Billy K. L. So CUHK GIS in Urban Cultural Studies: Reflections from the Project on Republican...
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Billy K. L. So CUHK GIS in Urban Cultural Studies: Reflections from the Project on Republican Beijing Billy K. L. So CUHK PNC 2010 City University of Hong
Billy K. L. So CUHK GIS in Urban Cultural Studies: Reflections
from the Project on Republican Beijing Billy K. L. So CUHK PNC 2010
City University of Hong Kong December 1-3, 2010
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Republican Beijing- The project The project description The
project description Title - Title - Beijing in Transition: A
Historical GIS Study of Urban Cultures, 1912-1937 ( ) Subject-
Subject- modern Chinese urban history Creators/ownership -
Creators/ownership - Billy So and Lin Hui Spatial location- Spatial
location- Beijing city (not incl. suburban districts and
countryside) Temporal coverage- Temporal coverage- 1912-1937
Contributors- Contributors- PU (Ctr His Geo and Ctr Med His),
PUnionU, ShanDongU (Law Sch) Funding - Funding - UD$135,000 from
Research Grant Council, Hong Kong ( Project No. 450407)
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Republican Beijing- The product Six Urban Cultural Spheres
Urban morphology Urban morphology (i.e., city planning and
structure, major government buildings, major landmarks, urban
population patterns, and transportation patterns,) Legal cultures
Legal cultures (i.e., police forces, military police, crime rates,
medication, court systems, civil and criminal litigations, lawyers
and law firms,) Medical cultures Medical cultures (i.e.,
traditional health care providers, modern hospitals and clinics,
public health services, Chinese and western drugstores, patterns of
common and infectious diseases, hygienic facilities,) Market
cultures Market cultures (i.e., firms and shops of major
businesses, banking and pawnshops, manufacturing enterprises,
guilds, temple markets, urban taxation, land price, wage patterns,
poverty patterns,) Religious cultures Religious cultures (i.e.,
temples, churches, properties, membership, leadership, welfare
services,) Education cultures Education cultures (i.e., schools,
universities, professional education organizations, traditional
education providers, literacy providers,) An open GIS platform for
specified common purpose
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Republican Beijing- Our purposes Three main deliverable
objectives: a) to develop a GIS dataset of historical information
on the six selected urban cultural spheres; b) to document the
spatial patterns and changes in each of these urban cultural
spheres; and c) to explore possible relationship among these
patterns. For what? For broader methodological and theoretical
issues For advancement in fields of GIS in history, in Chinese
history, modern Chinese history, Chinese urban history, geography,
multidisciplinary history. For promotion of participatory and
collaborative scholarship
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Survey map of Inner and Outer cities of Beijing produced by the
Office of Surveying and Mapping, Zhifang Department, Ministry of
the Interior at a scale of 1:8500 in 1913
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Map of inner and outer cities of capital produced by the Office
of Surveying and Mapping, Zhifang Department, Ministry of the
Interior at a scale of 1:8000 in 1916
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Survey map of inner and outer cities of Beiping produced by the
Public Works Bureau of the Beiping Municipal Government at a scale
of 1:5000 in 1937
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1928-29
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1928-29 Temples and Churches
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Tianqiao
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Hutong in Tianqiao district
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Building blocks in Tianqiao district5b Building blocks
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Republican Beijing- Some experiences so far Immediate benefits
Visualization of data Mapping of data Overlaying of data of
different thematic natures (point spatial patterns) Statistical
analyses (Geographically weighted regression, or GWR) Testing of
existing views Exploring new enquiries and agenda Difficulties and
limitations Technical problems (distortions, data matching, etc.)
Data availability and accessibility Human errors from inputting
data to other technical procedures Data organization Between GIS
dataset and research enquiries
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Republican Beijing- Broader theoretical i ssues to be addressed
Qualitative vs. quantitative? Spatial vs. non-spatial? Two
variables vs. multiple variables? Politics vs. socioeconomic
phenomenon? Tradition vs. modernity? Structure vs. expression? What
is urban cultural change?
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Republican Beijing- The Prospect Better understanding of each
cultural sphere? Better understanding of the interplay among these
themes? Better understanding of an overall Beijing spatial pattern
and its implication on urban cultural change? Better comparison to
other Republican cities? Potential of expansion and improvement of
historical GIS in open and collective efforts? Public history
database in support of individual researchers?
Slide 30
Republican Beijing - The field GIS in Chinese historical
studies Peter Bol & Ge Jianxiong (Harvard-Fudan) China
Historical GIS (CHGIS) as a common base GIS, 222 BC to 1911 AD.
Classical scholarship on Republican Beijing Sidney Gamble, Peking:
A Social Survey (1921), etc. Approaches to modernity vs. tradition
in Republican Beijing Civil society approach (Strand) Tradition in
modernity approach (Novey) Cultural narrative approach (Dong)
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Republican Beijing Legal Culture Sydney Gambles survey on the
criminal justice system in Republican Beijing Republican Beijings
police and prison reform Legal reform and legal cultural change
Legal cultural change and GIS spatial structure (M. Ng) Police
force, crime rates, and legal service (lawyers)
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Police Force vs. Convicted Criminals 5 districts with highest
nos. of CC (1912) 5 districts with highest nos. of PF (1912)
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Police Force vs. Convicted Criminals 5 districts with highest
nos. of PF (1928) 5 districts with highest nos. of CC (1928)
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Police Stations and Criminal Rates
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Law Firms and Criminal Rates
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Law Firms and Police Stations
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Republican Beijing Medical Culture Sydney Gambles survey of
Peking health service Peking Union Medical College history and
history of Chinas medical modernization Sherman Cochrans business
history of Chinese medicine New cultural history of medicine and
health GIS structure of medical services (Zhang Peiyao) Catchment
areas ( street cars v.s. Chinese & Western medical services ),
hotspot analysis ( Chinese & Western medical services ), GWR (
Chinese & Western medical services vs. poverty, crime rate,
public toilet, soup kitchen )
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Street cars and Western medical services (catchment area)
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Hotspot analysis of Western medical service in 1914 Hotspot
analysis of Chinese medical service in the 1910s
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Hotspot analysis of Chinese medical service in the 1920s
Hotspot analysis of Western medical service in 1929
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Hotspot analysis of Western medical service in 1935 Hotspot
analysis of Chinese medical service in the 1930s
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Observations on catchment areas and hotspot analysis TCM more
clustered but less so in the 1930s WM more diffuse in 1914 but
became more clustered in 1929 and 1935 More WM in the northern city
in the 1910s and 1920s; whereas TCM more in the southern More TCM
in the northern city from the 1930s, but increase of WM more
obvious in 1935
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Hotspot analysis TCM vs. poverty TCM vs. public toilet TCM vs.
crime TCM vs. soup kitchen
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Hotspot analysis WM vs. poverty WM vs. public toilet WM vs.
crime WM vs. soup kitchen
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Spatial pattern of TCM For TCM, overall service supply highest
in the western part of the north city WM has a statistically
negative impact on the distribution of TCM Temples impact on TCM
was higher in south city as compared to north city Business and
industry had stronger effect on TCM in northern city Water tap has
a strong and positive impact on TCM provision throughout the city
Lawyers also had such impact. Southwestern parts in particular
Slide 46
For WM, overall service supply highest in north city Negative
impact of temples on WM Churches had stronger impact on WM in south
city as compared to north city Water tap had positive effect on WM
overall Lawyers had positive impact on WM in particular in the
western part of the north city Spatial pattern of WM