Bio 1005 Chapter 4 Summer 2013

8/16/2019 Bio 1005 Chapter 4 Summer 2013

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

PowerPoint Lectures for

Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh EditionReece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey

Chapter 4Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell


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Figure 4.0_1

Introduction to the Cell The Nucleus and

Ribosomes

The Endomembrane

SystemEnergy-Converting

Organelles

The Cytoskeleton

and Cell Suraces

Chapter 4! "ig Ideas


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INTRODUTION TO T!E E""

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


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4.1 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell

# $ariet% o& 'icrosco(es )a$e *een de$e+o(ed &or ac+earer $ie o& ce++s and ce++u+ar structure.

T)e 'ost &re-uent+% used 'icrosco(e is t)e light

microscope #$/+ie t)e one used in *io+og%+a*oratories.

"ig)t (asses t)roug) a s(eci'en, t)en t)roug) g+ass

+enses, and &ina++% +ig)t is (ro3ected into t)e $ieers e%e.

5(eci'ens can *e 'agni&ied u( to 1,000 ti'es t)e

actua+ si6e o& t)e s(eci'en.



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Magnification is t)e increase in t)e a((arent si6eo& an o*3ect.

Resolution is a 'easure o& t)e c+arit% o& an i'age.

In ot)er ords, it is t)e a*i+it% o& an instru'ent tos)o to c+ose o*3ects as se(arate.



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7icrosco(es )a$e +i'itations.

T)e )u'an e%e and t)e 'icrosco(e )a$e +i'its o&

reso+utiont)e a*i+it% to distinguis) *eteen s'a++

structures.

T)ere&ore, t)e +ig)t 'icrosco(e cannot (ro$ide t)e

detai+s o& a s'a++ ce++s structure.



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Using +ig)t 'icrosco(es, scientists studied

'icroorganis's,

ani'a+ and (+ant ce++s, and

so'e structures it)in ce++s.

In t)e 1800s, t)ese studies +ed to cell theory,

)ic) states t)at

a++ +i$ing t)ings are co'(osed o& ce++s and

a++ ce++s co'e &ro' ot)er ce++s.



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Figure 4.19

%& m

% m

%&& mm

'%& cm(

%& mm

'% cm(

% mm

)uman height

#ength o some nerveand musclecells

Chickenegg

*rog egg

)uman egg

Paramecium

%&& m

%& m

% m

%&& nm

%& nm

$ost plant andanimal cells

% nm

&+% nm

Nucleus

$ost bacteria

$itochondrion

Smallest bacteria,iruses

Ribosome

roteins

#ipids

Small molecules

.toms

/ n a i d e d e y e

# i g h t m i c r o s c

o p e

E l e c t r o n m

i c r o s c o p e


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9eginning in t)e 1:;0s, scientists started using a$er% (oer&u+ 'icrosco(e ca++ed t)e electronmicroscope E$/ to $ie t)e u+trastructure o&ce++s.

Instead o& +ig)t, E7 uses a *ea' o& e+ectrons.

E+ectron 'icrosco(es can

reso+$e *io+ogica+ structures as s'a++ as 2 nano'etersand

'agni&% u( to 100,000 ti'es.



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Scanning electron microscopes 'SE$( stud% t)edetai+ed arc)itecture o& ce++ sur&aces.

Transmission electron microscopes 'TE$( stud%

t)e detai+s o& interna+ ce++ structure.

Di&&erentia+ inter&erence +ig)t 'icrosco(es a'(+i&%

di&&erences in densit% so t)at structures in +i$ing

ce++s a((ear a+'ost t)ree


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Figure 4.1


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Figure 4.1D


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T)e plasma membrane &or's a &+e=i*+e *oundar%*eteen t)e +i$ing ce++ and its surroundings.

P)os()o+i(ids &or' a to


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7e'*rane (roteins are eit)er attac)ed to t)e 'e'*rane sur&ace or

e'*edded in t)e ()os()o+i(id *i+a%er.

5o'e (roteins &or' c)anne+s or tunne+s t)at s)ie+d

ions and ot)er )%dro()i+ic 'o+ecu+es as t)e% (ass

t)roug) t)e )%dro()o*ic center o& t)e 'e'*rane.

Ot)er (roteins ser$e as (u'(s, using energ% to

acti$e+% trans(ort 'o+ecu+es into or out o& t)e ce++.

4. The s!all si"e of cells relates to the #eed toe$cha#%e !aterials across the plas!a !e!bra#e


Fi 4 29


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Figure 4.29

Outside cell

)ydrophilic

heads

)ydrophobic

tails

hospholipid Inside cell

Channelprotein roteins

)ydrophilic

region o

a protein

)ydrophobic

region o a protein


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4.& 'rokaryotic cells are structurally si!plertha# eukaryotic cells

9acteria and arc)aea are prokaryotic ce++s. #++ ot)er &or's o& +i&e are co'(osed o& eukaryotic

ce++s.

Proar%otic and euar%otic ce++s )a$e a (+as'a 'e'*rane and

one or 'ore c)ro'oso'es and ri*oso'es.

Euar%otic ce++s )a$e a

'e'*rane


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4.& 'rokaryotic cells are structurally si!plertha# eukaryotic cells

T)e DN# o& (roar%otic ce++s is coi+ed into a regionca++ed t)e nucleoid, *ut no 'e'*rane surroundst)e DN#.

T)e sur&ace o& (roar%otic ce++s 'a%

*e surrounded *% a c)e'ica++% co'(+e= ce++ a++,

)a$e a ca(su+e surrounding t)e ce++ a++,

)a$e s)ort (ro3ections t)at )e+( attac) to ot)er ce++s ort)e su*strate, or

)a$e +onger (ro3ections ca++ed lagella t)at 'a% (ro(e+t)e ce++ t)roug) its +i-uid en$iron'ent.


Figure 4 >


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Figure 4.>

*imbriae

Ribosomes

Nucleoid

lasma membrane

Cell 0all

Capsule

*lagella . TE$ o the bacterium

Bacillus coagulans

"acterial

chromosome

. typical rod-shaped

bacterium


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4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitio#ed i#tofu#ctio#al co!part!e#ts

T)e structures and organe++es o& euar%otic ce++s(er&or' &our *asic &unctions.

1. T)e nuc+eus and ri*oso'es are in$o+$ed in t)e genetic

contro+ o& t)e ce++.

2. T)e endo(+as'ic reticu+u', ?o+gi a((aratus,

+%soso'es, $acuo+es, and (ero=iso'es are in$o+$ed in

t)e 'anu&acture, distri*ution, and *readon o&

'o+ecu+es.



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4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitio#ed i#tofu#ctio#al co!part!e#ts

#+'ost a++ o& t)e organe++es and ot)er structures o&ani'a+s ce++s are (resent in (+ant ce++s.

# &e e=ce(tions e=ist.

"%soso'es and centrio+es are not &ound in (+ant ce++s.

P+ant *ut not ani'a+ ce++s )a$e

a rigid ce++ a++,

c)+oro(+asts, and

a centra+ $acuo+e.


Figure 4 4#


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Figure 4.4#

Smooth

endoplasmic

reticulum

Rough

endoplasmic

reticulum

N/C#E/S!

Nuclear envelopeChromatinNucleolus

Ribosomes

1olgiapparatus

$itochondrion

lasma membrane

ero2isome

C3TOSE#ETON!

$icrotubule

Intermediateilament

$icroilament

#ysosome

Centriole

NOT IN $OST#.NT CE##S!

Figure 4 49


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Figure 4.49

N/C#E/S!

Nuclear envelopeChromatin

Nucleolus

1olgiapparatus

Rough

endoplasmic

reticulumRibosomes

ero2isome

Central vacuole

NOT IN .NI$.#CE##S!

Chloroplast

Cell 0all

lasmodesma

$itochondrion

lasma membrane

Cell 0all o ad5acent cell

Smoothendoplasmicreticulum

C3TOSE#ETON!

$icrotubule

Intermediateilament

$icroilament


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T!E NU"EU5 #ND RI9O5O7E5



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4.( The #ucleus is the cell)s %e#etic co#trol ce#ter

T)e nucleus contains 'ost o& t)e ce++s DN# and

contro+s t)e ce++s acti$ities *% directing (rotein

s%nt)esis *% 'aing 'essenger RN# 'RN#/.

DN# is associated it) 'an% (roteins in structures

ca++ed chromosomes.


Figure 4.;


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Figure 4.;

T0o membranes

o nuclear envelope

Nucleus

ChromatinNucleolus

ore

Endoplasmic

reticulum

Ribosomes


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4.* +iboso!es !ake protei#s for use i# the cella#d e$port

Ribosomes are in$o+$ed in t)e ce++s (roteins%nt)esis.

Ri*oso'es are s%nt)esi6ed &ro' rRN# (roduced in t)e

nuc+eo+us.

e++s t)at 'ust s%nt)esi6e +arge a'ounts o& (rotein

)a$e a +arge nu'*er o& ri*oso'es.



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4.* +iboso!es !ake protei#s for use i# the cella#d e$port

5o'e ri*oso'es are &ree ri*oso'es@ ot)ers are*ound.

Free ribosomes are

sus(ended in t)e c%to(+as' and

t%(ica++% in$o+$ed in 'aing (roteins t)at &unction it)in t)e

c%to(+as'.

Bound ribosomes are

attac)ed to t)e endo(+as'ic reticu+u' ER/ associated it)

t)e nuc+ear en$e+o(e and

associated it) (roteins (aced in certain organe++es or

e=(orted &ro' t)e ce++.


Figure 4.A


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g

Ribosomes ERCytoplasm

Endoplasmic

reticulum 'ER(

*ree ribosomes

"ound

ribosomes

6iagram o a ribosome

rotein

mRN.

Colori7ed TE$ sho0ing

ER and ribosomes


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T!E ENDO7E79R#NE5B5TE7


4 - i


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4., -verview Ma#y cell or%a#elles are co##ectedthrou%h the e#do!e!bra#e syste!

7an% o& t)e 'e'*ranes it)in a euar%otic ce++are (art o& t)e endomembrane system.

5o'e o& t)ese 'e'*ranes are ()%sica++%connected and so'e are re+ated *% t)e trans&er o&

'e'*rane seg'ents *% tin% vesicles sacs 'adeo& 'e'*rane/.

7an% o& t)ese organe++es or toget)er in t)e

s%nt)esis, storage, and

e=(ort o& 'o+ecu+es.


4 , - i M ll ll d


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4., -verview Ma#y cell or%a#elles are co##ectedthrou%h the e#do!e!bra#e syste!

T)e endomembrane system inc+udes t)e nuc+ear en$e+o(e,

endo(+as'ic reticu+u' ER/,

?o+gi a((aratus,

+%soso'es,

$acuo+es, and

t)e (+as'a 'e'*rane.


4 / Th d l i i l i bi h i


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4./ The e#doplas!ic reticulu! is a biosy#theticfactory

T)ere are to inds o& endo(+as'ic reticu+u's'oot) and roug).

Smooth ER +acs attac)ed ri*oso'es.

Rough ER +ines t)e outer sur&ace o& 'e'*ranes.

#+t)oug) ()%sica++% interconnected, s'oot) and roug)

ER di&&er in structure and &unction.


Figure 4.8#


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Smooth ER

Rough ER

Ribosomes

Nuclear

envelope

Figure 4.89


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Transport vesicle

buds o

mRN.

Ribosome

olypeptide

1lycoprotein

Rough ER

Sugar

chain

Secretory

protein

inside trans-

port vesicle

4

8

9

%

4 / Th d l i ti l i bi th ti


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4./ The e#doplas!ic reticulu! is a biosy#theticfactory

5'oot) ER is in$o+$ed in a $ariet% o& di$erse'eta*o+ic (rocesses.

5'oot) ER (roduces en6%'es i'(ortant in t)e

s%nt)esis o& +i(ids, oi+s, ()os()o+i(ids, and steroids.

Ot)er en6%'es )e+( (rocess drugs, a+co)o+, and ot)er

(otentia++% )ar'&u+ su*stances.

5o'e s'oot) ER )e+(s store ca+ciu' ions.


4 0 Th l i t fi i h t d hi


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4.0 The ol%i apparatus fi#ishes2 sorts2 a#d shipscell products

T)e ?o+gi a((aratus ser$es as a 'o+ecu+arare)ouse and &inis)ing &actor% &or (roducts

'anu&actured *% t)e ER.

Products tra$e+ in trans(ort $esic+es &ro' t)e ER to t)e

?o+gi a((aratus.

One side o& t)e ?o+gi a((aratus &unctions as a recei$ing

doc &or t)e (roduct and t)e ot)er as a s)i((ing doc.

Products are 'odi&ied as t)e% go &ro' one side o& t)e

?o+gi a((aratus to t)e ot)er and tra$e+ in $esic+es to

ot)er sites.


Figure 4.:


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1olgi apparatus1olgi

apparatus

Transport

vesicle romthe 1olgi

:Shipping;

side o 1olgi

apparatus

Transport

vesicle

rom ER

:Receiving; side

o 1olgi

apparatus

%

9

8

4

4

4 13 L di ti t t


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4.13 Lysoso!es are di%estive co!part!e#tswithi# a cell

# lysosome is a 'e'*ranous sac containingdigesti$e en6%'es.

T)e en6%'es and 'e'*rane are (roduced *% t)e ER

and trans&erred to t)e ?o+gi a((aratus &or (rocessing.

T)e 'e'*rane ser$es to sa&e+% iso+ate t)ese (otent

en6%'es &ro' t)e rest o& t)e ce++.


Figure 4.10#_s1


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6igestive

en7ymes

#ysosome

lasma membrane

Figure 4.10#_s2


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6igestive

en7ymes

#ysosome

*ood vacuole

lasma membrane

Figure 4.10#_s>


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6igestive

en7ymes

#ysosome

*ood vacuole

lasma membrane

Figure 4.10#_s4


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6igestive

en7ymes

#ysosome

*ood vacuole

lasma membrane

6igestion

4 13 Lysoso!es are di%estive co!part!e#ts


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4.13 Lysoso!es are di%estive co!part!e#tswithi# a cell

"%soso'es a+so )e+( re'o$e or rec%c+e da'aged(arts o& a ce++.

1. T)e da'aged organe++e is &irst enc+osed in a 'e'*rane

$esic+e.

2. T)en a +%soso'e

&uses it) t)e $esic+e,

dis'ant+es its contents, and

*reas don t)e da'aged organe++e.


Figure 4.109_s1


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#ysosome

,esicle containing

damaged mitochondrion

Figure 4.109_s2


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#ysosome

,esicle containing


Figure 4.109_s>


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#ysosome

,esicle containing


6igestion

4 11 acuoles fu#ctio# i# the %e#eral


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4.11 acuoles fu#ctio# i# the %e#eral!ai#te#a#ce of the cell

,acuoles are +arge $esic+es t)at )a$e a $ariet% o&&unctions.

5o'e (rotists )a$e contracti+e $acuo+es t)at )e+( to

e+i'inate ater &ro' t)e (rotist.

In (+ants, $acuo+es 'a%

)a$e digesti$e &unctions,

contain (ig'ents, or

contain (oisons t)at (rotect t)e (+ant.


Figure 4.11#


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Contractile

vacuoles

Nucleus

Figure 4.119


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Central vacuole

Chloroplast

Nucleus

4 1 A review of the structures i#volved i#


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4.1 A review of the structures i#volved i#!a#ufacturi#% a#d breakdow#

T)e &o++oing &igure su''ari6es t)e re+ations)i(sa'ong t)e 'a3or organe++es o& t)e endo'e'*rane

s%ste'.


Figure 4.12


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Smooth

ER

Nucleus

Transport

vesicle rom ER

to 1olgi

1olgi

apparatus

#ysosome ,acuole lasma

membrane

Nuclear

membrane

Rough ER

Transport

vesicle rom

1olgi to

plasma

membrane


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ENER?B


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4.1& Mitocho#dria harvest che!ical e#er%y fro!food

$itochondria are organe++es t)at carr% out ce++u+arres(iration in near+% a++ euar%otic ce++s.

e++u+ar res(iration con$erts t)e c)e'ica+ energ% in

&oods to c)e'ica+ energ% in .T adenosinetri()os()ate/.



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4.14 Chloroplasts co#vert solar e#er%y to


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4.14 Chloroplasts co#vert solar e#er%y toche!ical e#er%y

Chloroplasts are t)e ()otos%nt)esi6ing organe++eso& a++ ()otos%nt)esi6ing euar%otes.

P)otos%nt)esis is t)e con$ersion o& +ig)t energ%

&ro' t)e sun to t)e c)e'ica+ energ% o& sugar'o+ecu+es.


Figure 4.14


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Inner andouter membranes

1ranum StromaChloroplast

Thylakoid


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T!E BTO5E"ETON #NDE"" 5URF#E5


4.1* The cell)s i#ter#al skeleto# helps or%a#i"e


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4.1* The cell s i#ter#al skeleto# helps or%a#i"eits structure a#d activities

e++s contain a netor o& (rotein &i*ers, ca++ed t)ecytoskeleton, )ic) &unctions in structura+ su((ortand 'oti+it%.

5cientists *e+ie$e t)at 'oti+it% and ce++u+ar

regu+ation resu+t )en t)e c%tose+eton interactsit) (roteins ca++ed 'otor (roteins.


4.1* The cell)s i#ter#al skeleto# helps or%a#i"e


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4.1* The cell s i#ter#al skeleto# helps or%a#i"eits structure a#d activities

T)e c%tose+eton is co'(osed o& t)ree inds o&&i*ers.

%+ $icroilaments actin &i+a'ents/ su((ort t)e ce++s

s)a(e and are in$o+$ed in 'oti+it%.

9+ Intermediate ilaments rein&orce ce++ s)a(e and anc)or

organe++es.

8+ $icrotubules 'ade o& tu*u+in/ gi$e t)e ce++ rigidit% and

act as tracs &or organe++e 'o$e'ent.


Figure 4.1A


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.ctin subunit

NucleusNucleus

$icroilament Intermediate ilament

*ibrous subunits

< nm %& nm

Tubulin subunits

$icrotubule

9= nm

Figure 4.1A_1


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.ctin subunit

$icroilament

< nm

Figure 4.1A_2


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Nucleus

Intermediate ilament

*ibrous subunits

%& nm

Figure 4.1A_>


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Nucleus

Tubulin subunits

$icrotubule

9= nm

Figure 4.1#


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Cilia

Figure 4.19


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*lagellum

4.10 The e$tracellular !atri$ of a#i!al cells


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fu#ctio#s i# support a#d re%ulatio#

#ni'a+ ce++s s%nt)esi6e and secrete an e+a*oratee2tracellular matri2 EC$/ t)at

)e+(s )o+d ce++s toget)er in tissues and

(rotects and su((orts t)e (+as'a 'e'*rane.


Figure 4.1:


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E>TR.CE##/#.R *#/I6

C3TO#.S$

$icroilaments

o cytoskelton

lasma

membrane

Integrin

Connecting

glycoprotein

1lycoprotein

comple2

0ith long

polysaccharide

Collagen iber

4.3 Three types of cell 5u#ctio#s are fou#d i#


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yp 5a#i!al tissues

#d3acent ce++s co''unicate, interact, and ad)eret)roug) s(ecia+i6ed 3unctions *eteen t)e'.

Tight 5unctions (re$ent +eaage o& e=trace++u+ar &+uid

across a +a%er o& e(it)e+ia+ ce++s.

.nchoring 5unctions &asten ce++s toget)er into s)eets.

1ap 5unctions are c)anne+s t)at a++o 'o+ecu+es to

&+o *eteen ce++s.


Figure 4.20

Tight 5unctions

t l id


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prevent luid rom

moving bet0een cells

Tight 5unction

.nchoring 5unction

1ap 5unction

lasma membranes

o ad5acent cells

E2tracellular matri2

4.1 Cell walls e#close a#d support pla#t cells


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pp p

# (+ant ce++, *ut not an ani'a+ ce++, )as a rigid cell0all t)at

(rotects and (ro$ides se+eta+ su((ort t)at )e+(s ee(

t)e (+ant u(rig)t against gra$it% and

is (ri'ari+% co'(osed o& ce++u+ose.

P+ant ce++s )a$e ce++ 3unctions ca++ed

plasmodesmata t)at ser$e in co''unication

*eteen ce++s.


Figure 4.21


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,acuole

lant cell

0alls

lasmodesmata

Cytoplasm

rimary cell 0all

Secondary cell 0all

lasma membrane

4. +eview Eukaryotic cell structures ca# be


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%rouped o# the basis of four basic fu#ctio#s

Euar%otic ce++ structures can *e grou(ed on t)e

*asis o& &our &unctions

1. genetic contro+,

2. 'anu&acturing, distri*ution, and *readon,

>. energ% (rocessing, and

4. structura+ su((ort, 'o$e'ent, and co''unication

*eteen ce++s.


Ta*+e 4.22_1


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Ta*+e 4.22_2


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Bio 1005 Chapter 4 Summer 2013