Upload
angie-kong-su-mei
View
224
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
1/78
2.1 Cell Structure & Function2.2 Cell Organisation
6/1/2013 1
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
2/78
1. Draw & label an animal cell and a plant cell
2. Identify the cellular components of an animal
cell & a plant cell
3. State the functions of the cellular components
in an animal and a plant cell
4. Compare & contrast an animal cell with a plant
cell
5. Relate the density of certain organelles with
the functions of specific cells.6/1/2013 2
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
3/78
HISTORY Robert Hooke (1665) was first
discovered the cell structure of plant
He examined fine slices of cork with aprimitive microscope
He saw many box-like structures , then
he called cells, from Latin for littlerooms.
6/1/2013 3
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
4/78
THE CELL THEORY
(Schleiden M & Schwann T)
All living organisms are made up of one ormore cells
New cells are formed by the division ofpre-existing cells
Cells contain genetic material of an
organism which is passed from the parentcells to daughter cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure &function in living things
6/1/2013 4
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
5/78
6/1/2013 5
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
6/78
6/1/2013 6
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
7/78
ORGANELLES specialised
structures which are eachsurrounded by its own membrane &perform specific function
6/1/2013 7
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
8/78
PLASMAMEMBRANE
6/1/2013 8
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
9/78
6/1/2013 9
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
10/78
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
11/78
6/1/2013 11
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
12/78
RIBOSOME
6/1/2013 12
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
13/78
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
6/1/2013 13
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
14/78
6/1/2013 14
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
15/78
VACUOLE
6/1/2013 15
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
16/78
6/1/2013 16
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
17/78
6/1/2013 17
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
18/78
LYSOSOMES
6/1/2013 18
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
19/78
CENTRIOLES
6/1/2013 19
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
20/78
COMPARE & CONTRAST
ANIMAL CELL SIMILARITIES PLANT CELL
6/1/2013
20
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
21/78
ANIMAL CELL DIFFERENCES PLANT CELL
SIZE
SHAPE
CELL WALL
CHLOROPLAST
VACUOLES
FOOD STORAGE
CENTRIOLES
CILIA & FLAGELLA
6/1/2013 21
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
22/78
6/1/2013 22
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
23/78
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF
AN ANIMAL CELL & A PLANT CELL
6/1/2013 23
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
24/78
The number of specific organelles in a cell
varies on __________and its _________.
Active cellmany ____________to provide
enough ____________for its activities. Eg. :
______________________________________
Cell in __________________________________
Green plantsmore ___________to carry out
_________________such as __________________
6/1/2013 24
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
25/78
EXERCISE 2.1
1. What are the organelle structures of a cell?
2. What are the functions of each structure
describe above?
6/1/2013 25
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
26/78
6/1/2013 26
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
27/78
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Predict the state of certain cells
without a particular component.
Illustrate that most cells are
specialised for the job that they
perform.
6/1/2013 27
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
28/78
A living cell is a basic unit of life.
Cells are characterised by both uniformity & diversity interms ofstructure & function.
Living cells resemble one another in fundamental ways :
-
- -
6/1/2013 28
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
29/78
The diversity of cell structure & function aredue to cellular specialisation & division of
labour. For example, -
-
6/1/2013 29
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
30/78
THE SECRETION OF EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES IN AN
ANIMAL CELL
1. DNA on chromosome in nucleus carries genetic information.
2. Production of mRNA
3. ___
4. Proteins are _________
5. Proteins transported by _________.
6. Proteins depart from ER wrapped in ________
7. Transport vesicles fuse with ____________________whichmodifies & packages the proteins.
8. ___________________contain inactive enzyme
(proenzyme).
9. Secretory vesicles fuse with the PM & enzymes are secreted__________________
6/1/2013 30
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
31/78
6/1/2013 31
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
32/78
STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR
CELLULAR COMPONENTMISSING ORGANELLE/
CELLULAR COMPONET
CONDITION OF THE CELL
NUCLEUS No protein & enzyme synthesis Cellular activities cannot becarried out.
No cell division
Cell dies
RIBOSOME
No protein synthesisGrowth isinhibited
Enzymes, antibodies & some
hormones cannot be produced.
6/1/2013 32
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
33/78
STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR
CELLULAR COMPONENTMISSING ORGANELLE/CELLULAR COMPONET
CONDITION OF THE CELL
MITOCHONDRION No aerobic respiration
Energy not released for cellularactivities
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Transportation of proteins
synthesised by ribosome does not
occur.
6/1/2013 33
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
34/78
MISSING ORGANELLE/
CELLULAR COMPONET
CONDITION OF THE CELL
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
synthesis & transport of lipids
cannot be carried
GOLGI APPARATUS Cell cannot secrete digestive
enzymes, hormones & mucin.Lysosomes cannot be produced.
STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR
CELLULAR COMPONENT
6/1/2013 34
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
35/78
STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR
CELLULAR COMPONENT
MISSING ORGANELLE/
CELLULAR COMPONET
CONDITION OF THE CELL
LYSOSOMES No intracellular digestion of food,
worn out organelled, old ordamaged cells.
VACUOLES Plant cell loses its shape &turgidity
No space to store soluble food &
waste products
CHLOROPLAST No photosynthesis
6/1/2013 35
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
36/78
MISSING ORGANELLE/
CELLULAR COMPONET
CONDITION OF THE CELL
CELL WALL Plant cell lost its shape, absorbwater & burst.
PLASMA MEMBRANENo regulation of substances
STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR
CELLULAR COMPONENT
6/1/2013 36
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
37/78
LEARNING OUTCOMES
To state the necessity for cell specialisation
in multicellular organisms as compared to
unicellular organisms
To describe cell specialisation in
multicellular organisms
To describe cell organisation in theformation of tissues, organs & systems in
multicellular organisms.
6/1/2013 37
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
38/78
Organisms are divided into 2 : unicellularorganisms& multicellularorganisms
Unicellular organisms :- single-cell organisms such asAmoeba sp. & Paramecium sp.
Each cell is able to carry out all the functions of life
independently. Multicellular organisms :- larger organisms with
more than one cell
Need many different types of cells to carry out all the
different functions of life Each cell has to change in shape & form during cell
specialisation to become specific cells in order toperform different functions
6/1/2013 38
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
39/78
2.2 CELL ORGANISATION
UNICELLULAR
ORGANISMS
Simple organismsconsisting of only one
cell each
Able to carry out allliving processes in
order to survive Examples :Amoeba
and Paramecium(protozoa)
6/1/2013 39
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
40/78
6/1/2013 40
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
41/78
6/1/2013 41
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
42/78
Amoeba sp.
6/1/2013 42
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
43/78
6/1/2013 43
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
44/78
6/1/2013 44
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
45/78
6/1/2013 45
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
46/78
Organisms that have more than onecell
More complex than unicellular
organisms Need many different types of cells to
carry out their life process.
Achieved throughcell specialisationandcell organisation.
6/1/2013 46
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
47/78
CELL SPECIALISATION
Achieved through the process ofDIFFERENTIATION ___________________________________________________________________________________
Each type of cell performs only onespecific function. This is known as divisionof labour.
Through these, different functions in the
body can be performed at the sametime and can be carried out smoothlyand efficiently.
6/1/2013 47
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
48/78
Basic units of life in all organisms.
The structural features of cells arerelated to their functions.
Cells undergo differentiation toacquire special structures and
become specialised cells withspecific functions.
6/1/2013 48
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
49/78
6/1/2013 49
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
50/78
6/1/2013 50
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
51/78
TISSUES
A group of similar cells that work together toperform a specific function
Four main types ofanimal tissues : epithelialtissues, nervous tissues, muscle tissues &connective tissues.
Mnemonic(EN.MyC)
The four main types ofplant tissues :
epidermis tissue, meristem tissue, vasculartissue & ground tissue
MNEMONIC EM..VideoGames!
6/1/2013 51
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
52/78
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
53/78
Muscle tissues Consisting of muscle
cells which can
contract to perform
work
3 types :
Cause body
movement
Connective tissues Consist of
Blood,
Join together body
structures, as well as
protect,
Can store
6/1/2013 53
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
54/78
Types of plant
tissues
Characteristic Functions
Epidermis
tissue
Consisting of one
layer of cellsExamples :
Covers the entire surface of the
plantProtect underlying tissues from
Reduces
Epidermal cells of leaf
differentiate to become guard
cells while those at the root,
become ___________
Meristem tissue Consists if
undifferentiated
cells which are
able to divide
Occurs at
Produces new cells by
6/1/2013 54
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
55/78
Vascular tissue Consists of xylem
tissues & phloem
tissues
Transport water & mineral salts
from roots to the stems & leaves
by
Transport dissolved nutrientssuch as glucose from the leaves
to the roots & stems by
Xylems tissues
Ground tissue Consists of Produces food
Provides
6/1/2013 55
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
56/78
6/1/2013 56
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
57/78
6/1/2013 57
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
58/78
6/1/2013 58
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
59/78
6/1/2013 59
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
60/78
1. Ground tissue whose main function is to
2. Parenchyma includes cells that
3. Collenchyma forms the
4. Sclerenchyma is
6/1/2013 60
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
61/78
A group of different tissues that work togetherto perform a specific function
Examples of organs in animal: heart, kidneys,
lungs, skin & stomach.
Examples of organs in plant : leaves, stems,
roots & flowers.
Certain organ perform more than onefunction.
6/1/2013 61
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
62/78
6/1/2013 62
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
63/78
Several organs which work together to carryout a specific function
The human body has twelve different
systems All the system work together to form an
organism
Flowering plant has two main systems : rootsystem, shoot system
6/1/2013 63
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
64/78
MAJOR SYSTEMS IN HUMANS
Integumentary
Circulatory
Endocrine Lymphatic
Nervous
Digestive
Muscular
Excretory
SkeletalRespiratory
Reproductive
6/1/2013 64
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
65/78
6/1/2013 65
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
66/78
6/1/2013 66
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
67/78
6/1/2013 67
THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
68/78
THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
6/1/2013 68
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
69/78
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:
6/1/2013 69
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
70/78
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID :
HOMEOSTASIS : the process to regulate the
physical & chemical factors in the internal
environment so that it is always constant &
at its optimal condition for the cells tofunction efficiently
6/1/2013 70
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
71/78
A multicellular organism consists of all the
different organ systems, each specialised to
carry out certain functions.
They work together as an integrated &
coordinated unit.
To stay alive, the cells in a multicellular organism
must remain bathed in a FLUIDthat offers
nutrients & carries away metabolic wastes.
6/1/2013 71
Th bi d t ib ti f
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
72/78
The combined contributions ofindividual cells, organs & organ
systems help maintain theSTABLEINTERNAL ENVIRONMENTrequired forindividual cell survival.
Any increase in the value of a physicalor chemical factor will trigger the
homeostatic mechanism to bring itback to normal (negative feedbackmechanism)
6/1/2013 72
FACTORS AFFECTING THE
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
73/78
FACTORS AFFECTING THE
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
PHYSICAL FACTORS
CHEMICAL FACTORS
6/1/2013 73
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
74/78
Body temperature
Blood glucose level
Blood pH
Concentration of oxygen & carbon dioxide in theblood
Osmotic pressure of blood
6/1/2013 74
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
75/78
BODY TEMPERATURE
To regulates & maintains human bodytemperature at 37oC.
6/1/2013 75
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
76/78
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
77/78
Excretion and Homeostasis
Excretion means the removal of waste products from cells
7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells
78/78
- Excretion means the removal of waste products from cells.
- There are five important excretory organs in humans:
1. Skin :excretes sweat
2. Lungs : excrete
3. Liver ; excretes bile,
4. Gut : excretes
(The bulk of faeces comprises plant fibre andbacterial cells, which have never been absorbed into
the body, so are not excreted but egested.)