the

nose2.7 Inferior Nasal Conchae thin curved bones projecting fromthe lateral walls of the nasal cavity


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The Sutures of the Skull

Which of the sutures is not shown?


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2.8 Mandible forms the lower jawthe horizontal part (the body) forms the chin the two upright bars (the rami)connect the mandible with the temporal boneeach ramus presents 2 processes the condylar and coronoid processes

largest and the strongest bone of the facethe only movable bone of the face


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Sinuses are air filled cavities such as

the paranasal sinuses (frontal,

maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid,

sphenoid) and the mastoidsinuses. Function to lighten the

weight of the skull and give

resonance to the voice

fontanels

soft spots/ unossified areas in the

skull of newlyborn

little fountain because rhythm of the

babys pulse can be felt in it

allow the fetal skull to be

compressed slightly during birth and

the infants brain to grow during the

latter part of pregnancy


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Hyoid bone horseshoe shaped,with a body and 2 pairs of horns

suspended in the midneckregion above the larynx

anchored by ligaments tothe styloid processes

unique in that it is theonly bone of the body that doesnot articulate

directly with any other

boneserves as movable base

for tongue and attachment pointfor neck muscles

Ear ossicles 3 little paired

bones found inside the middle earcavity1. anvil/ incus2. hammer/ malleus3. stapes/ stirrups

smallest bones in the bodyamplify the sound


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Ear ossicles 3little paired bonesfound inside themiddle ear cavity

1. anvil/ incus2. malleus/

hammer3. stapes/

stirrupssmallest bones inthe bodyamplify the sound


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B. Vertebral column (Spine)the axial support of the bodyextends from the skull, which itsupports, to the pelvis, where ittransmits the weight of the body tothe lower limbsformed from 26 irregular bonesconnected and reinforced byligamentsbefore birth, the spine consists of

33 separate vertebaraebut 9 ofthese fuse to form 2 composite

bones: the sacrum and coccyxthe 24 single vertebrae include 7cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar

vertebrae)the vertebrae are separated bypads of fibrocartilage(intervertebral discs)


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The VertebraeCommon features body (centrum) disclike,

weight bearing part of the vertebraVertebral arch formed from

joining of lamina and pedicleVertebral foramen canalthrough which spinal cord passesTransverse process 2 lateral

projections from the vertebral archSpinous process singleprojection arising from theposterior aspect of the vertebralarchSuperior and inferiorarticular processes pairedprojections lateral to the vertebralforamen allow vertebra to form

joints with adjacent vertebrae


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1. Cervical Vertebraeforms the neck regionfirst 2 are different

1st CV: atlas carries theskull ringlike body(centrum) isabsent with large neural canal

with large depression thatarticulates with the occipitalcondyles of the skull forming

atlanto occipital joint allows youto nod yes

2nd CV: axis(epistropheus) acts as a pivotfor the rotation of the atlas andskull with odontoid process ordens which acts as the pivot pointthe joint between C1 and C2allows you to rotate your headfrom side to side to indicate no


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2. Thoracic vertebrae12 thoracic vertebrae are alltypicalwith heart shaped bodythe spinous process is long andhooks sharply downwardhas 2 costal demifacets on each

side for articulating with theribs

3. Lumbar vertebraewith massive block like bodies

and short, hatchet shapedspinous processesstrong because bears most ofthe body weight


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4. Sacrumformed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebraeforms the posterior wall of the pelviswith winglike alae that articulate laterally

with the hip bonesand a median sacral crest

The spinous process of the 5thvertebra ofsacrum (post view) does not form, leavinga sacral hiatus which is the site of caudalanesthetic injections given just before

childbirthThe anterior edge of the body of the firstsacral vertebra bulges to form the sacralpromontory, a landmark felt during the

vaginal examination to determine if pelvicopenings are large enough to allow for

normal vaginal delivery

5.Coccyxthe human tailboneformed by fusion by 3 to 5 tiny vertebrae


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Abnormal Spinal CurvaturesAbnormalities may be congenital or result from disease, poor

posture, or unequal muscle pull on the spine

Scoliosislateral bending of the

vertebral column, usually

in the thoracic region

Kyphosis (hunch back)an exaggeration

of the thoracic curve

of the vertebral column

Lordosis (swayback)an exaggeration of the

lumbar curve

OSTEOPOROSIS


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OSTEOPOROSISq Osteoporosis, or porous bone, results from reduction in the overall

quantity of bone matrix.

q A common consequence of aging, particularly in womenq Factors that contribute to osteoporosis are a diet poor in Ca 2+ and

protein, lack of Vit D, smokin g, and insufficient weightbearing

exercise, to stress the bones

C BONY THORAX


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C. BONY THORAXconsists of sternum, ribs, andthoracic vertebrae

1. Sternumcommonly called breastbone

attached to the clavicle bysternoclavicular

joint

it is a flat bone consisting of 3segments:

1. manubrium (anteriormost),2. body3. Xiphoid process (sword

like) an important landmark ingiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation

(CPR)

Because sternum is located close to the

body surface, it is easy to obtain samples

ofbloodforming tissue for diagnosis of

blood diseases.


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Markings:

1. Sternal angle (angle of Lewis)a slight elevation felt at

the junction of the manubrium and body of the

sternum; corresponds to the 2nd rib or to the 2nd

intercostal space or to the point of bifurcation of

trachea into bronchi or to the root of the arch of the

aorta

2. Suprasternal (jugular) notch a depression found atthe level of sternoclavicular joint; attachment point of

neck muscles


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2 Ribs


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2. Ribsits head articulates posteriorly to the vertebra and anteriorly to the sternum thru

costal cartilagesTypes

a. true ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) the first 7 pairsattach directly to the sternum by costal cartilages

b. false ribs vertebrochondral indirectly attached to the sternum because8th, 9th, and 10th ribs attach to each otherand then to the 7th pair of ribs

floating (vertebral ribs) lack sternal attachment


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11. Appendicular Skeletonqcomposed of 126 bones of the limbs and girdles

A. Pectoral girdle Clavicle

Scapula

B. Upper Extremities Upper Arm Humerus

Lower Arm Radius

Ulna

Hand Carpals

MetacarpalsPhalanges

C. Pelvic Girdle Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

D. Lower Extremities Thigh Femur

Leg Tibia

Fibula

Foot Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges


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A. Pectoral Girdle

light, poorly reinforced to allow upper extremities a greater deal of free

movement however, shoulder

joint is very easily dislocated

consists of 2 bones : clavicle and scapula

1.Clavicle (collar bone)forms the bony root of the neckslender, S shaped boneattaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially (by its sternalend) and to the scapula laterally(by its acromial end)

it acts as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax andhelp prevent shoulder dislocation the whole shoulder region caves inmedially when the clavicle is broken


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2.Scapula (shoulder blade)

commonly called wings

triangular

with 2 impt processes: acromion and coracoid

Acromion

expanded process of the scapular spine which can be felt as the high point of

the shoulder

connects with the clavicle forming the acromioclavicular joint

Coracoid

beaklike projection of the superior border of the scapula and to which thetendons of the muscles attach

has 3 borders: superior, vertebral (medial), and axillary (lateral)

has 3 angles: superior, inferior, and lateral


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Aspine runs diagonally across the posterior surface of thescapula.

Above the spine is thesupraspinous fossa and below, is theinfraspinous fossa.

Both serve as surfaces of attachment for the tendons ofshoulder muscles.

On the anterior surface is the subscapular fossa, also asurface of attachment for the tendons of

shoulder muscles.

Glenoid cavity

a shallow socket that receives the head of the humerus

found at the lateral angle of the scapula


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B.1. HUMERUSthe arm bone

the longest and largest bone of upper extremity

at the proximal end is a rounded head that articulates with the glenoid cavity ofthe scapula opposite the head are 2 bony projections the greater (lateral) andlesser (anterior) tubercles

in the midpoint, is a roughened area called the deltoid tuberositywhich is a

point of attachment for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder

at the distal end, are the medial trochlea (a spool shaped surface that articulates with the ulna) and the lateral capitulum (a rounded knob that articulates with thehead of the radius)

the coronoid fossa is an anterior depression that receives the coronoid process ofthe ulna when the forearm is bent the olecranon fossa is a posterior depressionthat receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is extended

the medial and lateral epicondyles are rough projections on either side of thedistal end to which most muscles of the forearm are attached


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2.1. RADIUSthe shorter, more robust bone located on the lateral (thumb) side of

the forearm

the disc shaped head articulates with the capitulum of the humerusand the radial notch of the ulna serves as attachment point for thetendon of biceps muscle

2.2. ULNAthe longer bone with distinct depressions and is located on the medial

(little finger) side of the forearmon its proximal end are anterior coronoid process and posteriorolecranon process, which are separated by trochlear notch togetherthese 2 processes grip the trochlea of the humerus in a pliers like joint

at the proximal end of the ulna is the olecranon which forms the

prominence of the elbow


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3.1 CARPALS8 carpal bones, arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each

navicular (lateral side) ScaphoidLunate Lunate

proximal row Triquetrum TriquetrumPisiform Pisiform

greater Multangular (lateral) Trapezium

distal row lesser Multangular TrapezoidCapitate (largest) Capitate

Hamate Hamatescaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum articulate with the distal end of the radius3.2. METACARPALSnumbered 1 to 5 from the thumb side toward the little fingerwhen the fist is clenched, the heads or knuckles of the metacarpals becomeprominent

3.3 PHALANGES

each hand contains 14 phalangesthe 5 fingers are the pollex thumb), index, medius, medius, annularis, minimusthere are 3 phalanges in each finger except in the thumb, which has only 2


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C. Pelvic Girdle (2)


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C. PELVIC GIRDLE

large, heavy, and securely attached to the sacrum because of its weight

bearing function

commonly called hip bones

braces the lower extremities

formed by 2 coxal bones called ossa coxaeeach coxal bone is formed by fusion of 3 bones: ilium, ischium andpubis

united anteriorly by the symphysis pubis

hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx forms the bony pelviswhich supportsand protects the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and part of thelarge intestine


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Ilium


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uppermost, large, flaring bonewhen you put your hands on your hips, they rest over the iliaarticulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

Iliac crest prominent upper edge of iliumimportant anatomic landmark by those giving injections important in

bone marrow aspiration

Ischiumsit down boneforms the most inferior part of the coxal bone

Ischial tuberosityroughened area, receives body weight when sittingGreater sciatic notchfound below posterior inferior iliac spineallows blood vessel and large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis

posteriorly into the thigh injection in the buttocks should always begiven away from this areaIschial spine found superior to the tuberosity an importantlandmark in pregnant woman because narrows the pelvic outlet


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P bis


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Pubismost anterior part of a coxal bonefused at the pubic sympysis

obturator foramen formed by the fusion of rami of pubic andischial bones allows blood vessels and nerves to pass into theanterior part of the thighacetabulumvinegar cup a deep and heavily reinforcedsocket that receives the head of the femur

Comparison Between Male and Female Pelvis

In general, female pelvis is lighter and broader; inlet and outlet are

larger; characteristic features are related to the child bearing functions


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D. 1.Femurthigh bone

longest, heaviest, strongest bone of the body

Its ball like head at the proxproximal end of the bone articulateswith the acetabulumthe constricted neck is a common fracture site in old peoplethe greater and lesser trochanterlocated on the shaft all serveas sites for muscle attachmentlinea asperais a vertical ridge on the posterior surface of theshaftthe lateral and medial condyles whi ch are separated byintercondylar fossa articulate with the tibia and form a joint withthe patellaon either side above condyles are the lateral and medial

epicondyles


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Tibia

the shin bonelarger and more medialmedial and lateral condyles articulate with the distal end of thefemur to form the knee jointtibial tuberosityroughened area on the anterior tibial surface servesas attachment point for the ligament of the patella

medial malleous forms the inner bulge of the ankleanterior crest anterior surface of the tibia (easily felt beneath theskin)

FibulaNo part in forming the knee joint

Lateral malleous forms the the outer part of the ankle


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FOOTsupports body weight and serves as a lever that allows us to propelour bodies forward when we walk and run

composed of tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Tarsuscomposed of 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges the tarsal bonesinclude

a. talus (ankle bone) b. calcaneus (heel bone) )c. navicular (boat shaped)d. cuboide. the 3 cuneiforms

6. the metatarsals form the sole

7. phalangesform the toes each toe has 3 phalanges except thegreat toe which has only 2


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Bio Sci Skeletal Complete