Billy Frank Jr.: Champion of tribal rights dies at age 83 ......Seattle Times staff reporter Lewis Kamb contributed to this report. Craig Welch: 206-464-2093 or [email protected]

Billy Frank Jr.: Champion of tribal rights dies at age 83 | Local News | The Seattle Times

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Billy Frank Jr., pictured in 2007, was praised for hiscourage.

Interactive timeline: The life of Billy Frank Jr.(1931-2014)

Listen to Billy Frank Jr.'s oral histories

Photos: Remembering Billy Frank Jr.

Reader tribute by Quinault tribal member

Archive: Boldt decision and Billy Frank Jr. (1999)

Archive: Hard-won fishing rights here worthlesswithout fish (2013)

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Originally published May 5, 2014 at 9:48 PM | Page modified May 5, 2014 at 10:51 PM

Billy Frank Jr.: Champion of tribalrights dies at age 83Billy Frank Jr., the charismatic leader in the successful battle overfish, was praised by President Obama: “Thanks to his courage anddetermined effort, our resources are better protected, and moretribes are able to enjoy the rights preserved for them more than a century ago.”

By Craig WelchSeattle Times environment reporter

He was beaten and clubbed and tear-gassed andjailed, watched police slam friends in the backwith brass knuckles and saw his teenage niecepunched in the face by a game agent.

Billy Frank Jr.’s decades-long battle withauthorities over tribal rights to catch fish —beginning with his arrest at 14 in 1945 for fillinghis net with steelhead and chum — propelled himto the forefront of one of the Northwest’s greatestcivil-rights movements.

And when a federal judge in 1974 affirmed Indiantreaty rights to half the region’s salmon, the angryyoung Nisqually fisherman who’d suffered somuch violence at the hands of the state didn’tsimply head back to the river.

Instead, Mr. Frank transformed himself into acharismatic statesman for tribal rights, travelingthe country and the world and becoming one ofthe nation’s most influential Native Americans.

Billy Frank Jr. — smart and generous, befriendedby senators, called upon by presidents and lookedup to by a generation of young tribal leaders —died Monday at home. He was 83.

“He’ll stand with all the great Indian names of thepast two centuries in the Pacific Northwest andacross the nation,” said his longtime friend HankAdams, who first met Mr. Frank at the height ofthe region’s salmon wars in the 1960s. “His is aname that will stand out in the future for all he’sgiven to Indians and the world.”

His son, Willie Frank, said, “He wanted all these

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tribes to understand that if they worked togetherwe could do anything.”

In the latter half of his life, Mr. Frank spentdecades fighting in Olympia and Washington, D.C.,to protect forests and salmon streams fromexcessive timber harvest and development. Hebattled in court, in endless public meetings and inprivate conversations with anyone who wouldlisten.

He used a soft voice, strong handshake, heartyhugs and stories laced with profanity to disarm allhe encountered, earning the Albert SchweitzerPrize for Humanitarianism in 1992.

President Obama on Monday hailed Mr. Frank’saccomplishments.

“Today, thanks to his courage and determinedeffort, our resources are better protected, and more tribes are able to enjoy the rights preserved forthem more than a century ago,” he said in a statement.

Gov. Jay Inslee called Mr. Frank not just a tribal leader but a state leader.

“We can’t overstate how long lasting his legacy will be,” Inslee said in an interview. “He pushed thestate when he needed to push the state. And he reminded the state when it needed reminding. Hislegacy is going to be with us for generations. My grandkids are going to benefit from his work.”

Mr. Frank was still such a force in Washington tribal and political circles, and his father had lived tobe over 100, that many were caught off-guard by his death.

“We are all stunned and not prepared for this,” said W. Ron Allen, Jamestown S’Klallam tribalchairman, who had worked with Mr. Frank since the early 1980s. “He was bigger than life. It’s a verysad day for all of us.”

From the beginning, all Mr. Frank really wanted to do was catch fish, as his father had since beforeWashington became a state.

But despite 19th-century treaties promising Northwest tribes shared access to salmon andsteelhead, as stocks plummeted early in the 20th century, state game agents began harassing andarresting tribal fishermen, including Mr. Frank’s father.

“To understand Billy, you really need to understand his dad,” said friend Tom Keefe, who first metMr. Frank when Keefe was an aide to U.S. Sen. Warren Magnuson in the late 1970s.

“Billy’s dad was really the guy who told Billy, ‘You stick with this river and if the state interferes, letthem throw you in jail, but when you get back out, go back to fishing.’?”

Mr. Frank did, again and again and again, even after a stint in the U.S. Marines in the 1950s andwhile working as a utility lineman in the 1960s.

By 1962, harassment was turning exceptionally violent, with state game agents staging night raidswith billy clubs and tribal fishermen fighting back with rocks.

In 1964, Adams, an Assiniboine-Sioux, brought actor Marlon Brando to the Northwest to bringattention to native “fish-ins,” expecting him to fish illegally in solidarity with the tribes at Frank’sLanding near the mouth of the Nisqually. He got TV newsman Charles Kuralt to interview Mr. Frank’sfather, but Brando ultimately was arrested on the banks of the Puyallup River. It would be anotherdecade before U.S. District Judge George Boldt affirmed the tribes’ right to half of the fish harvest —and the nation’s obligation to honor the old treaties. In 1993, another court decision extended thataffirmation to the harvest of shellfish.

By 1974, Mr. Frank was angry and drinking heavily. His friends had been trying to convince him hecould become a great leader — if he could get past the alcohol. He entered treatment the same yearBoldt made his decision and stayed sober for 40 years. Friends said it helped set the course for therest of his life.

When Keefe introduced Mr. Frank to Magnuson, the two hit it off right away. When Magnuson losthis re-election bid, Hawaii Sen. Daniel Inouye took Mr. Frank under his wing. The two became veryclose. “Even if you didn’t agree with him, it was hard to come away not liking him,” Keefe said.

Steve Robinson, who worked side-by-side with Mr. Frank for 30 years, serving as his spokesman

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Attorney accused of rape still faces 5 felony counts

and writer starting in the mid-1980s, said Mr. Frank would never hesitate to do battle over what hebelieved. But he also had the instincts and skills of a diplomat.

“We would have visitors from Russia, Asia, South America, and he’d delight them all,” Robinsonsaid. “He’d travel to Barrow or Kamchatka and kids would line up to see him. ... He knew nostrangers and hugged everybody.”

Kyle Taylor Lucas, a Tulalip Indian and former director of the Governor’s Office of Indian Affairs,recalled Mr. Frank’s deft diplomacy during the scores of oft-heated meetings to negotiateWashington’s new timber harvest rules during the mid-1980s.

But Lucas noted Mr. Frank’s contributions extended far beyond fishing rights.

“I think the tendency is to compartmentalize what Billy achieved in terms of fishing,” she said. “But infact, what he did was help to cement treaty rights for all of Indian Country, that go to health andeducation and so many facets of what it means to be Native American.”

Added Lucas, “When I think of him, I think of a peaceful warrior. He was so humble, he was so kindand he treated everyone with respect and dignity.”

But Mr. Frank was still a fighter to the very end, said his son, who woke his father around 6 a.m.Monday to get ready for another meeting.

Mr. Frank showered and dressed, but when Willie went back to check in, his father was hunchedover in bed. The cause of death was unknown.

“I asked him every day if he was feeling good, but he would never tell me if he wasn’t,” Willie said.“He wouldn’t want people to worry about him.”

Mr. Frank was predeceased by his first and second wives, Norma and Sue Crystal, and by hisdaughter, Maureen. He is survived by three sons, James “Sugar,” Tanu and Willie Frank.

Services are pending.

Seattle Times staff reporter Lewis Kamb contributed to this report.

Craig Welch: 206-464-2093 or [email protected].

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seattletimes.comBilly Frank Jr.: Champion of tribal rights dies at age 83 | Local News | The Seattle Times

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Billy Frank Jr.: Champion of tribal rights dies at age 83 ......Seattle Times staff reporter Lewis Kamb contributed to this report. Craig Welch: 206-464-2093 or [email protected]