1

Bio 4.1.1 – Organic Compounds Fill in the chart below on organic compounds. NOTE: please use the following words when filling the row for examples

Starch Cellulose Insulin Glycogen DNA Glucose Enzymes Hemoglobin Fats RNA

Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids

Monomer

Function

(why are

they

important)

Examples

Plants store carbohydrates as _________________________. Animals store carbohydrates as __________________________. What element must all organic compounds contain? ______________________________.

2

Fill in the following chart using the following words Carbohydrates Lipids Phospholipids DNA Monosaccharides Nucleic acids Enzymes Polysaccharides Proteins Fats Nucleotides RNA

Amino acid

Organic

Compounds

include

disaccharide

Which are made of

Which are made of Which include

Which include

and include

and include

3

Bio 4.1.3 – Enzymes Enzymes are _________________________________________________________ that _____________________________________________________________________ by _______________________________________________________________________. What are three important characteristics of enzymes? 1. 2. 3. Label the following picture using these terms Enzyme Substrate products Enzyme-substrate complex Active site

Explain what is happening

in the graph to the left.

At what pH does gastric protease work best?______ At what pH does intestinal protease begin to denature?_______

4

Bio 1.1.1 Cells Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

What are three main organelles a plant cell has that an animal cell is lacking? Fill in the chart below on cell structure and function. Function Found in plant/animal or both?

Nucleus

Cell

membrane

Cell wall

Vacuole

Ribosome

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

5

Bio 1.1.3 Special Cells

Use the picture above to answer the following questions:

1. Label these cells (red blood cell, sperm cell, white blood cell, muscle cell, nerve cell)

2. Which cell is adapted for movement?

3. What cell organelle is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement?

4. Which cell has no nucleus? What is the function of this cell?

5. Which cell is involved in the immune system?

6. Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages?

6

Bio 1.1.1 Cells Label the following cells as either plant or animal and then fill in the blanks with the corresponding cell organelle.

_____________________cell

_______________________ cell

7

1. Describe the hierarchy of cell organization using the following terms: Cell, Organ, Tissue, Organ system, Organism

Bio 1.1.2 Microscopes:

2. Individual cells are too small to see with the naked eye. What did we use in class in order to see individual cells?

3. What are the two types of lenses on a microscope?

4. How do you calculate total magnification? Use the following terms to answer the questions below:

Receptor protein chemical signals hormone

5. How do cells communicate with other cells? For example, how does a nerve cell

send a muscle cell a message?

6. A special protein used to stimulate a reaction in the body?

7. A substance secreted by the body to perform certain functions.

8

Cell Transport and maintenance of homeostasis – Bio 1.2.1

1. What is homeostasis? _________________________________________________ 2. What cell organelle is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

___________________________________________________________________ 3. What are some things in our bodies that have to stay homeostatic?

___________________________________________________________________ Label the following picture of the cell membrane.

PASSIVE TRANPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Requires

energy?

Low to high

concentration

or high to low

concentration?

Examples

Word Bank:

Protein Channel

Phospholipid (Label head & Tail)

Protein Molecule (2)

Glycolipid(Steroid)

9

1. Explain what has happened in the diagram above.

2. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left?

3. How is the semipermeable membrane like a cell membrane?

4. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or

right)?

5. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first?

6. In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to an area of _________ concentration.

7. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?

8. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ________ to an area of ________

concentration.

9. What is osmotic pressure?

10. Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:

a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%. b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.

10

11. A cell with a 5% solute concentration is placed in a container with a 1% solute concentration. What will happen to the cell?

12. How do plant cells and animal cells respond differently to the environments they are place in?

1% solute

5% solute

11

4.2.1 – Bioenergetic Reactions (photosynthesis and respiration)

1. What are some factors that might influence the rate of photosynthesis?

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

2. What is the form of energy produced by our cells? ____________________________________________________________________

3. What form of energy does our cells use? __________________________________ 4. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

Photosynthesis Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic

Respiration

What goes in

(reactants)

What goes out

(products)

Where does it

happen?

What organisms

perform it?

Equation

How is energy released from

the ATP for our bodies to use?

________________________

________________________

________________________

12

5. Explain what is happening in the picture above. Make sure you tell how photosynthesis and respiration are a cycle.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What happens when we do not get enough OXYGEN to our cells? ____________________________________________________________________

7. Fill in the chart on fermentation

Lactic Acid Alcoholic

Site of occurrence

What/Who does

this

What are the

products

13

Bio 3.1.1- DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis DNA

1. What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA? ___________________________________________________________________

2. What are the three components of nucleotides? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________

3. What describes the shape of DNA? ____________________________________________________________________

4. Does every cell in our body contain the same set of DNA? Explain. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Label the following nucleotide with the three components you listed in question number 2.

Use the picture below to answer the questions to the right.

5. What does the box in the bottom left corner represent? _______________________________________

6. What do the ATCG represent?

_______________________________________

7. What do the symbols represent? A =_____________________________ T = _____________________________ C =_____________________________ G = _____________________________

8. What type of bond holds the bases together?

______________________________________

14

9. Why is it important that the hydrogen bond is weak? _______________________ ____________________________________________________________________

10. How do the bases always pair? ____________________________________________________________________

Fill in the matching bases on the following picture

11. Why does DNA need to replicate?

12. What is produced as a result of DNA replication?

RNA Bio 3.1.2

13. What are the three types of RNA? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

14. What base is different in RNA compared to DNA? _____________________ RNA is important for two main processes – transcription and translation. Transcription – fill in the blanks using the words in the word bank to understand what is going on during transcription

ribosome nucleus transcription DNA

DNA is too large to leave the ___________________________ so mRNA does the work for DNA. mRNA copies one side of _____________________ and carries the direction to a _____________________________. This process of mRNA carrying the instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes is called ____________________________.

15

Translation – fill in the blanks using the words in the word bank to understand what is going on during translation

Anicodon codon peptide bond tRNA Amino acids protein

Once mRNA attaches to the ribosome, the ribosome starts reading a three letter code on mRNA called the ________________________________. When the codon is recognized, _________________________ begins to bring _______________________________ to the ribosome. In order for the amino acids to be dropped off to form a protein, a three letter code on tRNA called a ___________________________ must match the mRNA. The amino acids are held together by _____________________________ and form a ______________________________________. Transcribe and translate the following DNA strand using the codon chart below

DNA: T A C T A T C C G G G T A T T 15. mRNA: __________________________________________________ 16. tRNA: __________________________________________________ 17. amino acids: __________________________________________________

REMEMBER WHEN YOU USE THE CHART THAT mRNA IS WHAT CONTAINS THE

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CORRECT AMINO ACID. tRNA JUST BRINS THE AMINO ACID BASED ON THE INSTRUCTIONS FROM mRNA.

16

1. Describe what is happening in the picture above? ____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

17

Compare RNA and DNA in the following table

DNA RNA

Sugar Bases Strands Where in Cell Function Bio 3.1.3- Mutations:

2. What do we call it when a there is a mistake or change in the DNA? ___________________________________________________________________

3. Are all mutations bad? Explain. __________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the two main types of gene mutations? ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

Mutations – use the original DNA to describe what type of mutation is occurring. Original DNA: A T C C T G Mutated DNA: A T C T G Type of mutation __________________ Mutated DNA A T T C T G Type of mutation __________________ IMPORTANT TO KNOW… Central dogma

18

Bio 3.2.1 Cell Division Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis by filling in the following chart MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Type of

reproduction

(asexual or sexual)

Chromosome

number of mother

cell

(N=haploid,

D=diploid)

Chromosome

number of

daughter cell

(N=haploid,

D=diploid)

Number of cell

divisions

Number of cells

produced

Type of cells

produced

(somatic or sex)

Sources of

variation

Crossing over

Random

assortment of

chromosomes

Gene Mutations

Nondisjuction

Fertilization

19

1. Draw the phases of the cell cycle. Explain what occurs at each phase. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Interphase is not a phase of mitosis. What is going on during interphase? ____________________________________________________________________

3. What phase do we see chromosomes lining in the middle of the cell? ____________________________________________________________________

4. What disappears during prophase? _______________________________________

20

5. Explain how meiosis leads to independent assortment.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

21

Name the phases in the diagram below related to meiosis

Name of Phase of meiosis

Description

1. Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad

2. Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides

3. Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed

4. Chromosomes line up along equator, not in homologous pairs

5. Crossing-over occurs

6. Chromatids separate

7. Homologs line up alone equator

8. Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed

22

Bio 3.2.2 Genetics Describe/define the following terms:

1. Genotype

2. Phenotype

3. Homozygous

4. Heterozygous

5. P Generation

6. F1 Generation

7. F2 Generation

8. Polygenic traits

9. Carrier Describe the different types of genetic crosses (punnett squares) below:

1. Complete dominance

2. Incomplete dominance

3. Codominance

4. Multiple Alleles

5. Sex-linked traits

23

6. In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the genotype for the parents.

7. Give the phenotype for the parents.

8. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

9. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?

10. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? Use your knowledge of the following terms and complete the Punnett Squares and questions below:

1. Black is dominant to white. Cross two heterozygous parents.

2. When red flowers are crossed with white flowers, pink flowers result. What

inheritance pattern does this represent? ____________________________. Cross two pink flowers.

What are the different genotypes of the offspring?

What are the different phenotypes of the offspring?

What are the different genotypes of the offspring?

What are the different phenotypes of the

offspring?

24

3. Striped petunias result from crossing white and purple petunias. What inheritance pattern does this represent? ________________________________ Cross a striped petunia and a white petunia.

4. Hemophilia is sex-linked trait. A normal woman whose father was a hemophiliac

marries a normal man.

5. Colorblindness is a sex-linked. Cross a carrier female with a normal male.

What is the probability of having a striped

petunia?

What are the different genotypes of the

offspring?

What are the chances of hemophilia

occurring in their children?

What are the chances of their daughters

being color blind?

What are chances of their sons being color

blind?

Will any of their daughters be a carrier?

25

Bio 3.2.2 – Blood Typing 6. The technician at the hospital who writes identification wristbands in the hospital

delivery room mixed up four newborn babies. The hospital determined their blood types. Susan has AB, Aliah has O, Jason has A, and Kayla has B. Use the information and the punnett squares below to determine which baby belongs to which parents.

Parents #1 had blood types O and AB Parents #2 had blood type AB and B Parents #3 had blood type O and O Parents #4 had blood type O and A

Parents 1 Parents 2 Parents 3 Parents 4

1. What is a karyotype? ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

What is the gender of the person? What is the disorder that this person has? What is your evidence?

26

Describe a pedigree and why they are important? ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Use the pedigree to answer the following questions

1. What do the circles represent? _____________________________________

2. What do the squares represent?____________________________________

3. How many generations are represented in this pedigree? ________________

4. Circle the oldest person on the pedigree.

5. Write the genotype of each person on the pedigree (use ‘A’ and ‘a’ for your alleles)

6. Is this trait dominant or recessive ______________________________________

7. Is this trait sex-linked or autosomal? ____________________________________

27

Bio 3.3 – Biotechnology Human Genome

1. What was the purpose of the human genome project?

2. What is gene therapy and how has the human genome project helped improve gene therapy?

Gel Electrophoresis

3. When a scientists performs a gel electrophoresis experiment, what is the resulted barcode pattern called?

4. What two main reasons do we use DNA fingerprints for? Answer the following questions regarding the DNA fingerprints shown below:

5. Whose blood is shown in the left hand column?

6. How do you know?

28

Bio 3.3.1 Gel Electrophoresis

1. Could the defendant be the rapist? Explain your answer.

2. Which fragments of DNA are the longest? Explain.

Transgenic organisms

1. What does the word transgenic mean?

2. What does the term recombinant DNA mean?

29

Use the picture above to answer the following questions

3. Describe what is happening at letter A in the diagram?

4. Describe what is happening at letter B in the diagram?

5. Why would this be important in the medical field? THINK about the example from class. HINT: diabetes

6. Whey do scientist use a bacteria when creating transgenic organisms or genetically modified organisms(2 specific reasons)?

7. What are some ethic al issues that might arise with the use of ALL of these technologies (human genome, gel electrophoresis, and transgenic organisms)?

30

Bio 3.4 – Evolution 1. Who is the father of evolution? _________________________________________ 2. What important theory did the person in #1 develop?

___________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe natural selection. _____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What did Darwin first observe while watching different groups of organisms? He noticed this factor was in every population and without, natural selection could not occur? __________________________________________________

5. What are some sources of variation within a population? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Miller and Urey did an experiment to recreate the early earth and atmosphere.

6. What was the one gas component missing in their experiment that is crucial to

most life? ___________________________________________________________ 7. What was the goal of their experiment? ___________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

31

8. Think how their experiment influenced what scientists theorize about the first

organisms of life. What did they think the first organisms were? Circle all words that apply.

Prokaryotic eukaryotic anaerobic heterotrophic aerobic autotrophic

9. Describe the endosymbiotic theory: ______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Redi and Pastuer completed two different experiments in order to figure out where life came from. Answer the questions to review their findings as they deal with spontaneous generation.

10. What is abiogenesis? __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

11. What is biogenesis? __________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

12. Which, abiogenesis or biogenesis, do we believe today? ______________________ Evidence for evolution

13. What type of rock to find fossils in? ______________________________________ 14. The deeper we go in this rock, the _______________________________ the fossil. 15. What is a homologous structure? ________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________ Give an example. _____________________________________________________

16. What is an analogous structure? _________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Give an example. _____________________________________________________

17. What is a vestigial structure? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Give an example. _____________________________________________________

18. If a population that was once able to breed is separated by a physical barrier such as a mountain or river, what type of isolation could we say this represents? __________________________________________________________________

32

Bio 3.5.1 – Classification of Organisms

Linnaeus

1. What are the seven classification levels of Linnaeus’ taxonomy? _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

2. What is the most diverse level? ______________________________________ 3. Over time, what has happened to the number of kingdoms, has it increased in

number or decreased? ____________________________________________ 4. What is the two name system assigned to each organism?

_______________________________________________________________ 5. How do we assign the two names based on Linnaeus’ classification system?

_______________________________________________________________

6. What is the scientific name of this organism?

7. Do all of the organisms in this family belong to the same kingdom?

33

1. What characteristics do the Rodents and Rabbits possess?

2. What characteristics do the amphibians and ray-finned fish share?

3. What characteristic do all of these organisms possess? Bio 3.5.2 Dichotomous Keys Use the following dichotomous key to identify the tree branch shown. The tree branch is considered to have LONG needles.

1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2

b. leaf is broad……… go to 5

2. a. needles are short ....go to 3

b. needles are long…...go to 4

3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock

b. underside of needles silver ..balsam

4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine

b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine

5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6

b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7

34

Bio 2.1.2 – Comparison of Organisms

What is the function of the following kidney and how does it help maintain homeostasis?

What is the main difference between vascular and nonvascular plants?

Explain how the diagram to the left aids an organism in carrying out cellular respiration.

What organism in the picture to the right is an autotroph? ________________________.

What does that mean?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

What organism is a heterotroph? __________________________. What does that mean?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

35

Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction

Explain the purpose of the following:

Egg-

Seed-

Spore-

Placenta-

Internal fertilization-

External fertilization-

36

Diseases - Bio 3.2.3 & 2.1.4

1. Explain the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria.

2. Explain the relationship between lung and mouth cancer and tobacco use.

3. Explain the relationship between skin cancer, vitamin D, folic acid and sun exposure.

4. Explain the relationship between diabetes, diet/exercise, and genetics.

5. Explain the relationship between PKU and diet.

6. Explain how each of the following can disrupt ecosystem balance: a. Aids b. Influenza c. Tuberculosis d. Dutch Elm Disease e. Dfiesteria

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

37

Bio 2.1.3– Patterns of Animal Behavior Describe the following major categories for animal behavior:

1. Innate

2. Learned

3. Social

Classify the following behaviors by putting them in the table below:

Social Innate Learned

Match the following Descriptions with the correct Animal Behaviors. 1. _____ Dormant during summer months. 2. _____ Activities used to attract a mate. 3. _____ An attachment of young made toward another

individual (usually a parent). 4. _____ An attraction/repulsion to something specific. 5. _____ behavior most often in males claiming an

area of land. 6. _____ Innate behavior in newborn mammals. 7. _____ Desensitization. 8. _____ Social behavior in which organisms pass

information along to each other. 9. _____Dormant during winter months. 10. _____ Movement from one region to another. 11. _____Learned behavior with the reward an avoidance of punishment. 12. _____ patterns of activity according to time (i.e. time of day or time of year). 13. _____ A learned behavior that provokes a response that would not naturally occur

with the stimulus alone (i.e. A cat coming into the kitchen when the can opener is used because she is fed canned food and sometimes treated to tuna fish).

A. Suckling (Nursing) B. Hibernation C. Migration D. Estivation E. Taxis F. Habituation G. Imprinting H. Trial & Error I. Classical Conditioning J. Courtship K. Territoriality L. Communication M. Circadian Rhythms

Suckling (Nursing) Hibernation Migration Estivation Taxis Habituation Imprinting Trial & Error Classical Conditioning Courtship Dances Territoriality Communication, using Pheromones

38

Bio 2.1.3– Organisms, Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems

In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships

Relationship Definition Example

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

Predator-Prey

1. In the graph below, which organism is the prey? Which is the predator?

2. Which population increases (or falls) first and why?

3. Which population increases (or falls) second and why?

NOTE: Hares are rabbits

39

Bio 2.2.1- Population Growth 1. List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment.

2. List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment.

Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time 1. What kind of growth curve is shown by the graph

below?

2. What is the carrying capacity for rabbits?

3. During what month(s) were rabbits in exponential growth?

40

Graph 2: Mexico and US 1. In Mexico, what percentage of the population is

between 0-4 years of age?

2. In the US?

3. Which population is growing the fastest?

4. Which age group has the smallest number in both countries?

41

Graph 3: Word Population Growth

1. The graph to below shows the growth of the human population from 1 A.D. to 2000 A.D. Describe what you see has happened.

2. Predict what will happen to population growth in the future and explain your reasoning.

3. What factors influence birth and death rates?

42

Bio 2.1.1 – Flow of energy and the cycling of matter Carbon Cycle

Use the picture above to answer the following questions

1. What are three biotic factors in the picture?

2. What are three abiotic factors in the picture?

3. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?

4. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere?

43

Food Webs

Use the food web above to answer the following questions

1. What are the producers in this food web?

2. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web?

3. What are the secondary consumers in this food web?

4. What are the highest level consumers in this food web?

44

Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leavesinsectsbirdsredfoxbear

1. Where is the most energy in this pyramid?

2. Where is the least energy?

3. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web?

4. Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves? Estimate the amount of energy in each of the other levels of the energy pyramid.

5. What happens to matter as it moves through the food chain/web?

6. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web?

45

Bio 2.1.4– Human Population Explain the effect each of the following may have on the environment. Factor Effect on Environment

Population Size

Population Density

Resource Use

Acid Rain

Habitat Destruction

Introduced non-native

species

Pesticide use

Deforestation

1. How do changes in human populations affect populations of other organisms?

3. What are some examples of sustainable practices and stewardship that can protect

the environment?