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Competition Submissions

VISUAL INDEX

Competition Webpage | Maps 1 - 10 | Maps 11 - 20

See pictures from the Award Ceremonyat the NetSci Conference onTuesday, May 22nd, 2007.

You maydownload ALL submissions in one file (1GB / .ZIP ), ratherthan downloading each one individually.

Winners

#1 - Flight Patterns Movie by Aaron Koblin#2 - Diversity and Complexity of Ecosystems: Exploring Balanceand Imbalance in Nature by Neo Martinez and Ilmi Yoon#3 - Evolution of the Artiodactyla in Space and Time by David KiddHonorable Mention -An Emergent Mosaic of Wikipedian ActivitybyBruce Herr and Todd Holloway.

On Display & On DVD

There will be an awards ceremony on Tuesday May 22nd during the NetSciconference (http://www.nd.edu/~netsci/conference.html). All image submissionswill be printed in large format. Video submissions will be projected on two largescreens. Food and drinks including a glass of Champagne will be provided.Note that if you attend the ceremony exclusively then you do not need to paythe NetSci registration fee. A DVD with all submissions will be included in theNetSci Conference package. If you cannot attend NetSci or the awardsceremony but would like to receive a DVD please send us your postal addressand we can ship a copy to you (email [email protected]). If you still need toregister for NetSci, please do so before May 20th here: http://nd.edu/~netsci/

Press Coverage

An Emergent Mosaic of Wikipedian Activityby Bruce Herr and Todd

Holloway, The New Scientist, May 17th, 2007.

Presentations

Jennifer Dunne, Co-Director of Pacific Ecoinformatics and ComputationalEcology Lab, will present Diversity and Complexity of Ecosystems: ExploringBalance and Imbalance in Nature, by Neo Martinez and Ilmi Yoon

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Bruce Herr, An Emergent Mosaic of Wikipedian Activity

(1) Internet Map of the World as seen from AS8843(Switzerland)

High Res Image ( 2.8MB / PDF )

Philippe [email protected] Lab / NetlantisParis, France

Description: This map of the world represents the BGP AS paths from AS8843(Saitis Networks Switzeland) to the rest of the Internet as seen the 7th of March2002. BGP AS paths are found in an Internet operator's routing table which is akind of database that tells how to reach all the other networks available on theInternet.The map is generated by associating geographical coordinates to the differententities (called AS numbers) found in each AS path of AS8843's routing table.The colours and the link's width represent the number of times a path betweentwo different AS numbers is used, which is also the importance of that path forthe ISP running AS8843 (at that moment).

Scientific Value: Limited geo-political analysis of IP space redistribution couldbe done from the map, especially in the Southern hemisphere. ISP's would beinterested by having this map dynamically updated every minute or so, so theycan detect major outages not depending directly on their networks.

Educational Value: This map can be used to help understand BGP routingtables and Internet topology, for example "How does an ISP contact other ISPsaround the world?"

References to Publications: N/ARelated Projects:http://sysctl.org/http://www.netlantis.org/http://asgeo.netlantis.org/

(2) Issue Crawler Back-end Movie

Quicktime Movie ( 39 MB / .M4V )Streaming versions also available:http://movies.issuecrawler.net/

Richard [email protected] of AmsterdamNew MediaAmsterdam, Netherlands

Judges Quotes:

"I can see the quick, wide spread adoption of the 'Issue Crawler' by NGOsthriving to maximize their efforts, students studying social sciences ordocumentary film makers, who want to make sure they cover their subjects withthe most relevant events, players. It's a promising tool that sharpens the focus."Annamaria Talas (Science Producer)Avalon, Australia

Description: The Issue Crawler is Web network location and visualization

software, consisting of a crawler, a co-link analysis machine and visualizationmodules. The user enters seed URLs, the Issue Crawler crawls the URLs,harvests the outlinks and performs co-link analysis in one, two or threeiterations of method. The user may visualize the results as cluster or circlegraphs, or as a geographical map. The Issue Crawler works on the server-side,operated through a browser.

The Issue Crawler Back-End Movie is a demonstration of how the Issue Crawler

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works. The movie is also a narrative of a research project conducted with theIssue Crawler and allied tools. The movie focuses on the implications of globalcivil society's 'issue drift.' As global civil society and intergovernmentalorganizations move from issue to issue, from place to place and from forum toforum, the question is, do they remember what is happening on the ground?

The movie goes like this:

When you meet someone for the first time, they may ask you: Where are youfrom? Some people have a hard time answering that question. For example,someone may say, "I'm from all over the place." To avoid awkwardness, somepeople now ask a new question. "Where are you based?"

Issues have a similar awkwardness. The place where an issue is from may notbe the place where the issue is now based. The issue may have driftedelsewhere -- to another global forum, for example.

Showing methods and mapping results, the Issue Crawler movie addresses theplaces of issues - where they are from, and where they are based. The mostimportant question is whether the new base remembers where the issue isfrom.

Scientific Value: The Issue Crawler Back-end Movie provides an introductionto issue network location on the Web, including co-link analysis, and also to atechnique to map the registered locations of issue network actors onto ageographical map (with the use of the Issue Geographer, now built into theIssue Crawler). The Issue Geographer looks up located URLs on whois.net (viaan aggregation service), parses addresses of where sites are registered,queries a database for latitude and longitude, and plots each to map, with URL

and location labels.Educational Value: The Issue Crawler Back-end movie provides instruction inthe use of the Issue Crawler as well as allied tools, such as the IssueGeographer as well as a Google scraper, where the user batch queries sets ofissue network sites for substance (in a form of "content analysis"). The movie isshown in university classrooms as well as during research workshops, e.g., inthe expert and/or PhD student workshops, in the style of the "Social Life ofIssues" series, http://www.govcom.org/workshops.html , held most recently at theUniversity of Padova and the University of Trento.

References to Publications:

Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel (Eds.) (2005), Making ThingsPublic: Atmospheres of Democracy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Richard Rogers (2004), Information Politics on the Web,Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Related Projects: N/A

(3) Evolution of the Artiodactyla in Space and Time

High Res Image ( 5.7MB / TIFF )

David [email protected] [email protected] EvolutionarySynthesis Center (NESCent)Durham, North Carolina

Judges Quotes:

"To visualize the flow of evolution over time and space is a daunting challenge,this works because different perspectives can be compared to each other tobuild an understanding of the ideas; the alternate views support and re-enforceeach other. The layout and color scheme is concise and easy to follow, and thismodel would be applicable to other evolutionary trees."Daniel Zeller (Visual Artist) , New York

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"Novel idea on how to use geo and evolutionary information in order to providea network that is very original and informational. It also makes it a generalmethod and not just an ad-hoc visualization."Alessandro Vespignani (Internet Research & Epidemics)School of Informatics, Indiana University

" Elegant, lucid use of graphics."Peter Christensen (Art Curator)Museum of Modern Art, New York

"This is the most readable and revealing entry we received: I can imagine usingthis to do actual work even though it encourages the neophyte to browse andlearn; excellent data density."W. Bradford Paley (Designer)Digital Image Design Inc

Description: Evolution is a spatiotemporal process conditioned by Earthhistory and the ability of organisms to adapt and diversify. Graphicpresentations that integrate evolutionary models with geographical distributionshave been central to the deconstruction and explanation of complex patterns ofbiodiversity (Hewitt 2001). New technologies however are generating ever moreand larger evolutionary reconstructions as well as facilitating the integration ofdata from other disciplines. New visualization approaches are required toillustrate the emergent patterns when these complex interrelated data sets arecombined. Evolution of the Artiodactyla in Space and Time shows thespatiotemporal dynamics of the evolutionary tree of the mammalian orderArtiodactyla (even-toed hoofed mammals) since their origin in the LateCretaceous in what is now Pakistan. The network presented is based on 174living terrestrial species with well-known native ranges. A 3-dimensional

geophylogeny was created with the GeoPhyloBuilder extension for ArcGIS(Kidd and Lui, accepted) from an evolutionary tree (Price et al 2005) andassociated species range maps (Sechrest, 2003). In the geophylogeny branchtips represent living species and are positioned at the geographical centroid ofthe modern range. Internal nodes are then positioned at the geographicalcentroid of lower branches except for the origin of a number of subgroups, e.g.Suidae, that were positioned manually to correspond with the fossil record. Weshow the geophylogeny from a variety of different perspectives to facilitatevisualization of spatially overlapping patterns of diversification in time,geography and ecology.

Scientific Value: The combination of comprehensive spatial and temporaldatasets allows us to visually explore and identify complex evolutionarypatterns. We combined species geographic ranges (Sechrest, 2004) andevolutionary history (Price et al., 2005) with general ecological data (Olson etal., 2001) to elucidate the evolution of the even-toed hoofed mammals

(Artiodactyla). To illustrate this we detail the evolution of the pig family (Suidae)in space, time and ecology. According to the fossil record pigs originated inSouth East Asia, early in the history of the group the peccary progenitormigrates to the Americas, later they diversify within the forested habitats ofSouth America. Concomitant with the South American diversification the old-world pigs (Suinae) disperse to and radiate within African forests and undergoin situ diversification in their ancestral region mainly due to the evolution ofisland endemics. From this pattern we conclude that present-day pig lineageshave remained forest specialists throughout their evolutionary history and havedispersed via land to Africa and South America. The South American dispersalwas most likely across the Bering land bridge and down through North America,a hypothesis which is supported by the fossil record as the earliest identifiablepeccaries appear in North American deposits.

Educational Value: The educational value stems from combining complexspatial and temporal data and presenting it in an easy to read format. By

plotting the tree (temporal) onto the globe with the tips showing the mid-point ofthe species range (spatial), along with a basic habitat variable (spatial), weenable the students to explore a variety of large-scale ecological andevolutionary patterns. The identification of these patterns then allows thestudents to posit possible explanations for the patterns involving both thephysical (e.g. emergence of the Atlantic Ocean) and the biotic environment(e.g. ecological specialisation due to competitive exclusion).


Hewitt, G. M. (2001). Speciation, hybrid zones and phylogeography - orseeing genes in space and time. Molecular Ecology 10: 537-549.Kidd and Lui (accepted). GEOPHYLOBUILDER 1.0: an ArcGIS extensionfor creating 'geophylogenies'. Molecular Ecology Notes.Olson, D. M., E. Dinerstein, et al. (2001). Terrestrial Ecoregions of theWorld: A New Map of Life on Earth. BioScience 51: 933-938.Price, S.A., Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. & Gittleman, J. L. (2005). A

complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofedmammals (Cetartiodactyla). Biological Reviews 80, 445-473.Sechrest, W. (2003). Global diversity, endemism and conservation ofmammals. PhD Thesis. Department of Biology, University of Virginia.


(4) Commetrix - Ex lorin D namic Network Evolution with

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Social Network Intelligence Software

Quicktime Movie ( 31.8MB / .MOV )

Matthias Triercopyright [email protected]

Annette [email protected]

Michael [email protected]

Technical University BerlinComputer Science/SystemsAnalysisBerlin, Germany

Judges Quotes:

"Nice combination of data(web)-mining and visualization supported inspectionof network data."Vladimir Batagelj (Computer Science)University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

"Commetrix is a fascinating tool that ensures optimisation of resources,information on a wide range of areas by putting real science into our messyeveryday world. Its animated movies serve as shortcuts, the user canunderstand in a flash what is really happening."Annamaria Talas (Science Producer)Avalon, Australia

Description: Commetrix is an exploratory analysis tool for dynamic networkdata. Its connectors can conveniently read all sources of accessible networkdata, like co-authorship or business process networks. Still, the focus is onanalyzing evolving patterns of electronic communication, including email,discussions, voice over IP, and instant messaging. Technically, we extendcurrent SNA methods by blending social network analysis, dynamic graphvisualization, gestalt theory, and text mining with combinable search and filteralgorithms to achieve a social network intelligence tool. For optimal organicgraph layout, we developed a dynamic spring embedder with nodebaseddynamic temperature control for realtime-rendered 2D and 3D layouts. Theresulting birds eye views enable clients from industry and research to easiercope with large heterogeneous networks. They can do exploratory socialnetwork analysis, identify communities, elicit core structures, observe evolvingimportant actors, study the stability or fragility of the network at hand, orobserve how two networks integrate (e.g. after a merger of discussion groupsor organizations). With our added text mining features, users can search alarge network for topics and their authors, filter out ego-networks, or watchanimations of topics spreading through parts of customer communities. Suchresults can also simply be used to recommend or explore optimal contactsbased on the topics of their communication. Conventional SNA measures arecomputed for the complete network and for selected parts. It can also bedisplayed in charts. In our research, we show artefacts of static SNA measuresand develop metrics for patterns of network measures over time, i.e. topic trendindicators or network stability or the fragility of a central actors position. Weexplore new means of measuring actors importance in terms of theirnetworking activity (e.g. brokering actions). With Commetrix, the detailed

lifecycle of a communication network of thousands of simultaneously changingrelationships becomes observable.

Scientific Value: Next to offering conventional SNA functionality in an easyand exploratory approach, Commetrix extends current SNA research methodsby offering exploratory ways to analyze network dynamics and the contents of anetwork. This gives the chance to understand dynamic transitions betweenstates and the according lifecycle processes, e.g. of network formation or de-stabilization. The impact of external events or of integration of two initiallyseparate networks can be studied. The artefacts of current static SNA areuncovered (e.g. wrong central actors). We can technically blend multiplecommunication sources. Commercial applications are manifold, due to theability to connect to every data source. In a world of web2.0 technology,evolving virtual social architectures around websites, like customer communitiescan be observed, keyword analysis shows trends and loci of innovation,dynamic analysis shows the impact of external events, e.g. after marketing

campaigns. Communities can be identified in product development. Aftermergers, the integrating structures can be observed or improved. Electroniccollaboration can be analyzed to find clusters of well-connected co-workers forfuture projects. It can be measured, if large teams smoothly integrate, expertnetwork maps can be created, used for recommendations or simply besearched to find contacts.

Educational Value: Using measures and visualizations of dynamic network

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evolvement, we can better understand life cycles of network formation or de-stabilization. A visualization of a personal electronic network can serve as ameans to increase social translucency of the online space by visualizing thevirtual communication processes that happen around us. We can better copewith more personal contacts of different strength and from multiple domains. Inthe organizational domain, it can help to push the understanding of the role ofsocial networks in a world of teams and business processes. I can findappropriate contacts for my requests. In the e-learning domain we could mineand learn how learners connect in discussions and in collaborative processes,like joint assignments. In life-sciences we could model protein interactions andother network-based processes. The exploratory approach of playfullyconfiguring and analyzing your network data, while seeing the changes happenin the graph, allows supporting students of social sciences via exploratorystudying complex network data.


Trier, M., Bobrik, A. (2007): Analyzing the Dynamics of CommunityFormation using Brokering Activities. In: Communities and Technologies.Springer, 2007. in press.Trier, M. (2005): IT-supported Visualization of Knowledge CommunityStructures. Proceedings of 38th IEEE Hawaii International Conference ofSystems Sciences HICCS38, Hawaii, USA, Jan 2005.Cho H.-K., Trier, M., Kim, E. (2005): The Use of Instant Messaging inWorking Relationship Development: A Case Study. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Volume 10, Issue 4, July 2005.Trier, M., Bobrik, A. (2007): Visually tracing keyword diffusion in socialnetworks. In: Proceedings of 28th International Sunbelt Social NetworkConference, 2007, in press.

Molka-Danielsen, J., Trier, M., Shlyk, V., Bobrik, A., Nurminen, M.I. (2007):IRIS (1978-2006) Historical Reflection of co-authorship networks.throughVisual Analysis. Under review for 30th Information Systems Research inScandinavia Conference, 2007.Trier, M. (2007): Towards Dynamic Visualization for understandingEvolution of Digital Communication Networks. Under review forInformation Systems Research, Special Issue on the Interplay betweenSocial and Digital Networks, 2007.

Related Projects:http://www.commetrix.dehttp://www.commetrix.de/IRIShttp://www.commetrix.de/Enronhttp://www.commetrix.de/SocialSearch

(5) Polarization in Literary Criticism

Quicktime Movie ( 10.2MB / .MP4 )Interactive version (Need Adobe SVG Viewer)

Wouter de [email protected] University RotterdamHistory & Arts StudiesRotterdam, Netherlands

Judges Quotes:

"Wonderful to see varied rendering of the nodes and links: beyond the easy-to-program, misguidedly-thought objective circles and straight lines we typicallysee; the solid/dotted line links and visual distinctions among node types makethis easier to follow while animating and easier to interpret when static."W. Bradford Paley (Designer)Digital Image Design Inc

Description: According to theories in the sociology of the arts, judgments thatliterary critics pass on literary authors and books are affected by groupprocesses among critics and authors and by their social backgroundcharacteristics. Thus, professional evaluations of literature are not the purelyindividual actions they are supposed to be. The visualization presented here

convincingly shows the group processes as they develop over time, highlightingsocial-psychological balance, which states that people tend to befriend theirfriends friends (blue or bluish arcs), social class distinctions, deference oflower classes (represented by gearwheels) to higher classes (books) ordomination in the opposite direction (red or reddish arcs), and polarizationamong literary style groups (represented by vertex color) as they wereproposed at that time (yellowish arcs). Mixed colors represent combinations ofbalance class and st le effects. Vertex size indicates a ersons commercial

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success.The data consist of 465 evaluations among 40 Dutch literary authorsand critics published in the 1970s in reviews and interviews. Positive judgmentsare drawn as solid arcs, negative judgments are dotted. They are shown fromthe moment of their publication to 24 months afterwards. The network isoptimized (Fruchterman-Rheingold algorithm implemented in Pajek) such thatpolarizing groups are clearly distinguished and persons that pass or receivefew evaluations are located in the margins.The visualization is a series ofanimated Scalable Vector Graphics offering many options for interaction, whichare vital to close inspection of the network dynamics.The main insight is that alower social background did not impede the careers of literary authors in thefirst half of the 1970s. However, lack of solidarity among them, which wasstimulated by differentiation of their style group, pushed them to the margins in

the second half of the decade.Scientific Value: In social network analysis, the actor-oriented approachcurrently is a very promising development. It offers statistical models explainingthe evolution of overall network structure from the immediate structural context(ego-network) and attributes of the actors and their neighbors. Thevisualization shows all factors that are central to the actor-oriented approach:local network structure, e.g., balance, fixed and dynamic actor attributes, e.g.,social class, commercial success, and literary style, and, finally, dyadicattributes, that is, properties of the pair of actors involved in a tie, such as stylegroup homophily (a tendency to pass positive judgments on members of yourown style group) and social class deference (a tendency to pass positive

judgment on members of a higher social class) or domination (negativejudgment on members of a lower social class). This type of visualization showsthe statistical effects and offers opportunities to inspect them dynamically.Thus, they help to assess how different effects become confounded over timeor whether particular effects only appear in part of the period. In addition, itshows how different tendencies at the actor level produce the overall structureof the network, which is helpful for complexity theory.

Educational Value: To students of social networks, this visualization helps tounderstand the micro processes that actor-oriented statistical modelsinvestigate. In addition, it is vital to appreciating the dynamics of the socialprocess under investigation. To scholars of literature and other peopleinterested in literary criticism, who are usually not trained in statistical ornetwork analysis, the visualization is more or less the only way to communicatethe results of previous statistical and network analyses. It is my experience thatthey must see each of the authors and critics in order to acknowledge thatliterary judgments are not just subjective reactions to books but part of a groupprocess as well.

References to Publications:W. de Nooy, 'Signs over time: Statistical and visual analysis of a longitudinalsigned network'. In: Journal of Social Structure (http://www.cmu.edu/joss/) 8(2007)[accepted for publication]

Related Projects:http://www.fhk.eur.nl/personal/denooy/index.html

(6) Best Bibliography: Citation pathways in BioMed Central

Quicktime Movie ( 129MB / .MOV )

Jeffrey [email protected] Research CouncilCISTIOttawa, ON, Canada

Description: Researchers document the history of their field by attributingideas in the references of each article they write. The combined bibliographicreferences in a digital librarys collection are therefore a r ich source of meta-data about the evolution of a research field. However this information is

normally inaccessible to the user, and in any case the complexity of citationnetworks renders them meaningless without additional analysis. How can adigital library extract meaning from its citation meta-data and provide its userswith an enhanced view of the collection?

The Best Bibliography application visualizes citation networks derived from theBioMed Central (BMC) datamining collection and identifies the central theme inthe evolution of the network usin the Main Path Anal sis technique Hummon

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& Doreian, 1989). The series of articles that form the Main Path summarizemore citations than any other set of sequential articles in the network. Byapplying this classic Social Network Analysis technique to a digital library theBest Bibliography application demonstrates how the complexity of citationnetworks can be used to uncover the trends inherent in the publishedliterature.

The bibliographic references in the BMC articles were parsed into a database,and the citations between articles in the database were then compiled. Givenan article in the BMC collection (for example, as the result of a text-basedsearch), the application calculates the immediate citation network of that articleand visualizes that network using the prefuse Java toolkit. The articles areordered by year of publication. Most importantly, the series of articles thatsummarize most of the citations in the network is highlighted, indicating the bestbibliography of that research field.

Scientific Value: While individual researchers each have their own view of afield, the patterns extracted from the compiled bibliographies in the digitallibrary represent the collective judgement of all the authors in the field. Thisquantitative analysis of the formal attribution of ideas in science (citations) istherefore free from bias.

The value-added analysis this tool provides lies in the pre-compilation ofcitation databases and the Main Path Analysis of the networks therein. As such,the visualization is an elegant way of communicating the results but is notrequired: the articles along the main path could simply be listed textually inchronological order. Combining analysis of the data with a visualization of thenetwork allows the user to see both the trend and its context, and permitsfurther exploration of the research field.

Educational Value: While text-based searches identify relevant articles basedon word occurrences, the Best Bibliography application identifies the essentialseries of articles based on the cumulative citations in the network. Rather thanseeking to replace the standard text-based search, the visualizationcontextualizes the results with regards to the development of the research field.This makes it useful to those who need to get up to speed on a topic quickly,particularly university students and researchers investigating new concepts.

From the perspective of the digital library itself, the tool provides a moreadvanced use of the collection. In an era where the scientific literature is easilyaccessible and seemingly limitless, the relevance of a digital library lies in thelevel of analysis and insight that it can offer users.

References to Publications: N/ARelated Projects:

http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0309023http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/hummondoreian1989.pdfhttp://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&id=699923http://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/umamer/2005019.html

(7) Flight Patterns Movie


Aaron [email protected] Angeles, CA, USA

Judges Quotes:

"Artistic display of air traffic revealing characteristic patterns."Vladimir Batagelj (Computer Science)University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

"The very same design principles cause this animation to be visually attractiveand to convey the emergence of a network from scattered activity. Simplydelightful."Ulrik Brandes (Graph Theory)University of Konstanz, Germany

"I found Koblin's network visualizations immediately appealing. They have asimple beauty that conveys a large volume of data in an instantlyunderstandable fashion. They are particularly effective at showing thecomplexity of the geography of airline networks, as well as the large degree oftemporality in the flows. Also, in an age of climatic crisis and carbon footprints,they are rhetorically powerful as ecological visualizations showing the almostabsurd de ree of mobilit in the USA."

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Martin Dodge (Geography)University of Manchester, UK

"This entry was by far the most beautiful. Their presentation had wonderfulaudio elements with the voice at the beginning and the music throughout. Thevisualizations leaves one with a sense of awe."Elizabeth Kerr (Science & Technology)Apple Computer

"There is nothing more clear and powerful than moving images when it comesto the representation of network dynamics. It would be interesting to bring aliveother hidden networks in the same way."Annamaria Talas (Science Producer)Avalon, Australia

" 'Flight Patterns' is a visual feast, pulling the vast amount of bits and bytes onflights in the US and turning into a virtual Fourth of July spectacular fireworks,illuminating air travel in the 21st century."David M. J. Lazer (Social Science)Harvard University

"Visual Seduction in overdrive."Ingo Gnther (Journalism & Art)Tokyo National University for Fine Arts & Music, Japan

"The flight patterns visualization was simple but clever in concept and brilliant inexecution. It's a revelation, revealing hidden patterns that give us insight intothe workings of the modern culture. Wish I could see the same thing done forthe whole world!"

Allen Caroll (Cartographer)National Geographic, Washington D.C.

Description: Aircraft data collected by the Federal Aviation Administration wasparsed and plotted to create animations of North American travel paths.Through traces of airplanes, one can get a sense of the changing dynamics ofair traffic in the skies above. The visualizations were created using theProcessing programming language as well as Maya and After Effects. Theproject was inspired by investigations by Gabriel Dunne and Scott Hessels atUCLA and was included as part of their Celestial Mechanics project.

Scientific Value: Flight Patterns tied for first place in the 2006 NSF ScienceVisualization Challenge. The work attempts to personalize otherwise abstractdata and reveals specific dynamics of a complex system. It hints at theintricacies and complex factors guiding aircraft travel in North America,providing a perspective otherwise hidden to public observation.

Educational Value: According to Felice Frankel, [Flight Patterns] wasincredibly informational, [it was also] unbelievably engaging Its one thing toconvey data and another to make somebody want to look. In this sense thegreatest educational value may in fact be inspiring an enthusiasm aboutscience, art, and the potential of visualization. Further, the project was createdwith an open source tool and the code was made available for investigation.

References to Publications: N/ARelated Projects:http://www.cmlab.com

(8) The Generation and Communication of Meaning inSocial Systems

Windows Program ( 1.5MB / .EXE )

Loet Leydesdorff

[email protected] of AmsterdamASCoRAmsterdam, North HollandNetherlands

Description: The program simulates the recursive, incursive, and hyper-incursive development of a representation (in this case Van Goghs painting ofthe bridge of Arles). It can be shown that the incursive formulation of the logisticequation models not only the generation of an observer (Leydesdorff, 2005),but also the operation of a social system (Leydesdorff & Dubois, 2004). Inaddition to the communication of information, social systems also communicatemeaning. Meaning can be generated incursively, but cannot be communicatedwithout hyperincursion.

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Scientific Value: The sociological domain is different from the psychologicalone insofar as meaning can be communicated at the supra-individual level. Thecomputation of anticipatory systems enables us to distinguish between thesedomains in terms of weakly and strongly anticipatory systems with a structuralcoupling between them. Anticipatory systems have been defined as systemswhich entertain models of themselves. The model provides meaning to themodeled system from the perspective of hindsight, that is, by advancing alongthe time axis towards possible future states. This can be modeled usingincursion: unlike a recursive routine, incursion operates both on the previousand the current state of the system. Strongly anticipatory systems useexpectations for constructing their current states. The dynamics of weak andstrong anticipations can be simulated as incursion and hyper-incursion,respectively. Hyper-incursion generates horizons of meaning among whichchoices have to be made by incursive agency. The simulations show this for x(t)= a x(t+1) (1 - x(t+1) x(t+1) = [1 (4/a) x(t)] The choice between theplus and the minus sign in this simulation is random.

Educational Value: The simulation makes the abstract concepts of the(Rosens) mathematical theory and (Duboiss) computation of anticipatorysystems accessible for a visual appreciation. First, for values of the bifurcationparameter smaller than four, oscillations and chaos can be generated using thelogistic map. Second, one can understand that providing meaning to therepresentation means a specific selection (using the incursive equation). Thestrength of this incursion becomes clear at the receiving end when the pictureis communicated by the social system hyperincursively. The receiver is able toreconstruct the original representation, but only in the case of one of the twopossible solutions of the quadratic equation.


Loet Leydesdorff (2005). Anticipatory Systems and the Processing ofMeaning: A Simulation Inspired by Luhmann's Theory of Social Systems.Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, Vol. 8, No. 2, Paper 7,2005; at http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/8/2/7.html .Loet Leydesdorff (2006a). The Knowledge-Based Economy: Modeled,Measured, Simulated. Boca Rota, FL: Universal Publishers.Loet Leydesdorff (2006b). Hyperincursion and the Globalization of aKnowledge-Based Economy, In: D. M. Dubois (Ed.) Proceedings of the7th Intern. Conf. on Computing Anticipatory Systems CASYS'05, Lige,Belgium, 8-13 August 2005. Melville, NY: American Institute of PhysicsConference Proceedings, Vol. 839, 2006, pp. 560-569.Loet Leydesdorff and Daniel Dubois (2004). Anticipation in SocialSystems, International Journal of Computing Anticipatory Systems, Vol.15, 203-216.

Related Projects:http://www.ulg.ac.be/mathgen/CHAOS/CASYS.html

(9) Visual Analysis on Dynamics of Blogosphere Network

Larger Image ( 740 KB / JPG )Full Res Image (124 MB / TIFF )

Makoto Uchidacopyright [email protected] of TokyoSchool of EngineeringKashiwanoha, KashiwaChiba, Japan

Susumu [email protected] of Tokyo

RACEKashiwanoha, KashiwaChiba, Japan

Judges Quotes:

"The herd behavior of the Blogosphere is now as clear as an aerial view ofmigrating wildebeasts."Allen Caroll (Cartographer)National Geographic, Washington D.C.

Description: We performed a visual analysis on evolving dynamics of weblogentries, or Blogosphere, from the aspect of network analysis. Since contexts ofweblogs are likely to reflect interests and attentions of their publishers, analysison dynamically changing contents of weblogs and identification of emergingtrends in the Blogosphere will give us an insight to public interests at a point intime. We formed a network of the Blogosphere, where nodes are individualentries. We focused on evolving dynamics of community structure, under thehypothesis that entries in the same communities should have similar topics.The dataset was collected from WWW, which has 25,668 nodes and 67,828edges. After applying the community-detection method proposed by Newman

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(Newman and Girvan 2004), the network is divided into 127 communities.Coordinates of vertices was calculated by LGL (Adai et al. 2004) based on aminimum spanning tree (MST), then the network is visualized by expressingedges in the same community with the same color at several points in time, sothat we can visually analyze the temporal evolution of the Blogosphere. Ourvisualization shows that the Blogosphere is highly modularized, where entriesare interconnected locally dense and globally sparse. Moreover, our temporalanalysis also reveals that entries in the same community are created at asimilar time. By applying a linguistic filtering technique on body texts of entries,each community proved to have an individual topic represented by featuredterms, and the emergence of communities corresponds to events in the realworld (which is described in detail in Uchida et al. 2007). Our work hassuccessfully enabled us to grasp visually and understand the dynamicallychanging features and emerging trends of the Blogosphere, in addition tosimply being an artistically beautiful representation.

Scientific Value: Analysis on the WWW, including weblogs, is a keen topic inthese days. While there is much research about contents analysis and linkanalysis on the WWW, visualization techniques are not always applied on suchresearch effectively, due to hugeness of dataset. Our work has enabled us tocapture a visual feature of the Blogosphere, which can be applied tobenchmarking and validation of other content-based and link-based analysismethods. Furthermore, in addition to a feature of individual communities,relationships and distances between communities become possible to bediscussed from the visualization. For example, if community about topic A isrepresented next to and has many inter-community link with topic B, but is farfrom and has little in common with topic C, bloggers who are interested in topicA might be more likely to be interested in topic B rather than topic C. Thus, ourmethod could be applied to new methods for visual data mining on weblogs,and, as such, is expected to be of much use as a data source for marketingand commercial activities, such as advertising on the WWW.

Educational Value: While a part of the WWW is very familiar, it is too vast toimagine the whole. Our visualization provides a clue to grasp by intuition alarge-scale feature and a fundamental organization principle of theBlogosphere, which is one of considerable parts of the WWW. Therefore, ourwork would be helpful for abecedarians of computer science on the WWW tofigure out what the whole of the WWW is likea good introduction so as toexcite their interest.


Uchida, M. and Shirayama, S.: to be appeared in Journal of Visualization,vol. 10, no. 3, 2007.Uchida, M., Shibata, N. and Shirayama, S.: Identification and Visualization

of Emerging Trend from Blogosphere, in proceedings of InternationalConference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM), pp. 305-306, 2007.


(10) Formation of Patterns from Complex Networks


Makoto Uchidacopyright [email protected] of TokyoSchool of EngineeringKashiwanoha, KashiwaChiba, Japan

Susumu [email protected] of TokyoRACEKashiwanoha, KashiwaChiba, Japan

Description: Various patterns like geometric patterns appear in nature andhave fascinated mathematicians and artists for centuries. In network topologies,such patterns appear as well, and they are deeply related to the structure andfunction of networks. We have tried to elicit several patterns on complexnetworks. Edge-centric drawing methods for the different types of networks(three network models: BA, KE and CNN, and two examples of real-worldnetworks, weblogs and an online social network) are used as follows. For agiven network, LGL (Adai et al. 2004) calculates a minimum spanning tree

(MST), and then arranges the vertices based on the MST. Edges are laid outaccording to the adjacency matrix. Edges are colorized according to a certainquantity. Temporal evolving processes of networks are displayed in animation. Itis shown that several patterns in complex networks can be extracted fromcolorizing the vertices and edges according to the properties of network andthe age in growing process. While static properties of networks, such as degreedistributions and average path lengths, are similar, their large-scale evolutionpatterns prove to be quite different, having characteristic features. By analyzing

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the evolving and other patterns showed by the present work, and comparingthese to network models and real-world networks, it will become possible thatone considers which model of complex networks is most suitable forrepresentation for analysis on structure and dynamics of a real-world network.

Scientific Value: There is much research about complex network visualization(Schulz and Schumann 2006, Wiese and Eicher 2006). Most has focused onpresenting hierarchical structures in networks, but not on extracting geometricalpatterns from visualized networks. In this work, many patterns are displayed byvisualizing characteristics of network structures using complex network modelsand real-world network.

Educational Value: In many cases, complex networks are represented bymathematical expressions or graph plots of statistical properties. They areuseful to experts. However, it may be difficult for non-experts to understand acharacteristic feature of networks by such representations. He/She needsanother type of information, for example, topology of a network. A topologicalgraph drawing provides an overall view of a complex network. At first glance, itis suitable to understand all of the networks, but its interpretation is not easybecause arbitrariness of location of vertices exists, and expression of anevolving network is quite complicated. In this work, first, we explain theproperties of a network using a topological network image. Second, in order toindicate evolution of network, some formation mechanisms of complex networksare shown visually using network models. Finally, a large-scale evolvingnetwork is visualized according to the properties of the network. It will beconsidered that the work assists to understand the structure and function ofcomplex evolving networks.


Uchida, M. and Shirayama, S.: to be appeared in Journal of Visualization,vol. 10, no. 3, 2007.Uchida, M., Shibata, N. and Shirayama, S.: Identification and Visualizationof Emerging Trend from Blogosphere, in proceedings of InternationalConference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM), pp. 305-306, 2007.


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