BIO 11 BIO 11 Diversity of Living Diversity of Living ThingsThings

p.326 p.326 Biology 11Biology 11

TaxonomyTaxonomy

TaxonomyTaxonomy:: science of science of classifying organismsclassifying organisms

Why bother classifying?Why bother classifying? To identify organismsTo identify organisms To show how organisms are relatedTo show how organisms are related

Once upon a time….Once upon a time….

Aristotle’s classification system:Aristotle’s classification system:Plant or AnimalPlant or Animal

CharacteristicCharacteristic PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis MovesMoves

PlantPlant

AnimalAnimal

p. 327 “Try This Activity”p. 327 “Try This Activity”

There were There were some some organisms that organisms that didn’t seem to didn’t seem to fit in either of fit in either of Aristotle’s Aristotle’s categoriescategories

CoralCoral

SpongesSponges

EuglenaEuglena

Now what?Now what?

The invention of the microscope in the The invention of the microscope in the 1717thth century further complicated things. century further complicated things.

Microrganisms i.e. bacteria neither plants Microrganisms i.e. bacteria neither plants nor animalsnor animals

Classification system needed to be Classification system needed to be improved…improved…

Classification systems Classification systems continue to evolvecontinue to evolve as new as new discoveries are madediscoveries are made

p.329 Biology 11p.329 Biology 11

Currently, all organisms are divided into 6 Currently, all organisms are divided into 6 kingdomskingdoms

Using p.329-330, list the 6 kingdoms and Using p.329-330, list the 6 kingdoms and give 2 examples of eachgive 2 examples of each

The 6 KingdomsThe 6 Kingdoms

1.1. Eubacteria i.e. bacteria, cyanobacteriaEubacteria i.e. bacteria, cyanobacteria

2.2. Archaebacteria i.e. methanogens, Archaebacteria i.e. methanogens, extreme halophilesextreme halophiles

3.3. Protista i.e. algae, protozoaProtista i.e. algae, protozoa

4.4. Fungi i.e. mushrooms, yeastsFungi i.e. mushrooms, yeasts

5.5. Plantae i.e. ferns, flowering plantsPlantae i.e. ferns, flowering plants

6.6. Animalia i.e. mammals, spidersAnimalia i.e. mammals, spiders

In the Eukaryota domain, kingdom In the Eukaryota domain, kingdom Protista has the most biological diversityProtista has the most biological diversity

Biological diversityBiological diversity: variety of living : variety of living organismsorganisms

Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classification

7 taxa / levels:7 taxa / levels: KingdomKingdom is the is the

largest taxon and largest taxon and most vast and non-most vast and non-specificspecific

SpeciesSpecies is the is the smallest and most smallest and most specific taxonspecific taxon

How to remember?How to remember?

Taxonomic SystemsTaxonomic Systems

Carl Linnaeus pioneered current Carl Linnaeus pioneered current classification system.classification system.

More physical and structural features More physical and structural features organisms have in common, the more organisms have in common, the more closely related they areclosely related they are

Linnaeus invented Linnaeus invented binomial binomial nomenclaturenomenclature

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

2-word scientific naming system that names 2-word scientific naming system that names organisms using format “organisms using format “Genus species”Genus species”.. Uses Latin wordsUses Latin words Genus is capitalized, species is notGenus is capitalized, species is not

i.e. i.e. Castor canadensis = Castor canadensis = beaverbeaver

Felix domesticusFelix domesticus = pet cat = pet cat

Genus:Genus: Biological group of species that are Biological group of species that are closely relatedclosely related

Species:Species: Group of organisms that can Group of organisms that can reproduce among themselves and produce reproduce among themselves and produce fertile offspringfertile offspring

i.e. ligers (from cross of lion + tiger) males are i.e. ligers (from cross of lion + tiger) males are sterile; lions and tigers are different speciessterile; lions and tigers are different species

i.e. mules (from donkey + horse) are sterile; i.e. mules (from donkey + horse) are sterile; donkeys and horses are different speciesdonkeys and horses are different species

Benefits of Binomial Benefits of Binomial Naming SystemNaming System

Why is it useful for people around the Why is it useful for people around the world to use the same name for world to use the same name for organisms?organisms?

Compare the names of:Compare the names of: Grizzly bear = Grizzly bear = Ursus horribilisUrsus horribilis Polar bear = Polar bear = Ursus maritimusUrsus maritimusWhat does it mean that these organisms What does it mean that these organisms

belong to the same genus?belong to the same genus?

AssignmentAssignment

1.1. p.334 # 2, 5p.334 # 2, 5

2.2. Namus gamusNamus gamus Assignment – due ? Assignment – due ?

Prokaryote vs EukaryoteProkaryote vs Eukaryote

Prokaryote:Prokaryote: an organism who does not an organism who does not have a nuclear membranehave a nuclear membrane Fewer organelles than eukaryotesFewer organelles than eukaryotes Kingdoms: (eu)bacteria, archaebacteriaKingdoms: (eu)bacteria, archaebacteria

Eukaryote:Eukaryote: an organism who has a an organism who has a nuclear membranenuclear membrane Kingdoms: protists, fungi, plants, animalsKingdoms: protists, fungi, plants, animals