Bilingual Dictionary for ESL Beginners

ièt/Iy/ B//{// ke+ Op/ mí] a]gºejµ/I p/Zµní v//lí pº/rimB/k+ st/r ke+ iv/ê/iT/*y/í] ke+ il/A èEB//i{/k+ x/bdk+í{/

English/Hindi

a]gºejµ/I¶ihndI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This document was developed by Multicultural Programs Unit, Equity Programs and Distance Education Directorate.

Level 14, 1 Oxford Street Darlinghurst NSW 2010.

Phone 9244 5324

The work on this production was supported by a large number of ESL teachers in government schools who assisted in the choice of lexicon.

© State of New South Wales through the NSW Department of Education and Training 2008.

ISBN: 9780731386299 SCIS: 1369371

Contents

Introduction i

How to use the dictionary ii

Dictionary 1

Appendices

1. Numerals and ordinals 80 2. Common countries/states and their adjectival forms 81 3. Common irregular verbs 82 4. Times 84 5. Days of the week/months of the year/units of time 85 6. Weights and measures 85

Bibliography 85

i

IntroductionThe Bilingual Dictionary for ESL Beginners has been developed for use by students in the early stages of learning English as a second language.

The list of words contained in this dictionary includes the most common words that students use in everyday communication and in the classroom. This list provides a scaffold for further language acquisition.

The Bilingual Dictionary for ESL Beginners takes into consideration the Australian culture and way of life including frequently encountered colloquial words and phrases. It is expected that students will use this publication as a reference point for the first 12 to 18 months of English language acquisition.

A companion volume titled Thematic Picture Dictionary for ESL Beginners may be used in conjunction with this volume. It contains over 400 illustrated words, all of which can be found with their translations in this volume.

The two dictionaries are designed for individual student use at school and at home to support English language acquisition.

The skills of many ESL teachers were utilised in the choice of lexicon for this dictionary. Their enthusiastic participation has helped to produce a valuable teaching and learning resource suited to the needs of beginner ESL students.

ii

How to use this dictionary

Notes for the teacher

The information in this dictionary is presented simply showing part of speech, headword in bold, definition if required and phrases for words which need to be read in context for clarity of meaning. You will find explanations regarding the organisation of the dictionary below.

Page Header

The page header is found at the top left of each page in bold for easy identification of the page contents. It shows the first and last English entry on the page.

Example from page 1:

a – afterwards indicates that the first entry on this page is a and the last entry is afterwards.

The Headword

The headword is the word being defined in an entry. It appears in large bold type and is alphabetically ordered. Definitions of the headword appear under the headword (if applicable) and are numbered. Phrases, colloquial phrases, phrasal verbs and interjections containing the headword are translated in full and appear under the definitions.

Example from page 4:

Headword Translationpart of speech

back

n Definition 1. body part only the word back is translated as a noun with the meaning body part

adv Definition 2. opposite front only the word back is translated as an adverb with the meaning opposite front

phrase 3. give it back the phrase give it back is translated in full Example from page 31:

Headword Translationpart of speech

help

n Definition 1. aid only the word help is translated as a noun with the meaning aid

phrase 2. help yourself(serve yourself)

the phrase help yourself is translated in full with the meaning serve yourself

colloq phr 3. I can’t help it (I have no control over it)

the colloquial phrase I can’t help it is translated in full with the meaning I have no control over it

Where there is more than one meaning for an item of lexicon but only one is in common usage the meaning for translation has been included next to the headword in brackets.

Example from page 2:

Headword Translationn angle (mathematical usage) only the word angle is translated as a noun

with the meaning mathematical usage

Abbreviations

Words commonly found in the lexicon as abbreviations appear in the dictionary as abbrev and are not translated. They indicate the full spelling of the word where the translation may be found.

iii

Example from page 4:

Headword Translationabbrev barbie *see barbecue no translation – translation is found at the

entry barbecue

Common present and past tense verb forms

Commonly used irregular present and past tense verb forms have been included in the body of the dictionary as they may not be recognised by the student as a derivative of the base form. These are not translated however and indicate the base form where the translation may be found.

Examples from page 2:

Headword Translationprt v am *see be no translation – translation is found at the

entry beprt v are *see be no translation – translation is found at the

entry be Appendices

Six appendices have been included and may be found at the end of the word list. These are:

1. numerals and ordinals2. common countries/states and their adjectival forms3. common irregular verbs showing the base form, past tense and past participle forms4. times in analog and 24 hour format5. days of the week/months of the year/units of time6. weights and measures.

These appendices have not been translated.

Parts of speech

Parts of speech are abbreviated and found in the left hand column of the English text in the dictionary. Other descriptors such as colloquialism are also abbreviated. A full list of abbreviations used is shown below.

Abbreviations used in this dictionary

Abbreviation Meaningabbrev abbreviationadj adjectiveadv adverbcolloq colloquialismcolloq phr colloquial phraseconj conjunctiondet determinerint interjectionn nounphr v phrasal verbprep prepositionpron pronounprt v present tense verb formpt v past tense verb formv verb

1

a – afterwardsAdet a/an Ak+, k+íw*n ability y/így/t//, `/m/t//

ablev 1. be able to ik+s/I k+/m/ k+í k+rní k+I `/m/t//adj 2. talented k+ux/l/, in/p[/n Aboriginal person ab/íirj/n/l/ vy/ifé

aboutadv 1. approximately l/g/B/g/prep 2. concerning b//re mí]

aboveprep 1. over sí @\]c//, @p/rphrase 2. the example above @p/r idy// g/y// Wd/hr[/adj absent anp/isT/t/adv absolutely pá[ªt/y//n accent l/hjµ//v accept m//n/ lín//adj acceptable sv/Ik+/yªn accident duGªqn//adj accidental súy/íg/ sív accompany s//T/–s//T/ j//n// y// rhn//n account líK//–j/íK//v ache dd*, p/Izµ/v achieve l/`y/ pº/pt/ k+rn//n achievement Wp/l/ibD/prep across Ak+ aír sí dUs/rI aírv act k+íw* ik>+y// k+rn/In activity g/it/iv/iD/n actor aiB/nít//v add y/íg/ k+rn//n addition j/ízµní k+I ik>+y//n address p/t//n adjective iv/xí{/[/

admitv 1. tell the truth about s/cc//w* b/t//n/Iv 2. allow to enter pºvíx/ k+rní den//v adopt (take on) ik+s/I iv/iD/ k+í ap/n//n//n adult v/y/sk+n advantage l//B/d/y/k+ v/stn adventure Wfíj/k+ k+/yªn adverb ik>+y//–iv/xí{/[/n advice p/r/m/xªn aerobics t/Ivº x//rIirk+ vy//y//m/n aeroplane hv//w* j/h/j,/v afford K/cª k+r s/k+n//adj afraid B/y/B/It/prep after b//d mí]n afternoon t/Is/r/ p/hradv afterwards b//d mí]

2

again – argue

adv again (one more time) Ak+ b//r aóragainst

prep 1. next to s//T/–s//T/ aór CUtí huAprep 2. anti iv/oàn age a/yadv ago ku+C in/ixc/t/ s/m/y/ sí p/hlív agree b//t/ m//n/n//

aidn 1. help s/h/y/t//v 2. help s/h/y/t// den//v aim (try) l/`y/ k+I k+íix/x/ k+rn/In air hv//n airport hv//w* az<z/ adj all (every) s//r/ k+/ s//r/, s/B/Iv allow a/~/ den//adv alone ake+l//adv aloud @\]cí sv/r mí]n alphabet v/[ªm//l//adv already p/hlí sí hIadv also (too) B/I, s//T/ hIconj although y/êip/adv altogether s/b/ im/l//k+r adv always hmíx//prt v am * see be n ambulance a/p//t/v//hn/n amount r/ix/n amphibian j/l/–T/l/ dín/í] mí] rhní v//l// pº/[/Iv analyse (study) iv/xlí{/[/ k+rn//conj and aór, t/T//n angle (mathematical usage) k+í[/adj angry gsól/n animal j//n/v/rn ankle qK/n//adj annual s//l//n//

answern 1. reply Wf/rv 2. reply Wf/r den//adj any T/ízµ/ B/Iadv anymore jµ/r/ B/Ipron anyone k+íw* B/Ipron anything k+uC B/Iadv apart (separate) al/g/n apology `/m// y//c/n//v appear (come into view) idK//w* den//n apple sív/n appointment in/y/íij/t/ ml//k+/t/prt v are *see be n area `íF/v argue b/hs/ k+rn//

3

argument – autumn

n argument b/hs/v arise aist/tv/ mí] a/n// n arm (part of body) b//\]hn army sín//prep around c//rí] aír

arrangev 1. put in order k+rIní sí l/g//n//v 2. make plans vy/v/sT// k+rn//v arrest (take into custody) b/ndI b/n//n//v arrive ik+s/I sT//n/ p/r p/h\]uc/n// n arrow t/Irn art k+l//n artist k+l//k+/radv as (to such a degree) vós// hIn ash r/K/adj ashamed l/ijj/t/v ask páCn//v assemble Ak+F/ k+rn//n assembly s/B//n assignment (for school) idy// g/y// k+/yªv assist s/hy/íg/ den//n assistant s/h/y/k+prep at mí], p/rpt v ate *see eat n athletics x//rIirk+ vy//y//m/ v/ Kíl/–kU+dphrase athletics carnival x//rIirk+ vy//y//m/ v/ Kíl/–kU+d míl//n atom p/rm//[v attach j/ízµn//, l/g//n//

attackn 1. fight hm/l//v 2. fight hm/l// k+rn//

attemptn 1. try pºy/tn/v 2. try pºy/tn/ k+rn//v attend Wp/isT/t/ hín//n attendance Wp/isT/it/n attention Dy//n/v attract a/k+i{ªt/ k+rn//adj attractive a/k+{ªk+n aunt ip/t// y// m//t// k+I b/hn/abbrev Aussie *see Australiann Australia a/\sqMeil/y//adj Australian a/\sqMeil/y//w*n Australian flag a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ J]/z/n Australiana a/\sqMeil/y// sí súbúiD/t/ B//{//, v/stA] a/idn author líK/k+n autumn p/t/J/zµ

4

average – basketball

averagen 1. arithmetical mean aós/t/adj 2. ordinary s//m//ny/v avoid b/c/n//adj awake j/g// hua/adv away dUr hín//prep away from ik+s/I sí dUr hín//adj awful Kµ/r/b/pt v awoke *see awaken axe ku+lh/zµI

Bn baby ix/x

backn 1. body part p/IQadv 2. opposite front p/ICephrase 3. give it back v//ip/s/ den//n backbone rIZµ k+I hz<zIn background pô{QBáim/n backpack bók+–pók+n backyard G/r ke+ p/ICe k+/ a/\]g/n/adj bad br/n badminton bózim/nqn/n bag Tól//v bake B/ùI mí] sík+n//v balance sútil/t/ k+rn//n balcony Cjj//adj bald gúj//

balln 1. toy iK/l/ón//colloq phr 2. have a ball (good time) a/n/nd lín//n balloon gb//r/n banana ke+l//n band (music group) bó]zn bangle cázµIn bank bó]k+

barn 1. place to drink m/Dx//l//v 2. stop from something pºit/b/]D/ l/g//n//n 3. metal rod D//t k+I Czµn barbecue b//rib/kyáabbrev barbie *see barbecueadj bare n/gn/n barrier b//D//n base (bottom) t/l//n basin (wash) D/íní k+/ bíis/n/n basket qík+rIn basketball b//ske+qb//\l/

5

basketball court – bid

n basketball court b//ske+qb//\l/ Kíl/ní k+/ k+íq*bat

n 1. sporting equipment Kíl/ní k+/ bóqn 2. animal ic/m/g//dzµn bath sn//n/n bathroom sn//n/gôhn battle yàn bay (inlet) K//zµIabbrev BBQ *see barbecuev be hín//n beach s/md> t/qn beach towel s/md> t/q p/r Wp/y/íg/ k+rní k+/ t/óil/y//n beach umbrella s/md> t/q p/r Wp/y/íg/ k+rní k+I Ct/rIn beak c/í]c/

beam n 1. ray of light ik+r[/n 2. wooden plank l/k+zµI k+/ l/ÿ/n bean sím/n beard d/ZµI

beatv 1. win hr/ den//v 2. hit p/Iqn//n 3. rhythm l/y/adj beautiful s]drpt v became *see becomeconj because ky/í]ik+v become hín//, b/n/n//n bed ib/st/rn bedroom x/y/n/k+`/n bee m/Dm/kK/In beef g//y/ k+/ m//\]s/pt v began *see beginv begin xo k+rn//n beginner n/óis/iK/y//v behave vy/v/h/r k+rn//n behaviour vy/v/h/rprep behind p/ICen bell G/nqIv belong (ik+s/I) k+/ h/en//n belt píqIn bench bí]c/v bend m/ízµn//pt v bent *see bendadj best Xe{Qv bet x/fª l/g//n//adj better bíht/rprep between dí ke+ b/Ic/ mí]n bicycle s//w*ik+l/v bid b/íl/I l/g//n//

6

big – boat

adj big b/zµ/abbrev bike *see bicycle

billn 1. money n/íqn 2. account K//t//n 3. of a bird ic/izµy// k+I c/í]c/n bird ic/izµy//

birthn 1. act of being born ik+s/I k+/ j/nm/ hín//phrase 2. date of birth j/nm/ it/iT/n birthday j/nm/ idv/s/n biscuit ib/skuq

bitn 1. small piece Cíq/ quk+zµ/phrase 2. a little bit T/ízµ/ s//pt v 3. *see bitev bite k+/qn//adj black (colour) k+/l//n blackboard blók+b/íz*n blade blíz

blamen 1. censure B/l//–br/ k+hn//v 2. lay responsibility with dí{/ den//adj blank K//l/In blanket k+mb/l/v bleed Kán/ b/hn//pt v blew *see blow

blindadj 1. unable to see anD//n 2. window covering iK/zµk+I k+/ p/rd/n blindness níF/hIn/t//

blockn 1. child’s toy b/ccí k+/ iK/l/ón//v 2. stop from doing something rík+ l/g//n/Iphrase 3. a block away Ak+ B/v/n/–s/máh k+I dUrIphrase 4. block of flats yáin/q k+/ s/máhadj blond sn/hrí r]g/ ke+ b//l/n blood l/hUadj bloody Ak+ pºk+/r k+I g//l/I

blown 1. hit m//rn//v 2. pertaining to wind hv// b/hn/Iphr v 3. blow up t/ízµ–P+ízµ k+rn/I

blueadj 1. colour n/Il// r]g/colloq 2. sad Wd/s/ hín//n board (stiff material) t/Kµt//n board game b/íz* gím/n boat n//v/

7

body – break

n body x/rIrv boil Wb/l/n//

boldadj 1. as typeface g//zµe r]g/ k+I q/wip/]g/adj 2. daring in/B/I*k+n bomb b/m/n bone hÖIn book pst/k+n bookshelf ik+t//bí] rK/ní k+I al/m//rIn boomerang bm/rE]g/, v//p/s/ a/ j//n//

bootn 1. of car k+/r k+I izkk+In 2. footwear b/nd ját//

bordern 1. as of country, state dex/ k+I s/Im//n 2. edge ik+n//r/adj bored @b/ j//n//adj boring @b//ní v//l//v borrow WD//r lín//

bossn 1. person in charge pºb/nD/k+v 2. tell what to do a/dex/ den//adj both dín/í]v bother p/rex//n/ k+rn//n bottle b/ít/l/

bottomn 1. body part cát/zµn 2. lower edge t/l//pt v bought *see buyv bounce WC/l/n//n bowl k+qír/n box zbb//n boy l/zµk+/abbrev bra *see brassieren brain m/ist/{k+

branchn 1. of tree pízµ k+I qhn/Iv 2. separate al/g/– al/g/ k+rn//n brassiere m/ihl//aí] ke+ p/hn/ní k+I c/íl/Iadj brave s//hs/Iadv bravely v/Irt// sín bread ríqIn breadth c/ózµ/w*

breakn 1. pause ok+n//v 2. opposite of fix t/ízµn//phr v 3. break down (as in car) K/r/b/ hí j//n// (jósí ik+ k+/r) phr v 4. break down (as health) K/r/b/ hí j//n// (jósí ik+ síht/)

8

breakfast – bus stop

phr v 5. break in (as housebreak) G/r mí] Gs/ k+r c/írI k+rn/Iphr v 6. break up (for holidays) Cuiùy/í] ke+ il/A k+/m/ b/nd k+rn//n breakfast n//xt//n breath s//\]s/v breathe s//\]s/ lín//v breed b/cc/í] k+í j/nm/ den//n brick w*]qn bridge pl/

brightadj 1. shiny c/m/k+Il//adj 2. clever t/Ivº bià v//l//v brighten c/m/k+/n//adj brilliant aty/nt/ pºit/B//v//n/v bring l//n//adj broad c/ózµ/n broccoli hrI g/íB/Ipt v broke *see breakcolloq broke (penniless) k+]g//l/phrase broken arm h/T/ qUq j//n//n brother B//w*pt v brought *see bringn brush bºux/n bucket b//l/qIv build b/n//n//pt v built *see buildn bulb (electric light) ib/j/l/I k+/ b/lb/n bullet b/ndUk+ k+I g/íl/I

bullyn 1. person who harasses others dUs/rí] k+í p/rex//n/ k+rní v//l//v 2. harass dUs/rí] k+í p/rex//n/ k+rn//

bunchn 1. group dl/phrase 2. bunch of flowers PU+l/í] k+/ gcC/

burnn 1. injury caused by fire a/g/ sí j/l/n//v 2. be on fire j/l/n//v burst P+qn//v bury dpµén//n//n bus b/s/

bushn 1. outback j/]g/l/n 2. small tree J//zµIµ

businessn 1. company k+mp/n/Icolloq phr 2. mind your own business ap/ní sí m/t/l/b/ rK/n//n bus stop b/s/ sq/p/

9

bust – cardboard

bustcolloq 1. break t/ízµ–P+ízµn 2. female body part v/`/sT/l/adj busy vy/st/conj but p/rntn butcher k+s//w*n button b/qn/v buy K/rIdn//prep by ke+ k+/r[/, è/r/

Cn cabbage b/nd g/íB/In cable t//rn cafe j/l/p//n/gôhn cage ip/]j/r/n cake ke+k+v calculate ihs//b/ l/g//n//n calculator kE+l/kyálíqr (g/[/n// y/nF/)n calendar kE+línzr

callv 1. name n//m/ den//n 2. as for phone pµéín/ k+/\l/phr v 3. call for a/b//j./ den//phr v 4. call off g/it/iv/iD/ rä k+r den/I phr v 5. call out pk+/rn//

calmadj 1. peaceful x//nt/phr v 2. calm down x//nt/ hín//pt v came *see comen camera kE+m/r/v camp kE+mp/

canv 1. able to k+íw* k+/m/ k+rní k+/ s//m/Tyªn 2. steel container qIn/ k+/ zbb//n candle m/ím/b/f/In canteen (tuck shop) kE+n/qIn/

capn 1. headwear qíp/In 2. top Zkk+n/

capitaln 1. important location r/j/D//n/Iphrase 2. capital letter a]gºejµ/I il/K//w* ke+ b/Zeµ a`/rn capsicum ix/m/l// im/cªn capsule dv// k+/ kE+p/sál/n captain k+pt//n/n car m/íqr g//zµIn card m/íq/ k+/gµ/jµ/n cardboard g/f//

10

care – chalk

v care deK/–B//l/ k+rn//adj careful s//v/D//n/adv carefully s//v/D//n/I sín carnival míl//n carrot g//j/r

carryv 1. take lí j//n//phr v 2. carry on (keep going) j//rI rK/n//, k+rtí j//n//

casen 1. bag Tól//phrase 2. just in case y/id Aes// hí t/ín cash n/k¥+dI

cassettephrase 1. audio cassette sn/ní k+/ kE+síq, a/\izy/í kE+síqphrase 2. video cassette iv/zIy/í kE+síq

castn 1. of a play ipµélm/¶n//qk+ ke+ s/m/st/ k+l//k+/rv 2. throw PE+]k+n//n castle ik+l//adj casual as//v/D//n/, ain/y/im/t/n cat ib/ll/I

catchphrase 1. catch a train qeMn/ p/k+zµn//phrase 2. catch a cold jµk+/m/ hín//colloq phr 3. catch on (understand) s/m/J/ a/n//phr v 4. catch up (reach) t/k+ p/hu\]c/n//pt v caught *see catch

causen 1. reason k+/r[/v 2. make happen k+/ k+/r[/ hín//n cave gpµé/ abbrev CD *see compact discn ceiling Ct/n cell k+íix/k+/, jíl/ mí] b/ndI k+/ k+m/r/n cent (s/e\q) z/\l/r k+/ s/ó]v// ihss//adj central ke+nd>Iy/

central processing unitn 1. pertaining to computer k+m/pyáqr k+/ ihss//abbrev 2. CPU s/I. p/I. yá.n centre ke+nd>n century x/t//bdIn cereal an//j/, an//j/ sí b/ní n//xtín ceremony s/m//ríhadj certain p/kk+/adv certainly in/ixc/t/ Op/ sín chain (jewellery) jµújµ/Irn chair ku+s/I*n chalk K/izµy//, il/K/ní k+/ c//k+

11

chance – cigarette

n chance m/ók+/change

n 1. money Cuù/, rejµ/g//rIv 2. alter b/dl/n//phrase 3. change one’s mind wr/d/ b/dl/n//phrase 4. change clothes k+p/zeµ b/dl/níadj changeable b/dl/ní ke+ l//y/k+n change room b/ccí k+/ p/ít/zµ/ b/dl/ní k+/ k+m/r/n channel j/l/ m//gªn chapter aDy//y/n character (literary) n//qk+¶Wp/ny//s/ k+/ p//F/

chargen 1. cost k+Im/t/v 2. as for battery bóqrI k+I x/ifé B/rn//phr v 3. in charge pºB//rIv chase p/IC/ k+rn//adj cheap s/st//v cheat D/íK// den//v check j//\]c/n//n cheek (body part) g//l/colloq cheeky (naughty) gst//Kµ/

cheerv 1. make happy idl//s// dek+r a/n/]idt/ k+rn//n 2. sound expressing enthusiasm t//l/I b/j//k+r j/y/k+/r k+I a/v//jµ/n chemist dv// iv/k>e+t//n cheque bó]k+ k+/ cók+n cherry córI (P+l/)n chess x/t/r]j/n chest C/t/In chewing gum c/b//ní v//l/I g/í]d (g/m/)

chickenn 1. animal mg/I* y// mg/ªcolloq 2. not brave dbbá, zrp/ík+n child b/cc//adj childish b/c/k+/n//n chin QuÖI

chipsn 1. hot variety a/lá a/id ke+ g/mª t/lí huA quk+zeµn 2. cold crisps a/lá a/id ke+ t/lí huA Qnze ku+rku+re quk+zeµn chocolate c//k+líqn choir g//y/n/–múzl/Iv choose cn/n//

chopn 1. meat cut k+/q/ hua/ m//\]s/ k+/ quk+zµ/v 2. cut k+/qn//pt v chose *see choosen church c/cªn cigarette is/g/req

12

cinema – coin

n cinema is/ním//–h/l/ n circle g/íl//adj circular g/íl//k+/rn circumference p/iriD/n city x/hr

claimn 1. assertion d/v//v 2. assert d/v// k+rn//

clapn 1. loud noise t//l/Iv 2. show appreciation t//l/I b/j//n//n class (group of students) k+`// (iv/ê/iTªy/í] k+/ s/máh)n classmate s/hp//QIn classroom k+`// (k+m/r/)phrase classroom block k+`//aí] k+/ s/máhn claw púj//n clay ic/k+n/I im/ùI

cleanv 1. remove dirt s/pµé/w* k+rn//adj 2. opposite dirty s//pµéadj clear deK/ní¶sn/ní mí] s/rl/adj clever c/trn cliff @\]c/I K/zµI c/ù/n/v climb pízµ¶p/h/zµ a/id p/r c/Zµn//v cling ic/p/k+n//. il/p/qn//n clock G/zµI

closev 1. shut b/nd k+rn//adj 2. near s/m/Ip/, G/in/{Qadj closed s/Iim/t/n cloth k+p/zµ/n clothes k+p/zµen clothes line k+p/zµe sK//ní k+I t//rn clothing p/íx//k+n cloud b//dl/adj cloudy b//dl/ C/n//

clubn 1. group of people m/nzl/¶kl/b/n 2. implement g/d/, g/íl/ z]z/n clue súke+t/, sáF/n coal k+íy/l//n coast s/md>t/qadj coastal t/qIy/n coat k+íqn cockatoo Ak+ pºk+/r k+/ t/ít//n coconut n//iry/l/n coffee k+/\pµéIn coin is/kk+/

13

cold – concern

coldn 1. illness jµk+/m/ v/ K//\]s/Iadj 2. opposite hot Qnz/adj cold–blooded in/d*y/I, in/{Qurn collar k+/l/r, p/ù/v collect Ak+F/ k+rn//n collection súgºhn college k+\/líj/, iv/ê/l/y/

colourn 1. hue r]g/v 2. make colourful r]g/n//adj colourful r]g/In/, oic/k+r

combn 1. hair accessory k+]G//v 2. do one’s hair b//l/ k+/Zµn//

comev 1. move towards a/n//phr v 2. come from ik+s/I dex/ sí a/n//phr v 3. come out (as in sun) pºk+q hín//colloq phr 4. Come on! (Let’s go.) a/rmB/ k+rí, a/gí b/Zµíadj comfortable a/r/m/d/y/k+n comic h/sy/j/n/k+n comic strip h/sy/ j/n/k+ Cíq/ s// k+/q*Un/ v command a/dex/ den//adj common s//D//r[/, s/hj/n commonsense vy//v/h/irk+ ~/n/n communication súc//r–vy/v/sT//, iv/c//rí] k+/ a/d/n/–pºd/n/n community j/n/–s/md/y/n compact disc s/I. zI.n company (business) vy//p//r súbúD/I k+mp/n/Iv compare tl/n// k+rn//n compass idksác/k+n compasses (geometry

equipment)p/rk+/r (g/íl// K/Ic/ní k+/)

v compete sp/D/ª k+rn//n competition pºit/y/íig/t//v complain ix/k+/y/t/ k+rn/In complaint ix/k+/y/t/

completev 1. finish pár/ k+rn//adj 2. finished pá[ªv complicate j/iql/ k+r den//adj complicated j/iql/n complication j/iql/t//, gúB/Ir l/`/[/n composer súg/It/k+/rn composition súg/It/, k+iv/t// a/id k+I rc/n//n computer k+m/pyáqrn concern ic/nt//

14

concerned – couple

adj concerned ic/int/t/n concert súg/It/ s/m//ríhn condition isT/it/n cone (geometrical shape) xúku+v confuse g/zµb/zµ/¶c/k+r/ den//v congratulate b/D//w* den//v connect j/ízµn//n connection súbúD/adj conscious cít/n/, s/t/k*+v consider s/íc/n//, Dy//n/ mí] rK/n//phr v consist of k+/ b/n// hua/n consonant x/bd/v/l/I ke+ vyúj/n/v contain ap/ní mí] rK/n//n container s//m//n/ rK/ní k+/ zbb// a/idn contents (as of a book) pst/k+ k+I iv/{/y/–v/stv continue j//rI rK/n//

contrastn 1. difference a]t/rv 2. find differences tl/n// k+rke+ a]t/r idK//n//v control in/yúF/[/ k+rn//n conversation b//t/–c/It/

convictn 1. person convicted of a crime ap/r/D/Iv 2. find guilty of a crime ap/r/D/I¶dí{/I Qhr/y// j//n//v cook K//n// p/k+/n//

cooladj 1. opposite warm x/It/l/colloq 2. trendy a/Din/k+, n/y//–n/víl//

copyn 1. imitation pºit/il/ip/, n/k+l/v 2. imitate n/k+l/ k+rn//n corner Ík+ín//

correctv 1. make right s/hI¶QIk+ k+rn//adj 2. right s/hI, QIk+n corridor g/il/y//r/v cost K/cª hín//n cotton k+p//s/n cotton wool z/kqrI ow*

coughn 1. the act or sound of coughing K//\]s/Iv 2. expel air from the lungs K//\]s/I a/n//n council p/ir{/dn counsellor s/l//hk+/r

countryn 1. political division dex/n 2. opposite city g//\]v/, deh/t/n couple dmp/it/

15

courage – crush

n courage s//hs/adj courageous s//hs/I

coursen 1. set of lessons p//Q<y/–k>+m/n 2. way to go k+rní k+/ t/rIk+/phrase 3. of course (naturally) ib/lku+l/, in/ssúdehn court (as tennis court) qEin/s/ a/id Kíl/ní k+/ mód/n/n cousin c//c//¶m//m//¶ba/ a/id k+/ l/zµk+/ y// l/zµk+I

covern 1. outside of a book pst/k+ k+/ a/v/r[/v 2. put cover on something Zk+n//n coward zrp/ík+, k+/y/rn crab ke+k+zµ/v crack dr/r k+rn//

craftn 1. vessel p/ít/, j/l/–y//n/n 2. handiwork dst/k+/rI

crashn 1. collision qk+r/ní ke+ k+/r[/ híní v//l/I duGªqn//v 2. shatter qk+r/n//adj crazy s/n/k+I n creature pº/[/In creek CíqI n/dIv creep re\]g/n//n crescent (shape) b//l/cúd> k+/ a/k+/r

cricketn 1. insect J/I]grn 2. sport ik>+ke+q k+/ Kíl/

criminaln 1. person who commits crime ap/r/D/Iadj 2. against the law gór k+/nán/In crocodile m/g/rm/cCadj crooked k+p/qI, bíw*m//n/n crops pód/v//r

crossn 1. a symbol of two intersecting

linesic/nh j/h/\] Ak+ reK// p/r dUs/rI reK// k+/qt/I hE

adj 2. angry b/dim/jµ//jµ/v 3. move from one side to another a/r–p//r j//n//phr v 4. cross out (delete) im/q/den//n crossword v/gª p/hel/In crowd B/Izµ–B//zµadj crowded B/Izµ sí B/r/ hua/adj cruel k>U+r

crushv 1. flatten ku+c/l/n//colloq 2. a liking for someone aty/iD/k+ a/k+{ª[/ hín//

16

cry – darkness

cryn 1. loud utterance ic/ll//n//v 2. weep rín//, iv/l//p/ k+rn//n cube Ch s/t/hí] k+/ b/n// ipúzn cucumber K/Ir/n cupboard al/m//rIv cure wl//j/ k+rn//adj curious j//n/ní ke+ il/A Wtsk+

curln 1. ringlet of hair G]G/r/lí b//l/v 2. form curls G]G/r/lí b//l/ b/n//n//n currency (money) md>/

currentadj 1. topical pºc/il/t/n 2. moving water p//n/I¶hv// k+I D//r/n curtain p/dªn curve m/ízµ, Gm//v/n custom pºT//n customer Wp/B/ífé/v cut k+/qn//adj cute a/k+{ªk+

cyclev 1. ride s//w*ik+l/ c/l//n//n 2. circular event G/qn//c/k>+n cylinder is/il/nzr, bíl/n//k+/r v/st

Dabbrev dad *see fatherabbrev daddy *see fatheradj daily dEin/k+

damagen 1. injury c/íq, h/in/v 2. cause injury nk+s//n/ k+rn//adj damp s/Il/n/B/r/n damper (type of bread) Ak+ pºk+/r k+I zb/l/ríqI

dancen 1. social gathering for dancing nôty/v 2. rhythmical movement nôty/ k+rn//n danger Kµ/t/r/adj dangerous Kµ/t/rn//k+adj daring ihmm/it/

darkadj 1. opposite light a]Dír/adj 2. opposite fair g/hre r]g/ k+/n darkness a]Dír/p/n/

17

date – dependable

daten 1. calendar it/iT/n 2. fruit P+l/n daughter bíqIn day idn/adj dead môt/adj deaf b/hr/

dealn 1. amount r/ix/v 2. give out b//\]qn//n death môtyn debt WD//r decayn 1. decomposition s/zµn//v 2. rot Kµ/r/b/ hín//v deceive D/íK// den//v decide in/[ªy/ lín//n decimal dx/m/l/v/n decision in/[ªy/n deck (of house) G/r ke+ b//hr b/n// l/k+zµI k+/ b/r/m/d/v declare G/í{/[// k+rn/I

decreasen 1. diminution G/qI huw* m//F//v 2. become smaller in number G/qn//adj deep g/hr/

defeatn 1. loss h/r (pºit/y/íig/t// mí])v 2. beat hr/n//v define p/irB//{// den//

degree n 1. of temperature t//p/m//n/ k+/ póm//n//n 2. amount m//F//

delayn 1. hold up derI hín/Iv 2. put off till later q/l/n//abbrev deli *see delicatessenn delicatessen iv/xí{/ pºk+/r ke+ B/íj/n/ k+I duk+/n/ (zeil/)n delight pºs/»t//adj delightful a/k+{ªk+v deliver s//m//n/¶sív// pºd/n/ k+rn/I

demandn 1. urgent requirement a/v/xy/k+ m//\]g/v 2. ask for with authority aiD/k+/r sí m//\]g/ k+rn/Iv demonstrate pºdxªn/ k+rn//n demonstration pºdxªn/n dentist d]t/ ic/ik+ts/k+v depend in/Bªr hín//adj dependable B/rísímúd

18

dependant – discussion

adj dependant a/iXt/ vy/ifén depth g/hr/w*v descend n/Icí a/n//v describe v/[ªn/ k+rn//n description v/[ªn/

desertn 1. hot, dry place reig/st//n/v 2. leave B//g/ j//n//v deserve prsk+/r ke+ y/így/ hín//

desiren 1. longing aiB/l//{//v 2. wish for wcC/ k+rn//n desk zesk+v destroy n/{q k+rn//n destruction iv/n//x/

detailn 1. minute part iv/v/r[/v 2. describe fully pá[ª iv/v/r[/ den// n detective j//sás/n detention (pertaining to

school)d]z ke+ Op/ mí skU+l/ mí] CuùI ke+ b//d rík+n//

v dial p悡n/ ke+ il/A n/mb/r Gm//n//n diameter vy//s/

diamondn 1. precious stone hIr/adj 2. shape hIre k+I t/rh b/n// hua/n diary z/y/rIn dictionary x/bdk+í{/pt v did *see don didgeridoo ab/íirj/n/I l/íg/í] k+/ súg/It/ v//êv die m/rn//n diet a/h/radj different iB/»adj difficult k+iQn/v dig K/ídn//n dingo a/\sqMeil/y// mí] p//y//j//ní v//l// ku+fí k+I t/rh Ak+

j//n/v/r, izng//en dinner r/t/ k+/ B/íj/n/n dinosaur ab/ iv/lpt/ iv/x//l/k+/y/ j//n/v/r ,z/y/n//es//\rn direction idx//n dirt g/ndg/Iadj dirty g/nd/v disagree as/hm/t/ hín//n disagreement as/hm/it/n disc (round, flat object) p/t/l/I g/íl/ c/p/qI v/st (izsk+)n disco izsk+ív discover ku+C n/y// K/íj/ in/k+/l/n//n discovery K/íj/v discuss iv/c//r–iv/m/xª k+rn//n discussion iv/c//r–iv/m/xª

19

disease – drop

n disease b/Im//rIn dish b/tªn/n dishwasher (appliance) b/tªn/ D/íní k+I m/x/In/n disk (of computers) k+m/pyáqr izsk+n disk drive Wp/k+r[/ j/í izsk+ v/ k+m/pyáqr ke+ b/Ic/ súbúD/

b/n//t// hEv dislike n//p/súd k+rn//v dismiss in/k+/l/ den//n distance dUrIv disturb x//int/ Búg/ k+rn//v dive g/ít//K/írI k+rn//v divide iv/B//ij/t/ k+rn//n division iv/B//j/n/v divorce t/l//k+ den//

dov 1. perform ku+C k+rn//phrase 2. What does she do? (What’s

her job?)v/h ky// k+/m/ k+rt/I hE?

phrase 3. How do you do? (greeting) a/p/ kE+sí h]E?n doctor z/kqrn document k+/g/jµ//t/n dog ku+f//n dollar z/\l/rn door drv//jµ//v double dugn// k+rn//

doubtn 1. uncertainty x/]k+/v 2. hesitate to believe súdeh k+rn//v drag G/s/Iqn//n dragon a/g/ Wg/l/ní v//l// iCp/k+l/I jós// j/Iv/pt v drank *see drinkv draw reK//ic/F/ b/n//n//n drawer dr/jµ/

dreamn 1. images during sleep s/p/n//v 2. imagine s/p/ní lín//pt v dreamt *see dream

dressn 1. woman’s clothing m/ihl//aí] k+I p/íx//k+v 2. to put on clothing k+p/zµe p/hn/n//pt v drew *see draw

drinkn 1. beverage píy/ p/d/Tªv 2. swallow liquid píy/ p/d/Tª p/In//v drive g//zµI c/l//n/In driveway G/r p/r k+/r pºvíx/

dropn 1. small amount of water bá]dv 2. let fall ig/r/n//

20

drought – email

n drought sáK// pt v drove *see drivev drown zUb/n//n drug m//dk+ p/d/Tª, dv//n drum Zíl/n drunk (person who drinks too

much alcohol)x/r/b/ ke+ n/xí mí] m/dhíx/

adj dry sáK// hua//, x{k+pt v dug *see digadj dumb (of speech) gá\]g//prep during in/D/ªirt/ s/m/y/ mí]

dustn 1. dirt Dál/v 2. clean of dirt s//pµé k+rn//n duster J//zµn/n duty (something you must do) k+fªvy/

En eagle b//jµ/ p/`/In ear k+/n/adj early pº/rimB/k+v earn k+m//n//n earring bnden earth pôTv/In east pávªadj easy a/s//n/v eat B/íj/n/ k+rn//n echidna a/\sqMeil/y// mí] p//y//j//ní v//l// Ak+ j//n/v/r ij/s/k+I

K//l/ p/r xál/ in/k+lí rhtí hE]n edge ik+n//r/v edit líK/ k+/ súp//dn/ k+rn//n education ix/`//n effect pºB//v/n effort pºy//s/n egg anz/adj either dín/í] mí] sí k+íw* Ak+n elastic wl//isqk+n elbow k+íhn/I

elderadj 1. older than jyí{Qn 2. older person vôà vy/ifén election cn//v/n electrician ib/j/l/I im/sF/In electricity ib/j/l/I

emailn 1. Internet letter w* míl/ (wnqrníq p/r Bíj// g/y// p/F/)v 2. send an Internet letter w* míl/ Bíj/n//

21

embarrass – excellent

v embarrass l/ijj/t/ k+rn//adj embarrassed l/ijj/t/n emergency a/p//t/k+/l/In/n emigrant pºv//s/In emotion m/n/íB//v/v employ n/ók+rI p/r rK/n//n employee vít/n/B/íg/I k+mªc//rIn employer in/y/ífé/n employment ríjµ/g//radj empty Kµ//l/In emu a/\sqMeil/y// mí] p//y//j//ní v//l// Ak+ p/`/I v encourage Wts//iht/ k+rn//

endn 1. termination s/m//ipt/v 2. finish s/m//pt/ k+rn//n enemy x/F

engagedadj 1. busy vy/st/adj 2. soon to be married ij/s/k+I s/g//w* hí ck+I hín engine w]j/n/v enjoy a/n/nd lín//adj enormous iv/x//l/adj enough k+/pµéIv enquire páCt//C k+rn/Iv enter pºvíx/ k+rn//v entertain m/n/ír]j/n/ k+rn//n entertainment m/n/ír]j/n/n entrance pºvíx/ è/rn entry pºvíx/ k+/ aiD/k+/rn envelope il/pµé/pµé/n environment p/y/ªv/r[/adj equal b/r/b/rn equator Bám/Dy/ reK//n equipment Wp/k+r[/

escapen 1. an act of escaping p/l//y/n/ v 2. get away b/c/ in/k+l/n//adj even (divisible by two) s/m/ súKy//A\] (dí sí iv/B//ij/t/ híní v//l/I)n evening x//m/n event G/qn//adj every pºtyík+abbrev exam *see examinationn examination p/rI`//

examplen 1. illustration Wd/hr[/abbrev 2. e.g. jósí ik+adj excellent ait/ Wf/m/

22

exchange – factory

exchangen 1. act of exchanging adl//–b/dl/Iv 2. give up for an equivalent adl//–b/dl/I k+rn/Iv excite Wfíij/t/ k+rn//adj excited Wfíij/t/n excitement Wfíj/n//adj exciting Wfíj/n// pód/ k+rní v//l//n excursion sór-s/p//q eke+ il/A j//n//

excusen 1. justification b/h/n//v 2. pardon m//pµé k+rn//int 3. Excuse me! Dy//n/ a/k+i{ªt/ k+rní ke+ il/A Wp/yfé v//ky/úx/, m//

pµé k+Iij/A !exercise

n 1. physical work vy//y//m/n 2. class work k+`// mí] aBy//s/ ke+ il/A idy// g/y// k+/m/n 3. exercise book k+`// mí] k+/m/ k+rní ke+ il/A k+/\p/I

exitn 1. way out in/k+/s/ è/rv 2. go out b//hr j//n//v expect a/x// k+rn//adj expensive m/\]hg//

experiencen 1. thing undergone anB/v/v 2. undergo anB/v/ pº/pt/ k+rn//

experimentn 1. science trial p/rI`/[/, pºy/íg/v 2. try something p/rI`/[/¶pºy/íg/ k+rn//v explain s/m/J//n//n explanation sp/{qIk+r[/v explode iv/spµéíq hín//¶k+rn//v explore K/íj/ k+rn/I

expressadj 1. fast t/Ivºv 2. say ku+C k+hn//

expressionn 1. on face cíhre ke+ h/v/–B//v/n 2. in words iv/c//r vy/fé k+rní k+I ik>+y//adj extra ait/irfén eye a/\]K/n eyebrow B/ó\]he

Fface

n 1. part of body cíhr/phrase 2. face the front s//m/ní k+I t/rpµé deK/ícolloq phr 3. Face it! (believe it) y/h t/í s/hn// p/zµeg//n fact t/Ty/n factory pµéEkqrI

23

fade – fence

v fade mrJ//n//, r]g/ hl/k+/ p/zµn//v fail as/pµél/ hín//

faintadj 1. not dark hlk+/ r]g/v 2. become unconscious máiC*t/ hín//

fairadj 1. just Wic/t/adj 2. light hlk+/ r]g/adv fairly (quite) v//st/v/ mí]n fairy p/rIv fall ig/rn//adj false JáQadj familiar p/iric/t/

familyn 1. kin p/irv//rn 2. family tree ku+l/, vúx/adj famous pºis/à

fann 1. great admirer Wts//hI pºxús/k+n 2. equipment to blow air púK//adj far dUrn fare (cost for trip) iqk+q k+/ ik+r/y//n farm Kít/n fashion pµéEx/n/adj fashionable l/ík+ipºy/

fastadv 1. quick tíjµ/ k+/m/ k+rn//adv 2. forward in time tr]t/v 3. go without food Wp/v//s/ rK/n//v fasten k+s/n//adj fat m/íq/n father ip/t//n fault gµ/lt/In favour angºh, s/m/Tªn/adj favourite p/s/ndId/n fax pµéEks/ k+I m/x/In/

fearn 1. feeling of impending danger zr, B/y/v 2. be afraid zr j//n//n feather púK/v feed B/íj/n/ k+r/n//

feelv 1. as emotion anB/v/ k+rn//v 2. touch CU k+r j//n/n//pt v fell *see fallpt v felt *see feeladj female (of gender) m//d/n fence b//zµ/

24

ferry – flashing

n ferry v//hk+ n//v/n festival Wts/v/n fever bK//radj few ku+C

fieldn 1. where sport is played Kíl/ k+/ mód/n/n 2. open land mód/n/adj fierce k>+Ur

fightn 1. battle l/zµ/w*v 2. engage in battle l/zµ/w* k+rn/I

figuren 1. number súKy//n 2. person a/k&+it/phr v 3. figure out (understand) ik+s/I b//t/ k+í s/íc/–iv/c//r ke+ b//d s/m/J/n//v fill B/rn//n film ipµélm/adj final a]it/m/v find p/t// l/g//n//

fineadj 1. not raining sh/v/n//adj 2. opposite thick sá`m/adj 3. well (healthy) sv/sT/n finger W]g/l/I

finishn 1. end point ant/v 2. end s/m//pt/ k+rn//

firev 1. cease to employ n/ók+rI sí in/k+/l/ den//v 2. shoot g/íl/I d/g/n//n 3. something burning a//g/n fireworks a/it/x/b//jµ/Iadv first pºT/m/n first aid pº/T/im/k+ ic/ik+ts//

fishn 1. water creature m/Cl/Iv 2. catch fish m/Cl/I p/k+zµn//n fishing rod m/Cl/I p/k+zµní k+I z]zI

fitadj 1. healthy sv/sT/n 2. size Wp/yfé m//p/phrase 3. fit in with (match well) ankU+l/v fix QIk+¶in/D/ªirt/ k+rn//n flag Júz/n flame l/p/qn flash (bright light) c/m/k+adj flashing c/m/k+Il/I

25

flat – form

flatn 1. dwelling yáin/q (rhní ke+ il/A)adj 2. shape s/m/t/l/n flavour sv//dpt v flew *see flyn flight Wzµ/n/v float hv// mí] b/hn//, n/w* k+mp/n/I K/íl/n//n flood b//Zµ

floorn 1. part of a room pµéxªn 2. level of a building B/v/n/ k+I minjµ/l/n floppy disk k+m/pyáqr k+I izsk+v flow b/hn//n flower (plant) péUl/abbrev flu *see influenza

flyn 1. insect m/kK/Iv 2. move through the air Wzµn//n fog (weather condition) DnD/adj foggy DnD/l//v fold t/h k+rn//n folder k+/g/jµ/ rK/ní k+/ pµéílzrv follow p/ICe j//n//, ans/r[/ k+rn//n font md>[/ ke+ a`/r k+I b/n//v/qn food B/íj/n/n fool máKªadj foolish máKªt//pá[ªn foot pór, m//p/n football pµéuqb//\l/ k+/ Kíl/n footwear játí c/pp/l/ a/id

forphrase 1. for us hm//re il/Aphrase 2. for NSW nyá s//@T/ víljµ/ ke+ il/Aphrase 3. for $5 $5 ke+ il/A

forcen 1. strength x/ifé, b/l/v 2. impose on b//Dy/ k+rn//adj foreign (not native) iv/dex/In foreigner iv/dex/I vy/ifén forest júg/l/pt v forgave *see forgivev forget Bál/n//v forgive `/m// k+rn//pt v forgot *see forgetn fork k+/\]q/ (B/íj/n/ ke+ il/A)

formn 1. paper you fill in pµé/mªv 2. make b/n//n//, Op/ den//

26

fortnight – funeral

n 3. shape Op/, a/k&+it/n fortnight p/K/v//zµ/adj fortunate s/óB//gy/x//l/Iadv fortunately s/óB//gy/ sí

fortunen 1. large amount of money b/zµI súp/it/n 2. luck B//gy/pt v fought *see fightpt v found *see findn fountain p/h/zµ, P+vv//r/n fraction a]x/, Cíq/ s// ihss//n frame c/óK/q, pµé>em/

freeadj 1. costing nothing in/:x/ulk+adj 2. unoccupied K//l/I s/m/y/ hín//v 3. let go mfé k+rn//n freedom sv/t/nF/t//v freeze b/pµé** mí] Qnz/ k+rn// n freezer (appliance) Qnz/ k+rní k+/ Wp/k+r[/adj frequent pº/y/:adj fresh t//jµ//abbrev fridge *see refrigeratorn friend im/F/adj friendly im/F/t//pá[ªn fright a/k+ism/k+ B/y/v frighten zr/n//

fromphrase 1. from Sydney is/zn/I síphrase 2. from my grandmother mírI d/dI¶n//n/I ní idy//phrase 3. from $10 $10 k+Im/t/ sí a/rmB/

frontadj 1. opposite back a/gíprep 2. in front of s//m/nín front door s//m/ní v//l// drv//jµ//n front steps s//m/ní v//l/I s/Iizµy//v frown ty/órI c/Zµ/n//pt v froze *see freezen fruit P+l/

fulladj 1. opposite empty B/r/ hua/adj 2. not hungry BáK/ n/ hín/In full stop (punctuation mark) pá[ª iv/r/m/

funn 1. mirthful amusement m/n/ír]j/n/colloq phr 2. make fun of (ridicule) m/jµ//k+ Wzµ/n//n funeral a]tyíi}{q súsk+/r

27

funny – girl

funnyadj 1. humorous h/sy/j/n/k+adj 2. strange iv/ic/F/n fur p/xaí] k+I rí]Ad/r K//l/n furniture míjµ/, ku+s/I* a/idadj further aór a/gí, ait/irfén future B/iv/{y/

Gv gamble ja/ Kíl/n//n game Kíl/n gaol *see jailn gap dr/r, K//l/I sT//n/n garage (of house) m/íqr g//zµI K/zµI k+rní k+/ sT//n/n garden b/g/Ic//n garlic l/hsn/n gas gós/n gate P+/qk+v gather wk+ÿ/ k+rn//pt v gave *see give

gayadj 1. happy ic/nt//–mfé, Kx/adj 2. homosexual s/m/l/E\ig/k+ vy/ifé n gender ilúg/

generaladj 1. usual s//m//ny/n 2. rank in army sín// k+/ j/n/rl/adv generally s//m//ny/ Op/ sín generosity Wd/rt//adj generous Wd/radj gentle dy//l, x//nt/

getv 1. become b/n/ j//n//v 2. receive im/l/n//v 3. possess p//s/ mí] hín//v 4. arrive p/hu\]c/n//v 5. obtain p//n//phr v 6. get on with (like) im/F/t//pávªk+ rhn//phr v 7. get out (leave) Cízµ den//phr v 8. get together (meet) Ak+ dUs/re sí im/l/n//phr v 9. get up (arise) WQn//phr v 10. get rid of (dispose of) p/IC/ Cuzµ/n//

giantn 1. huge mythical being dEty/adj 2. very big as//m//ny/ Op/ sí iv/x//l/n gift Wp/h/rn girl l/zµk+I

28

give – grain

givev 1. hand to den//phr v 2. give in (hand in) s/ó]p/ den//colloq phr 3. give in (surrender) h/r m//n/n//phr v 4. give out (distribute) iv/t/irt/ k+rn//phr v 5. give up (surrender) in/r/x/ hík+r Cízµ den//phr v 6. give up (stop as for smoking) ik+s/I a/dt/ k+í Cízµ den//adj glad pºs/»

glassn 1. window material x/Ix//n 2. drinking vessel ig/l//s/n glasses (for eyesight) c/xm//n glove dst//ní

gov 1. move j//n//, c/l/n//phrase 2. go by bus b/s/ sí j//n//phrase 3. go out with ik+s/I ke+ s//T/ Gám/n//–ipérn//phr v 4. go wrong g/lt/I k+rn//phr v 5. go on with (continue) j//rI rK/n//phr v 6. go well s/b/ QIk+–Q/k+ hín//phr v 7. go over (check) s//v/D//n/I sí j//\]c/n//phr v 8. go through (check) j//\]c/n//phr v 9. go after (chase) p/IC/ k+rn//n god w*xv/r, p/rm//tm//n gold s/ín//adj golden sn/hrI

goodadj 1. opposite bad acC/phrase 2. vegetables are good for you a/p/ke+ il/A s/ibjµ/y//\] l//B/d/y/k+ hE]colloq phr 3. Good for you! (congratulations) b/hut/ b/iZµy//, b/D//w* híint 4. Good afternoon (greeting) n/m/sk+/rint 5. Goodbye iP+r im/lí]gí, al/iv/d/int 6. Good day (greeting) idn/ xB/ híint 7. Good morning (greeting) spºB//t/int 8. Good night (farewell) xB/ r/iF/

goodnessn 1. virtue acC/w*int 2. My goodness! (expression of

surprise)he B/g/v//n/ !

n goods s//m//n/n gossip g/p/–x/p/pt v got *see getv govern x//s/n/ k+rn//n government s/rk+/rn governor r/jy/–p//l/v grab J/p/q k+r p/k+zµn//adv gradually D/Ire–D/Iren grain an//j/ k+/ d/n//

29

grand – habit

adj grand x//n/d/rn grandchild p/ít//¶p/ít/I¶n//t/I¶n//it/n/n granddaughter p/ít/I¶n//it/n/n grandfather d/d/¶n//n//n grandmother d/dI¶n//n/In grandparent d/d/¶d/dI¶n//n//¶n//n/In grandson p/ít//¶n//t/In grape a]gárn graph líK//–ic/F/, gº/pµén grass G//s/adj grateful k&+t/~n grave k+bº, s/m//iD/adj great m/h/n/, WllíK/n/Iy/n greed l//l/c/adj greedy l//l/c/Iadj green hr/ r]g/v greet aiB/v//dn/ k+rn//n greeting aiB/v//dn/pt v grew *see growadj grey slíqI r]g/n grief du:K/v grieve du:K/ anB/v/ k+rn//v grill (cooking) Bán/n//

grossadj 1. total ku+l/colloq 2. disgusting Gôi[/t/

groundn 1. earth Báim/adj 2. bottom (as for ground floor) n/Ic/l// t/l//n group dl/, s/máhphrase group of students iv/ê/iTªy/í] k+/ dl/v grow b/Zµn//n grown–up v/y/sk+ v guard p/hr/ den//, r`// k+rn//n guardian r`/k+v guess a]d/jµ// l/g//n//n guest míhm//n/

guiden 1. leader m//gªdxªk+v 2. show the way p/T/ pºdxªn/ k+rn//n guilt dí{/–B//v/n//adj guilty dí{/In guitar ig/q/rn gum tree Ak+ pºk+/r k+/ pízµabbrev gym *see gymnasiumn gymnasium ij/m/, vy//y//m/x//l//

Hn habit a/dt/

30

had – have

pt v had *see have n hail (weather condition) aílín hailstorm aíl//–vôi{qn hair b//l/n haircut b//l/ k+qv//n//adj halal hl//l/

halfadj 1. equal part of a/D//phrase 2. half–past eight s//Zµe a/Q b/jí n hall h/l/ k+m/r/n hallway h/l/ mí] a/ní k+/ r/st//v halve a//D// k+rn//n hamburger hEm/b/gªr, m/Iq y/ukt/ p//v/ ríqI n hammer hT/ózµ/

handn 1. body part h/T/n 2. hand–out B/IK/, pºk+/x/n/phr v 3. hand in píx/ k+rn//n handbag p/sªn handball Ak+ pºk+/r k+/ Kíl/

handlen 1. thing that may be held hEnzl/v 2. touch CUn//adj handsome deK/ní mí] sndrn handwriting il/ip/, il/K//w*

hangv 1. suspend l/qk+/n//phr v 2. hang around (loiter) a/s/–p//s/ Gám/n//phr v 3. hang onto (hold) p/k+zµe rhn//phr v 4. hang up (put receiver down) pµéín/ k+/q den//int 5. Hang on! (wait) QhirA!v happen hín//, G/iqt/ hín//n happiness pºs/»t//adj happy pºs/»n harbour búdrg//h

hardadj 1. difficult k+iQn/adj 2. not soft k+zµ/adv hardly (rarely) x//y/d hI k+B/Iv harm nk+s//n/ p/hu\]c//n//n harvest pµés/l/ k+/qní k+/ m/ós/m/, pµés/l/n hat qíp/v hate Gô[// k+rn//

havev 1. own p//s/ hín//phrase 2. have a headache is/r dd* hín//phrase 3. have dinner r/t/ k+/ K//n// K//n//phrase 4. have a hair cut b//l/ k+qv//ní phr v 5. have on (wear) p/hn// hua/ hE

31

have to – his

phr v have to (be compelled to) k+rn// ain/v//yª hEpron he v/h a/dm/I

headn 1. body part is/r, m/ist/{k+n 2. leader miK/y//, nít//n headache is/rdd*n heading (title) x/I{ªk+n health sv//sTy/adj healthy sv/sT/n heap (pile) Zerv hear sn/n//pt v heard *see hearn heart idl/v heatv 1. warm g/mª k+rn//n 2. warmth g/rm//w*n heater (appliance) hIqr, g/mª k+rní k+/ Wp/k+r[/adj heavy B//rIn height @\]c//w*pt v held *see holdn helicopter heil/k+/\pqrint hello hel/í

helpn 1. aid s/h/y/t//phrase 2. help yourself (serve yourself) ap/ní a/p/ sí K//n// p/rísí]colloq phr 3. I can’t help it (I have no control

over it)mó] ws/mí] k+íw* m/dd n/hI] k+r s/k+t//

adj helpful m/ddg//rn hemisphere aDªvôf/, a/D// g/íl//

herphrase 1. ask her Ws/ l/zµk+I¶m/ihl// sí páCe]phrase 2. her book Ws/ l/zµk+I¶m/ihl// k+I pst/k+adv here y/h/\\n hero v/Ir¶n//qk+, ipµélm/ k+/ n//y/k+v hesitate ihc/ik+c//n//n hexagon {/q<k+í[/int hi hel/ípt v hid *see hidev hide Cup/n//

highadj 1. tall @\]c//adj 2. as for musical note Wcc/ sv/rphrase high–heeled shoe @\]cí] hIl/ ke+ sónzl/n high school Wcc/ iv/ê/l/y/n hill p/h/zµIpron him Ws/ a/dm/I¶l/zµke+ k+í n hip kU+lh/,pÿ/v hire ik+r/A y// B//zeµ p/r lín//pron his Ws/ a/dm/I¶l/zµke+ k+/

32

history – however

n history wit/h/s/hit

v 1. strike c/íq m//rn//, qkk+r hí j//n//colloq 2. winner l/ík+ipºy/, iv/jít//v hitch–hike mPµt/ s/v//rI m//g/\] k+r sór–s/p//qe p/r j//n//n hobby k+íw* k+/m/ x/óik+y// k+rn//

holdv 1. grasp p/k+zµn//n 2. hold–up (robbery) zkE+t/In 3. hold–up (delay) derI hín/Iint 4. Hold it! (stop) ok+ícolloq phr 5. hold on (wait) pºit/`// k+re], oke+]n hole Cedn holiday Cuiùy//\]adj hollow K/íK/l//adj holy p/iv/F/, D//imªk+n home G/radj homesick G/r k+I y//d a/n/In homework (school work you

do at home)skU+l/ sí idy// g/y// G/r p/r k+rní k+/ k+/yª, hím/ v/k*+

n honest w*m//n/d/rhook

n 1. curved piece of metal huk+, k+/\]q/v 2. catch huk+ sí p/k+zµn//

hopen 1. expectation a/x//v 2. wish a/x// k+rn//n horizon i`/it/j/ reK//

horn n 1. animal part s/I]g/n 2. car part k+/r k+/ B/í]páadj horrible B/y//n/k+, aoic/k+rn horror B/y/, F//s/n horse G/ízµ/n hospital asp/t//l/n host míjµ/b//n/n hostel C/F//v//s/, hísql/

hotadj 1. very warm b/hut/ g/mªcolloq 2. very good b/hut/ acC/, l/ík+ipºy/n hotel híql/n hotplate K//n// p/k+/ní k+/ ib/j/l/I k+/ sqív/n hour G/nq/n house G/r, m/k+/n/n housework (domestic work) G/r k+/ k+/m/

howadv 1. in what way kE+sícolloq phr 2. how come? (why) Aes// ky/í] hua/?conj however y/êip/, ipér B/I

33

huge – industry

adj huge iv/x//l/, b/hut/ b/zµ/human

adj 1. of people m//n/v/Iy/n 2. human being m//n/v/n humour h\]s/I–m/jµ//k+n hung *see hangadj hungry BáK/ l/g/n/I, BáK//v hunt ix/k+/r k+rn//

hurryv 1. move quickly j/ldI k+rn//colloq phr 2. hurry up j/ldI k+rí

hurtv 1. injure c/íq l/g/n/Iadj 2. wounded G//y/l/, jµ/Km/In hut J/íp/zµI

Ipron I mó]n ice b/pµé*n ice–cream a/ws/k>+Im/adj ideal a/dxªpá[ªconj if y/idadj ill b/Im//r, br/adj illegal gµór k+/nán/In illness b/Im//rIn illustration Wd/hr[/ (ic/F/í] è/r/)v imagine k+lp/n// k+rn//adj immediate t//tk+/il/k+adv immediately tr]t/n immigrant a/pºv//s/Iadj important m/hfv/pá[ª, gúB/Iradj impossible asúB/v/, k+iQn/v improve sD//rn//

inprep 1. indicates enclosed place andrphrase 2. in Australia a/\sqMeil/y// mí]phrase 3. in January j/n/v/rIphrase 4. in English a]gºejµ/Iphrase 5. in pencil píins/l/ síphrase 6. in love ik+s/I sí py//r hín//phrase 7. in danger K/t/re mí] hín//phrase 8. in time (not late) s/m/y/ p/r p/hu\]c/n//v include x//im/l/ k+rn//, ihss// b/n//n//n income a/y/, a/m/dn/Iadj incorrect gµ/l/t/v increase b/Zµ/n//n index sác/k+, sác/Iadj indoor G/r ke+ B/It/rn industry Wêíg/

34

infect – is

v infect CUt/ l/g//n//n infection súk>+m/[/, Cut/ k+I b/Im//rIv influence pºB//iv/t/ k+rn//n influenza P¥lá, jµk+/m/ v/ bK//rv inform sác/n// den/In information j//n/k+/rI, sác/n// prep in front of s//m/nív inhabit b/s/n//, rhn//n inhabitant in/v//s/I

initialadj 1. first pº/rimB/k+ n 2. first letter of name n//m/ k+/ p/hl// a`/rn injection sáw* ¶qIk+/l/g//n//v injure c/íq p/hu\]c//n// n injury c/íqadj inner B/It/rI, andr k+I t/rpµéadj innocent B/l//, in/rp/r/D/n insect k+Izeµ–m/k+ózeµv insert Gsízµn//, b/Ic/ mí] rK/n//prep inside andrv insist hQ¶a/gºh k+rn//

instantn 1. moment `/[/adj 2. immediate trnt/adv instead b/dlí mí], ke+ sT//n/ p/rv instruct is/K//n//, a/dex/ den//n instruction ix/`/[/n instrument (musical) súg/It/ v//ên insurance b/Im//adj intelligent biàm//n/, s/m/J/d/rv intend wr/d/ k+rn//n interest by//j/, oic/adj interested oic/ idK//ní v//l//adj interesting ríc/k+n Internet wnqrníqv interrupt b//D// z/l/n//n intersection c/ór/h/n interview s/`//t/k+/r, w]qrvyá prep into ke+ B/It/r, mí] v introduce p/iric/t/ k+r/n//n introduction (of a book) p/irc/y/, pºst//v/n//v invent a/iv/{k+/r k+rn// n invitation in/múF/[/v invite in/múF/[/ den//

ironn 1. metal l/íh/n 2. household appliance k+p/zµe pºes/ k+rní k+I wsF/Iv 3. as for clothing k+p/zµe pºes/ k+rníprt v is *see be

35

island – keyboard

n island èIp/, q/páit

pron 1. subject y/h,v/hpron 2. object y/h,v/hpron its (possessive) ws/k+/

Jn jacket jóke+q, k+íqn jail jíl/n jar m/tªb//n/adj jealous w*{y/ªpá[ªn jeans j/Ins/n jet jíq w]j/n/ v//l// v//yy//n/n jewel rtn/, a/Bá{/[/n jewellery j/v//hr/t/n job n/ók+rIv jog D/Ire–D/Ire dózµn//n jogger D/Ire–D/Ire dózµní v//l// vy/ifé

joinv 1. unite j/ízµn//v 2. as a club s/dsy/ b/n/n//adj joint súyfén joke cqku+l//n journey y//F//n joy Kx/I, h{ª

judgen 1. person in court ny//y//D/Ix/v 2. make a decision about a/\]k+n//, in/[ªy/ den//n judgment in/[ªy/, pµéEs/l//n judo jází k+/ Kíl/n juice rs/, jás/v jump kU+dn//n jumper (clothing) svíqr

justadv 1. only ke+v/l/adj 2. fair Wic/t/

Kn kangaroo k+]g//O

keepv 1. hold on to p//s/ rK/n//phr v 2. keep away dUr rhn//phr v 3. keep going k+rtí rhn//phr v 4. keep out b//hr rhe]phr v 5. keep up k+rtí rihAcolloq phr 6. The teacher kept us in qIc/r ní hmí] andr hI rkK//pt v kept *see keepn key c//b/In keyboard q/w*p/ k+rní k+/ ku+nj/I–p/ql/

36

keyring – large

n keyring c//b/I k+/ gcC/n keyword mál/ x/bdv kick l//t/ sí m//rn//colloq kid (child) b/cc//v kill j//n/ sí m//r den//n killer m//rní v//l//

kindadj 1. good hearted dy//ln 2. type pºk+/r, j//it/n kindness dy//lt//n king r/j//v kiss cmb/n/ lín//n kitchen rs/íw*n knee Gqn//v kneel Gqn/í] ke+ b/l/ bóQn//pt v knelt *see kneelpt v knew *see known knife c//kU+v knit bn/n//n knob qI. v/I a/id k+/ b/qn/, drv//jµí k+/ gm/Q/v knock K/qK/q/n//n knot g//\]Q

knowv 1. understand s/m/J/n//v 2. be acquainted with j//n/ p/hc//n/ hín/Iphrase 3. Let me know (tell me) mJí b/t//n//n koala k+ía/l//n kookaburra ku+k+/b//r/ p/`/I

Labbrev lab *see laboratoryn label líb/l/n laboratory pºy/íg/x//l//n labour míhn/t/v lack k+m/I hín/In lad Cík+r/n ladder s/IzµIpt v laid *see layn lake J/Il/n lamp idy//, lómp/

landn 1. opposite of sea jµ/m/In/n 2. country dex/v 3. as for plane v//yy//n/ k+/ n/Icí Wt/rn//n language B//{//

lapn 1. body part g/ídIn 2. distance in a pool dózµ k+/ Ak+ c/kk+radj large b/zµ/

37

last – less

lastadj 1. opposite of first aint/m/v 2. endure b/ní¶b/cí rhn//adv lastly ant/ mí]adj late (opposite of early) iv/l/mb/ hín//adv lately h/l/ mí]adv later b//d mí]v laugh h\]s/n//n laughter h\]s/In laundry D/íní v//lí k+p/zeµ n law k+/nán/n lawn G//s/ k+/ mód/n/n lawyer v/k+Il/

layv 1. as for eggs a]ze den//v 2. put rK/n//adj lazy a/l/s/I

leadv 1. go first p/hl/ k+rn//, a/gí b/Zµµn//n 2. holder for a dog ku+fí k+I jújµ/Irn leader nít//n leadership nít// hín//n leaf p/f/Iv leak irs/n//, Ced mí] sí b/hn//

leanv 1. incline qek+ l/g//n//adj 2. thin p/t/l//–dub/l//v leap Cl//\]g/ l/g//n//n leap year aiD/v/{ª, l/Ip/ v/{ªv learn s/IK/n//pt v learnt *see learnadj least k+m/ sí k+m/n leather c/m/zµ/

leavev 1. separate from Cízµ den//n 2. time off CuùIphr v 3. leave alone ake+l// Cízµ díphr v 4. leave on c/l/ní díphr v 5. leave out b/Ic/–b/Ic/ mí] sí Cízµtí j//n//pt v led *see leadpt v left *see leaveadj left (opposite of right) Wlq/, b//y//\]adj left–handed b//A] h/T/ sí k+/m/ k+rní v//l//n leg pór, q/\]g/n lemon n/I\báv lend WD//r den//n length l/mb//w*pt v lent *see lendadv less k+m/

38

lesson – lizard

n lesson p//Qlet

v 1. allow anm/it/ den//v 2. rent ik+r/A p/r den//

lettern 1. as of alphabet a`/rn 2. correspondence p/F/n letterbox p/F/p/eqIn lettuce s/l//d p/f//adj level s/m/t/l/n liar JáQ/n library pst/k+/l/y/n licence l//wsíns/v lick c//qn//n lid Zkk+n/

liev 1. tell untruths JáQ b/íl/n//phr v 2. lie down líqn//n life j/Iv/n/n lifesaver j/Iv/n/r`/k+

liftv 1. raise @p/r WQ/n//n 2. elevator il/P¥qn 3. car ride ik+s/I sí k+/r mí] s/v//rI m//\]g/n//

lightn 1. opposite of darkness ríx/n/I, pºk+/x/n 2. as for electric light b/lb/ k+I ríx/n/Iadj 3. not dark hlk+/ r]g/adj 4. not heavy B//r mí] hlk+/n lighter (as for cigarettes) is/g/req j/l//ní k+/ l//w*qrn lightning ib/j/l/I k+zµk+n//

likev 1. be fond of p/s/nd k+rn//prep 2. similar to Ak+ s/m//n/n limit s/Im//n line reK//n lip aí\]Qn liquid t/rl/ p/d/Tªn list sác/Iv listen sn/n//pt v lit *see lightn litter kU+zµ/–k+rk+qadj little Cíqe a/k+/r k+/

livev 1. exist j/In//, j/Iiv/t/ rhn//adj 2. opposite of dead j/Iiv/t/n living (job) j/Iiv/k+/n living room bóQk+n lizard iCp/k+l/I

39

load – lunch

v load b/íJ// l//dn//n lobster s/md>I J/I]g//

localn 1. person from a particular area sT//n/Iy/ in/v//s/Iadj 2. pertaining to an area sT//n/Iy/n location sT//n/ v lock t//l// l/g//n//n log (wood) l/k+zµI k+/ l/ÿ/n lolly m/IQI g/íl/Iadj lonely ake+l//, sán//

longadj 1. opposite of short l/mb//phr v 2. long for (want) l//l//iy/t/ rhn//phrase 3. How long? (as time) ik+t/ní s/m/y/ sí?phrase 4. How long? (as length) ik+t/n// l/mb//?phrase 5. long ago b/hut/ s/m/y/ p/hlí

lookn 1. glance J/l/k+phr v 2. look at deK/n//phr v 3. look after deK/–B//l/ k+rn//phr v 4. look for ZU\]Zn//phr v 5. look forward to Wtsk+t// sí pºt/I`// k+rn// phr v 6. look up to a/dr k+rn//phrase 7. look like (resemble) Ak+ s/m//n/ hín//adj loose ZIl//

losev 1. opposite of find K/í den//v 2. opposite of win h/rn//phrase 3. she lost her mother (her

mother died)Ws/k+I m//\] k+/ deh/nt/ hí g/y//

n loss nk+s//n/pt v lost *see lose

lotn 1. destiny ik+sm/t/phrase 1. a lot of b/zµI m//F// mí]adj loud @\]cí] sv/r mí], n lounge room bóQk+, iv/X/m/–k+`/

loven 1. passionate affection pºem/, py//rv 2. feel passionate pºem/¶py//r k+rn//adj low n/Ic//, in/mn/n lower case a]gºejµ/I il/K/ní ke+ Cíqe a`/radj loyal sv//m/IB/fé, in/{Q/v//n/ n luck B//gy/adj lucky B//gy/x//l/In lump Zel//, gm/zµ/n lunch díp/hr k+/ B/íj/n/

40

machine – match

Mn machine m/xIn/, yúF/

madadj 1. angry gss// a/n//adj 2. insane p//g/l/colloq phr 3. mad about (loves) py//r mí] p//g/l/ hín//n madam m/hídy//pt v made *see maken magazine p/iF/k+/n magic j//dUn magpie móg/p//A p/`/I

mailn 1. correspondence p/F/–vy/v/h/rv 2. send z/k+ è/r/ Bíj/n//adj main mKy/

makev 1. manufacture in/m/ª[/ k+rn//phrase 2. make the bed ib/st/r l/g//n//phrase 3. make friends im/F/ b/n//n//phr v 4. make up (reconcile) J/g/zµ/ dUr k+rn//n make up (cosmetics) Sô]g//r k+rn//adj male n/rn mammal st/n/D//rI pº/[/I n man m/n{y/, a/dm/I, po{/v manage súc//l/n/ k+rn//n manager súc//l/k+. móníj/rn mandarin s/nt/r/n mango a/m/n manner (way) t/rIk+/n manners (pertaining to polite

behaviour)n/mº vy/v/h/r

v manufacture in/m/ª[/ k+rn//adj many b/hut/ s//ren map n/kx//n margin (of a book) h/ix/y//n marijuana g//\]j//, B//\]g/

markv 1. correct p/rI`/[/ k+rn//, j//\]c/n//n 2. numerical value for work pº/pt/ a]k+n 3. spot in/x//n/, ic/nhn market b//jµ//rn marriage iv/v//h, x//dIv marry iv/v//h k+rn//n mat c/q/w*

matchv 1. suit j/ízµId/rn 2. implement for lighting m//ic/s/

41

mate – midday

n 3. game Kíl/, móc/n mate (friend) s//T/In material s//m//n/, s//m/gºIn mathematics g/i[/t/–x//sF/abbrev maths *see mathematics

mattern 1. substance p/d/Tªphrase 2. What’s the matter? ky// b//t/ hE?phrase 3. It matters a lot y/h k+/pµéI a/v/xy/k+ hEv may (allowed to) anm/it/ den//adv maybe x//y/d, k+d/ic/t/pron me mJín meal B/íj/n/

meanv 1. intend aTª in/k+/l/n//, wr/d/n 2. average aós/t/phrase 3. I didn’t mean it (accidental) mír/ m/t/l/b/ y/h k+rní k+/ n/hI] T//n meaning aTª, t//tp/yªn means (resources) s//D/n/, Wp//y/pt v meant *see meanadv meanwhile ws/I b//c/, wt/ní mí]v measure n//p/n//n measurement n//p/n meat m//\]s/, g/íxt/n meat pie g/íxt/ v//l/I k+c/ózµI (p//w*)n mechanic im/st/rIn medication aó{/iD/n medicine dv//w*, ic/ik+ts//–x//sF/adj medium m/Dy/m/v meet im/l/n//n melon t/rbáj//v melt ip/G/l/n//n member s/dsy/v memorise y//d k+rn//n memory y//dd/xt/v mend m/rmm/t/¶QIk+ k+rn//adj mental m//n/is/k+v mention WllíK/¶c/c/ª k+rn/I

menun 1. list in restaurant B/íj/n/ sác/I, mónán 2. list on a computer k+m/pyáqr p/r k+/y/í* k+I sác/In mess g/ndI isT/it/ mí]n message s/ndex/pt v met *see meetn metal D//tn method t/rIk+/, Z]g/n microscope sá`m/dx/I*n microwave (oven) m//wk+rívív/ aív/n/ n midday díp/hr

42

middle – moist

middleadj 1. central b/Ic/ mí]n 2. centre m/Dy/adj middle–aged pº/EZµ/v/sT//n midnight a/D/I r/t/

mightv 1. express possibility súB/v/ hín//n 2. strength b/l/¶x/ifén migrant pºv//s/Iadj mild m/Dy/m/, s/ómy/n military sín//n milk dUD/n milkbar im/lk+b//r

mindn 1. consciousness ic/f/phrase 2. Keep in mind Dy//n/ m/e\ rK/n// phrase 3. Never mind (don’t worry) ic/nt// n/ k+re]phrase 4. I don’t mind k+íw* b//t/ n/hI]phrase 5. Mind the step (be careful of the

step)s/Iizµy/í] k+/ Dy//n/ de]

minepron 1. possessive mír/n 2. underground excavation K//n/n mineral K/in/j/ p/d/Tªn minister (government) s/rk+/rI múF/Iprep minus k+m/, G/q/n//

minuten 1. unit of time im/in/qadj 2. very small b/hut/ Cíq/n mirror x/Ix//adj miserable dy/n/Iy/v misplace j/l/t/ j/g/h p/r rK/ den//

missn 1. woman’s title ku+m//rIv 2. long for aB//v/ m/hsás/ k+rn//v 3. opposite of hit cák+ j//n//adj missing l//p/t//n Missus m/ihl//aí] ke+ il/A súb/íD/n/n Mister po{/í] ke+ il/A súb/íD/n/n mistake g/l/t/Iv misunderstand g/l/t/pµéhm/I hín//v mix im/l//n//n mixture im/X[/n mobile phone sól/ pµéín/

modeln 1. representation n/mán//n 2. person who shows clothes k+p/zµe pºdixªt/ k+rní v//lí yv/k+¶yv/it/y//\]adj modern a/Din/k+adj modest iv/n/mº, s//D//r[/adj moist n/m/, g/Il//

43

moment – naked

n moment `/[/n money op/y//–pós//n monitor (computer) k+m/pyáqr k+/ Wp/k+r[/ ij/s/ p/r sk>+In/ hít/I hE,

m//\n/Iqrn month m/hIn//n mood (frame of mind) m/n/ídx//n moon c//\]dadj moral nóit/k+adv more aiD/k+ m//F//n morning sb/hn mosque m/s/ijµ/dadj most aty/iD/k+n mother m//\]n motor m/íqr k+/rn motor bike m/íqr s//w*ik+l/n motor scooter m/íqr skU+qr

mousen 1. animal cáh/n 2. computer part k+m/pyáqr k+/ c/l/x/Il/ in/yúF/k+ Wp/k+r[/ phrase mouse button (computer) k+m/pyáqr ke+ m//Ws/ k+/ b/qn/n mousepad k+m/pyáqr k+/ m//Ws/ rK/ní k+/ pózn moustache má]Ce]n mouth m\]hv move ihl//n//n movement c/l/n//–ipérn//, g/it/iv/iD/n movie is/ním//abbrev Mr *see Misterabbrev Mrs *see Missusn Ms m/ihl//aí] ke+ il/A súb/íD/n/adv much b/hut/adj multicultural b/hus/úsk&+it/k+n multiplication g[// k+rn//v multiply g[// k+rn//abbrev mum *see mother

murdern 1. unlawful killing hty//v 2. kill unlawfully hty// k+rn//n muscle m//\]s/píx/In mushroom ku+ku+rmf//, K/umb/n music súg/It/v must av/xy/pron my mír/n mystery rhsy/

Nv nag l/g//t//r túg/ k+rn//

nailn 1. body part n//Kán/n 2. metal spike k+Il/adj naked núg//

44

name – nobody

namen 1. title n//m/phrase 2. given name idy// g/y// n//m/phrase 3. family name p/irv//r k+/ n//m/adj narrow súk+I[ªadj nasty D/m/k+IB/r/n nation r/{qMadj nationality r/{qMIy/t//adj native mál/–sT//n/Iy/

naturen 1. person’s character sv/B//v/n 2. environment pºk&+it/prep near in/k+qadv nearby p//s/ mí] hIadv nearly l/g/B/g/adj neat s//pµé–sT/r/adj necessary a/v/xy/k+n neck g/d*n/v need k+I a/v/xy/k+t// hín//n needle sw*

negativen 1. film ipµélm/ k+/ níg/iqv/adj 2. opposite of positive n/k+/r/tm/k+v neglect Wpí`// k+rn//n neighbour p/zµís/Iadv neither dín/í] mí] sí k+íw* B/I n/hI]n nerve n/s/adj nervous Wfíij/t/n nest G/í]s/l//

netn 1. trap pés//\]ní k+/ j//l/n 2. sport equipment Kíl/í] mí] Wp/y/íg/ ik+A j//ní v//l// níqabbrev Net * see Internetn netball (game) níqb//\l/ k+/ Kíl/adv never k+B/I n/hI]adj new n/y//n newspaper s/m//c//rp/F/

nextadv 1. after this t/b/adj 2. following ag/l//phrase 3. next door p/zµís/Iadj nice b/hut/ acC/n night r/iF/, r/t/n nightclub r/t/ k+í Kl/ní v//lí kl/b/ n night dress s/ítí s/m/y/ p/hn/ní k+I p/íx//k+

noint 1. opposite yes n/hI]det 2. not at all k+B/I n/hI]pron nobody k+íw* B/I n/hI]

45

nocturnal – obvious

adj nocturnal r/iF/c/r, r/t/ mí] s/ik>+y/v nod is/r ihl// k+r h/\] k+hn//n noise x/ír–gl/adv noisily x/ír–gl/ m/c//tí huAadj noisy x/ír–gl/ m/c//ní v//l// vy/ifé¶sT//n/pron none Ak+ B/I n/hI]n noon díp/hr 12 b/jípron no–one k+íw* B/I n/hI] conj nor n/ t/íadj normal s//m//ny/n north Wf/rn nose n//k+n nosebleed n//k+ sí Kán/ a/n//adv not n/hI]

noten 1. money op/yí k+/ n/íqn 2. short piece of writing súi`/pt/ iv/v/r[/phrase 3. take note (be careful) Dy//n/ de]phrase 4. take notes mKy/ iv/c//r il/K/nípron nothing ku+C n/hI]n notice n/íiqs/, sác/n//n notice board sác/n// pºdixªt/ k+rní k+/ b/íz*n noun sú~/n novel Wp/ny//s/adv now aB/Iadv nowadays a/j/k+l/adv nowhere k+hI] B/I n/hI]adj nude núg//

numbern 1. numeral súKy//v 2. count ig/n/n//phrase 3. a number of k+w*abbrev 4. no. (see number)n nurse n/sª

nutn 1. fruit pél/, mív//colloq 2. mad person p//g/l/ vy/ifén nutrition p/í{/[/, a/h/r

Oadj obedient a/~/k+/rIv obey a/~/ m//n/n//

objectn 1. thing v/stn 2. aim l/`y/v 3. be against iv/ríD/ k+rn//n objection iv/ríD/v obtain p//n//adj obvious ssp/{q

46

occasion – only

n occasion av/s/radv occasionally k+B/I–k+B/In occupation vy/v/s//y/, j/Iiv/k+/n ocean s/md>adv o’clock 1 sí– 12 b/jí k+/ s/m/y/ idK//ní ke+ il/A

oddadj 1. strange iv/ic/F/phrase 2. odd number iv/{/m/ súKy//prep of k+/, ke+, k+I, sí súb/àint of course ib/lku+l/ s/hI

offadv 1. away from dUr, dUrI p/rprep 2. opposite on sí al/g/colloq phr 3. Off you go! c/l/í ab/ j//aí!n offence jmª, ap/r/D/

offern 1. proposal pºst//v/v 2. present for approval aipªt/ k+rn//, s//m/ní rK/n//n office k+/y/ªl/y/n officer aiD/k+/rIadj official s/rk+/rI, x//s/k+Iy/adv often aks/r, b/huD//int oh! aí hí!

oiln 1. of petroleum píqM/el/v 2. grease c/b/I*int okay QIk+ hE

oldadj 1. opposite new pr/n//adj 2. opposite young b/UZµ/n old age vôà av/sT//adj old–fashioned pr/ní jµ/m//ní k+/

onprep 1. representing location p/r, ke+ @p/radj 2. opposite off c//lá hE, Wp/y/íg/ mí] hEphrase 3. on fire a/g/ l/g/ j//n//phrase 4. on foot pódl/phrase 5. on time s/m/y/ p/rphrase 6. on holidays Cuiùy//\] m/n//n//phrase 7. on the left b//A\] h/T/ p/r, Wl/qI t/rpµéphrase 8. on the right s/IDí h/T/ p/r, s/ID/I t/rpµéphrase 9. on top @p/r

onceadv 1. one time Ak+ b//rphrase 2. at once Ak+ dm/, trnt/phrase 3. once a week s/pt//h mí] Ak+ b//radj one Ak+n onion py//jµ/adv only ke+v/l/

47

open – overcrowded

openadj 1. opposite of closed Kl// hua/phrase 2. in the open (outside) b//hrn opening Kl// sT//n/, a/rmB/ hín//

operatev 1. work c/l//n//, l//gá hín//v 2. carry out surgery x/ly/ ik>+y// k+rn//, s/rj/rIn operation x/ly/ ik>+y//n opinion iv/c//rn opportunity m/ók+/v oppose iv/ríD/ k+rn//n opposite iv/p/rIt/ idx// mí]

orangeadj 1. colour sút/rI r]g/n 2. fruit m/ós/m/In orchestra v//ê–múzl/

ordern 1. numerical sequence k>+m/n 2. direction for a supply s//m//n/ m/g//\]ní k+/ a/dex/v 3. put in sequence k>+m/b/à k+rn//v 4. arrange supply of s//m//n/ im/l/ní k+/ pºbúD/ k+rn//adj ordinary s//D//r[/, a/m/

organn 1. musical instrument súg/It/ v//ên 2. body part x/rIr ke+ a]g/n organisation súg/Qn/v organise súg/iQt/¶vy/v/isT/t/ k+rn origin sF/ít/, vúx/pron other ait/irfé, any/conj otherwise ws/ke+ al//v//pron our hm//r/

outadv 1. opposite in b//hrprep 2. out of in/D/ªirt/ sT//n/ p/r n/hI]phrase 3. Lights out! ib/j/l/I b/nd k+rí!phrase 4. made out of sí b/n// hua/phrase 5. out of bounds s/Im// sí b//hrphrase 6. out of date pr/n// hí j//n//phrase 7. out of order K/r/b/ hí j//n//phrase 8. out of work n/ók+rI n/ hín//adv outside b//hradj oval (shape) a]z/k+/r

overadv 1. finished s/m//pt/prep 2. pertaining to location ke+ @p/rphrase 3. over and over b//r–b//rphrase 4. over there v/h/\] p/rphrase 5. fall over ig/r j//n//adj overcrowded Qs// Qs/ B/r/ hua/

48

overdo – pass

v overdo b/hut/ b/Zµ/–c/Zµ/ k+r k+rn//adj overdue ij/s/k+/ s/m/y/ s/m//pt/ hí ck+/ hín overhead projector aív/rhez pºíjíkqrv overhear a]j//ní mí] sn/ lín//adj overnight r/t/ B/r ke+ il/Aadv overseas iv/dex/ mí]v oversleep der t/k+ s/ítí rhn//v overtake a/gí in/k+l/ j//n//v owe «[/I hín//phrase owing to (due to) ke+ k+/r[/ sí

ownv 1. have p//s/ mí] hín//phrase 2. his own money ap/n// Kµd k+/ pós//n owner m//il/k+, sv//m/In oxygen a/\ks/Ij/n/ gós/

Pv pack s//m//n/ bóg/ a/id mí] rK/n//phrase pack of cards t//x/ k+I g/ÖIn packet póke+q, b/nzl/n pad (as note–pad) il/K/ní k+/ pózn paddock G/ízµí] k+í rK/ní k+/ b//zµ/n page pô{Qpt v paid *see payn pain dd*v paint r]g/n//n painting ic/F/k+l//n pair j/ízµ/adj pale hlk+/, D/Im//n pan k+zµ/hIn pants p/t/lán/n pantyhose isF/Iy/í] ke+ l/mbí m/íjµín paper k+/g/jµ/n paragraph ancCed, pór/gº/pµéadj parallel s/m//n/út/rn parallelogram s/m//n/út/r c/tB*j/n parent m//t//–ip/t//

parkn 1. green space p//k*+v 2. as a car k+/r K/zµI k+rn//n part ihss//n participle (grammar) ik>+y// k+/ k&+d]t/ Op/ (vy//k+r[/)adj particular vy/ifég/t/, iv/xí{/n partner s//T/Iadj part–time a]x/–k+/il/k+n party (gathering) pºIit/B/íj/, p//qI*

passv 1. go by p//r k+r j//n//, gjµ/rn//v 2. opposite of fail s/pµél/ hín//

49

passage – persuade

v 3. hand over dUs/re k+í hst/út/irt/ k+rn//phrase 4. train pass rel/g//zµI k+/ iqik+q (p//s/)n passage g/il/y//r/n passenger y//F/In passport p//s/p/íq*

pastn 1. time gone by at/It/phrase 2. walk past p//s/ sí in/k+l/ j//n//phrase 3. half past three s//Zµe t/In/ b/jíphrase 4. past tense ik>+y// k+/ Bát/k+/l/ Op/ (vy//k+r[/)n pasta móde v/ a]ze sí b/n// Ak+ pºk+/r k+/ K//ê p/d/Tª

pasten 1. glue g/í]dv 2. stick with paste g/í]d sí ic/p/k+/n//n path r/st//, p/T/

patientn 1. a person under medical

treatmentríg/I

adj 2. calm under stress s/hn/x/Il/n pause ik+s/I k+/m/ k+í rík+ den//n paw púj//

payn 1. earnings vít/n/, a/m/dn/Iv 2. provide with money Bg/t//n/ k+rn//n pea m/qrn peace x//int/adj peaceful x//int/pá[ªn pen k+l/m/, pón/n pencil píins/l/n pencil case píins/l/ rK/ní k+/ izbb//n penguin pí]igv/n/ p/`/In pentagon púc/Bj/n pepper k+/l/I im/cªadv per cent pºit/x/t/n percentage pºit/x/t/t//adj perfect s/v/í*f/m/, p/irpá[ªv perform k+íw* k+/m/ k+rn//n perfume wF/, sg/nD/adv perhaps x//y/d

periodn 1. school day division skU+l/ mí] p//Q s/m/y/n 2. pertaining to menstruation m/ihl//aí] k+í híní v//l/I m//hv//rIn 3. amount of time av/iD/n permission anm/it/

permitn 1. licence l//wsíns/v 2. allow anm/it/ den//n person vy/ifév persuade m/n// lín//, r/jµ/I k+rn//

50

pet – plate

n pet p//l/tán petrol píqMíl/abbrev phone *see telephonen photocopy pºit/il/ip/

photographn 1. picture pµéíqív 2. take a picture pµéíqí iK/c/n//n phrase k+w* x/bdí] k+/ s/máh p/r v//ky/ n/hI] (vy//k+r[/)adj physical x//rIirk+, B/óit/k+n pianist ip/y//n/í v//dk+n piano ip/y//n/í

pickv 1. choose cn/n//colloq phr 2. pick on (bully) D/m/k+/n//colloq phr 3. pick up some English ku+C a]gºejµ/I is/K/n//phrase 4. take your pick j/í p/s/nd hí v/h l/ín picnic ip/k+in/k+n picture ic/F/, is/ním//n piece quk+zµ/, a]x/n pile Zern pill dv// k+I g/íl/In pillow t/ik+y//n pilot v//yy//n/ c//l/k+n pin ip/n/n pineapple an//n//s/n pipe n/l/I, p//w*p/ pityn 1. shame duB/ªgy/ sív 2. feel sorry for t/rs/ K//n//

placen 1. location sT//n/v 2. put rK/n//phrase 3. take place (occur) ku+C hín//phrase 4. my place (home) mír/ G/r

plainn 1. field s/m/t/l/ Báim/adj 2. ordinary a/m/phrase 3. It’s plain (clear) y/h sp/{q hE

plann 1. scheme y/íj/n//v 2. organise y/íj/n// b/n//n/Iabbrev plane *see aeroplanen planet gºhn plant p/óD//, súyúF/

plasticadj 1. resinous substance pl//isqk+ k+I v/stA]n 2. mouldable pl//isqk+n plate (household item) t/xt/rI, T//l/I

51

platform – pool

platformn 1. on station rel/ví sqex/n/ k+/ plíqpµé/mªn 2. for diving g/ít//K/írI k+rní k+/ @\]c// c/bát/r/n platypus a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ Ak+ j//n/v/r, pl/eiqp/s/

playn 1. drama n//qk+v 2. have fun Kíl/n//–kU+dn//phrase 3. play a game Kíl/ Kíl/n//phrase 4. play a CD s/I.zI. c/l//n//n playground Kíl/ k+/ mód/n/adj pleasant sK/k+rint please k&+p/y//adj pleased pºs/» hín//n pleasure a/n/nd, sK/n plenty p/y/ªpt/, pºcr

plugn 1. stopper p//n/I rík+ní k+/ pl/g/¶z/qn 2. electrical ib/j/l/I k+/ pl/g/phr v 3. plug in ib/j/l/I k+/ pl/g/ l/g//n//

pluraladj 1. more than one Ak+ sí aiD/k+n 2. grammar form b/huv/c/n/prep plus aór, im/l// k+r

pocketn 1. pouch jíb/n 2. pocket money jíb/ K/c/I*n poem k+iv/t//n poet k+iv/n poetry k+/vy/

pointn 1. sharp end n/ík+n 2. reason t/k*+n 3. numerical value a]k+v 4. gesture with finger wx//r/ k+rn//phr v 5. point out Dy//n/ ke+ind>t/ k+rn//phrase 6. point of view iv/c//r, d&i{qk+í[/v poke ku+redn//, k+í]c/n//n pole K/\B//n police pil/s/

polishn 1. substance used for shining p//\il/x/, c/m/k+/ní v//l// p/d/Tªv 2. make glossy p//\il/x/ k+rn//adj polite iv/n/mºn politics r/j/n/Iit/v pollute dUi{/t/ k+rn//n pollution pºdU{/[/n pool (of water) t//l/

52

poor – preparation

pooradj 1. opposite rich g/rIb/adj 2. not very good g[/v/f// mí] k+m/colloq 3. pitiable dy/n/Iy/abbrev pop *see popularadj popular l/ík+ipºy/n population j/n/s/\]Ky//

positionn 1. location isT/it/n 2. viewpoint on D//r[//

positiveadj 1. opposite negative s/k+/r/tm/k+adj 2. sure in/ixc/t/v possess sv//m/I hín//n possession sv//im/tv/adj possible súB/v/n possum a/\sqMeil/y// mí] p//y// j//ní v//l// Ak+ j//n/v/r, p/ós/m/v post z/k+ mí] z/l/n//n postage stamp z/k+ iqk+qn postcard p/ísqk+/z*n post office z/k+G/rn poster iv/~/p/n/ ke+ il/A pºdixªt/ ic/F/¶sác/n//n pot (container) b/tªn/n potato a/lán pot plant g/m/lí mí] l/g// p/óD//n pouch Tól/In powder cár/, p//Wzr

powern 1. strength b/l/, x/iféphrase 2. in power (in charge) aiD/k+/rIadj powerful x/iféx//l/In power point ib/j/l/I k+/ pl/g/ l/g//ní k+/ sT//n/adj practical vy//v/h/irk+n practice aBy//s/v practise aBy//s/ k+rn//

praisen 1. appoval pºxªs//v 2. express approval pºxªs// k+rn//v pray pº/Tªn// k+rn// n prayer pº/Tªn//, páj//adj precious k+Im/t/Iv prefer aiD/k+ p/súdadj pregnant g/Bªv/t/In prejudice páv/ªgºh

premiern 1. state government leader r/jy/ k+/ mKy/múF/Iadj 2. leading pºmK/n preparation tóy//rI

53

prepare – progress

v prepare tóy//rI k+rn//n preposition pávªs/gªn prescription (doctor’s) dv//w* k+/ p/c/ª

presentn 1. gift Wp/h/rv 2. give out Bí]q den//adj 3. opposite absent Wp/isT/t/phrase 4. at present (now) a/j/k+l/n president r/{qMp/it/, s/B//p/it/

pressn 1. media m/Iizy//, súc//r m//Dy/m/v 2. push db//n//v pretend sv//\]g/ rc/n//, Zí]g/ k+rn//adj pretty a/k+{ªk+v prevent n/ híníden//adj previous pávªv/f/I*n price d/m/v prick cB//n//n pride G/m/]zadj primary pº/T/im/k+n primary school pº/T/im/k+ iv/ê/l/y/n prime minister pºD//n/ múF/I

principaln 1. school head pºD//n//c//yªadj 2. leading pºmK/n principle in/y/m/, is/àút/

printv 1. of handwriting il/K//w*v 2. of machine C/p/n//n printer (computer) k+m/pyáqr sí C/p/ní v//l/I m/x/In/n prison jíl/adj private in/j/In prize posk+/rn probability súB//v/n//adj probable súB//iv/t/adv probably x//y/dn problem s/m/sy//v proceed (k+/m/¶l/`y/ mí]) a/gí b/Zµn//n process pºik>+y//n procession jlás/

producen 1. yield Wp/j/, pµés/l/v 2. make pód/ k+rn//, Wtp//dn/ k+rn//n product Wtp//dn profession píx//, j/Iiv/k+/n professor pºípµées/rn profit l//B/n program k>+m//dex/ (k+m/pyáqr mí])n progress W»it/

54

project – pyjamas

n project (as school project) l/G x/íD/ k+/yª (skU+l/í] mí])promise

n 1. assurance a/xv//s/n/v 2. vow v/c/n/ den//n pronoun s/vªn//m/v pronounce Wcc//r[/ k+rn//n pronunciation Wcc//r[/n proof pºm//[/adj proper Wic/t/, Wp/yféadv properly Wic/t/ Op/ sín property j//y/d/dv protect sr`// k+rn//n protection sr`//

protestn 1. objection iv/ríD/ v 2. object iv/ríD/ k+rn//adj proud g/vª, G/múzIv prove pºm//[/ den//v provide pºd/n/ k+rn//n pub m/Dx//l//adj public s//vªj/in/k+, j/n/ s//D//r[/n public school s/rk+/rI skU+l/phrase public transport s//vªj/in/k+ y//t//y//t/

pullv 1. tug Kí]c/n//phr v 2. pull down (demolish) ig/r/ den//phr v 3. pull up (stop) ok+n//colloq phr 4. pull oneself together ap/ní a/p/ k+í súB//l/n//n pump p/mp/adj punctual in/ixc/t/ s/m/y/ p/rv punish s/jµ// den//n punishment s/jµ//

pupiln 1. eye part a/\]K/ k+I pt/l/In 2. school student iv/ê/T/I*adj pure xàadj purple j//m/n/I r]g/

pushv 1. exert force D/kk+/ m//rn//phr v 2. push in (go before your turn) b/Ic/ mí] Gs/n//

putv 1. place rK/n//phr v 2. put away (pack up) b/nd k+rke+ rK/ den//phr v 3. put off (delay) q/l/n//phr v 4. put on (dress in) k+p/zµe p/hn/n//phr v 5. put out (as fire) a/g/ báJ//n// phr v 6. put up with (endure) s/hn//n puzzle p/hel/In pyjamas pój//m//

55

pyramid – realise

n pyramid ip/r/im/z

Qv qualify (make competent) Wp/yfµé hín//adj quality g[/v/f//n quantity m//F//v quarrel J/g/zµ/ k+rn//n quarter c/óT//w*n queen m/h/r/n/In question pºxn/n queue l//w*n/, kyáadj quick j/ldIadv quickly j/ldI síadj quiet cp/c//p/, x//nt/adv quietly cp/c//p/, x//int/ sív quit Cízµ den//adv quite k+/pµéI

Rrace

n 1. competition dózµ, pºit/y/íig/t//n 2. ethnicity j//it/v 3. compete dózµ–pºit/y/íig/t// mí] B//g/ lín//n racism j//it/v//dn radio reizy/ín radius iF/jy//, reizas/n railing júg/l//n railway rel/vín rain v/{/ªn rain coat v/{/ª mí] p/hn/ní k+/ k+íq v raise @\]c// k+rn//, WQ/n//pt v ran *see runpt v rang *see ringn range Ak+ hI pºk+/r k+I iv/iB/» v/stA]v rank p/d, Xe[/Iadj rapid t/Ivºadj rare iv/rl/n rash (skin eruption) tv/c// p/r híní v//lí c/k+fíadv rather (to a certain extent) ik+s/I hd t/k+adj raw k+cc//

reachv 1. arrive at p/hu\]c/n//phrase 2. out of reach (unobtainable) p/hu\]c/ ke+ b//hrv react pºit/ik>+y// k+rn/In reaction pºit/ik>+y//v read p/Zµn//adj ready tóy//radj real s/c/, v//st/iv/k+v realise m/hsás/ k+rn//

56

really – republic

adv really s/c/ mí]adj rear s/b/sí p/ICe k+/n reason k+/r[/v receive (get) p//n//, pº/pt/ k+rn//adj recent h/l/ hI mí]n recess (morning tea) m/Dy//v/k+/x/, j/l/p//n/ ke+ il/A bºek+ colloq reckon (think or suppose) (míree) iv/c//r sív recognise p/hc//n/n//v record djª k+rn//, qep/ k+rn//

recountn 1. story genre k+h/n/I, ku+C b/It// b/t//n//v 2. narrate k+h/n/I sn//n/I

recoverv 1. get back ipér sí p//n//v 2. get better sv//sTy/ l//B/ k+rn//n rectangle a/y/t/adj red l//l/ r]g/v reduce k+m/ k+rn//, G/q/n//v refer WllíK/ k+rn//n referee in/[/ªy/k+, WllíK/ k+rní v//l// vy/ifén refrigerator ipµé>j/n refugee x/r[//T/I*v refuse wnk+/r k+rn//n region `íF/v regret Kíd vy/fé k+rn//adj regular in/y/im/t/adv regularly in/y/im/t/ Op/ sín relation (kin) súbúD/I vy/ifén relationship súbúD/n relative irxtíd/rv relax ib/n// ic/nt// ke+ iv/X/m/ k+rn//n religion D/mªv remain b/c// hua/, xí{/n remark iqpp/[/Iv remember y//d rK/n//v remind y//d idl//n//n reminder y//d idl//ní v//l/I v/stv remove hq/n//

rentn 1. payment for accommodation ik+r/y//v 2. hire ik+r/yí p/r den//¶lín//v repeat díhr/n//v replace ik+s/I k+/ sT//n/ lí lín//v reply Wf/r den//

reportn 1. written account irp/íq*, iv/v/r[/v 2. give an account irp/íq* il/K/n/I, iv/v/r[/ den//n reporter irp/íq*rn republic g/[/túF/

57

request – ring

requestn 1. petition in/vídn/v 2. ask for aníríD/ k+rn//v rescue b/c//n// (ik+s/I mMixk+l/ sí)

reserven 1. park a/ri`/t/ p//k*+v 2. keep aside b/c// k+r rK/n//n resident in/v//s/In respect a/dr k+rn//n responsibility ijµ/mmíd/rIadj responsible ijµ/mmíd/r

restn 1. relaxation a/r/m/ v 2. relax a/r/m/ k+rn//n 3. remainder b//k+In restaurant rest/r/\]n rest room a/r/m/gôhn result p/ir[//m/

returnn 1. arrival back v//p/s/ a/n//v 2. go back to v//p/s/ j//n//v 3. give back to v//p/s/ k+rn//phrase 4. return tickets a/n/e j//n/e k+I iqk+q

reverseadj 1. opposite forward Wl/q/, iv/p/rIt/v 2. go backwards Wl/q/ j//n//v revise súx/íD/n/ k+rn//

revolutionn 1. full circle p/irk>+m/[/n 2. war k>+/int/n reward posk+/rn rhythm l/y/n ribbon irb/n/, pµéIt//n rice c//v/l/adj rich D/n/v//n/v rid p/IC/ Cuzµ/n//v ride s/v//rI k+rn//

rightadj 1. opposite wrong s/hIadj 2. opposite left s/ID//adv 3. direction s/ID/I t/rpµén 4. just claim Wic/t/ aiD/k+/rphrase 5. all right (as for health) sv//sTy/ QIk+Q/k+ hín//phrase 6. all right (as for agreement) QIk+ hEphrase 7. right now (immediately) trnt/n right angle 90 izgºI k+/ k+í[/

ringn 1. jewellery a\]gáQIv 2. as a phone pµéín/ k+rn//

58

ripe – run

v 3. as a bell G/nqI b/j//n/Iadj ripe p/k+/ hua/

risen 1. ascent W»it/v 2. get up WQn//n risk K=t/r/n river n/dIn road s/zµk+v roar dh/zµn//n robot ríb/íqn rock c/ù/n/n rockpool p/tT/rí] sí B/r/ t//l/n rod znz/pt v rode *see ride

rolln 1. absentee list n//m/ sác/I n 2. form of bread bºez ríl/v 3. move by turning over Gm//n//, p/l/qn//n roof Ct/n room k+m/r/n root j/zµn rope rss/I

rosen 1. flower gl//b/ k+/ péUl/pt v 2. *see riseadj rough Krdr/

roundadj 1. circular g/íl/phrase 2. round the corner p//s/ mí] hI

rown 1. arrangement in a line k+t//rn 2. fight J/g/zµ/v 3. as a boat n//v/ c/l//n/Iadj royal r/j/k+Iy/v rub rg/zµn//n rubber rb/zµn rubbish kU+zµ/–k+rk+qadj rude aix/{qv ruin t/b//hI

rulen 1. regulation in/y/m/v 2. as a line reK// K=Ic/n//v 3. govern x//s/n/ k+rn//n ruler (school equipment) pµéuù/

runv 1. move fast B//g/n//phrase 2. a river runs into the ocean s/b/k+/ a]t/ Ak+ hI hEphr v 3. run away from dUr B//g/n//phr v 4. run out of s/m//pt/ hín// (s//m//n/ a/id)

59

rung – scissors

phr v 5. run over (with a car) k+/r sí ku+c/l/ den//n rung (of a ladder) s/IZµI k+/ z]z/ n runner–up pºit/y/íig/t// mí] dUs/re n/mb/r p/rphrase runny nose n//k+ b/hn/Iv rush j/ldI k+rn//, J/p/qn//

Sadj sad Wd/s/adj safe sri`/t/pt v said *see say

sailn 1. part of ship n/ók+/ k+/ p//l/v 2. cause movement of ship using

windn/ók+/ k+/ p//n/I mí] a/gí b/Zµn//

n salad s/l//dn salary vít/n/n sale ib/k>+In salt n/m/k+adj same vós// hIn sand ret/n sandal sónzl/n sandwich sónziv/c/pt v sang *see singpt v sat *see sitn satisfaction súti{qadj satisfactory sút/í{/j/n/k+adj satisfied sút{qv satisfy sút{q k+rn//n sauce s//\s/, c/qn/In sausage s//\síj/

savev 1. rescue b/c//n//v 2. keep on computer k+m/pyáqr p/r j//n/k+/rI sri`/t/ k+rn/Iv 3. keep as money pósí k+I b/c/t/ k+rn/I

sawn 1. tool a/rIpt v 2. *see seev say k+hn//

scalen 1. covering on animals j//n/v/rí] k+I tv/c// p/r b/ní x/lk+n 2. measuring device t/r/jµáadj scarce dulªB/n scarf sk+/pµé*n scene G/qn//sT/l/, d&xy/n scenery pº/k&+it/k+ d&xy/n school p//Qx//l//n school shoe skU+l/ mí] p/hn/ní ke+ játín science iv/~/n/n scissors kE+]c/I

60

score – set

scoren 1. points made in a game Kíl/í] mí im/l/ní v//lí a]k+v 2. to get points a]k+ im/l/nív scream c/IK/n//n screen p/rd/, sk>+In/n screw pí]c/n sea s/md>n seagull Ak+ pºk+/r k+/ p/`/I

searchn 1. the act of searching t/l//x/, K/íj/ v 2. look for ZU\]Zn//n season m/ós/m/n seat bóQní k+/ a/s/n/, s/Iq

secondn 1. unit of time sóik+nzadj 2. after first dUs/r/adv secondly dUs/rI b//t/

secretn 1. something hidden Bíd, rhsy/adj 2. unknown by others gpt/n section ihss//, iv/B//g/v see deK/n//n seed b/Ij/v seek ZU\]Zn//, K/íj/n//adv seldom y/d/–k+d/v select cn/n//adj selfish sv//T/I*, m/t/l/b/Iv sell bíc/n//v send Bíj/n//

sensen 1. one of the five faculties w]id>y//\]phrase 2. make sense (be intelligible) b//t/ t/í QIk+ hE, s/m/J/d/rI k+I b//t/ hEadj sensible s/m/J/d/rpt v sent *see sendn sentence v//ky/

separateadj 1. disconnected al/g/v 2. to keep apart al/g/ k+rn//n sequence k>+m/n series Sô]K/l//

seriousadj 1. important m/hfv/pá[ªadj 2. opposite of lighthearted gúB/Irn servant n/ók+rv serve sív// k+rn//, p/rís/n//n service sív//

setv 1. to put in a particular place ik+s/I sT//n/ p/r hín//n 2. a group of things síq, s/máh

61

settle – short cut

phr v 3. set off (go) k+hI] j//n//phr v 4. set out (put in order) QIk+ sí l/g//n//phr v 5. set up (prepare) tóy//rI (k+rn/I)

settlev 1. to live in b/s/n//phr v 2. settle on (agree on) s/m/J/ótí p/r p/hu\]c/n//n settlement s/m/J/ót//n settler b/s/ní v//l//adj several ku+C, k+w*v sew is/l/n//n sex ilúg/n sexism ilúg/ ke+ k+/r[/ anic/t/ vy/v/h/rn shade C/y//n shadow p/rC/w*v shake ihl//n//v shall B/iv/{y/ k+/l/ b/n//ní k+I s/h/y/k+ ik>+y// (vy//k+r[/)adj shallow iCCl//n shame x/mª, l/jj//n shampoo xómpán shape b/n//v/q

sharen 1. portion a]x/, B//g/v 2. divide up ihss// k+rn//adj sharp tíjµ/ D//r v//l//n sharpener píins/l/ k+I n/ík+ b/n//ní ke+ il/Av shave d/ZµI b/n//n//pron she v/h (m/ihl//)n sheep Bízµ

sheetn 1. of paper k+/g/jµ/ k+I p/f/rn 2. of bedding c//drn shelf dr/j/n shell (of sea) s/Ip/n shelter a/Xy/v shine c/m/k+n//adj shiny c/m/k+Il//n ship j/h/jµ/n shirt k+m/Ijµ/n shock s/dm//n shoe ját//v shoot g/íl/I m//rn//

shopn 1. place to buy goods duk+/n/v 2. buy goods K/rIdd/rI k+rn/In shore ik+n//r/

shortadj 1. opposite tall iQg/n//adj 2. opposite long Cíq/n short–cut s/rl/ Wp//y/

62

shorts – skate

n shorts (clothing) ník+rshot

n 1. gunfire Cr*, t/íp/ k+/ g/íl//pt v 2. *see shootv should sJ//v/ dení ke+ il/A pºyfév shout ic/ll//n//v shove D/ke+l/n//

showv 1. display idK//n//, pºdixªt/ k+rn//n 2. as on TV pºdixªt/ k+/yªk>+m/phr v 3. show off (be pretentious) x//n/ idK//n//

showern 1. weather condition v/{/ª k+I J/zµIv 2. wash oneself pµéuvv//re sí n/h/n//n 3. bathroom apparatus n/h/ní k+/ pµéuvv//r/v shrink sk+zµn//v shut b/nd k+rn//adj shy súk+íc/Iadj sick b/Im//rn sick bay b/Im//r k+e il/A a/r/m/k+`/n side b/g/l/, s//w*zadv sideways it/rC/n sight d&i{q

signn 1. information board ic/nh, s//vªj/in/k+ sác/n// ke+ súke+t/v 2. write one’s signature hst//`/r k+rn//n signal súke+t/, is/g/n/l/n signature hst//`/rn sign language wx//rí] k+I B//{//n silence Kµ//m/íx/Iadj silent cp/c//p/, Kµ//m/íx/n silk rex/m/adj silly máKªt//pá[ªn silver c//\]dIadj similar im/l/t//–jl/t//adj simple s/D//r[/, s/hj/v sing g//n// g//n//adj single ake+l//, Ak+l/n singlet b/in/y//n/n singular (grammatical) Ak+v/c/n/

sinkn 1. tub for washing isúk+, hój/Iv 2. go down zUb/n//n Sir (respectful form of address) XIm//n/n sister b/hn/v sit bóQn//

skatev 1. glide over the ground ske+iq]g/n 2. equipment for skating ske+q

63

skateboard – so

n skateboard ske+qb/íz*n skateboarding ske+qb/íz* p/r s/v//rI k+rn//n ski sk+I, b/µpµé* p/r c/l/ní ke+ il/A s/h/r/ dení v//l/I z]izy//\]n skiing z]zí ke+ s/h/re b/µpµé* p/r c/l/n//adj skilful d`/, pºv/I[/n skill d`/t//, in/p[/t//n skin tv/c//, K//l/

skipv 1. jump WCl/n//, kU+dn//v 2. pass over ku+C ihss/í] k+í Cízµtí j//n//n skirt sk+q*, G//G/r/n sky a/k+/x/n slang g/v//\]o b/íl/Iv slap T/pp/zµ m//rn//n slave gl//m/v sleep in/d>/ lín/I, s/ín//adj sleepy Wn/I]d/, n/I]d a/n/Ipt v slept *see sleepn slice k+t/l//, pé/\]k+v slide ipés/l/n//adj slim p/t/l//–dub/l//n sling b//\]D/ní ke+ il/A Wp/y/íg/ k+I j//ní v//l/I p/ùIv slip ipés/l/ k+r ig/r j//n//n slipper (type of shoe) sl/Ip/r (c/pp/l/)adj slippery ipés/l/n/ B/r/v slit c/Ir/ den//, dr/r b/n//n/In slope Z/l/

slowadj 1. opposite fast D/Ireadj 2. behind time k+/m/ mí] p/ICe hín//adv slowly D/Ire–D/Ireadj small Cíq/adj smart (clever) c/tr, ak+l/m/ndv smash quk+zµe–quk+zµe k+r den//

smelln 1. odour g/nD/v 2. inhale an odour sá\]G/n//

smilen 1. facial expression msku+r/hqv 2. make facial expression msku+r/n//

smoken 1. visible substance from fire D\]a/v 2. inhale a substance s//\]s/ sí ku+C p/In// (is/g/req a/id), Dámºp//n/adj smooth ml//y/m/n snack pél//h/r, n//xt// n snake s//\]p/v sneeze CI\k+n//n snow b/pµé*, ihm/conj so (consequently) ws/il/A, ws/ k+/r[/

64

soap – sphere

n soap s//bn/n soccer pµéuqb//\l/n society s/m//j/, s//m//ij/k+ súg/Qn/n sock (clothing) m/íjµ//

softadj 1. opposite hard ml//y/m/, n/rm/adj 2. opposite loud D/Im/I a/v//jµ/adv softly n/rm/I sí, D/Im/I a/v//jµ/ mí]pt v sold *see sell

solidadj 1. having three dimensions ipúzn 2. matter that is not liquid or gas Qís/

solutionn 1. answer Wf/r, hl/n 2. mixture (scientific) G/íl/v solve s/m/sy// k+/ hl/ in/k+/l/n//det some ku+Cn somebody k+íw* vy/ifén someone k+íw* vy/iféadv sometimes k+B/I–k+B/In son bíq/n song g//n//, g/It/adv soon j/ld hI

soreadj 1. painful ddI*l//n 2. painful spot dd*phrase 3. sore throat g/lí mí] dd*adj sorry x/mª y// Kíd hín//v sort C/\]qn//n soul a/tm//n sound a/v//jµ/, Dv/in/n soup sáp/, J/íl/adj sour K/ù/n south di`/[/

spacen 1. outside earth’s atmosphere a]t/ir`/n 2. room k+m/r/n spade pé/v/zµ/adj spare ait/irfév speak b/íl/n//, k+hn//adj special iv/xí{/n speech B//{/[/

speedn 1. rapidity rP¥t//rv 2. go fast tíjµ/I sí c/l/n//v spell v/tªn/I mí] il/K/n// y// b/íl/n//v spend K/cª k+rn//pt v spent *see spendn sphere g/íl//k+/r, k+/yª`íF/

65

spill – starfish

v spill d>v/ k+/ J/l/k+ k+r ig/r j//n//v spin c/kk+r iK/l//n//n spirit (soul) a/tm//v spit Ták+n//v splash iCzµk+n//v split iv/B//ij/t/ k+rn//v spoil ib/g//zµ den//pt v spoke *see speakn spoon c/mm/c/n sport Kíl/–kU+dn sports oval Kíl/–kU+d k+/ mód/n/n sports shoe Kíl/–kU+d ke+ játí

spotn 1. circular pattern ib/ndu, g/íl/k+/r izjµ//wn/ n 2. sore dd*n 3. place k+íw* sT//n/v 4. see deK/n//v spread péEl/n//, péEl//n//

springn 1. season b/s/nt/ «tv 2. jump WCl/n//

spyn 1. person who keeps secret

watch on othersj//sás/, Bíidy//

v 2. watch j//sás/I k+rn//square

n 1. plane figure v/g/ªk+/radj 2. shaped as a square c/ók+írn staffroom sq/pµé ke+ bóQní k+/ k+m/r/n stage múc/n stair s/IiZµy//\]

stampn 1. as for postage z/k+ iqk+qv 2. impress a mark on Qpp// l/g//n//v 3. strike with foot pór sí ku+c/l/n//

standv 1. take upright position K/zµe hín//phr v 2. stand back p/ICe hqn//phr v 3. stand for (signify) p/`/ lín//phr v 4. stand up for (defend) s/m/Tªn/ k+rn//colloq phr 5. I can’t stand it (I hate it) n//p/s/nd k+rn//n standard m//p/dnz, m//n/k+

starn 1. astral body is/t//ren 2. famous actor, singer etc. s/vªXe{Q¶m/x/hUr n//y/k+¶g//y/k+adj 3. shape t//r/–ic/nhn starfish t//r/m/In/

66

start – stop

startn 1. beginning a/rmB/v 2. begin a/rmB/ k+rn//

statev 1. say vy/fé k+rn//n 2. political division r/jy/n statement b/y//n/

stationn 1. of railway rel/ví sqex/n/n 2. police station pil/s/ sqex/n/n statue máitªv stay Qhrn//adj steady isT/rn steak m/Iq k+/ qIkk+/v steal c/írI k+rn//n steam B//p/n steel sqIl/, wsp//t/adj steep c/Zµ/w*n stem z]Ql/

stepv 1. move using feet k+dm/ lín//n 2. stair s/IZµIphrase 3. watch your step (be careful) Dy//n/ sín stepbrother s/ótíl// B//w*n stepfather s/ótíl// ip/t//n stepmother s/ótíl/I m//\]n stepsister s/ótíl/I b/hn/

stickv 1. fasten j/ízµn//n 2. piece of wood l/k+zµI k+/ quk+zµ/adj sticky ic/p/ic/p//adj stiff s/Kt/, n/ mzµní v//l//

stilladv 1. without moving in/st/bD/adv 2. yet t/í B/Iv sting z]k+ m//rn//

stinkn 1. bad odour b/dbáv 2. smell very bad b/dbá a/n//v stir c/mm/c/ sí ihl//n//pt v stole *see stealn stomach píqn stomach ache píq dd*n stone p/tT/rpt v stood *see stand

stopn 1. cessation s/m//ipt/v 2. halt s/m//pt/ k+rn//

67

store – suburb

n store duk+/n/n storey múijµ/l/, t/ll//n storm a]D/zµ, tápµé/n/n story k+h/n/In stove sqív/, a]g/IQIn stove top sqív/ k+/ t/v//

straightadj 1. not crooked s/ID//, ib/n// m/ízµ k+/adj 2. not wavy or curly (of hair) ib/n// G\]G/r v//lí b//l/phrase 3. straight ahead Ak+dm/ s/ID/I idx// mí]v straighten s/ID// k+rn//v strain pá[ª x/ifé l/g//n//adj strange an/íK//, in/r/l//n stranger aj/n/b/In strawberry sqM/bírIn stream CíqI súk+rI n/dIn street s/zµk+n strength t//k¥+t/, b/l/

stressv 1. put emphasis on jµ/ír den//n 2. tension idm//g/I t/n//v/adj strict s/Kµt/

strikev 1. hit m//rn//n 2. blow pºh/rphrase 3. on strike (not working) hzµt//l/n string zírI, pµéIt//n strip k+p/zµe Wt//rn//v stroke pµé/il/j/ hín//. sqM/ek+adj strong (powerful) b/l/v//n/, ssv/sT/n struggle súG/{ªpt v stuck *see stickn student iv/ê/T/I*

studyn 1. room of house p/Zµ/w* k+/ k+m/r/, sqzIv 2. endeavour to acquire

knowledgep/Zµ/w* k+rn/I, aDy/y/n/ k+rn//

stuffn 1. material s//m//n/, p/d/Tªv 2. push Gs//n//adj stupid bív/kU+pµén style iv/ix/{q Z]g/

subjectn 1. course of study aDy/y/n/ k+/ iv/{/y/n 2. topic iv/{/y/n substance t/fv/, p/d/Tªv subtract G/q/n//n subtraction G/q/n//n suburb Wp/n/g/r

68

succeed – survey

v succeed s/pµél/ hín//n success s/pµél/t//v suck cás/n//adj sudden ac//n/k+adv suddenly ac//n/k+ hIv suffer s/hn//n sugar c/In/Iv suggest sJ//v/ den//n suggestion sJ//v/

suitn 1. clothing sáqv 2. be appropriate Wic/t/adj suitable Wp/yfén sum (total) ku+l/n summer g/m/I* k+/ m/ós/m/n sun sárj/n sunburn Dáp/ sí tv/c// j/l/n/I n sunglasses Dáp/ k+/ c/xm//n sunhat Dáp/ k+/ hEqadj sunny Dáp/ in/k+l/n//n sunscreen Dáp/ sí b/c/ní k+I k>+Im/n sunshine sáyª k+/ pºk+/x/

supplyn 1. provisions s//m//n/v 2. provide pºd/n/ k+rn//

supportn 1. assistance s/h/y/t//v 2. provide assistance s/h/y/t// den//v suppose (assume) m//n/n//, k+lp/n// k+rn//adj sure in/ixc/t/, p/kk+/

surfn 1. seaswell s/md>I l/hrí] k+/ péen/v 2. ride a surfboard l/k+zµI ke+ p/ùe p/r s/md>I l/hrí] p/r Kíl/n//n surface s/t/hn surfboard s/md>I l/hrí] p/r Kíl/ní k+/ l/k+zµI k+/ p/ù/ n surfer s/md>I l/hrí] p/r Kíl/ní v//l// vy/ifé

surgeryn 1. doctor’s room z/kqr k+/ kl/Iin/k+n 2. operation by doctor x/ly/–ic/ik+ts//n surname ku+l/n//m/

surprisen 1. unexpected event a/xc/yª, hEr/n/Iv 2. catch unprepared a/xc/yªc/ik+t/ hín//adj 3. unexpected a/xc/yªc/ik+t/, an/píi`/t/v surrender a/tm/s/m/pª[/v surround Gír lín//, c//rí] t/rpµé

surveyn 1. poll s/ví*`/[/v 2. ask questions of s/ví*`/[/ k+rn//

69

survival – tame

n survival j/Iiv/t/ rhní k+I isT/it/v survive súk+qí] mí] j/Iiv/t/ rhn//n swagman svóg/món/v swallow in/g/l/n//pt v swam *see swim

swearv 1. use bad language g//l/I den//v 2. take oath of truth k+s/m/ K//n/Iv sweep J//zµU den/Iadj sweet im/Q/w*n sweet corn m/IQ/ Bù/n sweet potato x/k+rk+ndIv swim tórn//n swimmer tór/k+n swimming tórn//n swimming carnival tór/k+I míl//n swimming costume tórní ke+ k+p/zµe

swingv 1. sway Jám/n//n 2. play equipment Jál//

switchn 1. device for turning on/off isv/c/v 2. change b/dl/n//adj swollen sáj// hua/phrase swollen ankle sáj// huw* AzµIn sword t/l/v//r

Ttable

n 1. furniture míjµ/n 2. list sác/In table tennis qebl/–qEin/s/n tablet (medication) dv// k+I g/íl/In tail pá]C

takev 1. seize lín//v 2. last for (as time) s/m/y/ lín//phr v 3. take away (mathematical) G/q/n//phr v 4. take away (remove) hq/n//phr v 5. take away (fast food) b/n// b/n//y// K//n// l//n//phr v 6. take off (as clothing) k+p/zµe Wt//rn//phr v 7. take off (as plane) v//yy//n/ k+/ Wzµn//n tale k+h/n/I

talkn 1. conversation b//t/–c/It/v 2. converse b//t/–c/It/ k+rn/Iadj tall l/mb//w*adj tame p//l/tá

70

tan – terrific

tanv 1. sunbake Dáp/ mí] líq k+r tv/c// k+í t//\]bí] jís// b/n//n//adj 2. colour Bár/ r]g/n tank b/zµI q]k+In tap (as for water) n/l/v tape (record) qep/ p/r irk+/z* k+rn//n task in/y/t/ k+/yª

tastev 1. sample c/K/n//phrase 2. the food tastes good B/íj/n/ sv//id{q hEadj tasty sv//id{qpt v taught *see teachn tax k+rn taxi qEks/I

tean 1. beverage c//y/n 2. dinner B/íj/n/v teach p/Zµ/n//n teacher aDy//p/k+n teacher’s aide s/h/y/k+ aDy//p/k+n team dl/

tearv 1. rip pé/zµn//n 2. liquid from the eye a/\]sáv tease ic/Zµ/n//n technology pº/Eêíig/k+In teenager 13 sí 19 v/{ª k+/ l/zµk+/¶l/zµk+I

telephonen 1. device for phoning qeil/pµéín/v 2. ring pµéín/ k+rn//n telephone booth s//vªj/in/k+ qeil/pµéín/ G/rn telescope dUrb/In/

televisionn 1. receiver for broadcasts qeil/iv/jµ/n/abbrev 2. TV qI. v/I.v tell b/t//n//n temper im/jµ//jµ/, t/b/Iy/t/n temperature t//p/m//n/n temple m/indradj temporary sT//w*n tennis qEin/s/n tent t/mbá

termn 1. a period of time av/iD/, s/F/n 2. a naming word x/bdadj terrible súg/In/, ait/ g/mB/Iradj terrific b/hut/ b/iZµy//, m/h/n/

71

test – tie

testn 1. examination p/rI`//v 2. check j//\]c/n text k+`// mí] p/ZI j//ní v//l/I pst/k+, mál/ p//”Q

thankv 1. express appreciation D/ny/v//d k+rn//phrase 2. give thanks b/hut/–b/hut/ D/ny/v//dint 3. thank you (polite expression of

gratitude)D/ny/v//d

thatpron 1. indicator of person or thing v/h, víconj 2. used as subject of relative

clauseik+, ky/í]ik+

det the y/h, v/h, k+íw* iv/xí{/ v/st ke+ il/A Wp/y/íg/ ik+A j//ní v//l// x/bd

n theatre r]g/x//l//, iT/Aqrpron their Wn/k+/pron them Wn/k+I, Wnhe]adv then Ws/ke+ b//d, t/b/adv there v/h/\]conj therefore ws/il/An thermometer T/m/ªm/Iqrpron they víadj thick m/íq/, g//Zµ/n thief c/íradj thin p/t/l//, b//rIk+v think s/íc/n//, iv/c//r k+rn//n thong (footwear) rb/zµ k+I sl/Ip/r

thoughtn 1. idea iv/c//r, r/y/, wr/d/pt v 2. *see think

threadn 1. cotton D//g//v 2. put through eye of needle D//g// z/l/n//pt v threw *see throwprep through (from one side to

another)a/r–p//r

v throw PE+\]k+n//n thumb a]gáQ/n thunder k+zµk+, g/rj/n thunderstorm k+zµk+, g/rj/ ke+ s//T/ híní v//l/I B//rI v/{/ªadv thus ws/ pºk+/rv tick (indicate correctness) s/hI k+/ in/x//n/ l/g//n//n ticket iqk+qn tide jv//r–B//q/adj tidy s//Pµ+–sT/r/

tien 1. clothing q/w*v 2. fasten b//\]D/n//n 3. equal place pºit/y/íig/t// mí] b/r/b/r sT//n/ p//n//

72

tight – town

adj tight k+s// hua/, túg/v tilt it/rC/ hín//

timen 1. measurement of duration s/m/y/, av/iD/phrase 2. in time (not late) s/m/y/ p/r p/hu\]c/n//phrase 3. on time (at the appointed time) der n/ k+rn/Iphrase 4. at times k+B/I–k+B/Iphrase 5. a good time Wic/t/ s/m/y/, a/n/nd lín//phrase 6. take your time (don’t rush) a/r/m/ sí k+/m/ k+rn//phrase 7. What’s the time? s/m/y/ ky// hE?phrase 8. two times four (mathematical) g/i[/t/¶p/h/zµí] mí ihs//b/ l/g//n//n timetable s/m/y/–s//ir[/I

tipn 1. hint wx//r/ den//n 2. rubbish dump kU+zµ/ db//ní k+/ sT//n/ v 3. tilt it/rC/ k+rn//n 4. pointed extremity n/ík+phr v 5. tip over (spill) b/tªn/ sí b//hr ig/r j//n//n tissue x/rIr mí] p//A j//ní v//l// iqx, k+/g/jµ/ k+/ iqxn title x/I{ªk+, Wp//iD/prep to ik+s/I idx// mí], k+hI] t/k+, ik+s/I k+/n today a//j/, v/tªm//n/n toe pór k+I a]gl/Iadv together s//T/–s//T/n toilet x/óc//l/y/pt v told *see telln tomato qm//qrn tomorrow a/ní v//l// k+l/n tongue ij/vh/, j/IB/pt v took *see taken tool aójµ//rn tooth d/\]t/n toothache d/\]t/ k+/ dd*

topn 1. highest point c/íqI, ix/K/rn 2. clothing bl//Wjµ/, k+m/Ijµ/ a/idn topic iv/{/y/pt v tore *see tear

totaln 1. complete amount ku+l/ r/ix/v 2. add up j/ízµn//v touch CUn//n tour y//F//, qUrv tow rss/I sí K/I]c/n//prep towards ik+s/I Ak+ idx// mí]n towel t/óil/y//n tower m/In//rn town k+s/b//

73

toy – turn

n toy iK/l/ón//v trace K/íj/ in/k+/l/n//n track (pathway) c/l/ní k+/ r/st//n tracksuit Kíl/ ke+ s/m/y/ p/hn/ní ke+ k+p/zµe n tractor qMEkqr

traden 1. exchange of commodities vy//p//r v 2. carry on trade vy//p//r k+rn//n traffic y//t//y//t/

trainn 1. means of transport rel/ g//zµIv 2. practise pºix/`/[/ den//

trapn 1. device for catching things p/k+zµní ke+ il/A P+nd/ v 2. catch P+\]s//n//n trapezium k+l//b//jµ/I ke+ il/A Jál//v travel y//F// k+rn/Iv tread ik+s/I c/Ijµ/ p/r pór rK/n//v treat (as a disease) wl//j/ k+rn//n tree pízµ, vô`/v tremble k+/\]p/n//n triangle iF/k+í[/phrase triangular prism iF/k+í[/Iy/ a/k&+it/n tribe j/n/j//it/v trick c//l/ sí D/íK// den//v trim k+/\]q–C/\]q k+r QIk+ k+rn//

tripn 1. journey y//F//v 2. fall over l/zµK/zµ/n//, Qík+r K//k+r ig/rn//adj tropical W{[/dex/Iy/

troublen 1. problem s/m/sy//v 2. cause worry icúit/t/ hín//¶k+rn//phr 3. in trouble with JúJ/q mí] p/zµn//n trousers p/t/lán/n truck qMk+adj true s/cc//, v/st/iv/k+n trunk (as of elephant) h/T/I k+I sá]z

tryn 1. attempt pºy/tn/ phrase 2. try hard párI k+íix/x/ k+rn//phr v 3. try on (as for clothing) k+p/zµe p/hn/ k+r deK/n//phr v 4. try out for (audition for) p/rI`/[/ k+rn//n T–shirt qI–x/q*n tub qb/n tube n/l/I, q<yáb/

turnv 1. move around m/ízµn//, Gám/n//

74

twice – urge

n 2. action following someone else’s

b//rI, k>+m/

phr v 3. turn into (become) Ak+ av/sT// sí dUs/re mí] b/dl/n//phr v 4. turn off (switch off) ib/j/l/I b/nd k+r den//phr v 5. turn on c//lák+rn//phr v 6. turn up (arrive) a/g/m/n/, súy/íg/ sí a/n//adv twice dí b//rv twist m/ízµn//, l/píqn//

typen 1. kind pº/Op/, pºk+/rv 2. use a machine to write q/w*p/ k+rn//n tyre p/ihA k+/ q/y/r

Uadj ugly b/dsárt/n umbrella Ct/rIn uncle c//c//, m//m//, m/ós//, péUpé/adj unconscious bíhíx/prep under n/Icív undergo s/hn//, gjµ/rn//adj underground Báim/g/t/, jµ/m/In/ ke+ n/Icív underline reK/úik+t/ k+rn//, m/hfv/ den//adv underneath n/Icí, t/lín underpants j/úiG/y//v understand s/m/J/ j//n//pt v understood *see

understandn underwear j/úiG/y//, b/in/y//n/ a/id andr p/hn/ní ke+ k+p/zµev undo b/qn/ K/íl/n//, ik+yí huA k+í hq/ den//adj unemployed bíríjµ/g//rn uniform p/íx//k+n union súG/, míl/–im/l//p/

unitn 1. type of housing rhní k+I yáin/qn 2. measurement n//p/ní k+/ m//p/v unite j/ízµn//, Ak+ hín//n universe iv/xv/n university iv/xv/iv/ê/l/y/prep until t/k+adj unusual as//D//r[/prep up (to a higher place) @p/r, @p/r k+I aírprep upon (up and on) @p/r, p/radj upper @p/rIadj upright s/ID//, K/zµ/, wm//n/d/radj upset g/zµb/zµ/ den//, p/rex//n/ hí j//n//adj upside–down @p/r k+/ B//g/ n/Icí k+I aíradv upstairs @p/rI múijµ/l/v urge s/m/J//n//, pºeirt/ k+rn//

75

urgent – wall

adj urgent trnt/ ik+A j//ní k+I a/v/xy/k+t//pron us hm/k+í, hmí]

usen 1. the act of using Wp/y/íg/, pºy/íg/v 2. employ Wp/y/íg/¶pºy/íg/ k+rn//adj used (not new) pr/n/I v/st

Vn vaccination cíc/k+ a/id k+/ qIk+/ adj vain G/m/]zI, vy/Tª j//n//n valley G//qIadj valuable b/humály/, k+Im/t/I

valuen 1. worth k+Im/t/, mály/v 2. to hold in high esteem m/hfv/ den//, s/mm//n/ k+rn//n van (truck) vy/iféy/í]¶s//m//n/ ke+ il/A CíqI b/nd m/íqr g//zµI, vón/n variety iv/iv/D/t//v vary iB/» hín//adj various iv/iB/»n vegetable s/bjµ/In vegetable garden s/bjµ/I Wg//ní k+/ b/g/Ic//n vegetarian m//\]s/ m/cCI n/ K//ní v//l// vy/ifén vehicle v//hn/n verandah b/r/m/d/n verb (vy//k+r[/ mí]) ik>+y//adv very aty/iD/k+abbrev vet *see veterinariann veterinarian p/xic/ik+ts/k+n video (recording) v/Iizy/ín view d&xy/n village g//\]v/adj violent Wgº, ih]s//pá[ªn violin v//y/il/n/v visit ik+s/I sT//n/ p/r j//n//n visitor im/l/ní v//l// vy/ifé, p/yªqk+n voice a/v//jµ/, v//[/In volleyball (game) v//\l/Ib//\l/n volume Kúz, a/y/t/n/v vote m/t/d/n/n vowel sv/r (a, a/, w, w* a/id)n voyage lúb/I y//F//

Wn wage vít/n/, m/jµ/dUrIv wait pºt/I`// k+rn// v wake j/g/n//v walk c/l/n//n walkway c/l/ní ke+ il/A iv/xí{/ p/T/n wall dIv//r

76

wallaby – Web

n wallaby a/\sqMeil/y// mí] p//y// j//ní v//l// Ak+ j//n/v/r, v//ll/b/In wallet b/qua/v wander Gám/n//, r/stí sí B/qk+ j//n//v want wcC/ rK/n//, ku+C c//hn//n war yàn waratah a/\sqMeil/y// mí] p//A j//ní v//l// Ak+ vô`/n wardrobe k+p/zµe q/\]g/ní k+I al/m//rIadj warm (opposite cool) g/rm//hqadj warm–blooded g/mª Kán/ k+/ pº/[/Iv warn cít//v/n/I den//n warning cít//v/n/Ipt v was *see be

washv 1. clean with water D/ín//phr v 2. wash up (of dishes) b/tªn/ D/ín//n washing machine (clothes) k+p/zµe D/íní k+I m/x/In/

wastev 1. employ uselessly pµéjuµál/ Wp/y/íg/ k+rn//n 2. rejected products bík+/r, räI

watchn 1. timepiece G/zµIv 2. look at deK/n//phr v 3. watch out (be careful) s//v/D//n/I sí k+rn//

watern 1. liquid p//n/I, j/l/v 2. moisten p//n/I den//n watermelon t/rbájµ/n wattle tree v//\ql/ n//m/ k+/ pízµ

waven 1. swell of water l/hrv 2. make a hand signal h/T/ ihl//k+r wx//r/ den//adj wavy l/hrd/rn wax m/ím/

wayn 1. road s/zµk+phrase 2. a long way m//gªphrase 3. a good way k+rní k+/ Zµg]/phrase 4. give way r/st// den//pron we hm/adj weak dubªl/, k+m/jµ/írn wealth D/n/adj wealthy D/n/In weapon hiT/y//r

wearv 1. erode iG/s/ j//n//v 2. put on (as for clothing) k+p/zµe p/hn/nín web (as for spider) m/k+zµI k+/ j//l//abbrev Web *see World Wide

Web

77

wedding – width

n wedding iv/v//h s/m//ríhn week s/pt//hv weigh t/íl/n//n weight B//r

welcomen 1. a kind greeting sv//g/t/int 2. You’re welcome! (polite

response to thank you)a/p/k+/ sv//g/t/ hE

welln 1. hole in earth ku+a/\]adj 2. in good health sv/sTy/ hín//adv 3. in a satisfactory manner B/l/I–B//\]it/int 4. Well! (expresses relief, pause) sút/í{/ vy/fé k+rn//int 5. Well done! b/hut/ acCe!pt v went *see gopt v were *see ben west p/ixc/m/

wetv 1. moisten g/Il// k+rn//adj 2. opposite dry g/Il//pron what (interrogative) ky//n wheel p/ihy//pron when (interrogative) k+b/conj whenever j/b/ B/Ipron where (interrogative) k+h/\]

which pron 1. what one of a number

(interrogative)k+ón/s//

pron 2. relative (refers to something previously mentioned)

j/í, j/í ik+

conj while j/b/, Ws/ s/m/y/ j/b/n whip k+ízµ/v whisper péus/péus//n//

whistlev 1. make a musical sound s/IqI b/j//n//n 2. equipment used to make a

sounds/IqI

adj white xvít/ r]g/, s/pµéedn whiteboard k+`// mí] b/n// il/K/ní k+/ xvít/p/q

whopron 1. interrogative k+ón/pron 2. relative pronoun j/í, j/í ik+adj whole pá[ª Op/ sí, pár/adv why ky/í]adj wicked du{qadj wide c/ózµ/n widow iv/D/v//n widower iv/Drn width c/ózµ/w*

78

wild – write

adj wild júg/l/I, as/By/will

v 1. auxiliary used in future tense B/iv/{y/ k+/l/ dx/ªní k+I ik>+y// (vy//k+r[/)n 2. declaration of wishes on one’s

deathv/s/Iy/t/n//m//

n 3. choice of one’s actions wcC/v win j/It/n//

windn 1. movement of air hv//v 2. turn in a circular way hEnzl/ Gm//n//colloq phr 3. wind up (finish) k+/m/ s/m//pt/ k+rn//phr v 4. wind up (as a clock) G/zµI mí] c//b/I den/In windmill p/v/n/ c/kk+In window iK/zµk+In window sill iK/zµk+I k+/ ik+n//r/adj windy hv//d/rn wing púK/n winter x/It/k+/l/v wipe p/íCn//n wire t//radj wise biàm//n/n wish k+/m/n//prep with ke+ s//T/v withdraw (as for money) pósí in/k+/l/n//n witness g/v//hpt v woke *see waken woman sF/I, m/ihl//n wombat a/\sqMeil/y// mí] p//y// j//ní v//l// Ak+ j//n/v/rpt v won *see winv wonder a/xc/yª hín//n wood l/k+zµIn woodwork l/k+zµI k+/ k+/m/n wool @n/n word x/bdpt v wore *see wear

workn 1. labour k+/m/, míhn/t/v 2. carry out labour míhn/t/ k+rn/Iv 3. be operational k+/m/ c//lá rK/n//phr v 4. work out (solve) s/m//D//n/ in/k+/l/n//n world duin/y//, sús//rn World Wide Web wnqrníqv worry ic/nt// k+rn//adv worse b/dt/rn worth mály/v wrap l/píqn//v wring m/rízµn//, k+p/zµe in/c/ízµn// n wrist k+l//w*v write il/K/n//

79

wrong – zucchini

adj wrong (incorrect) gµ/l/t/pt v wrote *see writeabbrev www * see World Wide

Web

Xn x–ray Aks/–re

Yn yacht Ak+ pºk+/r k+I n/ók+/n yard ah/t//, Kl// a/\]g/n/v yawn Wb//s/I lín//n year v/{ª, s//l/adj yellow p/Il// r]g/int yes h/\]n yesterday b/It// hua/ k+l/pron you tm/, a/p/adj young ik+x/ír, j/v//n/pron your (possessive) tmh/r/, a/p/k+/

Zn zone `íF/, jµ/ín/n zoo ic/izµy//G/r, jµán zucchini t/írI ,j/uk+In/I

80

Appendix 1

Numerals and Ordinals

Symbol Numeral Ordinal

1 one first

2 two second

3 three third

4 four fourth

5 five fifth

6 six sixth

7 seven seventh

8 eight eighth

9 nine ninth

10 ten tenth

11 eleven eleventh

12 twelve twelfth

13 thirteen thirteenth

14 fourteen fourteenth

15 fifteen fifteenth

16 sixteen sixteenth

17 seventeen seventeenth

18 eighteen eighteenth

19 nineteen nineteenth

20 twenty twentieth

30 thirty thirtieth

40 forty fortieth

50 fifty fiftieth

60 sixty sixtieth

70 seventy seventieth

80 eighty eightieth

90 ninety ninetieth

100 one hundred one hundredth

1000 one thousand one thousandth

10000 ten thousand ten thousandth

100000 one hundred thousand one hundred thousandth

1000000 one million one millionth

81

Appendix 2

Common Countries/States and their Adjectival Forms

Country/State Adjectival Form Country/State Adjectival Form

Afghanistan Afghani Japan Japanese

Argentina Argentinian Korea Korean

Bangladesh Bangladeshi Kosovo Kosovar

Bolivia Bolivian Kurdistan Kurdish

Brazil Brazilian Laos Laotian

Bulgaria Bulgarian Lebanon Lebanese

Cambodia Cambodian Macedonia Macedonian

Chile Chilean Malaysia Malaysian

China Chinese Nigeria Nigerian

Colombia Colombian Pakistan Pakistani

Cook Islands Cook Islanders Peru Peruvian

Croatia Croatian Philippines Filipino

East Timor East Timorese Poland Polish

Ecuador Ecuadorian Portugal Portuguese

Egypt Egyptian Russia Russian

El Salvador El Salvadorian Samoa Samoan

Eritrea Eritrean Serbia Serbian

Ethiopia Ethiopian Somalia Somalian

Fiji Fijian Sudan Sudanese

Ghana Ghanian Syria Syrian

Greece Greek Taiwan Taiwanese

Hungary Hungarian Thailand Thai

India Indian Tonga Tongan

Indonesia Indonesian Turkey Turkish

Iran Iranian Ukraine Ukrainian

Iraq Iraqi Uruguay Uruguayan

Israel Israeli Venezuela Venezuelan

Italy Italian Vietnam Vietnamese

82

Appendix 3

Common Irregular Verbs

Base Form Past Tense Past participleawake awoke awokenbe was, were beenbeat beat beatenbecome became becomebegin began begunbend bent bentbet bet betbid bid bidbite bit bittenblow blew blownbreak broke brokenbring brought broughtbuild built builtburn burned/burnt burned/burntbuy bought boughtcatch caught caughtchoose chose chosencome came comecost cost costcut cut cutdig dug dugdo did donedraw drew drawndream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamtdrive drove drivendrink drank drunkeat ate eatenfall fell fallenfeel felt feltfight fought foughtfind found foundfly flew flownforget forgot forgottenforgive forgave forgivenfreeze froze frozenget got gottengive gave givengo went gonegrow grew grownhang hung hunghave had hadhear heard heardhide hid hiddenhit hit hithold held held

83

Common Irregular Verbs (continued)

Base Form Past Tense Past participlehurt hurt hurtkeep kept keptknow knew knownlay laid laidlead led ledlearn learned/learnt learned/learntleave left leftlend lent lentlet let letlie lay lainlose lost lostmake made mademean meant meantmeet met metpay paid paidput put putread read readride rode riddenring rang rungrise rose risenrun ran runsay said saidsee saw seensell sold soldsend sent sentshow showed showed/shownshut shut shutsing sang sungsit sat satsleep slept sleptspeak spoke spokenspend spent spentstand stood stoodswim swam swumtake took takenteach taught taughttear tore torntell told told think thought thoughtthrow threw thrownunderstand understood understoodwake woke wokenwear wore wornwin won wonwrite wrote written

84

Appendix 4

Times

Analog time 24 hour time12.00am 12 o’clock; midnight 00:00 zero zero hundred hours1.00am 1 o’clock 01:00 zero one hundred hours2.00am 2 o’clock 02:00 zero two hundred hours3.00am 3 o’clock 03.00 zero three hundred hours4.00am 4 o’clock 04.00 zero four hundred hours5.00am 5 o’clock 05.00 zero five hundred hours6.00am 6 o’clock 06:00 zero six hundred hours 7.00am 7 o’clock 07:00 zero seven hundred hours8.00am 8 o’clock 08:00 zero eight hundred hours9.00am 9 o’clock 09.00 zero nine hundred hours10.00am 10 o’clock 10:00 ten hundred hours11.00am 11 o’clock 11:00 eleven hundred hours12.00pm 12 o’clock; midday; noon 12:00 twelve hundred hours1.00pm 1 o’clock 13:00 thirteen hundred hours2.00pm 2 o’clock 14:00 fourteen hundred hours3.00pm 3 o’clock 15:00 fifteen hundred hours4.00pm 4 o’clock 16:00 sixteen hundred hours5.00pm 5 o’clock 17:00 seventeen hundred hours6.00pm 6 o’clock 18:00 eighteen hundred hours7.00pm 7 o’clock 19:00 nineteen hundred hours8.00pm 8 o’clock 20:00 twenty hundred hours9.00pm 9 o’clock 21:00 twenty one hundred hours10.00pm 10 o’clock 22:00 twenty two hundred hours11.00pm 11 o’clock 23:00 twenty three hundred hours

Examples of quarter and half hours (analog)

quarter to three2.45am or 2.45pm

three o’clock3.00am or 3.00pm

quarter past three3.15am or 3.15pm

half past three3.30am or 3.30pm

zero two forty five zero three hundred hours zero three fifteen zero three thirty

Examples of quarter and half hours (24 hour time)

85

Appendix 5

Days of the week/Months of the year/Units of time Days Months Units of timeMonday January 60 seconds = 1 minute

Tuesday February 60 minutes = 1 hour

Wednesday March 24 hours = 1 day

Thursday April 7 days = 1 week

Friday May 4 weeks = 1 month

Saturday June 12 months = 1 year

Sunday July 4 years = 1 leap year

August 10 years = 1 decade

September 100 years = 1 century

October 1000 years = 1 millenium

November

December

Appendix 6

Weights and measures

Weight (mass) Length Volume1000 milligrams = 1 gram 1000 millimetres = 1 metre 1000 millilitres = 1 litre

1000 grams = 1 kilogram 100 centimetres = 1 metre 1000 litres = 1 cubic metre1000 kilograms = 1 metric tonne 1000 metres = 1 kilometre

Bibliography

Australian Learners Dictionary, 1997, National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research, Macquarie University, NSW.

Horton, D. (ed.) 1994, The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander History, Society and Culture, vols 1–2, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.

The Macquarie Dictionary, 1997, 3rd edn, Macquarie University, NSW.

My First Macquarie Dictionary, 1987, Jacaranda Press, Sydney.

NSW Department of School Education. 1994, New Arrivals Dictionaries, 16 vols, Disadvantaged Schools Program, Erskineville.

Oxford Elementary Learner’s Dictionary, 1994, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.