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South African Historical Journal

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Biko, Black Consciousness, and the System eZinyoka: Oral History and

Black Consciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village

Leslie Hadfielda

a Michigan State University, USA

Online publication date: 25 May 2010

To cite this Article

Hadfield, Leslie(2010) 'Biko, Black Consciousness, and 'the System' eZinyoka: Oral History and BlackConsciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village', South African Historical Journal, 62: 1, 78 — 99

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Biko, Black Consciousness, and ‘the System’ eZinyoka:Oral History and Black Consciousness in Practice in

a Rural Ciskei Village1

LESLIE HADFIELD*

Michigan State University

78

South African Historical Journal 62 (1) 2010

ISSN: Print 0258-2473/Online 1726-1686

DOI 10.1080/02582471003778342 © Unisa Press pp. 78–99

Abstract:

Keywords:



79

2

3

Power and

Resistance in an African Society: The Ciskei Xhosa and the Making of South Africa (Madison: University

Democracy Compromised: Chiefs and the Politics of the Land in

South Africa et al

The Road to Democracy in South Africa 1970–

1980

From Apartheid to Democracy: Localities

and Liberation

‘Beyond Our Wildest Dreams’: The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of

South Africa

From Apartheid to Democracy, 49–68. See also

Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the

Transkei and Eastern Cape 1890–1930 A Taste of Freedom:

The ICU in Rural South Africa, 1924–1930 A

Lion amongst the Cattle: Reconstruction and Resistance in the Northern Transvaal

Development Issues

in Ciskei Ciskei: Economics and Politics of

Dependence in a South African Homeland Gender and the Making

of a South African Bantustan



80 LESLIE HADFIELD

4

5

6

Community Development and the Black Consciousness Movement

7

8

Road to Democracy, particularly Volume 2 ‘I

Saw a Nightmare’: Doing Violence to Memory: The Soweto Uprising, June 16, 1976

Negotiating the Past: The Making of Memory

in South Africa

SASO Newsletter





82 LESLIE HADFIELD

15

16 Peter

17

18

19

15. Barney Pityana, interview by the author, 20 March 2008, East London.

17. Peter Jones, interview by the author, 22 April 2006, Athens, Ohio.

st th

(DISA).



83

20

21

22

23

A Taste of Power



84 LESLIE HADFIELD

24

25

to provide health services.26

27

The BCP Goes to Zinyoka

Across Boundaries: The Journey of a South African Woman Leader

Press, 1996), 94.

The Road to Democracy in

South Africa International Solidarity

Gerhart, From Protest to Challenge, Volume 5, Nadir and Resurgence, 1964–1979

University Press, 1997), 120–123.



85

28

the start-up costs.29

not help.30

31

32

33 Like urban areas,

Across Boundaries

Moving Together, Drifting Apart: Betterment Planning and Villagisation in a South African

Homeland

Journal of Southern African Studies,

15, 2 (January 1989), 346–368.

Power and Resistance, 313.

32. Ibid. The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa



86 LESLIE HADFIELD

34

35

doctors.36

37

The Ciskei

– A Bantu Homeland: A General Survey

et al

Power and Resistance

An Ambulance of the

Wrong Colour: Health Professionals, Human Rights and Ethics in South Africa

Journal of Southern African Studies, 13, 2 (January 1987), Special Issue on the Political



87

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

Across Boundaries, 89.

The Children of Apartheid: A Study of the Effects of Migratory Labour on Family Life in the Ciskei

40. Dr L.M. Msauli, interview by the author, 24 June 2008, Mdantsane.

Democracy Compromised , 5–6.

To the Brink: The State of Democracy in South Africa

To the Brink , 20–21.



88 LESLIE HADFIELD

45

46

47

48

Bringing and Receiving Health in Zinyoka

49

kinship.50

Daily

Dispatch Indaba, 3 January 1975.

Ndaba, interview with the author and Lindani Ntenteni, 25 June 2008, Zinyoka.



89

51

52

53 At

54

have real power.

55

56

57 and later,

Power and Resistance

and S. Dubow, eds, Segregation and Apartheid in Twentieth-Century South Africa

1995), 256–284.

758–761.

Power and Resistance.

Power and Resistance et al

Daily Dispatch, 13 May 1975.





91

nutrition issues.

67

.68

69

67. N. Moletsane interview, 16 June 2006.

with the author and Lindani Ntenteni, 10 April 2008, Zinyoka.



92 LESLIE HADFIELD

70

nurses.

services on weekends.71

took place in Zinyoka.72

71. L. Msauli interview, 24 June 2008.

Across Boundaries



93

73

braais

74

75

76

braais

77 She and other

78

doctor.79

80

Doon, East London.

Across Boundaries

et al , Bounds of Possibility et al , Biko Lives!: Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko

78. Ibid. Black Student Politics, Higher Education and Apartheid: From SASO to SANSCO, 1968–

1990

this in depth in The Law and the Prophets

Meridians, 2, 1 (2001), 130–152.

Bounds of Possibility, 221.

Black Review



94 LESLIE HADFIELD

81

82

‘The System’ eZinyoka

83

84

The Law and the Prophets.

The Law and the Prophets.



95

85

86

87

88 Msauli described the

89

90

branch director.

control.

Bantu.91

85. N. Moletsane interview, 16 June 2006.

Across Boundaries, 99.



90. Ibid. Across Boundaries, 111–116.

91. Bantu abantu





97

References

Badat, S., Black Student Politics, Higher Education and Apartheid: From SASO to SANSCO, 1968–1990

An Ambulance of the Wrong Colour: Health

Professionals, Human Rights and Ethics in South Africa

Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the

Transkei and Eastern Cape 1890–1930

Development Issues in Ciskei

Biko, S., I Write What I Like

A Taste of Freedom: The ICU in Rural South Africa, 1924–1930

Press, 1987). Ciskei: Economics and Politics of Dependence in a South African Homeland (London:

Delius, P., A Lion amongst the Cattle: Reconstruction and Resistance in the Northern Transvaal

De Vos, P.J. et al

Moving Together, Drifting Apart: Betterment Planning and Villagisation in a South African

Homeland

Black Consciousness in South Africa: The Dialectics of Ideological Resistance to White

Supremacy

Gerhart, G.M., Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology

Meridians, 2, 1 (2001), 130–152.

Black Political Thought in the Making of South African Democracy

University Press, 1999).

1968).

Journal of Southern African Studies

From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics

in South Africa, 1882–1979, Volume 5, Nadir and Resurgence, 1964–1979


From Apartheid to Democracy: Localities and Liberation



98 LESLIE HADFIELD

The Law and the Prophets: Politics, Faith and Hope in South Africa, 1968–1977 , New

Gender and the Making of a South African Bantustan

et al

The Road to Democracy in South Africa 1970–1980 (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2006),749–802

To the Brink: The State of Democracy in South Africa

Natal Press, 2008).

Journal of Southern African Studies, 15, 2 (January 1989), 346–368.

et al , Biko Lives!: Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko

2008).

The Road to Democracy in South Africa 1970–1980 (Pretoria: Unisa

Press, 2006), 99–159.

Democracy Compromised: Chiefs and the Politics of the Land in South Africa (Boston: Brill,2005).

Negotiating the Past: The Making of Memory in South Africa

Segregation and

Apartheid in Twentieth-Century South Africa

Bounds of Possibility

Philip Publishers, 1991).

The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa

Press, 1985).

‘I Saw a Nightmare’. Doing Violence to Memory: the Soweto Uprising, June 16,

1976 Across Boundaries: The Journey of a South African Woman Leader

A Taste of Power

The Ciskei – A Bantu Homeland: A General Survey (Alice: Fort Hare


The Road to Democracy in South Africa International

Solidarity (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2008).

The Road to Democracy in South Africa

1960–1970 1970–1980

International Solidarity (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2008).

Power and Resistance in an African Society: The Ciskei Xhosa and the Making of South Africa

The Children of Apartheid: A Study of the Effects of Migratory Labour on Family Life in the

Ciskei

‘Beyond Our Wildest Dreams’: The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of

South Africa

Biko, 3rd



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Biko, Black Consciousness, and the System eZinyoka - hadfield.pdf