Biology

Investigatory

2012

M Anirudh 7/11/2012

Biology Investigatory

Project

Urinalysis

Submitted by

M Anirudh

XII

CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY

This is to certify that M ANIRUDH, a student of class XII has successfully completed the research project on the topic “Urinalysis” under the guidance of Ms. SHEEBA (Biology Teacher).

This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in making this project have been declared at the end of this report.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE (Subject Teacher) (Examiner)

SIGNATURE (Principal)

It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to my biology teacher Ms.SHEEBA for her guidance, support and encouragement throughout the duration of the project.

Without her motivation and help ,the successful completion of this project would not have been possible . Also, I heartily thank my school Principal Ms.Mini Verma madam for allowing us to use lab in full extent. Also , I thank my FATHER & MOTHER for their encouragement, guidance & support.

M Anirudh XII

INDEX

SERIAL

NUMBER

TOPIC PAGE

NUMBER

1 Certificate Of Authenticity

1

2 Acknowledgement 2

3 Introduction 3

4 Materials Required 7

5 Procedure 8

6 Result 13

7 Bibliography 19

INTRODUCTION

What is Urine ? :

Urine is a typically sterile liquid by-product of the body

secreted by the kidneys .

Major composition of urine is water (97%). Other

component of urine are organic & inorganic compounds

like urea, bilirubin, ammonium chloride and salts of

calcium & potassium .Also they excrete excess

hormones & vitamins

What is Urinalysis? :

It is the series of test done on urine. It is the one of the

most common method of medical diagnostic.

Why Urinalysis :

Most of the blood constituents are present in urine. Most of the body wastes are brought to kidney for filtration. Hence the body ailment can be located through this analysis.

Most of the bacteria and viruses are discharged from our body through urine.

This method is more convenient than blood test because:

Some might be scared of blood so this provides to

be an alternative for blood tests. It is easy to analyze most of the bacteria in water

medium than in blood.

Types of urine Specimens :

Specimen Uses : 1 day preserved specimen

For quantitative chemical analysis

2 Hours after lunch First morning Specimen Drug specimen

Diabetic Monitoring Diabetic Monitoring Drug testing

Preservation of Urine : 1. Physical Preservation: Urine is stored in the

refrigerator which doesn’t affect the constituent of urine. Required Volume : 30-45 ml taken within 4 minutes Temperature : 32.5ºC to 37.7ºC

2. Chemical preservation : This process is done under following reagents :-

Phenol: causes an odor change Toluene: not effective for bacteria and molds

Thymol crystals: preserves glucose and sediments well

Formalin: excellent sediment preservative Boric acid: preserves protein well

PROCEDURE

Physical Examination :

o Colour : Denotes the degree of concentration.

The color of non-pathological urine varies

widely from colorless to deep yellow; the more

concentrated the urine, the deeper the color.

The color of urine is usually described after

visual inspection with common color terms.

Examination : Observing the colour .

o PH: Denotes the presence of H+ ion

concentration in the content sample.

Examination : Using PH papers .

Urine sample

Benedict’s solution

Fehling’s solution – 1

Fehling’s solution – 2

Copper sulphate solution

Sodium hydroxide

Borsch’s reagent

Ethanol

Test tubes

Chemical Examination :

RESULT

:

TEST RESULT

Colour Yellowish PH 7.0 (Light Green)

Blood Glucose 0.5% Amine group Amines are present

Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present Ketone Test Ketones are present

Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test) 15%(approx.)

FeCl3 Test No reaction

Phenol Absent

Summary :

The above urine sample is having all vital urine parameter NORMAL . The blood glucose level is Normal (1.0%). The person is HEALTHY .

:

TEST RESULT

Colour Yellowish PH 6.0 (Light Orange)

Blood Glucose 1.0% Amine group Amines are present Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present Ketone Test Ketones are present

Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test) 12%(approx.)

FeCl3 Test No reaction

Phenol Absent

Summary :

The given urine sample is bit acidic (PH = 6.0) . This PH

is not a case of concern . All the other values are corresponding to normal value . The person is HEALTHY .

:

TEST RESULT

Colour Clear PH 7.4 (Light Green)

Blood Glucose 1.0 % Amine group Amines are present Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present Ketone Test Ketones are present

Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test) 12%(approx.)

FeCl3 Test No reaction

Phenol Absent

Summary :

All the values are corresponding to normal value . The person is HEALTHY .

:

TEST RESULT

Colour Yellowish PH 7.0 (Light Green)

Blood Glucose 2.0% Amine group Amines are present Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present Ketone Test Ketones are present

Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test) 10%(approx.)

FeCl3 Test No reaction

Phenol Absent

Summary :

The person is having substantially higher blood sugar than normal . He might be affected by Diabetes . All other values are normal .

:

TEST RESULT

Colour Yellowish PH 8.0 (Dark Green)

Blood Glucose 2.0% Amine group Amines are present Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present Ketone Test Ketones are present

Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test) 23%(approx.)

FeCl3 Test No reaction

Phenol Absent

Summary :

In the given sample of urine specimen, the values of PH , Blood Glucose level and Protein are the serious one . Higher albumin (protein) & PH level in urine indicates serious trouble in Kidney. The person is also affected by Diabetes .

BIBLOGRAPY :

Class XI practical textbook .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagent

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/o

xidation.html

http://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/

ds_sub2.htm

http:/ /www.austincc.edu/mlt/ua/ua_links.html