BIO 356 - All Labs and Lab Homeworks

8/12/2019 BIO 356 - All Labs and Lab Homeworks

1/51

Sehs ckluojgt hs tej prkpjrty kd Gjrcy Gktjs (www.gjrcy-gktjs.lko). Yjrohsshkg hs nrmgtjc tk vhjw tehs ckluojgt kgby tk mutekrhzjc usjrs0 ugcjr gk

lhrluostmgljs lmg yku chstrhautj kr trmgsoht tehs ckluojgt whtekut kur wrhttjg lkgsjgt.

gjrcy-gktjs.lkoupbkmcjc ay usjr tejEjssbjekdd

Lbmss6 AHK


2/51

Sehs ckluojgt hs tej prkpjrty kd Gjrcy Gktjs (www.gjrcy-gktjs.lko). Yjrohsshkg hs nrmgtjc tk vhjw tehs ckluojgt k gby tk mutekrhzjc usjrs0 ugcjr gk


Bma #=

Jxjrlhsj =.=

=844 =.9939 =.9 =.9=981

=8>9 : : := =.9=5>5

=889 :.18 : 3.53 =.98185 =.9=>83

=88: :.>: : :.18 =.95484 =.9=451


3/51



Smabj =.3 **Mbtekune nrkwte rmtj lkgthgumbby cjlrjmsjs, tej guoajr kd pjkpbj mccjc lkgthgujs tk

hglrjmsj**

Xjmr Ykpubmthkg \hzj (hg

Ahbbhkgs) PG_

Mggumb Nrkwte Qmtj (Q) Mggumb guoajr kd

pjkpbj mccjc tk tej

pkpubmthkg PG*(=-Q)_

=8>: =.9=54< >5 89,58:,199

=88: :.>: =.9=451 84,>=:,999

84,>=:,999

=

<

~,

==,93=

~

Shoj Lkopbjtjc6 ==,93=

~,

:9,999,999 4,>839,999

=.991

=.993

=.994

=.995

=.9=

=.9=1

=.9=3

=.9=4

=.9=5

=.91

=.911

=.913

=599 =899 1999 1=99

Nrkwte Qmtj vs. Xjmr

Shoj Xjmrs

Nrkw

teQmtj(%)


4/51



199: 9.9199,>93,189

19=: 9.9=558 =.9953= =.95>,>99,>93,189 5,

191: 9.9=345 =.99319 =.93159 5, 5,>


5/51



Smabj =.4 =.9939 =.9 =.9=981

=8>9 : : := =.9=5>5

=889 :.18 : 3.53 =.98185 =.9=>83

=88: :.>: : :.18 =.95484 =.9=451

Smabj =.3

Xjmr Ykpubmthkg \hzj (hg

Ahbbhkgs) PG_

Mggumb Nrkwte Qmtj (Q) Mggumb guoajr kd

pjkpbj mccjc tk tej

pkpubmthkg PG*(=-Q)_

=8>: =.9=54< >5 89,58:,199

=88: :.>: =.9=451 84,>=:,999

1999 4.9= =.99555 :


6/51



1.L6

Jvjg tekune tej nrkwte rmtj (Q) hs lkgthgumbby serhg`hgn, tej pkpubmthkg shzj whbb lkgthguj tk

hglrjmsj ajlmusj Q7=. Cuj tk tehs dmlt, tej njkojtrhl prknrjsshkg kd tej pkpubmthkgs nrkwte

jvjry yjmr PG*(Q-=)_ whbb aj bmrnjr temg tej bmst. Jssjgthmbby, tej lkopkugchgn gmturj kd tej

pkpubmthkgs nrkwte supjrsjcjs tej dmlt temt tej nrkwte rmtj hs cwhgcbhgn. Hg mcchthkg, tej Q-

vmbuj hs m rjbmthvhsthl ojmsurjojgt, wejrjms tej hglrjmsj hg pkpubmthkg hs m okrj lkglrjtj,

maskbutj ojmsurjojgt, nhvhgn ht m okrj dugcmojgtmb hgdbujglj kvjr tej stmthsthls temt wjrj

lkbbjltjc.

1.C6

>3,839,999

199: 9.9199,>93,189

19=: 9.9=558 =.9953= =.95>,>99,>93,189 5,

191: 9.9=345 =.99319 =.93159 5, 5,>


7/51



A6 Sej =88:-199: prkfjlthkg hg Smabj =.: hs rjbmthvjby mllurmtj, mbtekune sbhnetby kvjrjsthomtjc.

Sej kvjr-lmblubmthkg hs omcj lbjmr hg tej 199:-19=: arml`jt, wehle chltmtjs temt whtehg twk

yjmrs kd tej lurrjgt cmtj (cjsphtj tej cjlrjmshgn nrkwte rmtj), tej pkpubmthkg whbb sekkt up mg

mcchthkgmb >99 Ohbbhkg pjkpbj. Sehs jrrkr hs cuj tk tej kvjrshopbhdhjc gmturj kd tehs lemrt, ms

sjvjrmb hopkrtmgt vmrhmabjs (sule ms survhvmahbhty) mrj gjnbjltjc kr lkgshcjrjc lkgstmgts.

3.

^jj` =6 4 sgmhbs 49 ? 4() =9 ? ?=9

^jj` 16 49 sgmhbs

?

() =9 ? ~


8/51



:.

M6 Bhdj jxpjltmgly mgc bkgnjvhty mrj hgvjrsjby prkpkrthkgmb. ^ehbj tej jxmlt prkpkrthkgmbhty

chddjrs ay lkugtry mgc rjnhkg, tej bkgnjr tej pkpubmthkg bhvjs, tej bjss djrthbj ht sjjos tk aj.Kvjr thoj, djrthbhty cjlrjmsjs wehbj bkgnjvhty hglrjmsjs.

A6 Akte djlugchty mgc djrthbhty rjdjr tk tej prkpjgshty/ mahbhty tk prkculj vhmabj kddsprhgn. ^ehbj

djrthbhty hs strhltby ahkbknhlmb mgc ekrokgmb pjrspjlthvj kg rjprkculthvj mahbhty, djlugchty hs okrj

kd m sklhk-pkbhthlmb vhjwpkhgt. Mahkthl dmltkrs bhoht gkt tej ahkbknhlmb mahbhty tk aj djrthbj, aut

rmtejr tej krnmghsos dklus, turghgn mwmy drko rjprkculthkg mgc tkwmrc ktejr dmltkrs (sule ms

jgkune dkkc, prkpjr sejbtjr, kr kpthomb tjopjrmturj).

\urvhvmb rmtjs mgc bhdj jxpjltmgly mbsk cjmb whte tej smoj tkphl kd bhdj, aut mpprkmle tej hcjm hg

chddjrjgt wmys. Bhdj jxpjltmgly hs ekw bkgn mg krnmghso whbb bhvj amsjc upkg tej ahkthl mgcmahkthl dmltkrs kd hts jgvhrkgojgt. \urvhvmb rmtjs, ekwjvjr, cjmb whte tej prkamahbhty kd

rjomhghgn mbhvj hg m ljrtmhg emahtmt. Hd hg mg jgvhrkgojgt tej survhvmb rmtjs dkr m nrkup kd

krnmghsos hs tej smoj, aut kgj hgchvhcumb ems m njgjthl vmrhmthkg temt lkgdjrs ajttjr cjdjgsj

mnmhgst prjcmtkrs, temt krnmghsos bhdj jxpjltmgly whbb aj bkgnjr cjsphtj tej smoj survhvmb rmtjs

ms hts pjjrs. Durtejrokrj, tej chlektkoy ajtwjjg tej 1 tjros rjbmtjs tk m qujsthkg kd hd

(survhvmb rmtjs) mgc m qujsthkg kd tk wemt jxtjgt (bhdj jxpjltmgly).


9/51

Sehs ckluojgt hs tej prkpjrty kd Gjrcy Gktjs (www.gjrcy-gktjs.lko). Yjrohsshkg hs nrmgtjc tk vhjw tehs cklu ojgt kgby tk mutekrhzjc usjrs0 ugcjr gk


Bma #1

Jxjrlhsj 1.=Akbc Ybus = (+=) D?9.11> (bjss)

Htmbhls Ohgus = (-=) \?9.81= (okrj)

Kxjg

Guoajr

Qmgcko

Guoajr =

(Djlugchty

Lejl`)

Qmgcko

Guoajr 1

(\urvhvmahbhty

Lejl`)

= 9.=585> 9.>4851

1 9.545>8 9.4484:

< 9.99135:

1> 9.>54:5

15 9.8


10/51



Kxjg

Guoajr

Qmgcko

Guoajr =

(Djlugchty

Lejl`)

Qmgcko

Guoajr 1

(\urvhvmahbhty

Lejl`)= 9.85>4= 9.8 9.588== 9.13:4:

5 9.>1==5 9.31=3 9.189>=

== 9.3818< 9.=85>4=1 9.>3955 9.34158

=< 9.==1:< 9.>11=1

=3 9.434

=4 9.44 9.599=4 9.815=5

=5 9.:441583

19 9.83:44 9.151 9.9=4:9=1 9.5934< 9.:4194

=< 9.99

1= 9.8== 9.38

11 9.>>=8< 9.=:8>41< 9.91:58 9.9>11:

1: 9.43>=5 9.318

14 9.51 9.==8>=58

9.=4981


11/51



Jxjrlhsj 1.1 **Kgby < kxjg ajtwjjg shoubmthkgs, rjsubts prjlhsj mgc lbustjrjc**

Kxjg

Guoajr

Qmgcko

Guoajr =

(Djlugchty

Lejl`)

Qmgcko

Guoajr 1

(\urvhvmahbhty

Lejl`)= 9.941>8 9.34833

1 9.>4=:< 9.3: 9.1:8

3 9.:8543 9.=:453

: 9.5=>>3 9.113==

4 9.>>4== 9.33191

> 9.>>4== 9.55433

5 9.9139: 9.>98>8

8 9.15513 9.8541=

=9 9.93

== 9.:8:55 9.4:551=1 9.313>4 9.5=89 9.=:11>

=: 9.94958 9.5>93=

=4 9.44139

=> 9.>489> 9.815:8

=5 9.395

19 9.=8>=1 9.58:13

1= 9.8=8:: 9.=5943

11 9.>553: 9.4=941:

13 9.=:>

Dhgmb Ykpubmthkg \hzj (G)?


12/51



9

9.=

9.1

9.

9.5

9.8

=


13/51



Jxjrlhsj 1.3

Ymrmojtjr Ehne Tmbuj ( =9%) Bkw Tmbuj ( =9%)

Hghthmb Maugcmglj

Lkglbushkg6 Hglrjmshgn tej hghthmb maugcmglj kd kxjg mgc tej nrkwte rmtj kd tej pkpubmthkg wjrj akte

pkshthvjby lkrrjbmtjc whte njgjrmthgn m bmrnjr pkpubmthkg. Amsjc upkg tej njkojtrhl prknrjsshkg kd

pkpubmthkg nrkwte, m bmrnjr prhglhpbj (hghthmb maugcmglj) mgc lkopkugchgn rmtj (nrkwte rmtj) wkubc

suastmgthmbby hglrjmsj tej pkpubmthkg. Sej survhvmahbhty (survhvmb rmtj) cjlrjmsjc ay kgby kgj (=)

pjrljgtmnj pkhgt, sk durtejr tjsthgn hs gjljssmry tk cjtjrohgj hts rjbmthkgsehp tk tehs pkpubmthkgs

nrkwte. Hg tehs trhmb, tej lemgnj hg survhvmb rmtjs hs cjtjrohgjc tk aj gjnbhnhabj. Ekwjvjr, tej

stmgcmrc cjvhmthkg kd tej nrkwte rmtj prkvjc tk aj gjnmthvjby lkrrjbmtjc whte pkpubmthkg nrkwte. M

sombbjr st. cjv. ojmgs temt tej nrkwte rmtj stmys rjbmthvjby ugrjmlthvj tk ktejr vmrhmabjs, ojmghgn

temt ht hs bjss prkgj tk rmphc vmlhbbmthkgs temt lkubc pktjgthmbby chohghse tej pkpubmthkgs nrkwte.

Sej jvhcjglj hs lbjmr temt nrkwte rmtj (Q) hs ay dmr tej okst hopkrtmgt, ms m =9% cjlrjmsj hg vmbuj

jddjlthvjby dmhbs tej jxpjrhojgt0 ht whbb tm`j oule bkgnjr temg =1 thoj stjps tk mlehjvj tej rjquhrjc

terjsekbc. Sej lkgtrmpkshthvj kd tehs dmlt hs temt m =9% hglrjmsj omtejomthlmbby yhjbcs m pjrdjlt

\tmgcmrc Okcjb

Hghthmb

Maugcmglj

Nrkwte

Qmtj

\urvhvmahbhty \t.

Cjvhmthkgkd

Nrkwte

Qmtj

:

Srmfjltkry 3 Mt m terjsekbc bjvjb kd =:9 ous` kxjg, tej prkamahbhty kd

jxpbkshkg hs 9.::99


14/51



prkamahbhty, ojmghgn temt tej kxjg whbb mbokst ljrtmhgby rjlkvjr tk tej hcjmb terjsekbc whtehg tej

mbbkttjc thoj. Sej hopbhlmthkg kd tejsj cmtm sekws temt tej nrkwte rmtj hs jxtrjojby sjgshthvj, mgc hd

euomgs hgtjrvjgj tk smvj m spjlhjs, tejy oust aj lmrjdub gkt tk upsjt tej bklmb jlkbkny hg tej prkljss.

Hg tjros kd lrjmthgn shoubmthkgs, m =9% tkbjrmglj hs tkk bmx dkr sule mg hgdbujgthmb vmrhmabj.

Ekojwkr` #1

=. Sej pkpubmthkg shoubmthkgs wjrj rmtejr prjlhsj, ms tej pkpubmthkgs rmgnjc drko


15/51



9

9.=

9.1

9.

9.5

9.8

=


16/51



Lkglbushkg6 Hglrjmshgn tej hghthmb maugcmglj kd kxjg mgc tej nrkwte rmtj kd tej pkpubmthkg wjrj akte

pkshthvjby lkrrjbmtjc whte njgjrmthgn m bmrnjr pkpubmthkg. Amsjc upkg tej njkojtrhl prknrjsshkg kd

pkpubmthkg nrkwte, m bmrnjr prhglhpbj (hghthmb maugcmglj) mgc lkopkugchgn rmtj (nrkwte rmtj) wkubc

suastmgthmbby hglrjmsj tej pkpubmthkg. Sej survhvmahbhty (survhvmb rmtj) cjlrjmsjc ay kgby kgj (=)

pjrljgtmnj pkhgt, sk durtejr tjsthgn hs gjljssmry tk cjtjrohgj hts rjbmthkgsehp tk tehs pkpubmthkgs

nrkwte. Hg tehs trhmb, tej lemgnj hg survhvmb rmtjs hs cjtjrohgjc tk aj gjnbhnhabj. Ekwjvjr, tej

stmgcmrc cjvhmthkg kd tej nrkwte rmtj prkvjc tk aj gjnmthvjby lkrrjbmtjc whte pkpubmthkg nrkwte. M

sombbjr st. cjv. ojmgs temt tej nrkwte rmtj stmys rjbmthvjby ugrjmlthvj tk ktejr vmrhmabjs, ojmghgn

temt ht hs bjss prkgj tk rmphc vmlhbbmthkgs temt lkubc pktjgthmbby chohghse tej pkpubmthkgs nrkwte.

Sej jvhcjglj hs lbjmr temt nrkwte rmtj (Q) hs ay dmr tej okst hopkrtmgt, ms m =9% cjlrjmsj hg vmbuj

jddjlthvjby dmhbs tej jxpjrhojgt0 ht whbb tm`j oule bkgnjr temg =1 thoj stjps tk mlehjvj tej rjquhrjc

terjsekbc. Sej lkgtrmpkshthvj kd tehs dmlt hs temt m =9% hglrjmsj omtejomthlmbby yhjbcs m pjrdjlt

prkamahbhty, ojmghgn temt tej kxjg whbb mbokst ljrtmhgby rjmle tej hcjmb terjsekbc whtehg tej mbbkttjc

thoj. Sej hopbhlmthkg kd tejsj cmtm sekws temt tej nrkwte rmtj hs jxtrjojby sjgshthvj, mgc hd euomgs

hgtjrvjgj tk smvj m spjlhjs, tejy oust aj lmrjdub gkt tk upsjt tej bklmb jlkbkny hg tej prkljss. Hgtjros kd lrjmthgn shoubmthkgs, m =9% tkbjrmglj hs tkk bmx dkr sule mg hgdbujgthmb vmrhmabj.

Sej stucjgts vmbujs ck gkt jxmltby omtle ohgj, aut tejy emvj tej smoj pmttjrg0 tej =9%

cjlrjmsj mgc =9% hglrjmsj yhjbc mbokst tej smoj vmbuj. Sej survhvmb rmtjs ajemvjc tej smoj

wmy hg akte kd kur jxpjrhojgts. Sej rjmskg temt hglrjmshgn tej survhvmb rmtj ckjs gkt

lkrrjbmtj whte m bmrnjr pkpubmthkg hs ajlmusj tej nrkwte rmtj hs m dhxjc lkgstmgt. Hd tej Q-vmbuj

rjomhgs tej smoj wehbj tej survhvmb rmtj hglrjmsjs, tej djlugchty oust cjlrjmsj mllkrchgnby.

Ht hs tehs cjlrjmsj hg djlugchty temt gjnmtjs tej pktjgthmb dkr tej pkpubmthkg tk nrkw

suastmgthmbby. Ajlmusj tej Q-vmbuj rjbhjs kg m suoomthkg kd 1 chddjrjgt ojmsurjojgts,

survhvmahbhty ems mg kpthomb ohxturjhg tej nrkwte rmtj lmblubmthkg temt, hd ugcjrsekt krkvjrsekt, whbb nrjmtby chohghse hts okojgtuo hg tej dhgmb pkpubmthkg lmblubmthkg.

:. ( ) ? ( ) ( ) ? (. ) ( ) ? (. )

( ) ? ( )

( ) ? ( . )

( ) ? .


17/51

Sehs ckluojgt hs tej prkpjrty kd Gjrcy Gktjs (www.gjrcy-gktjs.lko). Yjrohsshkg hs nrmgtjc tk vhjw tehs ckluojgt kgby tk mutekrhzjc usjrs0 ugcjr gk


Bma #.99 31>.5> 8::.54 =35=1.99

Sej trmfjltkry temt ems akte cjoknrmpehl mgc jgvhrkgojgtmb stklemsthlhty wms oule arkmcjr hg slkpj

temg wms tej trmfjltkry temt sekwlmsjc kgby tej cjoknrmpehl stklemsthlhty. Ms whte mbb shoubmthkgs,

tej okrj stklemsthl pmrmojtjrs temt mrj hgtrkculjc, tej okrj chstrhauthkg tej rjsubthgn trmfjltkry whbb

chspbmy. Sehs jxpbmhgs wey tej ohghouo mgc omxhouo vmbujs kd tej trmfjltkry mrj oule okrj

jxtrjoj temg hg tej prjvhkus trmfjltkry.

Dmltkrs sule ms dkkc mvmhbmahbhty, wmtjr sekrtmnjs, mgc chsjmsj wkubc mbb lura tej jxpkgjgthmb nrkwte

kd m pkpubmthkg. Sej pkpubmthkg ehts tej lmrryhgn lmpmlhty (@) mgc dbultumtjs ajgjmte ht. Sej dhgmb

pkpubmthkg whbb aj mpprkxhomtjby =:9 hgchvhcumbs. Sej Bjsbhj omtrhx prkvhcjs m dhghtj rmtj kd nrkwte kd . , sk tej pkpubmthkg whbb lkgthguj tk dbultumtj mrkugc tej lmrryhgn lmpmlhty.

Jxjrlhsj 3.1

. /

\tmnj Hght. chstr. \tmabj chstr.

= 9.


30/51



< 9.=>= 9.=41

3 9.==: 9.==8 9.9>>

4 9.9:= 9.9:=

> 9.9


31/51



%?

%?

,,,,

,, %? . %Hglrjmsj

Kvjrmbb lemgnj hg Ykpubmthkg6 , , , , ? , ,

Sej pkpubmthkg lkgthgujc tk hglrjmsj, cjsphtj tej dhghtj rmtj kd hglrjmsj jqumbhgn kgj, ajlmusj tej

pkpubmthkg emc gkt yjt rjmlejc m stmabj mnj chstrhauthkg. Kgby mdtjr tehs jquhbharhuo hs rjmlejc whbbtej pkpubmthkgs nrkwte pbmtjmu.

Dmohby Ybmgghgn, Yt. HH . /

Mnj Lbmss Yjrljgt Qjculthkg (%)

Mnj Lbmss 9-=9 9.9

Mnj Lbmss =9-19 =99.9

Mnj Lbmss 19-


32/51



%?

%?

,,,,

,, %? . %

Kvjrmbb Lemgnj hg Ykpubmthkg6 ==,1,184 hgchvhcumbs

Sej ojtekc kd sjbjlthvjby cjlrjmshgn tej djlugchthjs kd tej ykugnjr Mnj lbmssjs wms oule okrj

jddjlthvj mt rjculhgn pkpubmthkg shzj temg wms tej mlrkss-tej-akmrc cjlrjmsj uthbhzjc hg tej dhrst

shoubmthkg.

Sej Dmohby Ybmgghgn sljgmrhk wkubc emvj bhohtjc sulljss hd hopbjojgtjc, ms ht wkubc tm`j sjvjrmb

yjmrs, pksshaby jvjg cjlmcjs tk cjlrjmsj djlugchty tk tej lmblubmtjc bjvjb. \ekubc tej hcjm aj

hopbjojgtjc, ht wkubc cjlrjmsj tej pkpubmthkg shzj, aut gkt tk tej jxtjgt temt wms lmblubmtjc. Sej

pkpubmthkg wkubc lkgthguj tk nrkw ms tej djlugchthjs cjlrjmsjc, sk tej dhgmb pkpubmthkg shzj wkubc aj

bmrnjr temg prjchltjc ay tej trmfjltkry. Akte tej jculmthkgmb mgc jlkgkohl jopkwjrojgt kd wkojg

wkubc cjlrjmsj djlugchty, ms wkojg wkubc aj mttjgchgn slekkb mgc pursuhgn lmrjjrs ms kppksjc tk

sjttbhgn ckwg mgc emvhgn lehbcrjg. Lkgvjrsjby, prkvhchgn bmrnj sthpjgcs tk kbcjr pjkpbj wkubc

hoprkvj tejhr ejmbte, mgc kvjrmbb rjprkculthvj vmbuj. ^hte okrj okgjy mgc djwjr ojchlmb prkabjos,

kbcjr Mnj lbmssjs wkubc ajlkoj okrj bh`jby tk rjprkculj, hglrjmshgn tej pkpubmthkgs djlugchty.

M) Hd tejrj hs gk lemgnj hg djlugchty, tejg tej hgcustrhmbhzjc vmbuj kd 8.


33/51



\urvhvmb Qmtj Cmtm

Mvjrmnj

\urvhvmb Qmtj

\tc. Cjv. kd

\urvhvmb Qmtj

Mnj 9 9.31:9 Mnj 9 9.9>1=

Mnj = 9.=>35 Mnj = 9.9 Mnj < :.4>1>

Mnj 3 ==.>13: Mnj 3 =8.3>31

Srmfjltkry 16 Cjtjrohghsthl Ykpubmthkg nrkwte amsjc upkg =841 cmtm. Dhgmb pkpubmthkg mdtjr 19 yjmrs wms

=3,89> hgchvhcumbs.

Srmfjltkry =6 Cjtjrohghsthl Ykpubmthkg nrkwte amsjc upkg jxtrmpkbmtjc cmtm. Emrvjst Qmtj hs jqumb tk 9.9:5=.


34/51



Dhgmb Mnj Maugcmgljs

Mnj 96 :,934 hgchvhcumbs

Mnj =6 1,919 hgchvhcumbs

Mnj 16


35/51



mnj, djlugchty, mgc survhvmb rmtjs (lkgstmgt emrvjst) hs tej okst bh`jby tk lmusj mg jxtrjoj cjlbhgj hg

tej pkpubmthkg.

Bma #3 Ekojwkr`

=. ?()

()+

()

()+

()

()

?

(.+.+.)

? .

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()

()+

()

()+

()

()

?

(.+.+.)

? .

?

()

()+

()

()+

()

()

?

(.+.+.)

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()

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(.+.+.)

? .

? (Gk : yjmr kbcs wjrj kasjrvjc)

? (Ms 9 yjmr kbcs mrj gkt kd rjprkculthvj mnj)

? (Ms = yjmr kbcs mrj gkt kd rjprkculthvj mnj)

? ()

()+()+() ?

(++)? .

? ()

()+()+() ?

(++)? .

? ()

()+()+() ?

(++)? .

?++

?

.+.+.

? .

? ? ? .

+

() ? ()

()+()

+()?

+? .

+()? ()

()+() +()?

+? .

+()? ()

()+() +()?

+? .

+?+() +() +()

? .


36/51



P( )_?P_ P()_

?

( )? ?

1.


37/51



Sej strmtjny hg \tjp 4 wms lkgstmgt emrvjst,wehle rjokvjc m dhxjc guoajr kd hgchvhcumbs

drko jmle mnj lbmss. Sej emrvjst mokugt chddjrjc drko kgj Mnj lbmss tk mgktejr, sk tej

mokugts wjrj =1:, 19, mgc 1 twk hgchvhcumbs dkr Mnj lbmssjs =, 1, mgc


38/51



Bma #4

]ujsthkg #=

M stmnj strulturjc okcjb mssuojs temt tejrj hs gk stklemsthlhty, gk cjgshty cjpjgcjglj, m

pmgohthl mgc hskbmtjc pkpubmthkg, lemrmltjrhsthls rjbmtjc tk cjoknrmpehl stmnj, mgc tej kpthkg hsnhvjg tk jhtejr prknrjss tk m gjw stmnj. Sej Bjsbhj omtrhx, ekwjvjr, uthbhzjs tej mnj-strulturj okcjb,

wehle sthpubmtjs temt ohghomb vmrhmthkg mgc nrkwte ajtwjjg chslrjtj thoj stjps mllurmtjby prjchlts

nrkwte.

]ujsthkg #1

Sej chmnrmo omps kgtk m Bjsbhj omtrhx ms sekwg6

Y= D1 D< 9

N= Y1 9 9

9 N1 Y< 9

9 9 N< Y3

]ujsthkg #38.:=

9.< 9 =39


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Ekojwkr` ]ujsthkg #

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BIO 356 - All Labs and Lab Homeworks