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7/30/2019 Bio Chapter 18
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c Chapter 18
Virus- Discovered in the 1800s with the tobacco mosaic virus, the virus was destroying the
crop, a scientist of the time isolated it ands sprayed other plants with the virus, he named the
thing invisible death because the plants were still dying despite not being able to see what was
causing the problem.
Viruss are extremely small, much smaller than what is detectable through light microscopes.
Viral Genomes- Viruses contain genomes with double stranded/single stranded DNA and
double/single stranded RNA. The smallest viruses may only have 4 genes but the largest ones
can have several hundred.
Capsid- The protein shell that encloses the viral genome is called a capsid. Capsids are built
from a large number of proteins called capsomeres and they are found in the animal cells with
viral envelopes around their capsid. The capsid is usually found in a geometric shape
Reproduction
Viruses need a host cell. They are not living thus viruses need help to reproduce.
The host range are the different type of cells similar to the host that a virus can effect.
Viruses make extensive uses of enzymes like DNA polymerase.
Phages go through two cycles the Lytic Cycle and the Lysogenic Cycle
In the Lytic cycle viruses inject their genetic material into the host cell and the
host cell takes the genetic material and it replaces the original genetic material.
The cell becomes a virus factory.
The lysogenic cycle is much more devastating, the virus incorporates its DNA
with the hosts and reproduces with the host, not until there is an environmental
change and all of the viruses that reproduced with the host cell all burst out at
once.
In animals the Viruses use exocytosis to get their viral envelopes, some haveenvelopes some dont.
Types ssRNA viruses
RNA is mRNA- goes straight to ribosomes
Or the RNA can act as template for other RNA
Retroviruses come with coding for an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, goes
from RNA to DNA then back to RNA. RNA viruses are made quicker, provides
incorporates into DNA and can hide in the cell.
Causes of Animal Viral Diseases
VIruses release hydrolytic enzymes killing the cell and its lysosomes
Viruses can cause certain cells to release toxins.
Prevention of Animal Viral Diseases- When theres a cold virus killing cells in the
respiratory lining, theses cells have the ability to regenerate quickly with too much
damage being done to the organism.
Sources of emerging viruses can be mutations from other viruses, an isolated population
introduces it into another population or the virus can make a jump between species.
Viruses and Cancer
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Viruses can insert DNA in front of proto-oncogenes to stimulate the cell cycle,
these oncogenes can cause cancer. Although this is a risk with all viruses it is
more common in specific types of virus
Plant Viruses are usually RNA viruses, these are cylindrical capsid that can be
transmitted from an external sources or passed down from a parent, Horizontal/Verticle
Viroids and Prions- Viroids are naked pieces of circular RNA that infect plants, prionsare mutated proteins that infects the traits of other proteins.
Evolution of Viruses- Cells came first then viruses because viruses need cells to exist.
Also the Gnome of a particular virus resembles host cell more than any other virus type.
Bacteria
Bacterial Genome (Nucleoid, plasmid, episome)- nucleoid contains bacterial DNA in a
region of the prokaryote. Plasmids under normal conditions are not necessary but can
be useful under stressful conditions. Episomes are genetic material that can exist on its
own or can exist as part of the chromosome can be considered an episome.
Binary Fission- Bacteria always can undergo Binary Fission despite other types of
genetic recombination.
Genetic Recombination- combining the DNA from one bacteria to another, is good for
evolution and is possible despite bacteria being asexual.
Transformation- Bacteria picks up DNA from the environment, Some bacteria have
proteins that look for DNA
Transduction
Generalized transduction- When a bacteriophage transfers a piece of DNA from one
bacterium to another. A mistake is made with the bacteriophage and it transfers DNA
from another bacteria to another allowing for genetic recombination.
Specialized Transduction- Prophage takes DNA and adds DNA to new bacteria but goes
through the lysogenic cycle, R plasmids- contain genes for antibiotic resistances.
Conjugation (pili, f factor, plasmid, episome, f plasmid, HFr, R plasmids)
If F factor is present two bacteria form a cytoplasmic bridge, in order to transfer genetic
material from on bacteria to another. If a bacteria has F+ factor then they can send a
bridge F- factor means they can't send a bridge. The F plasmid has F+ factor in the
plasmid. HFr just means there is high frequency of recombination but HFr cannot send
an entire chromosome.
Transposons- genes that have the ability to move from one location to another on the
chromosome. Plasmids are transposons
Insertions sequences are the genes for transposase (cuts genes and moves to a new
location) therefore it all it takes is the code for transposase to move genes
Composite Transposons- Move other genes along with transposons, alle sequence,
occurs in humans Jumping genes are in all organisms
Bacterial Metabolic Regulation- Enzymes can be regulated through genes
Enzyme activity regulation (feedback inhibition) if too much of something is made then it can act
as an inhibitor
Gene Expression regulation (operons)
Operon (promoter, operator, and transcription unit) *Repressor-
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promoter- part of DNA where RNA polymerase attacthes Operator is after the promoter acts as
the on/off switch, genes transcribed- multiple genes can be codded on the same mRNA strand
multiple start/stop codons
Negative Gene Regulation
Repressible operon- When this is on, the RNA polymerase can go to
transcribe the RNA, tryptophan can bind to a repressor protein thenattach to the operon and stop the process (normally in the active state)
Inducible operon- a catabolic operon, the repressor is active normally and
blocks the transcription pathway
Positive Gene Regulation- If there is a high concentration of glucose the cell will use
glucose for respiration, if cAMP is high and glucose is low then lactose willl be used.
CRP activated with cAMP and makes RNA polymerase bind easier