Bio-Energy and Environmental Sustainability AERF India BW Delegation

8/13/2019 Bio-Energy and Environmental Sustainability AERF India BW Delegation

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Bio-energy and Environmentalsustainabilitya case of India

Jayant Sarnaik

Applied Environmental Research Foundation,India

www.aerfindia.org
http://www.aerfindia.org/http://www.aerfindia.org/


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OutlineIntroduction

Major drivers influencing bio-energy development

Availability and sources of biomass

Biomass based power generation

Biomass utilization by different sectors

Biomass as a traditional source of energy

Liquid bio-fuels and energy security

Environmental sustainability

Environmental impacts of bio-energy production

Bio-fuels and biodiversity

Transition to sustainable energy futures

Renewable Energy and Climate changeWorkshop, Mumbai. 07-12-2012


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Introduction

AERF is registered NGO working in India , in the field ofParticipatory Conservation for last 15 years. A member of IUCN

and Roundtable on Sustainable Bio fuels , AERF is working for

mainstreaming biodiversity conservation in development and

business sector through five thematic programs:

Sacred Groves conservation

Applied Biodiversity Research

Communities, Conservation and climate change.

Energy and Biodiversity

Business and Biodiversity



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Favorable agro-climatic conditions and rich natural resource base

Leading producer of various agro-commodities with substantial bio-energy potential( sugar, rice , wheat, cotton, fruits and vegetables)

Contribution of Agriculture to Indias GDP- 15%

Long term support to bio-energy at policy level

Fourth largest economy and fifth largest GHG emitter

Easy access to carbon funding

(Source : Pewclimate.org, ibef.org )

Major drivers influencing bio-energy

development



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Availability and sources of biomass

Categories Biomass Availability in Million

Tonnes

Coal equivalent in

Million tonnes

Agriculture residues

A Rice straw 9 58.4

Rice husk 19.9 15.7

Jute Sticks 2.5 2.3

Wheat straw 50.5 37.5

Cattle dung 1335.00 128

Agro-industrial by products

B Bagasse 28.1 22.4

Molasses 2.1 0.8

Oil-seed cakes 6.7 0.9

Saw dust 2 3.4

C Forest products

Mahua flowers 1 0.4

Leaves , top etc. 3.3 3



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Continued

Biomass availability estimates

Year Biomass estimates ( in Million tonnes )

Ravindranath Biomass Atlas IISC

Production Surplus**1996-97 626.5

1998-99 653.4* 546.4 139.4

2004-05 741.0* 619.0* 157.9*

2010-11 840.6 701.2* 178.8*

2024-25 1127.3* 938.0* 239.2*Notes: * Projections based on 2.12% annual growth (same as Ravindranaths two year values) ** Surplus biomass fraction

assumed constant as given in biomass atlas of IISc.



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Biomass based power generationSr.no

.

State Up to

31.03.2003

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Total

(MW)

1 Andhra 160.05 37.7 69.5 12 22 33 9 343.25

2 Chhattisgarh 11 -- -- 16.5 85.8 33.5 9.88 156.1

3 Gujarat 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.5

4 Haryana 4 -- 2 -- -- -- -- 6

5 Karnataka 109.38 26 16.6 72.5 29.8 8 12 274.28

6 Madhya Pradesh 0 1 -- -- -- -- -- 1

7 Maharashtra 24.5 -- 11.5 -- 40 38.5 41.5 155.5

8 Punjab 22 -- -- 6 -- -- -- 28

9 Rajasthan 0 7.8 -- 7.5 8 -- 8 31.3

10 Tamil 106 44.5 22.5 -- 42.5 75 18.2 308.7

11 Uttar Pradesh 46.5 12.5 14 48.5 -- 79 172 372.5

Total 381.3 129.5 136.1 163 228.1 266 270.5 1677.13



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Continued

Potential for energy production from industrial wastes- Total1800 MW (2009)

Actual power generation from industrial waste including under

development- 180 MW.

Potential for power generation from Municipal solid waste3650MW

Potential for Combined Heat and Power generation in Indian

industry- 8000 MW

Contribution of Sugar industry to CHP potential- 5000 MW.



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Biomass utilization by different sectorsStates Rajasthan Maharashtra Chattisgarh Punjab

Different uses of

Biomass

% % % %

Fodder 59.88 44.15 64.27 56.51

Domestic fuel 11.43 8.64 0 3.68

Biomass based power

plants 3.2 8.42 18.41 5.64

Brick kilns 3.04 1.79 1.24 0

Mulching 5 0.41 4.2 1.79

Thatching 2.35 0.28 3.5 0.89

Cement 0 1.25 1.06 0

Oil mills 6.86 20.02 0 0

Left in the field 4.57 0 0 12.5

Other local industries

using biomass 4.64 0 1.72 1.96



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Biomass as a traditional source of energy

Per capitaconsumptionof biomass as

source of

energy- 380Kgs ( 1991).

Share ofbiomass in

total primaryenergy

consumption ofcountry45%

Share of fuelwood in

traditionalenergy use-

53%

Householdlevel

consumption ofbiomass as

source ofenergy- 83%



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Liquid bio-fuels and energy security

India is the fifth largestand one of the fastestgrowing petroleum oil

consumers in the world.

72% of Indias

requirement of Oil ismet through imports.

Indias oil importexpenditure has grown3 folds since 2004-05

due to increase inprices.

Annual growth in Indias

carbon emissions/year-3.2%



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Policy and development of Bio-fuels

Major trigger for adoption of bio-fuels- GOIs transport policy forstricter environmental norms - Euro III/Euro IV.

Ethanol blended petrol production started in 2003.

Requirement of Ethanol production for 5% blending- 2.3 billionliters. Target for blending is 20% for 2017.

Main raw material for ethanol production- molasses.

Estimated bio-diesel processing capacity -200,000 Metrictons/year, however plants are non-operational.

Reasons for lack luster performance of bio-diesel sector- singlespecies based production policy.(2003)



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Production of Ethanol( Million Liters)

Item\Year 2006/07 2007/08 20008/09 2009/10

Total Molasses

Production (Million

tons)

13.11 11.31 6.88 8.60

Total Alcohol Production 2280 1890 1,032 1,420

Opening Stocks 700 1269 1,254 706

Imports 39 5 200 200

Total Supply 3019 3164 2,486 2,326

Industrial Use 650 700 700 720

Potable Liquor 800 850 880 950

Ethanol for Blended

Gasoline

200 280 100 50

Other Use 100 110 100 110Renewable Energy and Climate change

Workshop, Mumbai. 07-12-2012


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Environmental sustainability

Ensuring that the overall productivity ofaccumulated human and physical capital resultingfrom development actions more than

compensates for the direct or indirect loss ordegradation of the environment.

The World Bank

To ensure environmental sustainability whileachieving development- MillenniumDevelopment Goal- 7

Renewable Energy and Climate change Workshop, Mumbai.07-12-2012


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Environmental impacts of bio-energy

production and use

Land useconversion

Degradation of and threats to eco-sensitive regions

Loss of biodiversity and threats from invasive species.

Indoor air pollution

Water stress and pollution

Reduction in ecosystem resilience to climate change



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Molasses based Ethanol production

Waste water generation ethanol produced per liter- 8-12liters.

Characteristics of wastewater- COD-35000-70,000 mg/l,BOD-20,000-40,000 mg/l, TDS- 40,000-60,000 mg/l

Inadequate and energy intensive treatment methodsleading to severe pollution of surface and ground water.

Energy required for treatment of wastewater balances outenergy generated from Ethanol. Detailed LCA necessary.



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Bio-fuels and Bio-diversity

India is one17 mega-diverse

countries in

the world.

There aremore than300 native

oilseedbearing tree

species inIndia.

Significantpotential to

tapunderutilized

species for bio-fuel production

and conservenative speciesdiversity

Pongamia

pinnata,Madhuca indica

and Calophyllum

innophyllum ,

Azdirachta indica

are some of the

high yielding bio-diesel feedstock

species.

Jatropha

curcas is anexotic and

toxic specieswhich has

failed as a crop

in variousstates of India.



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Transition to sustainable energy

futures

Resource assessment key to energy planning

and environmental sustainability.

Decentralized energy solutions are economically viable and

environmentally sustainable.( AERF projects)

Research and development in underutilized bio-energyfeedstock( Calophyllum innophyllum) needs to be promoted.

Advanced technologies to improve efficiency

and reduce resource consumption.



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Opportunities for low carbon bio-fuel

production


Harnessing theexisting potential ofcashew on 1 million

hectares acrossvarious states of

India- avoiding landuse change

Converting wasteinto energy- no

competition withfood

Potentialsolution at

industrial scale


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Thank you!

www.aerfindia.org
http://www.aerfindia.org/http://www.aerfindia.org/

Documents

Bio-Energy and Environmental Sustainability AERF India BW Delegation