Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social …mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Social_Assessment_and_Social... · Mott MacDonald, A20, Sector 2, Noida 201 301, India t +91 (0)120

Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy

Final Report

May 2013

Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM)

Confidential

317983 MCB ISA 00 0

P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Revised draft report\Bihar Draft Report.docx

13 May 2013

Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy

Final Report

May 2013

Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM)

Confidential

Mott MacDonald, A20, Sector 2, Noida 201 301, India

t +91 (0)120 254 3582 f +91 (0)120 254 3562, W www.mottmac.com

Chief Engineer (Urban) – cum – Member Secretary, Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM), Public Health Engineering Department, Vishveshwariya Bhawan, Bailey Road, Patna 800 001

317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 13 May 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Revised draft report\Bihar Draft Report.docx

Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential

Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description

01 16.2.2013 RB, TK, AA NR SM Intermediate Status Report

02 6.3.2013 RB NR SM Intermediate Status Report V1 -revised

03 18.3.2013 NR NR SM Intermediate Status Report V2 -revised incorporating comments received from the World bank

04 21.4.2013 RB NR SM Draft Report

05 13.5.2013 RB NR SM Final Report

Issue and revision record

This document is issued for the party which commissioned it

and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned

project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or

used for any other purpose.

We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this

document being relied upon by any other party, or being used

for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which

is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other

parties

This document contains confidential information and proprietary

intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties

without consent from us and from the party which

commissioned it.



ABBREVIATIONS

APL Above Poverty Line

AWC Anganwadi Centre

BPL Below Poverty Line

BRLP Bihar Rural Livelihood Project

BSWSM Bihar State Water Sanitation Mission

BWSC Block Water and Sanitation Committee

CBO Community Based Organization

CCD Community Driven Development

CCDU Communication and Capacity Development Unit

DANIDA Danish International Development Agency

DDWS Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation

DFID Department for International Development

DoHFW Department of Health and Family Welfare

DWSC District Water and Sanitation Committee

DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission

EBC Extremely Backward Caste

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GOI Government of India

GP Gram Panchayat

HRD Human Resource Development

IEC Information, Education and Communication

IHHL Individual Household Latrine

IPDP Indigenous Peoples Plan

M & E Monitoring and Evaluation

MIS Management Information System

MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

NBA Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan

NGO Non Government Organization

NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme

O & M Operation and Maintenance

OBC Other Backward Caste

PHED Public Health & Engineering Department

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal

PRI Panchayati Raj Institutions

PWS Piped Water Schemes

LIS-WB PROJECT Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

SA Social Assessment

SC Scheduled Caste

SHG Self Help Group

SPMU State Project Management Unit

ST Schedule Tribe

SWASTH Sector Wide Approach to Strengthen Health

SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunity & Threat

TSC Total Sanitation Campaign

UNDP United Nation Development Programme

UNICEF United Nation International Children’s Education Fund

VWSC Village Water and Sanitation Committee



ABBREVIATIONS

VHNSC Village Health Nutrition & Sanitation Committee

WSS Water Supply and Sanitation

WSSO Water and Sanitation Support Organization



Chapter Title Page

Executive Summary i

1. Introduction 1

1.1 State Profile __________________________________________________________________________ 1

1.2 Project Background (LIS-WB PROJECT) ___________________________________________________ 2

1.3 The Assignment ______________________________________________________________________ 4

1.4 Need for Social Assessment _____________________________________________________________ 5

1.5 Scope of Work ________________________________________________________________________ 5

1.6 Approach and Methodology _____________________________________________________________ 9

1.7 Methodology ________________________________________________________________________ 10

1.8 Report Structure _____________________________________________________________________ 19

2. Beneficiary Assessment 20

2.1 Analysis of Community Level Findings ____________________________________________________ 20

2.2 Analysis of Qualitative Findings at Community Level ________________________________________ 49

2.3 Summary of Baseline Status based on Beneficiary Assessment _______________________________ 57

3. Institutional Analysis 59

3.1 Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E on Water & Sanitation __________________________ 59

3.2 Development Partners ________________________________________________________________ 64

3.3 Conclusions _________________________________________________________________________ 65

4. Stakeholder Analysis 67

4.1 Role of different Stakeholders in Service delivery ___________________________________________ 67

4.2 Key Strengths and Weaknesses of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Bihar ___________________ 76

5. Diversity in Bihar 77

5.1 Socio Cultural & Economic _____________________________________________________________ 77

5.2 Rural Governance ____________________________________________________________________ 79

5.3 Available water Resources _____________________________________________________________ 80

5.4 Rural Drinking Water Status ____________________________________________________________ 82

5.5 Status of rural sanitation _______________________________________________________________ 84

5.6 Gender related issues in Bihar __________________________________________________________ 85

6. Anticipated Impact of the Project 87

7. Key Risks & Possible Mitigation 90

7.1 Key Risks __________________________________________________________________________ 90

7.2 Possible Mitigation of Identified Risks ____________________________________________________ 91

8. Issues & Recommendations 93

8.1 Issues _____________________________________________________________________________ 93

8.2 Recommendations ___________________________________________________________________ 95

Content



9. Social Safeguard issues 99

9.1 Land Acquisition _____________________________________________________________________ 99

9.2 Indigenous People ___________________________________________________________________ 99

10. Capacity Building Strategy 100

10.1 Institutional Arrangement _____________________________________________________________ 100

10.2 Roles and responsibilities at various levels in implementation ________________________________ 100

10.3 Institutional Initiatives proposed by the State Government ___________________________________ 102

10.4 Capacity Assessment ________________________________________________________________ 104

10.5 Capacity Building Strategy and Action Plan of BSWSM _____________________________________ 107

10.6 Training Outlines for the proposed programmes as per identified capacity building needs __________ 108

10.7 Monitoring and Evaluation of the Capacity Building _________________________________________ 114

11. Communication Strategy 115

11.1 Institutional Structure to Deliver Communication ___________________________________________ 115

11.2 Communication Need Assessment______________________________________________________ 115

11.3 Communication Strategy ______________________________________________________________ 116

11.4 Communication Action Plan ___________________________________________________________ 119

11.5 Phase II – Implementation ____________________________________________________________ 121

11.6 Phase III– Operation & maintenance ____________________________________________________ 121

11.7 Monitoring & Evaluation ______________________________________________________________ 122

11.8 TOR for Implementation of Communication Strategy________________________________________ 124

12. Monitoring & Evaluation of social development indicators 130

12.1 Monitoring _________________________________________________________________________ 130

12.2 Evaluation _________________________________________________________________________ 132

Appendices 135

Appendix A. Sampling Plan and Data ______________________________________________________________ 136

Appendix B. Study Tools – Qualitative _____________________________________________________________ 137

Appendix C. Study Tools – Quantitative ____________________________________________________________ 138

Appendix D. Contact List ________________________________________________________________________ 139

D.1. Contact List ________________________________________________________________________ 139

D.2. Stakeholders Consultation Details ______________________________________________________ 140

Tables

Table E.1: Capacity building needs and proposed interventions for different stakeholders ____________________ iv

Table 1.1: Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Bihar,Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Assam ________ 3

Table 1.2: Data on Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Selected Districts under The Project of Bihar 4

Table 2.1: Type of roofing material used in Respondent’s House _______________________________________ 25

Table 2.2: Various assests owned by the households ________________________________________________ 26

Table 2.3: Distance of stand post from house _______________________________________________________ 32

Table 2.4: Who collecting water from stand post (Multple response) _____________________________________ 32

Table 2.5: Distance of public hand pump from house (Hand pump) ______________________________________ 33

Table 2.6: Initial setup cost for hand pump/bore well _________________________________________________ 33

Table 2.7: In which year did you set up the facility? __________________________________________________ 34



Table 2.8: Is the water from hand pump/ bore well potable ____________________________________________ 34

Table 2.9: Most important source of drinking water for family ___________________________________________ 36

Table 2.10: How to you treat water to make it potable? ________________________________________________ 36

Table 2.11: Requirement of water per day for various household purpose on per person basis (in litres) _________ 37

Table 2.12: Nature of complaint ___________________________________________________________________ 39

Table 2.13: How many hours you expect to get water per day and willingness to pay ________________________ 39

Table 2.14: What all is used for hand wash __________________________________________________________ 40

Table 2.15: When do you wash hands ______________________________________________________________ 40

Table 2.16: Awareness of water borne diseases ______________________________________________________ 41

Table 2.17: Family members have fallen sick due to water borne disease in last three months _________________ 41

Table 2.18: How is the Household Soild Waste like plastic waste, glass waste or metal waste getting disposed (%) 42

Table 2.19: Desposal of liquid waste _______________________________________________________________ 42

Table 2.20: News papers generally being read _______________________________________________________ 46

Table 2.21: Preferred media language _____________________________________________________________ 46

.Table 2.22: Preferred media channel _______________________________________________________________ 47

Table 2.23: Time of watching TV __________________________________________________________________ 47

Table 2.24: Time for listen to radio ________________________________________________________________ 47

Table 2.25: Preferred point of contact in case of grievances ____________________________________________ 49

Table 4.1: Stakeholders involved in Rural Water Supply Scheme _______________________________________ 67

Table 5.1: Bihar: Demographic Indicators __________________________________________________________ 78

Table 5.2: Income Details in per capita____________________________________________________________ 79

Table 5.3: Annual Rainfall for Different Seasons in Bihar (2001 to 2010) (Rainfall data in mm) ________________ 81

Table 5.4: Water Availability in Details_____________________________________________________________ 81

Table 5.5: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply ______________________________ 83

Table 5.6: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply (BY Caste) _____________________ 83

Table 5.7: Proportion of Rural Habitations Covered with Type of Water Supply Schemes in Bihar _____________ 83

Table 5.8: Distribution of population by literacy and rural urban in Bihar __________________________________ 85

Table 5.9: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar _____________________________________________________ 85

Table 5.10: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar & India ______________________________________________ 85

Table 6.1: Anticipated Impact of the Project ________________________________________________________ 87

Table 10.1: Roles and responsibilities of institutions and personnel at various levels in implementation __________ 100

Table 10.2: Capacity building needs and proposed interventions for different stakeholders ___________________ 104

Table 10.3: Proposed approach for knowledge and skill augmentation of PHED Officials ____________________ 106

Table 10.4: Estimated Cost of Training for the duration of the program period 2013-19 (Amount in INR crores) ___ 107

Table 10.5: Number of functionaries to be trained during the project period(2013-9) ________________________ 108

Table 11.1: Behavior Change Communication – The end result_________________________________________ 117

Table 11.2: Activities to be planned during preparation phase __________________________________________ 120

Table 12.1: Indicators to be Monitored ____________________________________________________________ 130

Table 12.2: Indicators to be Evaluated ____________________________________________________________ 132

Figures

Figure 2.1: Gender of the respondents (%) _________________________________________________________ 20

Figure 2.2: Age group of the respondents (%) _______________________________________________________ 21

Figure 2.3: Religion of the head of the household (%) _________________________________________________ 21

Figure 2.4: Social group of the respondents (%) _____________________________________________________ 21

Figure 2.5: Government cards of the contacted households (%) _________________________________________ 22

Figure 2.6: Education of household head (%)________________________________________________________ 22

Figure 2.7: Type of Family (%) ___________________________________________________________________ 23

Figure 2.8: Ownership of the house (%) ____________________________________________________________ 23



Figure 2.9: Type of house (%) ____________________________________________________________________ 23

Figure 2.10: Main source of income for household (%) _________________________________________________ 24

Figure 2.11: Households having seperate kitchen (%) __________________________________________________ 24

Figure 2.12: Number of Rooms of the households (excluding bathroom and kitchen) % _______________________ 24

Figure 2.13: Type of roofing used in respondent's house (%) ____________________________________________ 25

Figure 2.14: Ownership of cultivable land (%) ________________________________________________________ 25

Figure 2.15: Availability of livestock in the house (%) ___________________________________________________ 25

Figure 2.16: Household having cable TV connection (%)________________________________________________ 26

Figure 2.17: Main source of lighting for the household (%) ______________________________________________ 27

Figure 2.18: Type of fuel used at household for cooking (%) _____________________________________________ 27

Figure 2.19: What is used to cook food (%) __________________________________________________________ 27

Figure 2.20: Monthly expenditure details of the household (%) ___________________________________________ 28

Figure 2.21: Household monthly income (%) _________________________________________________________ 28

Figure 2.22: Source of water for the household (%) (multiple response) ____________________________________ 29

Figure 2.23: Frequency of water at household connections (%) __________________________________________ 30

Figure 2.24: Time of water supply (%) ______________________________________________________________ 30

Figure 2.25: Availability of pit dug to collect water (%) __________________________________________________ 30

Figure 2.26: Usage of pump to get water from connection (%) ___________________________________________ 30

Figure 2.27: Type of tariff paid (%) _________________________________________________________________ 31

Figure 2.28: Periodicity of billing (%) ________________________________________________________________ 31

Figure 2.29: Frequency of water in the stand post (%) __________________________________________________ 31

Figure 2.30: Timing of water supplied from stand post (%) ______________________________________________ 31

Figure 2.31: Average time taken for collection of water every time( stand post) % ____________________________ 32

Figure 2.32: Number of people involved in collecting water (%) __________________________________________ 32

Figure 2.33: Average time taken for collection of water every time (from Hand pump) % _______________________ 33

Figure 2.34: Number of people involved in collecting water (%) __________________________________________ 33

Figure 2.35: Depth of Hand pump/bore well (Feet) % __________________________________________________ 35

Figure 2.36: Problem in getting water from hand pump/bore well (%) ______________________________________ 35

Figure 2.37: Reaspon for not having municipal HH water connection (%) ___________________________________ 35

Figure 2.38: Would you prefer to have HH water connection (%) _________________________________________ 35

Figure 2.39: Consumption of water per day for various household purpose on daily basis (%) __________________ 37

Figure 2.40: Level of satisfaction (%) _______________________________________________________________ 38

Figure 2.41: Complaint regarding water supply (%) ____________________________________________________ 38

Figure 2.42: Lodged complaint with (%) _____________________________________________________________ 38

Figure 2.43: Average time taken for resolution of the problem (%) ________________________________________ 39

Figure 2.44: Would you expect a better water supply (%) _______________________________________________ 39

Figure 2.45: How is the Household Soild Waste from Kitchen Getting Disposed (%) __________________________ 41

Figure 2.46: How is the Household Soild Waste like paper being disposed (%) ______________________________ 41

Figure 2.47: Availability of toilets in the households (%) ________________________________________________ 43

Figure 2.48: Type of toilets available in the households (%) _____________________________________________ 43

Figure 2.49: Household having own septic tank (%) ___________________________________________________ 43

Figure 2.50: Total expenditure on toilet construction by the household (%) _________________________________ 43

Figure 2.51: Total monthly expenditure on toilet maintenance (%) ________________________________________ 44

Figure 2.52: If do not have toilet, where do your family member go for defecation? (%)________________________ 44

Figure 2.53: Responsibility of cleaning the toilet (%) ___________________________________________________ 44

Figure 2.54: Frequency of cleaning toilet (%) _________________________________________________________ 44

Figure 2.55: Material used for cleaning toilet (%) ______________________________________________________ 45

Figure 2.56: Do you read news paper (%) ___________________________________________________________ 45

Figure 2.57: Do you do any of the following? (Multiple Responses) % _____________________________________ 46

Figure 2.58: What programme do you watch/ Listen? (Multiple Responses) % ______________________________ 46



Figure 2.59: Availability of pollution related messages in media (%) _______________________________________ 48

Figure 2.60: Awareness regarding water and sanitation sector reform programme in your city (%) _______________ 48

Figure 2.61: Main source of information about government programmes (%) ________________________________ 48

Figure 2.62: Media which influences most (%) ________________________________________________________ 48

Figure 3.1: Existing Institutional Structure for Delivery of Water and Sanitation Services in Bihar _______________ 61

Figure 5.1: Distribution of Habitations by Water Availability ____________________________________________ 82

Figure 5.2: Distribution of Population by Water Availability _____________________________________________ 82

Figure 10.1: Proposed Institutional Structure & Key Roles _____________________________________________ 103

Figure 11.1: Proposed communication intervention ___________________________________________________ 118


i


Study Background

Bihar is 12th largest state of India in terms of geographical size (94,163 sq. km) and 3rd largest in terms of

its population (10.38 crores as per Census 2011). The state is well known for its abundant natural

resources, perennial rivers, fertile lands and a long glorious history. In spite of abundant natural resources

the state remained one of the poorest in the country since independence.

Providing safe drinking water to its people is the responsibility of the State Government. Till last decade

coverage of habitations was the priority of the government. However, currently safe drinking water and

other related issues like sanitation and hygiene have become the priority. Of the total habitations (107642)

in Bihar, 20248 habitations are in the status of Partial Population Coverage and remaining 87394

habitations are in 100 percent population coverage. In about 14580 habitations the water quality is affected,

of which 10877 are affected with Iron, followed by 2698 with fluoride, 1004 with arsenic and 1 with nitrate

(Source: DDWS website). Ground water table is quite high and hence water availability is not an issue in

major parts of the State. In terms of quantity, the average population served per source is 110 which are

quite good when compared to the Government of India norm of 250 persons per source. The rural

population of the state is served by public as well as private hand pumps (India Mark III and shallow well

hand pumps).About 79.73 percent of habitations are covered by Hand pumps / Bore well schemes followed

by 3.88 percentage piped water scheme and 15.62 percentage by other schemes (Source: DDWS

website).

The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) guidelines that came into effect from April 2009,

put more emphasis on decentralization and devolve the power to PRIs so that they can take up

construction, operation and management of water & sanitation relation infrastructure. As part of NRDWP,

the DDWS has prepared its long term strategic plan (2011-2022) for ensuring drinking water security to all

rural households. The strategic plan aims to cover 90 percent of households with piped water and at least

80 percent of households with tap connections during this period. While analyzing the physical progress of

availability of piped water supply (PWS) schemes to different states it was observed that Assam, Bihar,

Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh are lagging behind the rest of India. In view of the above mentioned

backdrop, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS), Government of India has requested the

World Bank to support the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project for the lagging states including Bihar.

The Bihar Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project which is funded by the World Bank (The Project) has

selected 10 districts, viz, West Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Begusarai, Purnia, Nalanda, Patna,

Nawada, Munger and Banka for implementation of multi and single village/habitation piped water scheme

in different phases.

Socio-economic conditions in the selected districts of the Project, the beneficiary profile may not be

homogeneous, rather, quite diverse comprising a number of sub-groups identifiable on the basis of their

differential endowment, gender, ethnicity, different economic groups, and other regional features.

Therefore, the challenge lies in addressing the requirements of the all the sub-groups with special attention

towards the rural and tribal poor and other normally socially excluded sub-groups. Besides, there are a

large number of stakeholders, some internal and others external to the project, who would have varying

degrees of influence and impact on project activities and outcomes. This makes it necessary for the project

to provide a framework for participation of all key stakeholder groups and solicit their contributions towards

project design and delivery mechanisms. To this effect, as a part of the project preparation, it is intended to

Executive Summary


ii


conduct this consulting assignment on Social Assessment (SA). The broad elements of the study shall

include:

• beneficiary assessment,

• stakeholder analysis,

• social impacts,

• Institutional assessments and risks analysis.

Study Findings

Beneficiary Assessment

o Geographical distribution of villages in Panchayat: Villages are heterogeneous in nature so far

content/ establishment/ social setting is concerned, it was seen on an average a panchayat has 11 to

12 habitations, 115 habitations were found in 10 selected panchayats. Further interestingly it was

observed that the economically empowered caste generally resides in the main village of the

panchayat and the SC and Mahadalits generally reside in distant villages from the main panchayat

village. Further the villages which are distant from the panchayat main village were found with relatively

less number of infrastructure like hand pumps and toilets. During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was

observed that habitation/villages are clustered according to the caste, and poor families and mahadalits

are very poor and also unorganized.

o Family Size: The average family size of the contacted households was found to be 6.5 (however it

ranges from 7 to 15). As per census 2011, in villages of Bihar a household has an average of 6

members. Thus, the toilet facility created for one household may not b e adequate for the family size

mentioned above

o Literacy: The literacy rate of the households contacted was found to be very low, about 38 percent of

respondents were illiterate, this is according to the CENSUS 2011 which reports 63.82 (male 73.39%

and female 53.33%). Further more than half of females (56.2%) contacted during participatory rural

appraisal and focus group discussions were found to be illiterate.

o Awareness about Government Programmes: The contacted respondents in the villages were not

aware (84%) about government programmes related to water & sanitation. They reported that such

messages are not frequently heard/seen (46%). Local ward officials (as reported by 97% of

respondents) are the major source of information about government programmes.

o Gender: In most of the contacted households, women were found responsible for fetching water

(78.9% households) and also for cleaning toilets in the households (having toilet). During interactions

(FGDs) with women groups, it was found that they were unaware of most of the issues related to

development of their village. During discussions, it was reported that women do not have say in the

household decisions. Though due to current education system, girls are availing education at least upto

primary level.

o Women Empowerment and participation: During qualitative interactions it was sensed that women

are not adequately empowered, the main reason is their low literacy and awareness levels. Many

women participants reported that they generally attend panchayat meetings but their concerns are not

heard by the PRIs and thus, they do not find any use attending these meetings.

o Poverty: Poverty is acute in these villages, as high as 83.2 percent of the respondents were found

living in non pucca houses (of which 51.1 percent were having semi pucca houses), about 78.3 percent

are earning their livelihood by working as agricultural labourer. Further about 85 percent of the

contacted households do not have separate kitchen, about 65 percent of the households use chullah

for cooking where as 34 percent cook on open fire, about 67 percent of the households covered have


iii


monthly income below INR 5000/-. The situation is further bad in case of marginalized community and

mahadalits. The monthly expenditure of most of the respondents (79%) is within INR 5000/-.

o Access to Electricity: Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the

villages, though more than 90 percent of the households were found having electric connection in their

household (mostly illegal connections) but the electric supply was found very erratic in covered

villages. Due to irregular electric supply, the operation of water pumps and supply remains erratic. It

could be seen that water comes to many of the PWS villages once in a week.

o Coverage of safe Drinking Water: About 12 percent of habitations have quality affected water

sources (Source secondary data from PHED). A significant number of households (63%) are using

public hand pumps, about 35 percent of the respondents use own hand pump or bore well with power

pump. Piped water connection was found in 6.5 percent of the contacted households. However, due to

irratic supply of electricity, water supply to household’s remains irregular as a result households were

found more dependent on public handpump. Since more proportion of households are dependent on

public handpumps they are spending 1 to 2 hrs daily for collecting water for various household

purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing & bathing purposes (survey data). During

discussions it was reported that about 48 liters of water is required for one person.

o With regard to overall satisfaction level, community having piped water connection was not found

satisfied with the services due to various reasons such as number of hours of supply, pressure and

timing of water supply etc.

o Availability of latrine & Usages of latrine: It was found that majority (82%) of Households do not

have toilets in their own household and the family members of these households go to the field and

practise open defecation.

o Solid Waste Management:- as high as 100% households through solid waste to open foiiowed by

93% of the households whose waste water from your kitchen goes to open.

o Media Coverage: The respondents mainly listen to audio media (84 percent listen to radio, 18 percent

watch Television and only 20 percent read newspaper). Hindi is the preferred language as respondents

prefer to watch/listen programmes in Hindi. Radio is the most popular media of communication and

preferred time for watching television was either morning or evening

Institutional Assessment

Based on the analysis of the existing institutional and implementation structure, following gaps/issues have

been identified:

� Absence of structured organization / office at Block / GP level

Establishment of bottom up approach of project delivery as desired in NRDWP and NBA guideline is not

being undertaken. Further this is also delaying the process of decentralisation. On these lines, it is

recommended that the institutional structure at block and village level is established and strengthened

so that process of decentralisation could be achieved and community driven approach could be setup.

� Absence of DWSM consultants at DWSC/DWSM level

DWSM consultants are not place at DWSC/ DWSM level, thereby hindering the IEC activities under the

project (NRDWP & NBA). It is recommended that DWSMs are placed for project sustainability.

� Lack of Coordination between Mechanical and Civil wings of the Department

Mechanical and Civil are the major wings providing technical service. Construction is being taken up by

the Civil wing while Mechanical wing looks after operations like getting electricity connection and

operation of machines. Both wings are headed by technically expert groups however, lack of


iv


coordination was observed among them at district and sub-divisional level which generally leads to

delay in project delivery.

� Shortage of Manpower

Acute shortage of manpower was observed at the level of Assistant Engineers, Junior Engineers, Pipe

Inspectors, Khalasi, Plumber, Mistry and Operators affecting project formulation, implementation,

monitoring and repair of schemes. While interacting with the junior level staff, their capability gap was

also observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff are regularly interacting with the community for

project delivery and the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills

for better service delivery should be adopted.

� Absence of Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs)

Due to absence of VWSCs, involvement of panchayats remains limited in planning, implementation,

operation & maintenance of the schemes. Very few schemes have been transferred to panchayats as

they are not adequately equipped and do not have requisite resources, they are not able to handle O &

M of the schemes.

Capacity Assessment

Table E.1: Capacity building needs and proposed interventions for different stakeholders

Level Representatives Capacity Building Needs

State Officials of SWSM, PMU and CCDU

• Knowledge about recent innovations in LIS-WB PROJECT including community driven approaches

• Getting feedback and analyzing feedback

• Application of feedback in policy

• World Bank’s procedure and procurement process

• Financial management of participatory projects

Officials of PMU and CCDU


• Application of feedback in Policy

• Training need assessment for the junior staff

• Impact assessment, validation studies MPs/MLAs/MLCs, media persons,


Representative from UNICEF, DFID

• Knowledge about recent innovations in LIS-WB PROJECT including community driven approaches Improvement of the “accountability framework” by clarifying the roles and responsibilities of the various sectors of the LIS-WB PROJECT sector at the state, district and village level, including responsibilities for policy formulation, financing, regulation, construction, operations and maintenance.

Officials of LIS-WB PROJECT, Panchayati Raj, Education, ICDS, representative from Central Ground Water Board etc.

• Role to be played by partner departments in setting up sustainable LIS-WB PROJECT in Bihar

• Improvement of the “accountability framework” by clarifying the roles and responsibilities of the various sectors of the LIS-WB PROJECT sector at the state, district and village level, including responsibilities for policy formulation, financing, regulation, construction, operations and maintenance.

District Officials of DWSM at



v



implementation and operation level

• Getting feedback and analyzing feedback (M&E) and MIS

• Training need assessment for the juniors staff

• Impact assessment, validation studies

• Knowledge about project activities and implementation procedures including legal arrangements with Support Organisation

• Village selection procedures • Knowledge on Community Led Total Sanitation approaches • Willingness to devolve implementation responsibilities to VWSCs

and GPs

Zilla Parishad

• Knowledge about project activities especially Multi Village schemes and its implementation

• Knowledge on Community Led Total Sanitation approaches and participatory approaches including project cost to be recovered from community

• Willingness to devolve implementation responsibilities to VWSCs and GPs

Block Block Coordinators

• Getting feedback, analyzing the feedback and reporting it back to higher level



• Attitude towards accepting the changing role

• Knowledge about social audit, conflict management, grievance redressal

Village VWSC members • Knowledge about World Bank’s project, its objective and impact

• Knowledge about recent innovations in LIS-WB PROJECT including community driven approaches (CLTS)

• Knowledge about role of VWSCs and GP

• Knowledge about communication and advocacy

• Knowledge about bookkeeping, account management, conflict management, leadership

• Knowledge on tariff fixing

• Knowledge on community procurement methods for construction materials, goods and services

• Knowledge on role and willingness to supervise the aspect of project planning, implementing support, monitoring and evaluation

Panchayat members

Community especially women

• Knowledge about World Banks project, its objective and impact



• Knowledge about health & hygiene, solid waste management, good and bad practices

• Decision making

School children • About cleanliness, how to use water economically and hygiene education

AWW & health worker

• Assess purity of water/ Testing of water samples


vi



Masons/Plumbers • Training in construction of toilets/ better construction techniques

• Training of plumbers in laying pipes

Social Management Framework

To enhance Community participation

• Multiple rounds of stakeholder consultations should be held prior to conceptualizing and during preparation of the project. Each sub project should have a local level communication office with a grievance redressal officer. The activity of each sub project should be further overseen by a high level coordination committee (at state level.)

• Establishing Village Level Structure i.e VWSCs

− It is important that each VWSC is represented by all the sections of the society of the village and their

members are trained to assist the water & sanitation service delivery.

• Capacity building of VWSC members

• Ensuring women participation

− One-third of the VWSCs members should be women and they should be provided mandatory training

− The social mobilization agency should deploy women members to get women’s participation

− Women should also be contacted by the Anganwadis and schools through their wards and motivated

− Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced

− Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for active participation in water &

sanitation related issues

− In the model of Mahila Samakhya, groups could be developed at village level for active participation in

water & sanitation related issues

− Women could be trained for providing services related to water & sanitation, may be through rural

sanitary marts

• Establishment of bottom up approach and involvement of PRIs and community in O&M of water &

sanitation programmes

• Capacity building of PRIs in O&M

To address Equity and inclusion: Pro poor policy is to be taken up which could;

� Pro poor policy is to be taken up which could

− Provide concessions to rural poor in the matter of water supply.

− Poors can be identified by the type of cards they have.

− Provide concession in the normal one time connection deposit, may be by half or one third but the

water charges should be collect from them and this has to be fixed by the PRIs themselves, to

inculcate the sense of ownership;

− Simplify procedures of taking connection and any proof of residence such as ration cards and ID cards

would be considered sufficient to provide a connection.

− Provide water free of charge through public kiosks / cisterns / taps to vulnerable sections such as

nomads, destitute, homeless poor, beggars etc. who cannot afford to pay anything.

− Promote structured participation of NGOs and CBOs in organizing the vulnerable sections for

managing free water supply through public kiosks..

To ensure Regular water Supply

• Work out the most feasible way of water supply, appropriate with duration, time, quality, and quantity.


vii


• Alternative power supply arrangements are required for restoring regular water supply which could be solar based systems.

To overcome the issue related to Irregular Power Supply

• Policy dialogues to be initiated with the power supply department for ensuring regular power supply.\

• The tariff for unit rates for community PWS system should be lower than the minimum domestic tariff/unit.

To strengthen Weak PRIs and non availability of VWSCs

• PRIs should be empowered and mandatorily be members of VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels. The whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially PRIs and VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Further they should be involved in following activities;

− In motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation management for sustainability of

service delivery so that financial viability of the schemes is not affected.

− Should be trained in participatory development models

− They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of water &

sanitation services including domestic waste disposal.

− They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and management support.

− It is important that each village VWSCs and PRIs have their adequate participation and they are also trained for supporting service delivery. Appropriate and regular IEC will also be equally important.

To ensure Timely delivery of project

• Project Management Unit is to establish good rapport with the Government of India and State PHED for timely release of funds and sanctioning of contracts respectively.

• Project delivery in Mission mode so that Project management Unit has a complete structure up to the level of panchayat and able to monitor the project closely.

To minimize Contamination of Ground Water

• Capacity building of PHED officials on soft skills so that communication on technical aspects could be delivered to the community.

• Hiring of professional agencies for developing and implementing communication strategy for sanitation, hygiene, and conjunctive use of water


1


1.1 State Profile

Bihar is 12th largest state of India in terms of geographical size (94,163 sq. km) and 3rd largest in terms of

its population (10.38 crores as per Census 2011). The state is well known for its abundant natural

resources, perennial rivers, fertile lands and a long glorious history. In spite of abundant natural resources

the state remained one of the poorest in the country since independence. The condition further deteriorated

after the state’s division and separation of Jharkhand as Bihar retained almost 75 percent of the population

but was left with 54 percent of the land bereft of almost all mineral resources, thus inducing a lot of strain

on the available resources.

Bihar is located between 24°20'10" and 27°31'15"N latitude and 82°19'50" and 88°17'40"E longitude in the

eastern part of the country and situated at about 52.73 m height above mean sea level. It is a completely

land-locked state, although sea port at Kolkata is not far away. Bihar lies mid-way between the humid West

Bengal in the east and the sub humid Uttar Pradesh in the west which provides it with a transitional position

with respect to climate, economy and culture. It is bounded by Nepal in the north and by newly formed

Jharkhand State in the south. The river Ganga traverses the state from west to east rendering the region

extreme fertile for agriculture. The Bihar plain is divided into two unequal halves by the River Ganga which

flows through the middle from West to East.

Bihar lies in the tropical to sub tropical region. Rainfall is the most significant factor in determining the

nature of vegetation in Bihar. The state has predominant monsoon season with an average annual rainfall

of 1200 mm. The sub Himalayan foothills of Someshwar and Dun ranges in Champaran constitute the belt

of moist deciduous forests.

The state is densely populated with 880 persons per square kilometres as against the national average of

324. Of 104 million, 92 million live in rural areas (88.7 percent census 2011). The state has about 15.7

percent of Scheduled Caste (SC) population and 0.9 percent Schedule Tribe (ST) population (as per 2001

census).The sex ratio of the state at 916 females per 1000 males is lower than the national average of 940

females per 1000 males (census 2011)

In the specific context of rural poverty indicators, the latest estimates of 1999- 2000 indicate that Bihar has

44.3 percent as compared to national average of 27.1 percent. This level of rural poverty of Bihar is second

highest in the country. Bihar, being a part of the Gangetic plains, its soil fertility and water resources are

high for substantial part of the state while some portions of the state also fall in the relatively infertile

Deccan plateau. In absolute terms, about 54.35 million people live below the poverty line in Bihar (Source:

UNDP Economic and Human Development Indicators).

The state has 38 districts, 532 blocks, 8741 Panchayats and 107642 habitations. Bihar is blessed with

abundant surface and ground water resources for substantial part of the state that is sufficient to cater to

the demand for various end uses. The state receives average rainfall of 1250-1350 mm but 87 percent of

this precipitation is limited to three monsoon months. The water table of the state varies from as low as 5m

in the North Eastern region to 20m in the Southern districts (Source: DDWS website).

Providing safe drinking water to its people is the responsibility of the State Government. Till last decade

coverage of habitations was the priority of the government. However, currently safe drinking water and

other related issues like sanitation and hygiene have become the priority. Of the total habitations (107642)

in Bihar, 20248 habitations are in the status of Partial Population Coverage and remaining 87394

1. Introduction


2


habitations are in 100 percent population coverage. In about 14580 habitations the water quality is affected,

of which 10877 are affected with Iron, followed by 2698 with fluoride, 1004 with arsenic and 1 with nitrate

(Source: DDWS website).

Ground water table is quite high and hence water availability is not an issue in major parts of the State. In

terms of quantity, the average population served per source is 110 which is quite good when compared to

the Government of India norm of 250 persons per source. The rural population of the state is served by

public as well as private hand pumps (India Mark III and shallow well hand pumps).About 79.73 percent of

habitations are covered by Hand pumps / Bore well schemes followed by 3.88 percentage piped water

scheme and 15.62 percentage by other schemes (Source: DDWS website).

1.2 Project Background (LIS-WB PROJECT)


seeks to correct the water supply situation by emphasizing the involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions

and communities in planning, implementing and managing drinking water supply schemes. The states are

incentivized to hand over management of their schemes to PRIs. The funds for sustainability of schemes

are provided on 100 percent central sharing basis. A separate component of support activities to fund IEC,

HRD, MIS, Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance and other support activities has been introduced.

Recently, as part of the NRDWP, the DDWS has prepared its long term strategic plan (2011-2022) for

ensuring drinking water security to all rural households. The strategic plan aims to cover 90 percent of

households with piped water and at least 80 percent of households with tap connections during this period.

� The strategy emphasizes achieving water security through decentralized governance with oversight

and regulation, participatory planning and implementation of sources and schemes. The following

paradigm shift has been made in the National Rural Drinking Water Programme guidelines for ensuring

sustainable and environmentally friendly drinking water supply projects:

� Move forward from achieving habitation level coverage towards household level drinking water

coverage.

� Move away from over dependence on single source to multiple sources through conjunctive use of

surface water, groundwater, and rainwater harvesting.

� Focus on ensuring sustainability in drinking water schemes and prevent slipping back.

� Encourage water conservation including revival of traditional water bodies

� Achieve household level drinking water security through formulation of proper water demand and

budgeting at the village level.

� Convergence of all water conservation programmes at the village level.

� Move consciously away from high cost treatment technologies for tackling arsenic & fluoride

contamination to development of alternative sources with respect to arsenic and alternate

sources/dilution of aquifers through rainwater harvesting in respect of tackling fluoride contamination.

� Treatment of catchment area of drinking water sources through simple measures such as fencing and

effective implementation of TSC programme, prevention of sewage/animal waste leaching into surface/

underground water sources, promoting ecological sanitation to reduce use of inorganic fertilizers so as

to prevent nitrate pollution in drinking water sources.

� Promotion of simple to use technologies such as terracotta based filtration systems, solar distillation

and dilution through rainwater harvesting for tackling iron, salinity and suspended particulate matters.

� Linkage of water quality monitoring and surveillance with the Jalmani scheme for implementation of

standalone drinking water purification systems in rural schools.

� The five grass root level workers trained for testing water quality to be the ambassadors for achieving

household level drinking water security in rural India.


3


� Move away from offline unconsolidated figures to online data entry and linkage with Census village

codes.

The data on physical progress of availability of piped water supply (PWS) schemes to different states

indicates that the states of Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh are lagging behind the rest of India

(details of all states is attached as Appendix A and these 4 states in following table). Further, the states are

also facing issues of water quality that require supply of water from distant safe sources.

Table 1.1: Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Bihar,Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Assam

S.No. State

Habitations Covered With PWS

Total Habitations

Coverage of PWS

(in percent)

Ongoing Completed New Total

1 Bihar 1470 2363 0 3670 107642 3.4

2 Jharkhand 2919 7005 0 9135 119191 7.7

3 Uttar Pradesh 805 5036 10 5768 260110 2.2

4 Assam 11576 13508 75 23633 86976 27.2

5 All India 171646 410363 8944 510607 1666075 30.6

Source: DDWS.nic.in

In view of the above mentioned backdrop, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS),

Government of India has requested the World Bank to support the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

Project for the lagging states including Bihar.

The World Bank supported program will be a separate component of NRDWP focusing on lagging states

with different allocation criteria and funding components, but implemented within the framework of

NRDWP, supporting the following key elements of the reform program:

• Placing GPs and communities in the central role, supported by higher levels of PRIs, the State

government and the local non‐governmental and private sector, for facilitating, planning, implementing,

monitoring and providing a range of O&M back‐up services.

• Using sustainable, community or local government managed models for intra‐GP LIS-WB PROJECT

schemes and using State‐PRI partnership models for multi‐GP schemes.

• Putting water resources security as a core theme of the new model, including increased community

management of scarce resources.

• Moving the LIS-WB PROJECT sector to recover at least 50 percent O&M and replacement costs and

initiating contribution to capital costs keeping affordability and inclusiveness in mind. .

• Moving towards metered household connections, with 24/7 water supply where feasible, as a basic

level of service.

• Promoting professionalized service provision management models, and/or back‐up support functions,

for the different market segments (simple/small single village/GP schemes; large single village/GP

schemes; multi village/GP schemes).

• Integrating water supply and sanitation, with effective sanitation promotion programs for achieving

“clean villages”.

• Establishing M&E systems with independent reviews and social audits.

For achieving the above mentioned objectives, Capacity building programs will be required for communities

to monitor and prudently use their water resources.

The LIS-WB PROJECT-LIS Project is designed to bring about a combination of institutional changes,

enhanced investments in infrastructure and capacity and transformation in policies and processes to


4


achieve the agreed objectives. The Project has therefore been designed around the following fundamental

principles: (a) Decentralization (b) Community participation and demand responsiveness (c) District-wide approach (d) Enhanced accountability (e) Water Security for all, and (f) Convergence of water and sanitation measures

1.2.1 LIS-WB PROJECT Coverage in Bihar

The Bihar Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project ( The Project) has selected 10 districts, viz, West

Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Begusarai, Purnia, Nalanda, Patna, Nawada, Munger and Banka for

implementation of multi and single village piped water scheme in different phases. As per the State

Government, the districts have been selected based on the following:

• Agro climatic zones

• Availability of piped water schemes (PWS)

• Transfer of PWS schemes to panchayats

• Habitations having water quality problems (different type of water quality issues including Arsenic, Iron,

Fluoride etc.)

The data on these issues of these selected districts has been provided in Table 1.2 and that for all the

districts in Bihar is included as Appendix A.

Table 1.2: Data on Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Selected Districts under The Project of Bihar

Agro Climatic Zone

District Habitations Covered With PWS Total Habitatio

ns

Coverage of PWS

(in percent)

Schemes handed

over to GP (in

percent)

Habitations having quality issues

(in percent)

Ongoing Completed New Total

I Begusarai 26 167 0 193 3091 6.2 0 48.0

I Muzaffarpur 0 75 0 75 2868 2.6 0 0.0

I Pashchim Champaran 22 73 0 94 4428 2.1 14.29 0.0

I Saran 14 20 0 31 4765 0.7 0 0.4

II Purnia 31 57 0 77 4768 1.6 6.67 25.9

IIIA Banka 487 147 0 615 3069 20.0 0.44 65.4

IIIA Munger 9 49 0 55 1601 3.4 14.29 37.0

IIIB Patna 37 121 0 146 2554 5.7 0 2.1 IIIB Nalanda 24 103 0 126 2519 5.0 6.67 5.9

IIIB Nawada 13 59 0 71 2242 3.2 0 0.0

Total 1470 2363 0 3670 107642 3.4 8.71 13.5

Source: DDWS.nic.in

1.3 The Assignment

As part of the Project preparation, the Bihar State Water Sanitation Mission (nodal agency) intends to carry

out a Social Assessment (SA) study to understand and address social development issues and accomplish

the outcomes of inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. This would also enable assessing

the social impacts of the proposed project interventions; develop measures to mitigate negative impacts


5


and enhance positive impacts; examine the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the

principles underlying the approach.

Thus, the key objective of this study is to understand and address social development issues in terms of

inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. The specific objectives of the study are to

� Identify and conduct a detailed stakeholder analysis

� Assess the social impacts of the proposed project interventions

� Develop measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts

� Review and suggest, as appropriate, the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable

accomplish the principles underpinning the approach

1.4 Need for Social Assessment

We understand that under the current socio-economic conditions in the selected districts of the Project, the

beneficiary profile may not be homogeneous, rather, quite diverse comprising a number of sub-groups

identifiable on the basis of their differential endowment, gender, ethnicity, different economic groups, and

other regional features. Therefore, the challenge lies in addressing the requirements of the all the sub-

groups with special attention towards the rural and tribal poor and other normally socially excluded sub-

groups. Besides, there are a large number of stakeholders, some internal and others external to the

project, who would have varying degrees of influence and impact on project activities and outcomes. This

makes it necessary for the project to provide a framework for participation of all key stakeholder groups and

solicit their contributions towards project design and delivery mechanisms. To this effect, as a part of the

project preparation, it is intended to conduct this consulting assignment on Social Assessment (SA). The

broad elements of the study shall include:

� beneficiary assessment,

� stakeholder analysis,

� social impacts,

� Institutional assessments and risks analysis.

The assessment was carried out consistent with GOI and the World Bank safeguard requirements, policies,

regulations and guidelines. The scope of the study also covers aspects related to capacity building and

communication.

1.5 Scope of Work

The scopes of services as per the ToR are divided in three parts:

� Part A Social Assessment

� Part B Capacity Building

� Part C Information, Education and Communication (IEC)

1.5.1 Part A: Social Assessment

• Beneficiary Assessment – comprising socioeconomic profiles at state, district and village level; the

project beneficiaries' assessment on the current status of LIS-WB PROJECT management and

services; and the linkages thereof with governance mechanisms and PRI functioning.

• Stakeholder Analyses – Identifying stakeholders at different levels. Mapping Key Expectations,

Impacts, Issues and Concerns as related to each stakeholder and the subgroups thereof.

• Impact Assessments – identifying positive and negative social impacts likely to occur for different

sub�groups or beneficiaries as a result of project interventions; assessing and prioritizing impacts


6


based on their significance; and suggesting measures to minimize negative impacts and derive the

maximum from positive impacts;

• Institutional Analysis – documenting the existing institutional and implementation arrangements,

covering all key actors – government departments, sector institutions (such as PHED), and Panchayat

Raj Institutions (PRIs).

• Preparing Work flow chart along with fund flow arrangements so as to lead to a SWOT exercise. The

analyses ultimately would lead to recommendations on institutional and implementation arrangements

for each of the investment streams.

• Ascertaining and analyzing key social risks, internal and external, to the project and measures to

address them;

• Building the elements of a Community Driven Development (CDD) approach �� Listing issues and the

suggestive measures towards building CDD approach.

• Reviewing rules for securing lands and drawing up plans for rehabilitation/construction activities by:

• documenting the practices commonly adopted in the state;

• conducting a SWOT exercise of the current practice; and

• identify issues that need to be taken into account,

• Development of Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPDP) by addressing the issues related to tribals, mainly to

enhance their participation in the project and to ensure that the project benefits are focused on them.

Defining principles and developing a framework in accordance with the Bank’s OP 4.10, to address

tribal issues up�front and provide culturally compatible benefits and promote transparent consultations

for informed decision making.

1.5.1.1 Generation of a baseline data

Undertaking primary survey for:

• Identifying and assessing the settlement pattern in Bihar.

• Mapping the existing water supply and sanitation systems and the pattern of usage and the related

knowledge, attitude and practices. This would lead to a status note on of the current water supply /

usage, environmental sanitation and health & hygiene status which will include the following:

o Socio-economic data: sub‐groups identifications, habitation, housing and household amenities

(space for bathing, defecation, cattle etc) family structure / size, occupation, income, literacy,

gender spread, land ownership and use, water supply, hygiene and sanitation, common

ailment and medical expenses, relationship between tribal habitations and main villages and

gram Panchayats, special attention to women, reactions to project rules and regulations.

o Optimal Water use: Number and characteristics; sources and availability (quantity, quality);

reasons for preferences, if any; reliability (continuum of supply); distance to source; time taken

in fetching water, general aspects of water use; water requirement by purposes such as

cooking, drinking, bathing, vessels and washing clothes, cattle etc, time allocation (share of

household members), focused on women, management aspects such as source protection,

method of distribution, ownership of water sources, accessibility tariffs and general

maintenance.

o Water use (hygienic): Personal habits in relationship to using water. Water quality at home

(drawing, caring, storage and drinking). Water collection, transport and storage practices

(condition of containers and ladles, presence of covers and degree of exposure, place of

storage including child /animal access, contact with hands and other objects); and practices, if

any, to improve water quality.

o Personal hygienic practices: Hand cleansing practices. Disposal of household refuse.

Disposals of animal and farm residues. Defecation and ablution. Status of latrine, if any

including the type / technology, construction details etc.


7


o Water sanitation‐health relationship: Knowledge about the causes of some water‐borne /

washed / based / related diseases, extent of disease prevalence, spatial / temporal spread and

remedies practiced. Concepts regarding good health and illness. Building a cause and effect

relationship matrix. Special focus will be on ascertaining the knowledge about hygiene status

of the existing household latrine i.e., the extent to which this could be polluting water in the

nearby wells and drawing inputs from the water quality study.

1.5.2 Part B Capacity Building

To design the capacity building strategy and implementation action plan for the RWSS sector institutions

and the Panchayati Raj Institutions, in accordance with the requirements of the Sector Development

Program. The tasks to be accomplished are:

Phase 1

� General Assessment of the existing capacity of sector institutions to face the new functions, in terms of

personnel, knowledge instruments, information systems, procedures etc. This would include financial

management systems, planning systems and operational and administrative functions. the type and

levels of risks / gaps, and recommendations for enhancements, along with the pre‐requisites for/

limitations in carrying out such enhancement, and recommendations on institutional capacity building to

improve financial management practices for Sector Institutions and the PRIs.

� Conducting a Training Needs Assessment to assess the training / learning requirements of the

personnel of the RWSS sector institutions and Panchayati Raj Institutions at various levels (based on

an identification and analysis of the gaps), for enabling them to perform their functions effectively,

efficiently and economically.

� Formulating Capacity building strategy and plan. Preparing an inventory of existing institutions in the

State (public or private) including WSSO/CCDU and assess their resource capacity to undertake

capacity building for the project and prepare a short list of institutions for sector institutions and

Panchayati Raj Institutions personnel along with their strengthening requirements (if need be) thereof.

� Based on the above assessments, proposing a strategy and a general plan for building capacity in

sector institutions and PRIs.

� Capacity building programs. The initial (2�3 years) effort for capacity building will be designed in

detail as indicated below. Individual plans must be considered for each institution and each level of

the PRIs. This will include building of knowledge, skills, attitude, management practices for

financial and institutional development & management. Broad categories of interventions could be

in the spheres of technical, managerial and financial aspects. Specific programs will be developed,

based upon need analysis of different stakeholders. Program content should be apt and adequate

and appropriate methods for imparting capacity building are essential. It should be ensured that the

initiatives are participatory in nature and field oriented, and less of classroom type i.e. lecture

mode. All these need to be supplemented by qualified personnel who have an aptitude for the job.

Also, specific institutions need to be identified for carrying out the capacity building. No single

institute will be able to cater to all categories of interventions. Different institutions will have to be

identified, with the possibility of an institutional linkage mechanism, including some institutions

outside the state / country. Conducting workshop for dissemination of the same.

Action plan formulated should included budgeted costs for the proposed activities and a time line.


8


Phase 2

Preparation of detailed action plans - for each type of institution (sector institutions) and each one of the

three levels of the PRI. These plans will be detailed to identify activities, costs and calendar. Activities to be

financed under the LIS-WB PROJECT should be specifically identified, including a recommendation of

corresponding procurement plan. Activities should be grouped separately into training, information system

and communication requirements, development of methodologies, procedures, technical and economic

studies, and equipment. This phase will include conducting workshops for dissemination of results.

1.5.3 Part C: Information, Education and Communication (IEC)

The objectives of this task is to develop a communications strategy and action plan to support GoI, the

project States and sector institutions in the project states (nodal line departments, PRIs and other related

institutions) and local communities in planning, implementation and subsequent operations of the project.

Hence the communication plan should include strategic elements (getting the buy-in of key decision

makers) and operational elements. The communication strategy should take into account the concerns of

the key decision makers and stakeholders and the socio-economic characteristics of the target population.

This is to ensure that the project is successfully implemented and delivers sustainable and satisfactory

water and sanitation1 services to communities at large and poor and vulnerable groups [such as women,

Scheduled castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)] in particular. Key tasks would include:

• Conduct structured Stakeholder analysis - Identify of key stakeholders (Central, State, District, Block, Gram Panchayat, Village levels). Gain an understanding of views, perceptions and assumptions held by different stakeholders towards the proposed reform approach (expectations of water and sanitation services, perceptions on tariff, roles and beliefs) through consultations with different stakeholder groups. Carry out a detailed stakeholder analysis (decision makers, implementers, beneficiaries, winners/losers, influencers/opinion makers - proponents and opponents), identifying interests/expectations of each group, their characteristics, implications/potential for the project (positive and adverse) and prioritise them in order of criticality for the proposed project. The stakeholder analysis should analyse the critical stakeholders, their importance and power relationships of each stakeholder in the whole process.

• Carry out communication needs assessment – For different stakeholder groups prepare a communications need assessment identifying clearly their assumptions/perceptions and develop key messages that need to be delivered and the method/mode/media and frequency/timing.

• Develop overall communications strategy and action plan - in the form of message and means of delivery for different stakeholders (street corner meetings, ward level consultations, workshops/seminars, individual/collective meetings, presentations to institutions, mass media – print and electronic, other publicity materials – display hoardings, pamphlets, fliers etc) and sequence of events. Develop strategies to promote participation of all the primary stakeholders in the project, promote sustainability and development of local institutions. The draft communication strategy must be discussed in a workshop with key stakeholders and feedback received suitably incorporated in the final version. This strategy and action plan should group the interventions, identifying clearly, items that would be included in the capacity building plan activities that would be undertaken by facilitating agencies at the village level activities that would be undertaken using mass media development and production of IEC materials.

• Institutional analysis and inventory - Identify existing local level institutions (formal/Informal) including nongovernment organisations, their strengths and their present potential role in carrying out communication activities.

• The consultant will also prepare the draft terms of reference for the actual implementation of the communication strategy, to be carried out subsequently with the help of local NGOs or other institutions. Action plan formulated should included budgeted costs for the proposed activities, tools and outline of communication materials.

• While preparing the communication strategy, the consultant will consider the following elements:


9


• Initial communication will be targeted to key decision makers in the state governments to build a supportive environment for sector reforms

• Communication needs will vary depending on the stage of project (Initial, pre-planning, planning, implementation, and post implementation phases).

• Much of the operational communication to village communities will be in the form of capacity building (likely to be delivered by support agencies, NGOs, CBOs) and IEC campaigns.

There are excellent communication practices developed in Bank assisted projects (Karnataka, Kerala,

Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab) and other states. Similarly good IEC materials

have been prepared by these projects, UNICEF and GOI. The consultant is expected to collect these best

practices, readily available IEC materials and synthesize them for easy adaptation by the project states.

The consultant should consider Gender and vulnerability analysis to develop a detailed understanding of

the issues involved. The main issue is to ensure access for these groups to services and decision making

process. The study should develop strategies to enhance the participation of these groups in the

implementation of the water and sanitation sector services.

1.5.4 Disclosure workshops

The consultant will hold consultations with stakeholders as a means to elicit explicitly the views of the

community, beneficiary groups and women on their participation at all stages of the project. The findings of

the draft report will be discussed with the primary stakeholders in the field to get their feedback. The

findings of the final draft report will be discussed in a stakeholder workshop. All consultations should be

properly documented and submitted to the client with the final report.

1.6 Approach and Methodology

The study was conducted using participatory approaches adopting participatory tools like Participatory

Rural Appraisal, interactions with women group and SWOT analysis, etc. The study intended to identify

stakeholders at all levels i.e. from the policy level to field operations to beneficiary level. In this line, first the

stakeholders were identified and then they were contacted during each stages of the assignment so that

comprehensive coverage is ensured.

The process of consultation will be continued till the end of study and our previous experience of the

working for similar sectors and settings in the state has enabled us to plan and choose proper data

collection methods for each stakeholders.

1.6.1 Study Approach

The scope of work in the TOR document outlines the various requirements of the proposed consultancy.

The detailed methodology adopted for each component addressed is outlined in the subsequent sections.

In nutshell our approach was linked with the output is detailed in the table below:

Steps involved in Assignment

Actions to be taken up Outputs to be generated

Preparatory Phase (Project Inception and Secondary Research)

• Detailed discussions with project staff at state level & collection of project documents like project wise and district wise activities already undertaken and proposed to be taken up

• Secondary review of project documents

• Identifying monitoring indicators

• Finalising levels to be covered for monitoring

• Designing and finalizing sampling framework

• The submitted Inception report included;:

− Tools for data collection from households for baseline

− Sampling Framework

− Report Formats


10


Steps involved in Assignment

Actions to be taken up Outputs to be generated

• Sampling plan

• Planning and finalizing resources at regional and district level

− Data collection formats for impact assessment

To undertake a social assessment

• Training of survey team for data collection

• Planning the actual sample and sites to be visited and commencing field visits

• Data collection, collation and analysis

• Report preparation on Beneficiary assessment, identification of key stakeholders at various levels, identification of positive and negative social impact, documentation of the existing institutional and implementation arrangements, such as work flow chart, fund flow arrangement, etc.

• Identification of key social risks to the project (internal and external), development of indigenous people’s plan for inclusive growth of vulnerable population

• Mapping the existing water supply and sanitation systems and the pattern of usage and the related knowledge, attitude and practices

• Generation of Social Assessment report including Baseline data

To design Capacity Building strategy and implementation action plan for LIS-WB PROJECT sector institutions

• Undertaking assessment of the existing capacity of sector institutions in terms of personnel, knowledge requirements, information systems and procedures

• Conducting a training needs assessment to assess the training/learning requirements of the personnel at various levels

• Preparation of inventory of existing institutions and assessment of their resource capacity to undertake capacity building

• Capacity Building action plan report

− Detailed Action plans for each type of Institutions

− Submission of Action plan including budgeted cost for the activities proposed and timeline

• Dissemination workshop

To develop a communication strategy and action plan to support sector institutions and local communities

• Conduct structured stakeholder analysis by identifying the key stakeholders and gaining understanding of views, perceptions and assumptions at different levels

• Conducting communication need assessment for different stakeholders and identifying their assumptions/perceptions and the method/mode/media and frequency/timing of the messages that need to be delivered

• Carrying out institutional analysis and inventory by identifying existing local level institutions and their strengths/potential in carrying out communication activities

• Collection of secondary data – IEC material prepared by UNICEF and GOI in Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab

• Communication strategy and action plan

• Dissemination workshop

As per requirement of the ToR the study team has conducted the study by addressing the process and

outcome underlying the objectives of the study. For this, both primary and secondary data was collected

using different type of schedules at different levels of sample units.

1.7 Methodology

The methodology adopted for achieving the objectives of the project has been elaborated below. The three

key tasks identified are as listed below. Each of these has been further sub-divided in various

tasks/activities and elaborated further bellow.

� Social Assessment


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� Capacity building

� Communication Strategy

1.7.1 Part A: Social Assessment

This part of the research had following activities:

1.7.1.1 Activity 1: Inception Phase

Our core team was mobilised in one week after signing of the contract (20.12.0212). During inception

phase, the study team had a day consultative meeting with the key representatives of the client and other

relevant stakeholders associated on the assignment and had gained an understanding of the Project and

the objectives behind the current assessment. In this meeting, the Mott MacDonald team had presented

their understanding and requirements for the proposed assignment and also collect the relevant documents

required for sampling of districts and panchayats. After inception meeting the study team has explored the following secondary data in:

� Census data 2011 district level population (rural)

� Data of NRDWP (up to habitation level)

This has formed a part of the Inception report, which will also detail out sampling.

This document was inception report which included;

� Sampling Framework

� Detailed methodology to be adopted

� Data collection formats for Social assessment including tools for data collection from households

� Report Formats (social assessment, IEC strategy, community mobilization)

� Field work plan

1.7.1.2 Primary Research for baseline assessment

In line with what was proposed by us in our technical proposal, the study has used both qualitative and

quantitative techniques for primary data collection, but as it is basically a baseline study we have collected

more in-depth information from respective water and other natural resource management organisations

working in the study area. The respondents for this study were basically the District level authorities, policy

level officials, and households/water users association. During the course of study, the study team has

contacted stakeholders using following research techniques;

Qualitative Research Technique:

As part of qualitative research technique we had in-depth interviews;

In-depth interviews (such interviews are free flowing discussions which are weaved around the domain

i.e. water is carried out as per predefined guideline) with the concerned persons of implementing

Department for each of the activities (In depth guide is attached as Appendix B):

� Multi lateral Donor World Bank

� State Level Project Management Unit

� Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad

� Officials of State Water & Sanitation Mission


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� Officials of Panchayati Raj at state level

� Officials of Public Health Department

� Officials of Department of PHED

� Panchayati Raj/Village Councillors

� Non Government Organisations/Civil Society

The output from the above enabled us to list various institutions who are working in drinking water and

sanitation in the state .This part of study will help us to:

� Familiarise with the nature, scope and phasing of the proposed investments with concerned

officials in the Government of Bihar.

� Identify all key stakeholders (individuals, groups and institutions) and their roles and relationships

with the project;

� Identify their interests, concerns and expectations;

� Understand the level of inclusion, transparency and accountability during subsequent

implementation and operation phase.

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA is an approach frequently used in development sector, the approach

aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of

development projects and programmes): Separate PRAs were conducted with community groups- men

and women of the Panchayat. The discussion was carried out using a guide and the issues captured were

around the attributes and perceptions of water sources and how are they used, water scarcity, use of

water, Solid waste management practices that are currently being followed, Sanitation habits, sanitation

and waste management requirements/needs, type of pollution and contaminants in water, attributes of

“good” and “bad” water, willingness to participate and pay for sanitation services, seasonality of water and

ways to meet water needs including distance from clean water source etc.

PRA approaches and methods also included diagramming, mapping, ranking, interviewing, seasonal

calendars, matrices, card sorts, group work, timelines, trend and change analysis, oral testimonies,

participant observation, on-the-spot analysis and more. Further to this we had also conducted free-listing,

pile sorting and ranking of the water and health related practices, diseases due to water, gaining

community’s consensus for active participation in the project and willingness to pay for safe drinking water

etc.

STEP 1: the selected Panchayats were visited a day before actual PRA to get a basic understanding of the

social and physical characteristics of the village, collect demographic data like detailed household specific

information, talk about the study objectives and establish a comfortable forum for discussion. Then the date

for PRAs was fixed with the Panchayat in consultation with the PRIs and villagers.

STEP 2: on the day of PRA, the community was assembled in a convenient place and then after initial

welcome, our study team had introduced the topic to the community and then initiated the discussion after

establishing a comfort level among the group. Once the comfort level was established we slowly moved

towards Focus Group Discussion (FGDs).

STEP 3: FGDs were conducted with the community as per definite guideline (PLA Framework & FGD

guide is attached as Appendix B). During FGD our team tried to collect information on following;

� Communities access of water and sanitation infrastructure

� Seasonality of water and ways to meet water needs including distance from clean water source

� Communities perceptions of water sources and how are they used,

� Water Use Practice that are currently being followed,


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� Water scarcity,

� Discrimination in use of water like caste

� Sanitation habits and practices

� Sanitation and waste management requirements/needs,

� Awareness on water contaminants, type and its effects to health

� Livelihoods

� Personal Hygiene Practices

� Health Related Issues

� Water Distribution practices and issues

� Perception on Social Issues related to WSS

� Willingness and Capacity to Pay

� Self Perceptions and Suggestions on Social Impacts and Service levels, etc.

� Willingness to participate and pay for sanitation services

� Willingness to operate and manage Drinking water infrastructure for its sustainability

� Good and bad practices related to water and sanitation

STEP 4: having mapped the problems (problem tree analysis) during the FGD, the team helped the

community to rate the problems as per their severity (by using card method). Then community was

clustered into small groups to brainstorm on possible solutions for the identified problems and the role they

can play in solving the issues.

During this process, the study team tried to find out community’s inclination towards media and belief and

role model who could be further used for communication strategy.

STEP 5: During the course of problem tree analysis in the above mentioned sessions, the team also

probed the willingness of the residents to operate, maintain, and pay for safe drinking water services.

STEP 6: Finally the team completed a transect-walk and validated the information collected.

The FGDs were hand written and then content analysed by the study team. Similarly in-depth interviews

were also content analysed by our senior researchers who have understanding of the sector (water &

sanitation) as well as qualitative research.

Analysis of PRA had enabled us to compile the following information;

� Socio-economic factors that influence sustainable delivery of drinking water facilities to the

households including willingness for taking up piped water connections and to pay for the facility

� Key stakeholders (individuals, groups and institutions) and their interest, roles and relationships

� Community’s interests, concerns and expectations

� Diversity of the state, gender and caste analysis for project implementation

� Probable measures for inclusion, transparency and accountability as desired by community during

operational and maintenance phase

� Issues of conflicts that may arise during planning, implementation and regular operations and

probable remedies as suggested by community

� Key social risks and religious beliefs

� Probable communication method that would deliver clear message to the community


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Quantitative Research:

Semi Structured Interview Guide for households: We had contacted 40 households in each panchayat

with semi-structured interview guide (Quantitative questionnaires attached as Appendix C) mostly pre-

coded but few free flowing questions in order to collect information on following issues:

� Socio economic profile of the household

� Baseline data collection in terms of present level of services, assess users demand and

expectation for service levels and present cost of services.

� Community’s access to water and sanitation infrastructure

� Community’s interests, concerns and behaviour on disposal of waste.

� Community’s awareness on processes and institutional arrangements of the project and their

interest for inclusion.

� Seasonality of water and ways to meet water needs including distance from clean water source

� Communities perceptions of water sources and how are they used,

� Water scarcity,

� Use of water,

� Solid waste management practices that are currently being followed,

� Sanitation habits,

� Sanitation and waste management requirements/needs,

� Type of pollution and contaminants in water,

� Good and bad practices related to water and sanitation

� Willingness to participate and pay for sanitation services

� Willingness to operate and manage Drinking water infrastructure for its sustainability

� Likely conflicts that may arise during planning, implementation and regular operations - which may

be sensitive issues for the poor and vulnerable;

� Key social risks including caste, gender differences and marginalised section of community.

� Community practices for restoring and utilising water.

� Probable communication method that would deliver clear message to the community

The quantitative data was collected from structured interviews and then transferred using CSPRO and then

analysed in SPSS-19.

1.7.2 Study Coverage

The study had covered 4 districts of Bihar representing the agro-climatic zones and socio-economic

situation of the state. In each district, 2-3 Gram Panchayats were covered, thus a total of 10 GPs were

covered under the primary survey.

Number of coverage Districts Number of GPs Number of Villages

4 10 40

1.7.3 Sampling

1.7.3.1 Selection of Districts

As mentioned above, four districts out of 10 project districts (West Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur,

Begusarai, Purnia, Nalanda, Patna, Nawada, Munger, Banka) were sampled depending upon the different

agro climatic regions, water quality issues and SC/ST habitations. The data for sampling was from DDWS

website (Format E6 for water quality, 2011-12) and B5 for ST/SC habitations.


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One district in each agro climatic region was selected; the selected districts are Begusarai, Purnia, Patna

and Banka.

1.7.3.2 Selection of Blocks

Format E5 of DDWS was referred for collecting block wise data on number of sources in blocks with

chemical contaminants above permissible limit and thus, one block having highest level of contamination

was selected.

1.7.3.3 Selection of Habitations

In each selected blocks, panchayats were selected depending upon the water quality contamination and

availability of piped water scheme. Thus, one panchayat was selected looking at availability of multi or

single village piped water scheme in it and the panchayats were selected looking at different (Arsenic,

Fluoride, Iron) water quality issues adhering to format B 13 of DDWS data.

The selected sample is provided below: Agro climatic Zones

Name of Project Districts

Selected District

Selected Block

Selected GP with Piped water Scheme

Selected GP with water quality issues

Zone 1 West Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Begusarai

Begusarai Balia Balialakhminiya-I Baribalia North, Balialakhminiya-II (Iron)

Zone II Purnia, Purnia, Banmankhi Banmankhi Dharhara (Iron) Zone III A Nalanda, Patna,

Nawada Patna Maner Bank Kuitachaunator West,

Balua (Arsenic)

Zone III B Munger, Banka Banka Banka Domohun, Dara (Fluoride)

Being social assessment study, we have covered optimum sample for qualitative research. We have

conducted PRAs in each of the 10 Gram Panchayats. Thus, in total 10 PRAs were conducted. The study

being rapid assessment, hence huge sample coverage was not required. In such a case, by covering 40

households in each panchayat with semi-structured interviews we could attain 5 % error margin, no design

effect (100% coverage) and at 95% confidence level, keeping the unit of analysis as Gram Panchayat.

Households were selected within the GPs generating random number in four geographical locations

considering representative sample for each social group.

1.7.3.4 Target Respondents

� Multi lateral Donor- The World Bank

� State Level Project Management Unit

� Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad

� Officials of State Water & Sanitation Mission

� Officials of Panchayati Raj at state level

� Officials of Public Health Department

� Officials of Department of PHED

� Panchayati Raj/Village Councillors

� Non Government Organisations/Civil Society

� Community

� Households


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1.7.3.5 Data Collection

The team of core team members and field researchers visited the study sites and collected relevant

information from the stakeholders. The researchers were trained by the core team members for conducting

research including PRAs.

A day orientation programme was organised for the team members and researchers. The Team leader was

responsible for orientation and had imparted training on the study, its objectives, interviewing techniques,

filling questionnaire, coding, skip pattern, field procedures etc.

1.7.3.6 Data Analysis

All the filled in questionnaires from the field visit were used for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis

(after scrutinising of the entered data by our office editors). Our in-house expert teams handled the data

processing and data analysis. Based on the analysis from both qualitative and quantitative inputs, the

report has been prepared. The quantitative data has been analysed using CSPRO software which converts

the data into SPSS minimising the time and errors. Qualitative data was content analysed by the expert

team.

1.7.4 Part B: Capacity building

Community participation is a major issue in delivery of Government scheme and it could only be addressed

by involving Panchayati Raj Institutions. Moreover, Gram Panchayat is the most critical unit as it is the point

of delivery and data source (which could be used for monitoring outcomes and influencing policy and can

only impact sustainability). At the same time, their capacity is an issue which needs to be looked into while

implementing the programmes. Considering this, we have conducted the training needs assessment (TNA)

during the visit to various districts and Gram Panchayat.

Capacity building plan would be drafted based on results of TNA. But, in line with our previous experience

we have tried to identify capacity issues for various set of stakeholders including implementers, LIS-WB

PROJECT sector institutions and Panchayati Raj Institutions etc.

Based on this, we will come up with a plan for capacity building of different set of stakeholders

(implementers- both government & non government, Community, PRIs). In the subsequent stage of the

study we will design the strategy with an aim to achieve following outcomes;

� A reasonable degree of consensus among key decision makers and opinion leaders on the need

for proposed investments/reforms

� A good understanding and commitment among sector institutions and PRIs

� Equity in service provision (particularly for vulnerable groups)

� Institutional forums set up for interaction and consultation with stakeholders and for conflict

resolution

� Agreement on service levels, tariff, mutual responsibilities and obligations through a transparently

negotiated process with stakeholders (connected - directly or indirectly - with the area)

� Transparent monitoring and dissemination of outcomes

Thus, the capacity building strategy and plan will be designed for an inventory of existing institutions in the

State (public or private) including WSSO/CCDU and assess their resource capacity to undertake capacity

building for the project and prepare a short list of institutions for sector institutions and Panchayati Raj

Institutions personnel along with their strengthening requirements (if need be) thereof.


17


There is a need to adopt village-level planning, monitoring and progress reporting mechanisms. Panchayat,

village committees, community based groups, volunteers etc can play an active and significant role in this

context. Further, a system of common social audit for various flagship schemes can also be considered. As

part of Capacity building Strategy we propose to focus on following aspects;

� Strategy for community mobilisation and promote participation of primary stakeholders including

rural poor

� Strategy for capacity building for different stakeholders for Operation & maintenance

� Strategy for conflict management

� Strategy for raising community demand for better sanitary services and willingness to pay for the

same

1.7.4.1 Capacity building Institutional Strategy

As part of institutional strategy we will focus on following;

� Strategy for internal strengthening of community based institutions

� Strategy for restructuring implementation authority (if required)

� Strategy for inclusion of civil society for delivery, operation, maintenance and monitoring of water

and sanitation related services

� Strategy for inclusion of community including different marginalised group for planning, designing

and monitoring of water and sanitation related services to attain ownership

1.7.5 Part C: Communication Strategy

1.7.5.1 Strategy for outreach

As part of outreach strategy we propose to form the message and means of delivery for direct

stakeholders. The communication methods could include:

� Interpersonal communication

� Panchayat level consultations for agreement on service level and tariffs mutual responsibilities and

obligations

� Workshops/seminars

� Presentations to institutions

� Display hoardings, pamphlets, fliers etc.

An action plan for implementation of communication strategy will be developed during the later stage of the

assignment, which will deal with the answers like what need to be implemented, who will implement how it

will be implemented including process in logical framework model, when it will be implemented and tenure

of implementation, monitoring indicators as per baseline carried out.

1.7.5.2 IEC Action Plan Preparation

The first stage of IEC is stakeholder’s analysis; this will include stakeholders and their interest in the

project. During this phase only we will try to figure out the influence level of each stakeholder so that a

comprehensive IEC strategy could be drafted and then implemented.

Apart from this, IEC action plan will have following stages:

Objective Broad Parameters

Study Output

IEC Action Plan Stakeholder • Identification of different stakeholders (individuals, groups


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Objective Broad Parameters

Study Output

preparation Analysis and institutions) involved in water & sanitation and

agriculture their roles and relationships with government

Institutional aspect

• Institution involved for water and related issues.

• Nature, scope and phasing of the proposed investments

with concerned officials in the Government of UP.

Community Aspects

• Communities interests, concerns and expectations on

water and related to agriculture

IEC Needs Assessment

Socio economic profile

• Data on cast/gender/educational qualification/economic

condition

Community Behaviour Analysis

• Religious believes on water and sanitation aspects

• Socio-economic factors that influence water use and

personal hygiene

• Community practices that seriously contribute to water

and sanitation related issues

Gender analysis • Role of female, marginalised and vulnerable in water and

sanitation and their say in community

• Involvement of females, marginalised and vulnerable

groups of society in decision making regarding water and

sanitation

Risk • Analysis of issues of conflicts that may arise during

planning, implementation and regular operations and

probable remedies as suggest by community

As part of IEC strategy we propose to focus on following aspects;

• Strategy for community mobilisation and promote participation of primary stakeholders/ water users

associations/farmers including poor

• Strategy for capacity building for different stakeholders for Operation & maintenance

• Strategy for conflict management

• Strategy for raising community demand for better services and willingness to pay for the same

• Strategy for community behaviour change for taking up less water intensive crops and methods.

An action plan for implementation of communication strategy will be developed during the stage of the

assignment, which will deal with the answers like what need to be implemented, who will implement how it

will be implemented including process in logical framework model, when it will be implemented and tenure

of implementation, monitoring indicators as per baseline carried out. Having devised the IEC strategy we

will further devise measures so that broad group of stakeholders in the villages (water users associations)

are kept informed for project interventions, progress and results achieved. The modes of communication

would be as follows;

• Nukad Nataks

• Print media campaign

• Broadcast media campaign

• Campaigns through members of water users groups and civil society organisation.


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1.7.5.3 Action Plan for Conjunctive Use of Water

The action plan for conjunctive use of water would be prepared. However, we feel that conjunctive use of

water could be achieved by implementing following;

• Awareness generation by intensive IEC activities

• Identification of behavior and practices which relate to over exploitation

• augmentation of preservation focused attention to over-exploited areas

• Increasing water use efficiency at least by introduction of recent less water intensive crops and

cultivation techniques

• Developing models of incentivizing for recycling of water including wastewater

• Eliminating water intensive crops and convincing community for its alternative

• Mandatory water audits by the community

1.8 Report Structure

This is the intermediate report submission for the assignment. The intermediate status report has following

structure

• Chapter-1: Introduction

• Chapter-2: Beneficiary assessment

• Chapter-3: Institutional analysis

• Chapter-4 Stakeholders Analysis

• Chapter-5 Diversity in the State

• Chapter-6: Impact Assessment

• Chapter-7: Issues that needs attention

• Chapter-8: Mitigation plan

• Chapter-9: Social Safeguard issues

• Chapter-10: Monitoring & Evaluation of social development indicators


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2.1 Analysis of Community Level Findings

2.1.1 Socio-economic profile of the respondents

Socio-economic profile of the respondents is based on the sample survey for the social assessment

undertaken by MM, the collected data has been analysed and is presented below. The study has been

undertaken to understand and address social development issues and accomplish the outcomes of

inclusion, cohesion, equity, security, and accountability. This would also enable assessing the social

impacts of the proposed project interventions; develop measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance

positive impacts; examine the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles

underlying the approach.

During the process of social assessment our main focus was to interact with the community to understand

major problems faced by them related to the water supply – those who have access to water through the

hand pumps and those who have household piped water supply connections and also issues related to

solid and liquid waste management.

The graph below presents the gender wise respondents covered under the primary survey. During the

survey, it was found that men are the active members in the community; hence 87 percent of the

respondents were male candidates whereas the remaining 13 percent were female. The data completely

defines that the females of the community are conservative/ reserved and are hesitant to give details

regarding their household. They assure that while interacting male members of the family are present.

Figure 2.1: Gender of the respondents (%)

Source: MM Study

A total of 400 households were contacted during the study in different GPs of the sampled districts of

Banka, Begusarai, Patna and Purina. Majority of the respondents were of middle age group of 41 – 50

(about 44% of the respondents), followed by the age group of 51- 60 years (about 26% of the respondents)

(table below). The data indicates the involvement of the senior people on discussions pertaining to village

welfare issues.

2. Beneficiary Assessment


21


Figure 2.2: Age group of the respondents (%)

Source: MM Study

During the study it was found that majority of the respondents are Hindus (80 percent) whereas the

remaining belonged to the Muslim community. It was also found that only 0.3 percent of the respondents

belonged to Sikh community. The table below represents the social groups of the respondents contacted

during the study. It was found that majority of the respondents belong to the Other Backward Castes (OBC)

(almost 52 percent), followed by General Category (corresponding to almost 17 percent of the

respondents), about 16 percent were from the Extremely Backward Classes and about 13 percent to

Schedule Caste group.

Figure 2.3: Religion of the head of the household (%) Figure 2.4: Social group of the respondents (%)

Source: MM Study Source: MM Study


22


The survey data indicates that majority of the contacted individuals, i.e. 75 percent, were from the BPL

category and had the BPL card while 24 percent had APL card. All the respondents contacted either had

BPL or APL card.

Figure 2.5: Government cards of the contacted households (%)

Source: MM Study

Literacy level of the sampled Gram Panchayats was found to be low about 62 percent, this is according to

the CENSUS 2011 which reports 63.82 (male 73.39% and female 53.33%). The following table presents

the educational status of the head of the household contacted. It was found that majority of the

respondents were illiterate (almost 38 percent), around 40 percent of the respondents were educated till

primary level while few respondents were educated up to secondary and higher secondary level

(corresponding to 14 percent and 4 percent respectively).

Figure 2.6: Education of household head (%)

Source: MM Study

The table below describes the type of family that the contacted individual belongs to. It can be seen from

the table that majority of the contacted individuals live in joint family (almost 70 percent of the households).

Only about 30 percent of the contacted individuals live in nuclear family.


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Figure 2.7: Type of Family (%)

Source: MM Study

Data on the ownership of the house indicates that all the respondents have their own houses. It may also

be noted that in rural Bihar people mostly have their own houses.

Figure 2.8: Ownership of the house (%) Figure 2.9: Type of house (%)


The graph above presents the type of house owned by the households being contacted. It was found

during the study that majority of the respondents belong to BPL family and hence the type of house owned

by them mainly vary from Kutcha house to semi Kutcha house (majority have semi Kutcha house). Only

about 17 percent of the contacted individuals have Pucca house.

The graph below indicates the main source of income of the respondents. The major source of income is

varied- 78 percent are agricultural labourers and 13 percent are involved in farming or cultivation of their

own land/ leased land. Very few respondents are artisans or involved in petty trade. About 14 percent of

the respondents were found to be associated with farming or cultivation of their own land or leased in land.

None of the respondents contacted were involved in mining/quarrying/manufacturing


24


Figure 2.10: Main source of income for household (%)

Source: MM Study

Majority of the respondents said that they do not have separate kitchen facility in their house (about 85

percent) graph below). It is important to note that there no concept of separate kitchen in rural areas, the

cooking is mostly done on a chullah which is either outside the house or in the living room.

Figure 2.11: Households having seperate kitchen (%) Figure 2.12: Number of Rooms of the households

(excluding bathroom and kitchen) %


On the issue of number of rooms that the respondents have in their house (excluding kitchen and

bathroom) (table below), about 52 percent responded that they have 2 rooms, followed by 30 percent

responding having 1 room. Some of the households had larger sized houses- 16 percent having 3 roomed

house and a few respondents indicated having 4 rooms in their house.

The graph below details the type of roofing of each contacted household. In line with the fact that most

houses are semi pucca type, the roofing of majority of houses was either of Straw/thatch or sod (60 percent

of the roofing material), about 25 percent of the roofing was of tiles and only 10 percent is of concrete.


25


Table 2.1: Type of roofing material used in Respondent’s House

Particulars Number Percentage

Concrete 42 10.5

Metal 17 4.3

Straw/thatch/sod 240 60.0

Tile 101 25.3

Total households (N) 400 100

Source: MM study

Figure 2.13: Type of roofing used in respondent's house (%)

Source: MM Study

The graph below indicates the ownership of land by individuals in sampled gram panchayats. It was found

that majority of the respondents (about 85 percent) have no land of their own whereas the remaining 15

percent of the respondents have their own land. Average land holding of the respondents who have

cultivable land varies between 1 bigha to 3 bigha.

Figure 2.14: Ownership of cultivable land (%) Figure 2.15: Availability of livestock in the house (%)


The availability of livestock in the households surveyed is presented in the graph above, it was found that

about 77 percent of the households did not have livestock whereas remaining 23 percent said that have

livestock. The livestock kept by the respondents is cows and buffalos, few also keep goats.


26


The graph below indicates the assets of the surveyed households. Majority of the households have the

basic commodities - about 87 percent have telephone or mobile, 77 percent have radio and about 53

percent have bicycles. 65 percent of the households have electric fan. The data analysis indicates that

none of the households have computer, refrigerator, LMV/ LCV, power tiller or combined thresher or

harvester.

Table 2.2: Various assests owned by the households

Particulars Number Percentage

Electric fan 260 65.0

Pressure cooker 6 1.5

Radio 281 70.3

Telephone/ mobile 344 86.0

Colour TV 33 8.3

Electric kitchen appliances 1 .3

Bicycle 211 52.8

Mechanized 2 wheeler/ 3 wheeler 30 7.5

Tractor 1 .3

Total household (N) for each category is 400 (Multiple response)

Source: MM study

The table below indicates the cable TV connectivity of each household. Since mostly sampled households did not have

TV, thus the percentage of households with cable TV connection is quite less. Also, there is major issue of availability

of the electricity and frequent power cuts in rural Bihar, thereby discouraging households to have these electrical

appliances.

Figure 2.16: Household having cable TV connection

(%)

Households paying for cable TV connection (%)


Of 25 respondents who have cable TV connection, around 56 percent pay in the range of INR 50–100

whereas 44 percent pay in the range of INR 100-150 on monthly basis ( graph above).

The graph below presents the main source of lighting available in the households. It was found that almost

all households contacted have electricity connection (it may be noted that most of the connections are

illegal, the households do not have electric meter installed) in their houses (almost 98 percent). Almost 2


27


percent of the contacted households do not have electricity and use kerosene (kerosene lamps) as their

major lighting source.

Figure 2.17: Main source of lighting for the

household (%)

Figure 2.18: Type of fuel used at household for

cooking (%)


The graph above indicates the type of fuel used for cooking by the households. Wood is predominantly

used as the major fuel (45 percent) and dung cakes are used by almost 36 percent of the households.

Coal, coke or lignite is used as secondary fuel sources for cooking and this is used by almost 18 percent of

the contacted households. None of the respondents use crop residue, charcoal, electricity, NTF products

and biogas as cooking fuel in their household. During the study it was found that 65 percent of the

households use chullah for cooking where as 34 percent cook on open fire.

Figure 2.19: What is used to cook food (%)

Source: MM Study

Around 42.5 percent of the households have average monthly expenditure in the range of INR 1001 – 2500

followed by 36 percent having monthly expenditure of INR 5000 while 21 percent have expenditure

between INR 5001 – 10,000.


28


Figure 2.20: Monthly expenditure details of the

household (%)

Figure 2.21: Household monthly income (%)


On the average monthly income, 66% of the respondents informed that their average monthly income

varies between INR 2500 – 5000, about 18 percent had income of range INR 5000 – 10,000 and about 14

percent had income varying between INR 10001 – 30000. During interactions with the respondents, many

of them reported that they are not able to meet their daily needs (basic necessity such as food & medical

expenses) as their income is low, therefore whatever they earn they spend almost all of it. None of the

respondents whom we met had average monthly family income lower than Rs. 1000 or higher than Rs.

50001.

2.1.2 Water Supply Data

The graph below deals with the major source of water for the household, the result is multiple response

type wherein households were found accessing more than one source of water. It is to be noted that due to

irregular supply of water in piped water schemes, community having piped water connection has to depend

on other sources of water.

It was found that majority of the households (63 percent) use public hand pump as the major source of

drinking water. This figure corresponds to the respondents from villages where there is no piped water

supply. Even where there is piped water supply facility due to irregularity of water supply people usually

use public hand pump. The piped water supply in the sample gram panchayats is electricity based,

therefore as the electric supply is erratic so is the water supply. In such a case though the households have

piped water connection but are dependant primarily on the hand pumps. It was also found that about 35

percent of the respondents use own hand pump or bore well with power pump. Piped stand post

connection is approximately used by 5 percent of the respondents. Only about 7 percent of the

respondents have piped household connection. None of the household have own/ locality pipeline supply,

use water tankers/ vendors, share with neighbours or use dug wells.


29


Figure 2.22: Source of water for the household (%) (multiple response)

Source: MM Study

2.1.2.1 Respondents having piped household connection

It must be noted that out of 400 sampled households, only 27 have households have water connection

which is only 6.75% of the sample. Hence this section pertains to these households only and 27 remains

the base of all the details provided under this section. The piped water supply scheme is operational in

Begusarai, Purnia and Patna district in the gram panchayats of Balialakhminiya-I, Banmankhi and Bank.

According to 63 percent of the respondents, the availability of water depends upon the electricity supply,

the respondents stated that though they receive water every day, but there is no definite time. In order to fill

the overhead tank with water, power supply for at least 10 hours is required which is not received.

Therefore the overhead tank is not filled and hence the water supply is directly pumped from the tube well

to the households.

The respondents also opined that the pressure is low therefore it takes a lot of time to fill a bucket. 37

percent respondents opined that the water is made available to the community once in 7 days for 2 hours

(the water supply is made on Friday every week or otherwise the supply is done depending upon the

availability of water, electricity and staff).


30


Figure 2.23: Frequency of water at household

connections (%)

Figure 2.24: Time of water supply (%)


There is no specific time when the water supply is done.

The graph below states the mode of collecting water. About 19 percent of the respondents have dug pit for

collecting water whereas almost 81 percent of the respondents do not have any pit dug to collect water,

though they have other vessels for collecting and storing water.

Figure 2.25: Availability of pit dug to collect water (%) Figure 2.26: Usage of pump to get water from

connection (%)


The graph above indicates that none of the respondents having piped water connection use pump to obtain

water.

In all 63 percent of the respondents said that they do not pay any tariff for water usage as no one comes to

collect any water charges. However about 37 percent of the respondents said that they pay a fixed monthly

tariff of INR10 for water supply. None of the respondents stated that they pay as per the meter. Also, during

interactions, it was observed that the community is not aware that they need to pay for water connection &

supply.


31


Figure 2.27: Type of tariff paid (%) Figure 2.28: Periodicity of billing (%)


The table above depicts the periodicity of billing. It was found that almost all the respondents did not have any knowledge or awareness that they have to give a charge for using water and all those who were aware opined that there is no particular time when water bills are collected.

2.1.2.2 Respondents using piped public stand post

It must be noted that out of 400 households surveyed only 19 respondents collect water from the stand post connection i.e 4.75%. The following graphs are valid for those 19 respondents. During interactions with the community it was observed that as timing of supply is irregular most of the households depend on the water from hand pump. Whenever there is water supply, a lot of people gather to collect it and have to wait for their turn as the pressure is low.

Figure 2.29: Frequency of water in the stand post (%) Figure 2.30: Timing of water supplied from stand post

(%)


All the respondents said that the frequency of water supply in the stand post is not at any specific time. The

average distance of stand post from house was found to be less than 100 metres for all respondents using

piped stand post.


32


Table 2.3: Distance of stand post from house

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Less than 100 mts 19 100

Total (respondents using piped stand post) 19 100

Source: MM Study

It takes about 30 minutes for collecting water, but the respondents opined that they are not able to collect

adequate water for all household chores. It was also observed that on average 3 – 4 individuals of each

household are involved in the process of collecting water. The table below depicts that about 69 percent of

the respondents stated that 3 people of their household are involved in collecting water and the remaining

32 percent stated that 4 people of their household are involved in collecting water.

Figure 2.31: Average time taken for collection of water

every time( stand post) %

Figure 2.32: Number of people involved in collecting

water (%)


The table below details the members collecting water in the family. It was mainly found that the female

member is involved in this activity of which 79 percent are wives and about 63 percent are daughters/

daughters-in-law. Males are usually not associated with the activity of collecting water. None of the

respondents stated that head of the household or granddaughter or servant is involved in fetching water.

Table 2.4: Who collecting water from stand post (Multple response)


Wife 15 78.9

Son 8 42.1

Daughter 12 63.1

Daughter in law 12 63.1

Grand son 4 21

Multiple response

Source: MM Study

2.1.2.3 Respondents using public hand pump

It must be noted that out of 400 household surveyed 253 respondents collect water from public hand pump,

i.e 63.25%. The following tables are valid for these 253 respondents. As per the data, hand pump is the

major source of drinking water in the sampled gram panchayats. It was found that 96 percent of the


33


respondents have indicated that the distance of the hand pump from house hold is less than 100 mtrs

whereas 4 percent of the respondents said that the distance of the hand pump from the household ranges

between 100 – 300 mtrs.

Table 2.5: Distance of public hand pump from house (Hand pump)


Less than 100 meters 243 96

100-300 meters 10 4

Total (respondents using public hand pump) 253 100

Source: MM Study

From the table it can be seen that the average time taken for the collection of water is 1- 2 hrs (83 percent).

Remaining 17 percent said that it takes about 30 to 60 mins on an average to collect water .It was also

found that mainly two people are involved in the process of collection of water (table below). It was seen

that about 69 percent of the respondents said that minimum of 2 persons are involved in the collection of

water.

Figure 2.33: Average time taken for collection of water

every time (from Hand pump) %

Figure 2.34: Number of people involved in collecting

water (%)


2.1.2.4 Respondents having own hand pump

It must be noted that out of 400 household surveyed, 139 respondents collect water from public hand

pump, i.e. 34.37%. The following tables are valid for these 139 respondents

During the study the set up cost for own hand pump was also enquired. It was observed that the costing

depends upon the depth to which pipe was laid. It was found that about 62 percent of the respondents said

the set up cost ranged between Rs 1000 to 4000, followed by 26 percent within the range of Rs.4000 -

7000. About 6 percent said that the costing ranged between Rs 13000 – 15000 (table below).

Table 2.6: Initial setup cost for hand pump/bore well


1000 - 4000 87 62.59

4000 - 7000 37 26.62

7000 - 10000 2 1.44

10000 - 13000 1 0.72


34



13000 - 15000 8 5.76

15000 - 20000 3 2.16

20000 & above 1 0.72

Total (respondents having own hand pumps/bore well 139 100

Source: MM Study

The table below depicts the year of setting up the hand pump of the household. It was found that the year

varied from respondent to respondent, however 22.2 percent of the respondent said that they had installed

their own hand pump in the year of 2007. During the study it was reported by the respondents that

approximately INR 144/ annum is being spent on the maintenance of the hand pump/bore well facilities.

Table 2.7: In which year did you set up the facility?

Years Frequency Percentage

1997 3 2.2

1998 1 0.8

1999 7 5

2000 14 10

2001 1 0.7

2002 4 2.9

2003 9 6.5

2004 13 9.4

2005 15 10.7

2006 8 5.7

2007 31 22.4

2008 14 10

2009 7 5

2010 4 2.9

2011 8 5.8


Source: MM Study

On enquiring on the potability of water of the hand pump, 100 percent of the respondents said that water is

potable from the hand pump

Table 2.8: Is the water from hand pump/ bore well potable


Yes 139 100

No 0 0


Source: MM Study


35


The table below indicates the depth of the hand pump (in feet). Majority of the hand pumps have a depth of

35 feet and this corresponds to about 47 percent. However about 29 percent said that their hand pump has

a depth of about 30 feet.

Figure 2.35: Depth of Hand pump/bore well (Feet) % Figure 2.36: Problem in getting water from hand

pump/bore well (%)


On asking about the problem faced by the respondents in getting water from the hand pumps, out of 139

respondents 128 respondents said that they do not mostly face problems in getting water from hand pump

(92 percent). On the other hand about 89 percent of the respondents said that they face problem in getting

water from hand pump. The graph below depicts the reason for not having HH connection of water. It was

found that about 80 percent of the individuals said that there is no piped water scheme in their area,

however about 10 percent of the respondents said that they can’t afford water connection. In this regard the

PHED should expand their coverage for piped water supply and at the same time make it affordable for

poorest strata of the community. Community members of Bank gram panchayats were of the view that the

main trunk pipe line only goes through the main road whereas areas interior in the village are not covered.

Therefore to take connection, the households have to invest their own money for laying the pipe from the

main trunk line to their household.

Figure 2.37: Reaspon for not having municipal HH

water connection (%)

Figure 2.38: Would you prefer to have HH water

connection (%)



36


Those who do not have access to piped water supply, when asked regarding their willingness to obtain

piped water connection almost 100 percent of the respondents said that they are willing to obtain water

connection at their households provided that they have good supply of water. The total respondents for this

category are 373.

Hand pump is the major source of drinking water for the family and this corresponded to 100 percent of the

respondents. Rural Bihar is primarily dependent on the hand pumps for water.

Table 2.9: Most important source of drinking water for family


Water from hand pump 400 100

Total households (N) 400 100

Source: MM Study

Water contamination is a major problem in certain districts of Bihar. About 99 percent of the respondents

said that they follow no treatment process before drinking the water however less than 1 percent use

candle filters before drinking water. None of the respondents said that they boil, filter by cloth, use aqua

guard or mix herbs etc for treating water.

Table 2.10: How to you treat water to make it potable?


No further treatment 397 99.2

Use candle filters 3 0.8

Total 400 100

Source: MM Study

The graph below presents the consumption of water for various purposes for daily use. It was found that

100 percent of the respondents use less than one bucket of water for drinking and cooking purposes. About

23 percent of the respondents said that they require 5 – 10 buckets (1 bucket = 15 litres) of water for

bathing purposes. However it was also seen that about 12.3 percent of the respondents said that they

require 15 – 20 buckets of water for washing clothes.


37


Figure 2.39: Consumption of water per day for various household purpose on daily basis (%)

Source: MM Study

During Focus group discussions respondents were asked about their requirement of water on per person

basis and it could be seen from table below that about 48 litres of water is required per person.

Table 2.11: Requirement of water per day for various household purpose on per person basis (in litres)

Particulars Begusarai Patna Purnea Banks All

Drinking 5.0 6.0 5.5 6.0 5.6

Cooking 4.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 4.0

Cleaning Utensils 10.0 8.0 10.0 6.0 8.5

Bathing (Personal Hygiene) 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Cleaning floor space 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Washing Clothes 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Cleaning Toilets 7.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 7.5

Total water required for one person 48.0 47.0 50.5 45.0 47.6

Source: MM Study

2.1.2.5 Satisfaction level of households having household piped water connection

The table below details the level of satisfaction of respondents on drinking water taking into account certain

parameters such as hours of supply, pressure of supply, timings of supply, quality of water, access etc.

Almost all the respondents said that they are not satisfied for all categories of questions as asked and

tabulated below. In all 63 percent of the respondents were satisfied with the access to water supply. The

total number of respondents who have household piped water connection was 27. With regard to overall

satisfaction level, one can clearly see that the community having piped water connection is not satisfied

due to various reasons such as number of hours of supply, pressure and timing of water supply etc. PHED

officials (Assistant & Junior engineers and block coordinators) should on a regular basis (monthly/

quarterly) interact with the community members having issues with water supply and resolve them at the

earliest. Assistant/ Junior engineers and block coordinators should regularly monitor the piped water supply


38


schemes as well as take care for it proper operation and maintenance. Regarding the time and pressure of

water supply, if any technical issues are there they should resolve it and instruct the operator on the same.

As can be from (figure 2.43) around 40 percent of the community members lodge their complaints

regarding the water supply with the operator (incharge of operating the scheme). Therefore PHED should

ensure that the operator gets adequate and timely support from its officials in resolving issues.

Figure 2.40: Level of satisfaction (%)

Source: MM Study

During the study the respondents were asked as to whether they have lodged any complaint regarding

water supply or not. It was found that 63 percent of the respondents had lodged compliant - about 30

percent of the respondents had lodged to assistant engineer, about 41 to the operator and about 29

percent to the Panchayat member ( graph below).

Figure 2.41: Complaint regarding water supply (%) Figure 2.42: Lodged complaint with (%)


The graph below depicts the reasons for which the complaints were lodged. It was found that the major

complaints include inadequate water supply, timing of water supply and insufficient pressure. It was

observed that all people having water connection have lodged complaint on the issues discussed earlier.

None of the respondents had complained about inappropriate billing, bursting of water pipeline etc.


39


Table 2.12: Nature of complaint


Inadequate water supply 17 100

Timing of water supply 17 100

No sufficient pressure 17 100

Multiple Response

Source: MM Study

The table below depicts the average time taken to solve or resolve the problem. 53 percent of the

respondent opined that the problem was never resolved while 47 percent respondents said that it took

about a week to solve the problem.

Figure 2.43: Average time taken for resolution of the

problem (%)

Figure 2.44: Would you expect a better water supply

(%)


The graph above presents the willingness of having better water supply. This was asked to all the

respondents having a household connection. The number of individuals having household connection was

17. All the respondents said that they are expecting a better household connection.

The number of households having water connection among the total was 17. It was seen that almost all the

respondents said that they expect water supply for 10 hours a day. When asked regarding the charge they

are ready to pay for having a better water connection, 100 percent of the respondents said that they are

ready to pay a maximum of INR 20 per month.

Table 2.13: How many hours you expect to get water per day and willingness to pay


10 Hours per day 17 100

Total (Respondents having HH connection) 17 100

Willingness to pay per month Frequency Percentage

20 Rupees 17 100

Total (Respondents having HH connection) 17 100

Source: MM Study


40


2.1.3 Hand washing habits

The graph below depicts the materials which were used for washing hand in the study villages. About 43

percent of the respondents said that they wash their hand only with water. About 37 percent of the

respondents said that they wash their hand with ash and about 20 percent of the respondents are using

soap for washing their hand.

Table 2.14: What all is used for hand wash


Water 173 43.25

Ash 148 37.0

Soap 79 19.75

Total 400 100

Source: MM Study

The table below summarises the time when the contacted individuals usually wash their hand. It was

observed that 78 percent of the individuals wash their hand after defecating and about 52 percent of the

respondents said that they wash their hand before eating.

Table 2.15: When do you wash hands


Before eating 208 52

After defecating 400 100

Before cooking 0 0

Before feeding child 0 0

Others 0 0

Multiple Responses

Source: MM Study

2.1.4 Medical expenditure

The table below presents the awareness of water borne disease among the individuals in the study

villages. It was observed that majority respondents corresponding (61 percent) stated that they have

knowledge of the water borne disease. Respondents indicated that approximately INR 10 per month is

being spent on the medications.


41


Table 2.16: Awareness of water borne diseases


Yes 245 61.2

No 155 38.8

Total 400 100

Source: MM Study

From the following table it can be seen that majority of the respondents have fallen sick due to typhoid in

the last three months (almost 32 percent). In the ailments approximately INR 75 per head was spent on

medication.

Table 2.17: Family members have fallen sick due to water borne disease in last three months

Particulars Typhoid Diarrhoea Gastroenteritis Cholera

No. of persons fallen sick 130 27 0 0

Percentage 32.5 6.7 0 0

Total (N) 400 400 400 400

Source: MM Study

2.1.5 Solid Waste handling

Solid waste management is a vital component in order to lead a hygienic life. In order to assess the waste

management practise followed in the study villages several questions were asked. It was observed that

waste from kitchen is usually thrown in the nearby agricultural land. The same is followed in cases of waste

paper and newspaper. It was also seen that waste from kitchen and waste papers are also thrown directly

in the open area outside the house. Plastic waste material, metal waste and other small waste material are

usually thrown away in the open outside the house by almost all the people contacted during the study

(figure below regarding the sold waste management)

Figure 2.45: How is the Household Soild Waste from

Kitchen Getting Disposed (%)

Figure 2.46: How is the Household Soild Waste like

paper being disposed (%)



42


Solid waste like paper is being disposed in the agricultural field or into the open which is not hygienic

practice.

Similarly the waste like plastic glass are also thrown into the open, this clearly indicates that there is no

existing management of the solid waste in the sampler gram panchayats in Bihar.

Table 2.18: How is the Household Soild Waste like plastic waste, glass waste or metal waste getting

disposed (%)

Particulars Percentage

Thrown into the open 100

Total Households (N) 400

During the study contacted individuals were asked about the place where they dispose liquid waste. 93

percent of the respondents said that water from kitchen flows out into the open area whereas 7 percent

said that the water gets collected in a soak pit. Similarly when asked about the water which flows out of

their bathroom, maximum respondents said that the water flows into open area (80%), only 20% mentioned

that the water flows into a soak pit.

Table 2.19: Desposal of liquid waste

Particulars Into the drain

Thrown in open

Kitchen garden/agric

ultural land

Directly to a water body

near the house

soak pit

Other (specify)

Where does the waste water from your kitchen go?

0 93 0 0 07 0

Where does the waste water from your bath area/ clothes washing area go?

0 80 0 0 22.8 0

Multiple responses

Source: MM Study

2.1.6 Availability of Toilets

The graph below presents the availability of toilets in the sampled gram panchayats. It was observed that

only about 18 percent of the respondents have toilet facility within primises and remaining 82 percent

households do not have toilet facility. Also it was seen that about 70 percent of the respondents who has

toilet, has leach pit toilet and the remaining have pour flush toilet.

During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was reported that despite having toilets in some of the houses, the

males are still practicing open defecation. They think that productivity of land will reduce if they do not use

their own agricultural land for open defecation


43


Figure 2.47: Availability of toilets in the households

(%)

Figure 2.48: Type of toilets available in the

households (%)


It was found that only 21 households have flush toilet, all were connected to their own septic tank. No

sewer network is available in the sample gram panchayats.

Figure 2.49: Household having own septic tank (%) Figure 2.50: Total expenditure on toilet construction by

the household (%)


The 21 households which have pour flush type of toilet were asked the reason of not having sewer

connection; it was reported that since there is no facility of sewer connection they are unable to link their

toilet with sewer connection.

From among the household having toilet facility, it was found that almost 73 percent said that the cost of

toilet varies between Rs 7000 – 10,000 and about 25 percent said that the cost varies from Rs 5000 –

7000. Only very few respondents said that the costs of the toilet is INR 10,000 and above.


44


Figure 2.51: Total monthly expenditure on toilet

maintenance (%)

Figure 2.52: If do not have toilet, where do your family

member go for defecation? (%)


The graph above depicts the expenditure for maintenance of the toilet. It was observed that about 47

percent of the respondents said that they spend an amount of INR 50 on an average monthly for the

maintenance of toilet.

It was found that majority (82%) of Households do not have toilets in their own household and the family

members of these households go to the field and practise open defecation. Thus, a large number of

households are practicing open defecation and regular awareness campaigns should be mandatorily

conducted in the villages for creating awareness about health, hygiene and water & sanitation related

practices.

As per the data collected 78.9 percent male members of the household are responsible for cleaning the

toilets, rest 21.1 percent is being cleaned by the female members.

Figure 2.53: Responsibility of cleaning the toilet (%) Figure 2.54: Frequency of cleaning toilet (%)



45


Frequency of cleaning toilet is presented in graph above. It suggests that above 52 percent clean toilets on

monthly basis. However, 39.4 percent clean it once in every 15 days.

Data collected reflects that nearly 70 percent household clean their toilet with water while the rest clean

with acid.

Figure 2.55: Material used for cleaning toilet (%)

Source: MM Study

2.1.7 Communication medium and behaviour

During the visit to the selected GPs it was observed that literacy rate is quite low. And most of the areas

have no access to newspapers. Nearly 20 percent respondents read news papers. Same is given in the

graph below.

Figure 2.56: Do you read news paper (%)

Source: MM Study


46


As was reported by the respondents, Prabhat Khabar, and some other news papers such as Hindustan,

Dainik Jagaran, Aaj, Rashtriya Sahara etc are most common newspapers read by respondents.

Table 2.20: News papers generally being read


Prabhat Khabar 15 3.7

Others 64 16

Do not read news paper 321 80.3

Total household (N) 400 100

Source: MM Study

Findings of the study suggests that approximatly 18 percent of the households watch television, around 20

percent read newspapers and a large number of respondents which is more than 83 percent listen to radio.

Same is depicted in the graph given below.

Figure 2.57: Do you do any of the following? (Multiple

Responses) %

Figure 2.58: What programme do you watch/ Listen?

(Multiple Responses) %


Majority of the respondents watch/listen all kinds of programmes. However, 31.5 percent respondents

prefer news and 3.5 percent respondents like to watch/listen films.

All the respondents prefer to watch Hindi television programmes. Respondents mostly watch Hindi

television programmes such as serials, religious programmes, news etc. All community members do not

have access to television therefore they watch it at a public place such as any shop etc.

Table 2.21: Preferred media language


Hindi 336 100

Total (Respondents using media as medium of information) 336 100

Source: MM Study


47


Media channel which preferred by the respondents is radio as nearly 60 percent prefer radio as a medium

of information and entertainment followed by TV which is being watched by approximately 32 percent of

respondents. Tabulated response presented below

.Table 2.22: Preferred media channel


News paper 36 9

Radio 237 59.3

TV 127 31.8

Total (Respondents using media as medium of information) 336 100

Source: MM Study

As a medium of information and entertainment, most of respondents watch TV both in the morning and

evening (M&E), depending on the availability of electricity .

Table 2.23: Time of watching TV


Both M&E 71 100

Total (Respondents having TV) 71 100

Source: MM Study

Most of respondents listen to the radio both in morning and evening.

Table 2.24: Time for listen to radio


Evening 21 6.3

Both M&E 313 93.7

Total (Respondents having Radio) 334 100

Source: MM Study

38% of respondents opined that availability of pollution related messages on the media was quite easily

available and also easy to understand (detailed response in following graphs).


48


Figure 2.59: Availability of pollution related messages

in media (%)

Figure 2.60: Awareness regarding water and

sanitation sector reform programme in your city (%)


Level of awareness regarding water and sanitation reform was found to be very low as 84 percent

respondents have no idea about the water and sanitation reform in their city.

Around 58 percent respondents opined that local ward worker/ official is the main source of information

about government programmes. About 35 percent opined that they get information from their family and

friends while 7 percent seem to be getting information from governmental officials.

Figure 2.61: Main source of information about

government programmes (%)

Figure 2.62: Media which influences most (%)


It was found that the most influential media was the visual (television) mode (57 percent believe that TV

influences most), print media was picked up by 6 percent, and about 7 percent believe that public

consultation to be more influential.


49


2.1.8 Problems faced by the respondents regarding water supply, solid and liquid

waste management

During the interactions with the respondents, it was found that in summer season the water table goes

down which causes scarcity of water in some areas. Some GPs which have the piped water supply scheme

face irregular supply of water. As far as the waste management is concerned, there is no drainage in most

of the areas. Hence, water was seen flowing on the roads. There is no provision for solid waste

management either. Therefore, the respondents keep dumping household waste in nearby lands. It was

reported by the respondents that 96.7 percent would prefer local ward worker/official as a point of contact

in case of any problem or grievances. However, 3.3 percent prefer administration officials for the same.

Details presented in following table.

Table 2.25: Preferred point of contact in case of grievances


Friends and family 0 0

Media (print, visual or audio) 0 0

Local ward workers/officials 387 96.7

Administration officials 13 3.3

Religious leaders 0 0

MLA 0 0

Local NGO 0 0

Others 0 0

Total 400 100

Source: MM Study

2.2 Analysis of Qualitative Findings at Community Level

2.2.1 Gram Panchayat Profile (Banmankhi, Purnia)

Participatory rural appraisal was conducted in the Banmankhi

Panchayat of Purnia district. Banmankhi is located 35 kilometres

from the district head quarters on National Highway 107. The

data collected from the PRA exercise suggests that the population

of the panchayat is approximately 25,000 with 5000 houses,

mainly comprising OBCs (nearly 60 percent). There are other

social groups - 20 percent Muslims, 10 percent SC and rest are

extremely backward classes. The percentage of APL families is

70 and rest are BPL.

Agricultural labour is the main occupation. Almost 60 per cent of the population is engaged in agriculture &

related activities while the balance earn their livelihood from other sources. The agricultural land is owned

by 30-40 percent population. Small business, petty trade etc are the other sources of income.

2.2.2 Participatory rural appraisal (Banmankhi, Purnia)

According to the participants, sanitation in the area is not good. The area does not have drainage system.

Therefore, waste water flows on the road and is strewn everywhere. Few participants reported that they

have soak pits in their houses for the disposal of waste water. Public dust bins are kept at selected places

but they are hardly being used. Heap of the waste could be seen near the newly constructed Panchayat

Bhawan in ward no. 10. Lack of toilet facilities at homes and improper management of solid waste make


50


the sanitary condition worst. It was reported during the PRA

that about 30 percent households have toilet facilities, rest

are doing open defecation. In the rainy season when fields

are swampy nearby National Highway No. 107 and Katihar-

Saharsa railway track is being used for defecation.

Participants are well aware of the ill effects of these

malpractices.

In the Banmankhi Gram Panchayat, Piped water scheme

work was initiated in year 2006-07 with a capital cost of INR

1.098 crore. In 2010-11, the services were started and

subsequently handed over to the panchayat in November,

2012. Since inception of the project, only one house and that of Ramesh Aggarwal has the connection.

However, there are approximately 20-25 stand posts in the area. As reported by the participants of PRA,

the area has abundant water and there is no problem with the quality of water. The responsibility of giving

connection to households was given to the contractor who is charging either INR 1000 or INR 2000

depending on from which side of the road one is getting the connection to. User charge/fee has not been

decided so far. At present, no water is being supplied through the pipes. The Panchayat is taking steps to

provide connections to the household. As soon as there will be enough household connections, water

supply will be resumed. In Banmankhi Panchayat, most of

the households own hand pumps. Also, there are public hand

pumps for the water. Collection of water is generally done by

the female members of the household who generally spends

nearly 1 hour daily on this chore. In rainy season diarrhoea,

cholera and typhoid etc are prevalent. No caste related

exclusion issues for water suplly was reported during the

PRA.

In the PRA most of the participants displayed the desire and

willingness to get piped water scheme and manage the same

with a condition that they would get sufficient water- at least

twice on daily basis. Participants are ready to pay monthly user charge up to INR 20-25, however the

connection charges of either INR 1000 or 2000 as was to be paid to the contractor was considered to be a

hefty amount by some participants. It was found that there are no existing water related associations or

groups in the panchayat.

The PRA exercise reflects that there are wall paintings and

graffiti messages available specifically on the topic of sanitation.

However, there is no significant change reported due to these

messages. Availability of sanitation related messages are quite

insufficient on the other media. Radio, TV and newspaper were

reported to be the most common medium of information in the

area. However, the accessibility of radio is common in the area.

A number of festivals are being celebrated in the area such as

Dashera, Diwali, Holi, Eid, Moharram etc. It was also observed

that men and women were given equal opportunity to express

their views in any social and local gatherings. The area had


51


witnessed severe disaster caused by flooding of Kosi River in year 1945, 1977 and 2008. Drought had

never caused any serious harm to the GP earlier but in 2010 the area faced a drought like situation.

2.2.3 Gram Panchayat Profile (Dharhara, Purnia)

Participatory rural appraisal was planned by visiting this Gram Panchayat in advance. In Purnia district

there were two Gram Panchayats which were selected for the primary survey

� Banmankhi

� Dharahara

The PRA was however conducted in the village in village called “Makhnaha” in Dharhara GP. During the

PRA it was observed that most of the participants do not own any land. Hence, most of the villagers are

agricultural labourers. The agricultural land is owned by approximately 20 percent population of the village.

It was also observed that migration to Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata for the livelihood is also alternative option

for villagers. According to the participants, sanitation practices in the village is not good and absence of

drainage, lack of toilet facilities at homes and improper management of solid waste make the condition

worst. It was reported during the PRA that hardly 10 percent household have toilet facilities, while the

remaining do open defecation. In the rainy season, when fields are swampy, the nearby National Highway

(Katihar- Saharsa) is being used. Participants to some extent understand the ill effects of the malpractices

but in the absence of toilet facilities and provision of waste management they do not have any other

alternative. Lack of awareness and economic conditions of the

participants can be attributed for the same. As reported by the

participants, the village has abundant water. However, the

quality of water is not good as the water contains iron

contamination.

At the depth of 30-35 feet potable water is available. Hence,

almost all households own hand pump. Installation of hand

pump in the area is cheap, at approximately INR 5000.

Collection of water is generally done by the female members of

the households who spend nearly 1 hour daily. As far as solid

and liquid waste management is concerned, there is no

provision for drainage or dust bin. Hence, residents dump

waste in the open or throw water from their kitchen or bath

area in the nearby land.

During rainy season diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid etc are

prevalent. Children are considered to be more vulnerable as they are easy target of the ailments. Iron

contaminated water is also causing severe health problems of the residents.

2.2.4 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Dharhara, Purnia)

During the PRA, no caste exclusion dynamics was reported. However, the participants opined that few

political figures such as Sarpanch, Mukhiya etc have more influence than a commoner. In the PRA most of

the participants displayed the desire and willingness to get piped water scheme and manage the same.

Participants are ready to pay monthly user charge upto INR 20-25 but the connection charges of INR 500-

1000 in the district is considered to be a high amount by some participants. It was reported that in every

village there are Self Help Groups formed by the “Jeevika” (A programme started by Government of Bihar)

and these are effectively working on the income generation programmes. There were no water related


52


associations found in the village. Dependency of the community on these SHGs is minimal as the group is

involved in the income generation programme only.

During the PRA exercise it was reported that there are few graffiti messages on display specifically on the

topic of sanitation. However, no significant change is reported in the life of individuals due to these

messages. Availability of sanitation related messages are quite insufficient in the media. Radio is the most

accessible and influential medium of information and entertainment in the area.

A number of festivals are being celebrated in the area such as Dashera, Diwali, Holi, Eid, Moharram etc. It

was also observed that men and women have equal opportunity to express their views in any social and

local gatherings. The area had witnessed severe disaster caused by flooding of Kosi River in year 1945,

1977 and 2008. In 2010, the region had faced drought like situation

2.2.5 Gram Panchayat Profile (Balua, Maner)

Participatory rural appraisal was planned by visiting this Gram Panchayat in advance. In Maner block, there

are 19 gram panchayats out of which three gram panchayats were selected for the study namely Balua,

Kuitachauhator West and Bank. The PRA discussion was held in the Balua GP. There were about 15

village members who joined and actively participated in the discussion, the participation of female members

of the community was low and they had to be persuaded to attend and participate in the discussion.

The Balua Gram Panchayat (GP) comprises 10 villages – Balua, Ramnagar, Kathotiya Khurd, Kathotiya

Kala, Rewa, Mahngu tola, Gulabi bagh, Raghuvar tola, Lela tola and a newly formed tola with 15/20

families residing called as Naya tola. The GP has 12

Anganwadis, 6 Government Primary schools, 2

Government Middle schools and 4 Primary Landless

Schools (also called as Jhugi Jhopdi schools).

Total households in the GP are 2029 spread across

the 10 villages, around 50 percent population belong

to Other Backward Castes (Yadav & Kurmis),

followed by 30 percent Extremely Backward Castes

(Ravidas & Kuhar) and 18 percent Scheduled

Castes. The Gram Panchayat is well connected with

road and all modes of transportation are available

including public transport. Main source of livelihood

for the community is based on agriculture and allied

activities. Around 75 percent population is landless and they work as agricultural labourers. Those having

land are doing cultivation on their own or have leased out their land for cultivation to others. Major crops of

the area are Wheat, Maize and Masoor while Paddy, potato and onions are also cultivated.

Around 25 percent of the households have individual household latrines; of this only 5 percent use latrines,

but the common practice is open defecation. Main source of water is hand pumps, there are around 20

wells available in the gram panchayat but the community does not use it. The community members stated

that physical labour is required to get water from the wells therefore they have stopped using it. They stated

that hand pumps are easily accessible and water is easily available. However, in summers mainly in the

months of May, June & July, the community faces issues regarding water availability as the ground water

level goes down. Level of awareness about the quality of water and water borne diseases in the community

is low, because during the discussion when asked about the water borne diseases that the community had


53


in last three months, they responded by saying that the community members had cough & cold, fever and

measles which clearly indicates the lack of awareness among the community members. River Ganga flows

at a distance of 5 kms from the gram panchayat and a drain named Daniya Nala also flows outside the

gram panchayat from south towards north direction (currently it is dry and is filled with water only during the

rainy season). The community faced severe drought in 1966 and floods in the years 1970, 1972, 1975

1977 & 1978.

2.2.6 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Balua, Maner)

The community members were enthusiastic about the information on the proposed piped water supply

scheme getting operational in their gram panchayat. It was only then that the female members were

encouraged to discuss the issues related to water supply. The female members stated that a considerable

time, effort and physical labour is required to collect water. Earlier their dependency was on wells for

collecting water and now they rely on the hand pumps. The responsibility for the upkeep of the households

is the sole responsibility of the female members as they have to do the cooking, washing, cleaning etc. for

which water important. Female members shared that if they get piped water supply in their households their

life would be simpler and would be saved of the hardship of fetching water. The female members also

raised certain critical issues which are directly linked to water supply – they stated that during the

pregnancy period (initial as well as advanced) they have to carry buckets of water due to which they have

serious health issues and also that some females are weak (as they are anaemic) and sometimes faint.

On being asked about the availability of land within the gram

panchayat for proposed construction of water works including

the overhead tank, the community members said that ample

of land is available with the panchayat which can be used for

the proposed scheme. The Village Water and Sanitation

Committee is available in the gram panchayat but it is mostly

inactive. The issues related to water and sanitation are being

discussed with the local ward members and the panchayat

members. The community members were apprehensive if the

proposed scheme would cover all the villages in the GP or

only some villages will be covered within the proposed

scheme and some would be excluded. MM team felt this is a

critical issue which would require careful thought of the

Department. After the PRA, MM team also visited three other

villages excluding Balua viz. Kathotiya Khurd, Kathotiya Kala

and Rewa, it was observed that where the concentration of

Scheduled Castes and Extremely Backward Castes was high

the level of service delivery related to water and sanitation

was low. Therefore the department would need to adopt

inclusive and pro-poor policy for its proposed schemes

Literacy level is low in the GP, however the younger generation is aware about the importance of education

and do attend school on regular basis.

While discussing about the solid and liquid waste management facility available in the GP, it was observed

that the community had no awareness; therefore the study team had to probe more for getting a clear

picture of solid and liquid waste management. The community members stated that all solid waste such as

vegetable peels, wastepaper, or plastic/ glass bottles are either thrown into the open or in the agriculture


54


field or the vegetable peels are put on the manure heap to be used as manure in the field. Similarly there is

no facility for liquid waste management as the used water from the household is thrown in the open drain or

soak pit. However the drains (kutcha & pucca) are also not maintained properly as most of them are

blocked. Similarly the soak pits are not made technically, hence water does not get absorbed and gets

collected wherein mosquitoes breed, raising health concerns. There is no provision of appointing sweepers

for cleaning the lanes or drains in the village. The community members say that the waste from their

household is not properly disposed and in turn comes back to their houses. They also added that the

situation could be managed if the community members take initiative and employ sweepers for cleaning

and collecting waste from the households.

During the PRA discussions, the study team also asked about the most effective way of communicating or

generating awareness about Water and Sanitation related activities/ facilities. The community members

stated that they do not get newspapers in the village on daily basis and most of the community is illiterate.

Therefore using print media or hoarding will not be effective. The most effective way according to the

community is to conduct Nukkad Nataks or public consultations on regular basis (once in two months).

Moreover they suggested that these activities should be held on the occasions/ festivals, fairs (mela)

wherein the community is gathers at a place in large numbers.

The villagers celebrate all the festivals; Makar Sankranti, Dashera, Diwali, and Chhat being the major

festivals in the village.

2.2.7 Gram Panchayat Profile (Bank, Maner)

Participatory rural appraisal was held in Bhatehri village of Bank gram panchayat, which has operational

piped water scheme in one of its village i. e Gopalpur. There were about 20/25 village members who joined

and actively participated in the discussion, the participation of female members of the community was low.

The Bank Gram Panchayat (GP) comprises 7 villages –

Bank, Lodhipur, Bhatehri, Narhana, Gopalpur, Chitrauli

and Ganauria and is located on National Highway. The

GP has 15 Anganwadis, 4 Government Primary

schools, 4 Government Middle schools, 3 Primary

Landless Schools (also called as Jhugi Jhopdi schools)

and 1 Urdu Primary school.

Total households in the GP are 4092, spread across 7

villages, around 45 percent population belong to Other

Backward Castes (Yadav & Kurmis), followed by 40

percent Extremely Backward Castes (Ravidas & Kuhar)

and 10 percent Scheduled Castes. The Gram Panchayat is well connected with road and all modes of

transportation are available including public transport. Main source of livelihood for the community is based

on agriculture and allied activities. Around 50 percent population have their own land and the rest are

landless and work as agricultural labourers. Those having land are doing cultivation on their own or have

leased out their land for cultivation to others. Major crops of the area are Wheat, Maize, Masoor while

Paddy, potato and onions are also cultivated.

Around 75 percent of the households have individual household latrines, of which only 50 percent use the

latrines while others practice open defecation. Main source of water are hand pumps, there are around 200

hand pumps in the gram panchayat. Earlier wells were used but as hand pumps came in they find it easier


55


to use hence now wells are not used. They also stated that hand pumps are accessible and water is easily

available. However, in summers mainly in the months of May, June & July the community faces issues on

water availability as the ground water level goes down. Level of awareness about the quality of water and

water borne diseases in the community is low, because during discussions when asked about the water

borne diseases that the community had in last three months, the response was that the community

members have cough & cold and fever (which clearly indicates the lack of awareness amongst the

community members). The community faced severe drought in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and floods in 1975,

1988 and 2007.

2.2.8 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Bank, Maner)

The piped water supply scheme is operational only in one village of the GP since last year, viz, Gopalpur

village. The village has around 300 households, out of which only 105 households have taken household

piped water supply connections. The village also has piped stand post connection. On asked about the

satisfaction level of the water supply with regard to timing, duration, quantity, pressure of supply etc. the

community members who have connections responded that the scheme doesn’t work properly. They had

several issues such as there is no definite time for water supply as it depends on the availability of

electricity. They usually get the water 2/3 times in a day for about half an hour. They also stated that the

water is directly pumped from the tube well to the households; the overhead tank meant for storage of

water is not used for storage due to some technical reasons due to which the pressure of water supply to

households is low. The community members raised their concerns about their total dependency on the

piped water as the water through this in not adequate for a household and they have to get most of the

water from the hand pumps. Therefore they were not confident that this piped supply will be sustainable in

the long run, if it works in the present manner. On enquiring about how much the households pay for using

the piped connection, the members responded that nobody comes to collect the charges and they are also

not aware whether they have to pay for it or not.

The community members who use the piped stand post water supply were also not satisfied with the

scheme and had similar issues of pressure, duration and timing of water supply. The other communities

who do not have household piped connection in the village were asked the reason for not having one, they

stated that as per their observation the scheme is not working properly, there is no definite time of water

supply and the pressure is also very low, therefore they are not interested in taking connection. Moreover

they have to pay for getting water connection which they can’t afford. The other nearby villages within the

gram panchayat was not as enthusiastic about the scheme as they felt neglected. The community

members were of the view that the scheme is unequally distributed and should have covered all the

villages in the gram panchayat.

On discussing about the solid and liquid waste management facility available in the gram panchayat, it was

observed that the community has no awareness regarding this; therefore the MM team had to probe more

for getting a clearer picture of solid and liquid waste management. The community members stated that all

solid waste such as vegetable peels, wastepaper or plastic/ glass bottles are either thrown into the open or

in the agriculture field or the vegetable peels are put on the manure heap to be used as manure in the field.

Similarly there is no facility for liquid waste management as the used water from the household is thrown in

the open or drain or soak pit. Moreover, the drains (kutcha & pucca) are also not maintained properly as

most of them are blocked. Similarly the soak pit is not made technically, hence the water is not absorbed

and gets collected on which mosquitoes breed, raising health issues. There is no provision of appointing

sweepers for cleaning the lanes or drains in the village.


56


2.2.9 Gram Panchayat Profile (Kitachauhator West, Maner)

Participatory rural appraisal was held in Kitachauhator West GP. There were about 20 village members

who joined and actively participated in the discussion, the participation of female members of the

community was low.

The Kitachauhator West gram panchayat (GP) consists of 6 villages – Haldi Chhapra Saat Ana, Purana

tola, Nayka tola, Harijan tola, Badal tola and Ramnagar. The villages are divided into 14 wards. The GP

has 9 Anganwadis and 5 Government Primary schools. Total households in the GP are 2946 spread

across 7 villages, around 67 percent population belongs to Other Backward Castes (Yadav & Kurmis),

followed by 15 percent Extremely Backward Castes (Ravidas & Kuhar) and 15 percent Scheduled Castes.

The Gram Panchayat is well connected with road and all modes of transportation are available including

public transport. Main source of livelihood for the community is based on agriculture and allied activities.

Around 75 percent population is landless and work as agricultural labourers. Those having land are doing

cultivation on their own or have leased out their land for cultivation to others. The GP is surrounded by two

rivers, Soan and Ganga, from northern, western and southern side.

Around 21 percent of the households have individual household latrines; 3/4th of them use these, but the

common practice is open defecation. Main source of water is hand pumps and the water is contaminated

with arsenic. The community members stated that it required physical labour to fetch water from the wells

therefore they have stopped using it. They also stated that hand pumps are accessible and water is easily

available. However, in summers, mainly in the months of May and June, the community faces issues

regarding water availability as the ground water level goes down. During the discussion when asked about

the water borne diseases that the community had in last three months, they responded by saying that the

community members generally suffer from diahorrea, jaundice and liver cancer (some cases have been

reported). Though Village Water and Sanitation Committee has been formed but presently it is inactive and

works on need basis.

On the solid and liquid waste management facility available in the gram panchayat, it was observed that the

community has no awareness on this; therefore the MM team had to probe more for getting a clear picture

of solid and liquid waste management. The community members stated that all solid waste such as

vegetable peels, wastepaper or plastic/ glass bottles are either thrown into the open or in the agriculture

field or the vegetable peels are put on the manure heap to be used as manure in the field. Similarly there is

no facility for liquid waste management as the used water from the households is thrown in the open or

drain or soak pit. However the drains (kutcha & pucca) are also not maintained properly as most of them

are blocked. Similarly the soak pit is also not made technically as the water is not absorbed and gets

collected on which mosquitoes breed, raising health issues. There is no provision of appointing sweepers

for cleaning the lanes or drains in the village. However the gram panchayat functionaries have proposed

an initiative which is still under consideration - they have proposed to engage sweepers in all the villages of

the gram panchayat to clean the drains, collect waste like vegetable peels, plastic/ glass bottles and clean

toilets. The households who are keen for clean surroundings and utilizing the service of the sweepers can

pay according to their will.

During the PRA discussion the study team asked about the most effective way of communicating or

generating awareness about Water and Sanitation related activities/ facilities. The community members

stated that they do not get newspapers in the village on daily basis and most of the community is illiterate.

Therefore using print media or hoarding will not be effective. The most effective way according to the

community is to conduct Nukkad Nataks or public consultations on regular basis (once in two months).


57


Even radio is a popular mode but they do not pay attention to the advertisements regarding water &

sanitation and health and hygiene.

2.3 Summary of Baseline Status based on Beneficiary Assessment o Geographical Structure of Panchayat: Villages are heterogeneous in nature so far content/

establishment/ social setting is concerned, it was seen on an average a panchayat has 11 to 12

habitations, 115 habitations were found in 10 selected panchayats. Further interestingly it was

observed that the economically empowered caste generally resides in the main village of the

panchayat and the SC and Mahadalits generally reside in distant villages from the main panchayat

village. Further the villages which are distant from the panchayat main village were found with relatively

less number of infrastructure like hand pumps and toilets. During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was

observed that habitation/villages are clustered according to the caste, and poor families and mahadalits

are very poor and also unorganized.

o Family Size: The average family size of the contacted households was found to be 6.5 (however it

ranges from 7 to 15). As per census 2011, in villages of Bihar a household has an average of 6

members. Thus, the toilet facility created for one household may not b e adequate for the family size

mentioned above

o Literacy: The literacy rate of the households contacted was found to be very low, about 38 percent of

respondents were illiterate, this is according to the CENSUS 2011 which reports 63.82 (male 73.39%

and female 53.33%). Further more than half of females (56.2%) contacted during participatory rural

appraisal and focus group discussions were found to be illiterate.

o Awareness about Government Programmes: The contacted respondents in the villages were not

aware (84%) about government programmes related to water & sanitation. They reported that such

messages are not frequently heard/seen (46%). Local ward officials (as reported by 97% of

respondents) are the major source of information about government programmes.

o Gender: In most of the contacted households, women were found responsible for fetching water

(78.9% households) and also for cleaning toilets in the households (having toilet). During interactions

(FGDs) with women groups, it was found that they were unaware of most of the issues related to

development of their village. During discussions, it was reported that women do not have say in the

household decisions. Though due to current education system, girls are availing education at least upto

primary level.

o Women Empowerment and participation: During qualitative interactions it was sensed that women

are not adequately empowered, the main reason is their low literacy and awareness levels. Many

women participants reported that they generally attend panchayat meetings but their concerns are not

heard by the PRIs and thus, they do not find any use attending these meetings.

o Poverty: Poverty is acute in these villages, as high as 83.2 percent of the respondents were found

living in non pucca houses (of which 51.1 percent were having semi pucca houses), about 78.3 percent

are earning their livelihood by working as agricultural labourer. Further about 85 percent of the

contacted households do not have separate kitchen, about 65 percent of the households use chullah

for cooking where as 34 percent cook on open fire, about 67 percent of the households covered have

monthly income below INR 5000/-. The situation is further bad in case of marginalized community and

mahadalits. The monthly expenditure of most of the respondents (79%) is within INR 5000/-.

o Access to Electricity: Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the

villages, though more than 90 percent of the households were found having electric connection in their

household (mostly illegal connections) but the electric supply was found very erratic in covered

villages. Due to irregular electric supply, the operation of water pumps and supply remains erratic. It

could be seen that water comes to many of the PWS villages once in a week.

o Coverage of safe Drinking Water: About 12 percent of habitations have quality affected water

sources (Source secondary data from PHED). A significant number of households (63%) are using


58


public hand pumps, about 35 percent of the respondents use own hand pump or bore well with power

pump. Piped water connection was found in 6.5 percent of the contacted households. However, due to

erratic supply of electricity, water supply to household’s remains irregular as a result households were

found more dependent on public hand pump. Since more proportion of households are dependent on

public hand pumps they are spending 1 to 2 hrs daily for collecting water for various household

purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing & bathing purposes (survey data). During

discussions it was reported that about 48 liters of water is required for one person.

With regard to overall satisfaction level, community having piped water connection was not found

satisfied with the services due to various reasons such as number of hours of supply, pressure and

timing of water supply etc.

o Availability of latrine & Usages of latrine: It was found that majority (82%) of Households do not

have toilets in their own household and the family members of these households go to the field and

practise open defecation.

During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was reported that despite having toilets in some of the houses,

the males are still practicing open defecation. They think that productivity of land will reduce if they do

not use their own agricultural land for open defecation

Thus, a large number of households are practicing open defecation and regular awareness campaigns

should be mandatorily conducted in the villages for creating awareness about health, hygiene and

water & sanitation related practices. This should be done in the form of storytelling, natak/ nautanki

which creates interest amongst the community members and is an effective communication tool in rural

areas where majority of the population is illiterate. For this the CCDU should train certain trainers

(could be members of VWSC) who in turn would disseminate the awareness/ information regarding

health, hygiene and water & sanitation related practices.

o Solid Waste Management:- as high as 100% households through solid waste to open followed by

93% of the households whose waste water from your kitchen goes to open.

o Media Coverage: The respondents mainly listen to audio media (84 percent listen to radio, 18 percent

watch Television and only 20 percent read newspaper). Hindi is the preferred language as respondents

prefer to watch/listen programmes in Hindi. Radio is the most popular media of communication and

preferred time for watching television was either morning or evening


59


BSWSM Headed by Principal

Secretary, PHED

CCDU (Capacity Building)

PMU (M&E)

DWSM/DWSC Executive Engineer

3.1 Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E on Water & Sanitation

Bihar State Water & Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) is the nodal agency for implementation of total Sanitation

Campaign & Swajaldhara in the state of Bihar. BSWSM has been constituted as a registered society as per

Para 2.2 IA Restructured Central Sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme (RCRSP) guidelines and under

Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, GOI, New Delhi.

The approval on the constitution and registration of BSWSM was given by Apex committee of the State

Government body in its meeting on 7th October 2004 and by executive of the BSWSM in its meeting on

22nd

September 2004(a resolution was taken to register BSWSM). Principal Secretary, PHED is the

Member Secretary of BSWSM and PHED is the main Government body for delivering water and sanitation

services in Bihar.

PHED has its own structured organizational

setup for service delivery which is placed from

State to Sub-Divisional Offices. But there is no

structured organization at Block and Gram

Panchayat level.

However, Block Resource Coordinators are

appointed on contractual basis and they report to

the Assistant Engineer, PHED. They are

appointed for reinforcing service delivery at

village level. At panchayat level, in some of the

panchayats, Village Health & Sanitation

Committees (VHNSCs) (which are formed under NRHM project and is chaired by the Sarpanch, the elected

head of the Gram Panchayat) are functional.

The organization structure of Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission, its different wings and their roles

are detailed in subsequent sections.

3.1.1 Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission

The Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) is the main body for implementation of Drinking

Water Supply and Sanitation Programme in the State. This is a registered society under Society Act 1958.

The Committee has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Development Commissioner, Government

of Bihar. There are State level committees namely Apex Committee & Executive Committee which governs

BSWSM.

� The Apex Committee constitutes of Development Commissioner, Government of Bihar as the

Chairman, Principal Secretary/Secretary, PHED, Government of Bihar as Member Secretary and

Principal Secretary/Secretary of the other department as either Member of the Committee.

� Similarly, Executive Committee has Principal Secretary/Secretary, PHED, Government of Bihar as

Chairman, and Engineer in Chief cum Special Secretary/Chief Engineer, PHED, Government of Bihar

as Member Secretary and Joint Secretary/Deputy Secretary level officer of the other department as

Member of the Committee.

3. Institutional Analysis


60


The Chairman presides over all meetings of Governing Body (GB) and has the overall powers of

supervision, direction, and control over all affairs of the Mission and the functioning of the office bearers; he

may invite experts other than the members of the Governing Body to the meetings of the GB as for

specialized inputs and expertise. All executive and financial power of the mission is vested on the Member

Secretary who is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of activities as per the mission

policies. He/she is the overall charge of the funds of the Mission and operates the Mission’s accounts in the

Banks.

The Governing Body is responsible for overall policy guidance & co-ordination of programmes implemented

by the District WATSAN missions / Zila Parishads;

� ensures co-ordination with various departments, agencies and convergence of different activities

related to water supply & sanitation in rural areas;

� approves and sanctions the Annual Plan, Budget and Audited Accounts; makes, alters and amends the

objectives, rules and regulations by laws of the Mission,

� constitutes committees from time to time as and when considered necessary for effective execution of

the programmes and schemes and

� delegates powers and function to the employee’s committees and the consultants of the missions.

The Executive Body implements the policies/decision of the Government Body, interacts with

GOI/RGNDWM and supports the implementation of various Rural Water Supply and Sanitation schemes

and other related activities as well as programmes funded by external donors like DFID, UNICEF, DANIDA

etc. Other activities of Executive Body are mentioned below;

� liaise & co-ordinate with various line departments, State Govt. & other sector partners and ensuring

participation of the SHGs and the communities in different projects,

� Identify; mobilize NGO’s to undertake work as per schemes notified by the Department of Rural

Development.

� Also includes providing technical assistance, guidance, and training, ensuring establishment and

constitution of Missions in the District Level and Panchayat Level, ensuing opening of separate Bank

account at District Level and Panchayat Level etc.

� organise meeting/ Workshop/ Study tours/ Seminars with involvement of all concerned prepare IEC/

Publicity materials for Sanitation and Sector reforms projects

� other related activities by adoption of demand driven & participatory approach, service delivery

maximizing empowerment of villagers in decision making on the choice of service levels.

� It also monitors and evaluates the implementation of the schemes by the various agencies including

NGO’s.

� It is the state nodal agency responsible for providing drinking water and sanitation facilities in the rural

areas of the state and implements the drinking water supply and sanitation projects under the National

Rural Drinking Water Plan (NRDWP), Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA), State Plan and other external

assistance programs.

It has two missions – Project Management Unit (PMU) and Communication and Capacity Development

(CCDU).


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Figure 3.1: Existing Institutional Structure for Delivery of Water and Sanitation Services in Bihar

ST

AT

E L

EV

EL

DIV

ISIO

NA

L &

SU

B D

IVIS

ION

AL

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VE

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3.1.2 District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM) & District Water & Sanitation

Committee (DWSC)

District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM)/District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) is set up at

district level to oversee and coordinate the implementation of NBA and NRDWP. The DWSC is headed by

the Chairman Zila Parishad who is District Development Commissioner and the Superintending Engineer

(SE), BSWSM is the member secretary of the committee. DWSM/DWSC is the executing agency for

successfully implementing & providing safe drinking water to rural population through different water supply

programme i.e. hand pumps, tube wells and executing rural piped water supply scheme with the help of

district administration. At the district level, the activities related to water supply are looked after by the

Executive Engineer and at sub divisional level by the Assistant Engineer & Junior Engineer. Similarly

sanitation activities come under the NBA, whereas at district level it is looked after by the District

Coordinator.

District Magistrate is the acting head of this institution. The institution convenes meetings in each quarter

for planning, implementing and monitoring programmes related to water & sanitation. The meetings are

attended by Project Director DRDA, District Education Officer, District Health Officer, District Panchayati

Raj Officer, District Social Welfare Officer, and District Information & Public Relations Officer. The functions

of the District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) are as follows:

� Formulation, management and monitoring of NRDWP and NBA projects

� Scrutiny and approval of the schemes submitted by the Gram Panchayat

� Selection of agencies and/ NGOs and enter into agreements for social mobilization, capacity

development, communication, project management and supervision

� Sensitizing public representatives, officials and the general public about the NRDWP principles

� Engaging institutions for imparting training for capacity development of all stakeholders, and

undertaking communication campaign; and

� Interactions with SWSM, State Government and the Government of India

During interactions at district level it was observed that constituted DWS Mission & DWS Committee are

continuously reinforcing implementation of the schemes. However, very few schemes have been

transferred to panchayats. Due to non availability of VWSCs, involvement of panchayats is also limited so

far planning, implementation, operation & maintenance of the schemes is concerned. It was also reported

by the DWSC officials that the panchayats that have taken charge of operation and maintenance are not

adequately equipped and they also do not have requisite resources and capabilities to handle O & M of the

schemes. Non availability of VWSCs was found to be a serious gap in project delivery and it was also

mentioned by development partners (UNICEF, BTAST etc).

3.1.3 Block Resource Coordinators (BRC)

As such there is no setup at block level however, Block Resource Coordinators are placed at the block

level on contractual basis called the block coordinator (but he reports to the Assistant Engineer, PHED) and

he ensures the expansion of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan and timely completion of projects/ schemes.

However, Block Coordinators are placed only in 413 blocks out of 534 total Blocks. They are responsible

for community mobilization for formation/activation of Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSC)

and enhanced IEC activities for awareness generation, technical support, and capacity building for Gram

Panchayats (GP) to enable them to fulfil their role in sustainable water supply and sanitation; water quality

monitoring and managerial aspects of operation and maintenance of the water supply systems.


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Block Coordinator is responsible for all day to day of the programme. She/He is responsible for process

implementation, provide guidance for preparation of GP plans, collection, & collation of information, monitor

progress of implementation, and verify the construction of IHLs, Schools, and Anganwadis. He provides all

the information collected to the Junior Engineer and Assistant Engineer.

3.1.4 Panchayati Raj Institutions

After the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, Government of Bihar enacted the Panchayati Raj Act 1993

(Replaced by BPR Act, 2006) and three tier system of Panchayat Raj Act 1993 (replaced by BPR ACT

2006) and three-tier structure of local governance with Zila Parishad, Panchayat Samiti and Gram

Panchayat of which Zilla Parishad at the district level and gram panchayat at panchayat level. In Bihar

there are 9 Divisions, 38 Districts, 101 Sub divisions, 534 Blocks and 8,463 Panchayats.The

responsibilities of GP include:

� Rendering assistance in the implementation of developmental schemes pertaining to the village;

� Identification of beneficiaries for the implementation of developmental schemes pertaining to the

village. Provided that in case the Gram Sabha fails to identify the beneficiaries within a reasonable

time, the Gram Panchayat shall identify the beneficiaries; � Procuring voluntary labour and contributions, in kind or in cash or both, for community welfare

programmes � Providing all assistance in the programmes of mass education and family welfare within the village � Providing all assistance in the programmes of mass education and family welfare within the village;

� Promotion of unity and harmony among all sections of society in the village;

� Seeking clarifications from the Mukhiya, Up-Mukhiya and members of the Gram Panchayat about any

particular activity, scheme, income and expenditure; and

� Discussing and recommending appropriate action with regard to reports of the Vigilance Committee

such other matters as may be prescribed.

As per Bihar Panchayati Raj Act 2006 every gram panchayat will be constituted as a standing committee

and will be lead by a Mukhiya and one member from each territorial constituency. All the members of gram

panchayat are to be selected through direct elections and 50 percent of the posts should be kept reserved

for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes. Further 50 percent of the seats in each

category- general and special caste should be reserved for women. Each gram panchayat has tenure of 5

years during which the mukhiya convenes gram sabhas and presides over its meetings.

As per Bihar Panchayati Raj Act 2006 gram panchayats are responsible for Construction, repair and

maintenance of drinking water wells, tanks, ponds, hand pumps, prevention and control of water pollution,

and maintenance of rural water supply schemes. Similarly panchayat has given responsibility of rural

sanitation like; Cleaning of public roads, drains, tanks, wells and other public places, maintenance and

regulation of burning and burial grounds, construction and maintenance of public latrines, disposal of

unclaimed corpses and carcasses, management and control of washing and bathing ghats and upgradation

of environment and prevention of its degradation.

However, as per information collection from PHED, Bihar (Government Order), panchayat has been given

responsibility of construction and maintenance of public infrastructure like hand pumps but they can only

assist PHED for construction and maintenance of piped water supply schemes (PWS). Thus, devolution of

power for operation and maintenance of PWS is not being handed over to panchayats.

Further each block will have a PANCHAYAT SAMITI having jurisdiction over the entire Block excluding

such portions of the Block as are included in or are under the authority of a Municipality or a Cantonment


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Board constituted under any law for the time being in force. The Panchayat Samiti shall have directly

elected members from the Panchayat Samiti’s territorial constituencies, members of Lok Sabha/members

of the Legislative Assembly of the State falling in the Panchayat Samiti area, members of Rajya Sabha and

members of the State Legislative Council, who are registered as electors within the Panchayat Samiti Area

and all the Mukhiyas of the Gram Panchayats falling within the Panchayat Samiti area.

At district level Zila Parishads will function with jurisdiction of the entire district excluding such portion of the

district as are included in or under the authority of a Municipality or Cantonment Board constituted under

any law for the time being in force. Zila Parishad shall consist of the members directly elected from

territorial constituencies in the district, the Pramukhs of all Panchayat Samitis in the District, members of

the Lok Sabha and the members of the State Legislative Assembly who represent any part which falls

wholly or partly within the district and whose constituency falls within the district, the members of the Rajya

Sabha and the members of the State Legislative Council who are registered as electors within the district

3.1.5 Village Heath, Nutrition & Sanitation Committees (VHNSCs)

No dedicated structure like Village Water & Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) was found in selected

panchayats of Bihar, however, the structure of VHNSCs was found in some of the contacted Panchayats.

VHNSCs were actually created under NRHM mandated to look into health issues moreover, these

empowered committees were found inactive during filed visits. VHNSCs are chaired by the Sarpanch (the

elected head of the Gram Panchayat).

3.2 Development Partners

These development partners are working in the rural Bihar in areas of livelihood, health issues, capacity

building/skill development, and also providing policy level as well as technical support to PHED.

3.2.1 UNICEF

UNICEF is providing technical support to PHED for providing water and sanitation related services.

UNICEF has placed 3 consultants within the PHED department; one consultant with the water quality cell

and other two with the CCDU cell

− UNICEF has prepared manuals to enhance understanding of Arsenic, its impact, and mitigation.

− UNICEF has also organised rigorous training for chemists and analysts

UNICEF is assisting Bihar with a range of other issues, including its high rates of child labour, school

dropouts, and low learning levels and illiteracy, particularly among girls, Muslims and scheduled caste

children, who face discrimination in the education system and society in general

3.2.2 DFID-SWASTH-WATSAN-Bihar

SWASTH programme has been designed for convergent actions primarily from three service delivery

departments of the Government of Bihar, viz, the Department for Health and Family Welfare (DoHFW),

Social Welfare Department (SWD) and Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). DFID-SWASTH is

working closely with the PHED on the issue of water quality in an integrated manner addressing the critical

gaps in the rural water quality management of Bihar. Large scale interventions are ongoing under

SWASTH, to support this Reform Support Unit (RSU) set up within Bihar State Water & Sanitation Mission.

The RSU effectively manages, oversees, supports, and monitors the ongoing interventions including

activities undertaken under DFID-SWASTH in water, water quality and sanitation including systems


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strengthening. RSU is currently involved in strengthening the O&M of water treatment facility; operation and

maintenance policy of water supply schemes; piloting water quality interventions with effective delivery

mechanisms and development of evidence based research & IEC for fluoride management.

3.2.3 Mahila Samakhaya

Mahila Samakya is a central Government project aimed at empowering women through education, and was

initiated in 1992. Originally the programme was focused on social development with women’s groups

mobilised around social issues, but it has now also embraced savings and credit. In Bihar, Mahila Samakya

started federating SHGs in 2000, and is currently working in 13 districts through 8039 SHGs and 166075

members.

3.2.4 Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika)

Jeevika, the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Programme (BRLP), started in 2006 as a Government of Bihar and

World Bank programme. BRLP aims to improve rural livelihoods and the social and economic

empowerment of women and the rural poor by organising them into groups, and increasing access to credit

and services. Jeevika supports SHGs taking up social mobilisation activities and addresses health,

nutrition, and water and sanitation issues. The programme is currently ongoing in 8 districts and will be

scaled up across the state under the National Rural Livelihoods Mission. Jeevika has 59105 SHGs and

192000 members.

3.3 Conclusions � During interactions at different levels, it was observed that there is no structured organization / office at

Block / GP level. Thus, establishment of bottom up approach of project delivery as desired in NRDWP

and NBA guideline is not being undertaken. Further this is also delaying the process of

decentralisation. On these lines, we would recommend the establishing and strengthening of

institutional structure at block and village level so that process of decentralisation could be achieved

and community driven approach could be setup.

� Further to this it was also seen that DWSM consultants are not placed at DWSC/DWSM level which is

hindering the IEC activities under the project (NRDWP & NBA) thus, it is recommended that DWSMs

are placed for project sustainability.

� Mechanical and civil are the major wings providing technical service. Construction is being taken up by

the civil wing while Mechanical wing looks after operations like getting electricity connection and




� Further, acute shortage of manpower was observed at the level of Assistant Engineers, Junior

Engineers, Pipe Inspectors, Khalasi, Plumber, Mistry and Operators affecting project formulation,

implementation, monitoring and repair of schemes. While interaction with the junior level staff, the

capability gap was also observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff are regularly interacting with

the community for project delivery and currently the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature.

Thus, augmentation of soft skills for better service delivery could be adopted.

� During study it was found that no Government Order (GO) was issued for constitution of VWSCs as a

standing committee in Bihar. However, Government Order was issued on functions of panchayat on

water supply schemes. The GO clearly mentions that GP will take up construction and maintenance

work of water supply i.e construction and maintenance of hand pumps and wells but the Piped water

system will be constructed and maintained by the PHED and GP can only assist the Department. Our

team interacting with the PHED Officials was also informed that till date no O&M funds are transferred


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in GP account as GP representatives are not capable in taking up such responsibilities. Till date most

of the hand pumps are also maintained by the PHED local office except a few.

� Due to absence of VWSCs, involvement of panchayats remains limited in planning, implementation,


they are not adequately equipped and do not have requisite resources; they are not been able to

handle O & M of the schemes.


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4.1 Role of different Stakeholders in Service delivery

The proposed social assessment study has a mandate of identifying the stakeholders in water supply in the

rural areas who could impact implementation of water supply project so that Fully Covered (FC) status

could be achieved. This section presents the stakeholder analysis – identifying stakeholders at different

levels, mapping key expectations and issues and concerns thereof. This section has been prepared after

detailed consultations with various stakeholders, diverse inputs received from them and observations of the

study team. The table below presents the key stakeholders with their direct/ indirect roles and the activities

performed by them.

Table 4.1: Stakeholders involved in Rural Water Supply Scheme

Key Stakeholders

Role – Direct/ Indirect

Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats

State level

Public Health Engineering Department

Direct • It is the state nodal agency responsible for providing drinking water and sanitation facilities in the rural areas of the state and implements the drinking water supply and sanitation projects under the National Rural Drinking Water Plan (NRDWP), Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), State Plan and other external assistance programs

• Technically competent group which can do effectively if they work through community participation by putting a mechanism of getting community response on all their activities.

• Less staffed

• Lacks soft skills

• Struggling with water related issues

− Depletion of ground water level due to low rainfall/flood zone remains under water

− Deterioration of water quality due to water depletion, bacterial contamination due to population pressure and open defecation

• Ensuring expansion of the organization and timely completion of projects

• Should consider users as customers

• Have to come out of the thought process of being providers

• Building of soft skills so that they could implement participatory development models

• Requires orientation on Public Health issues

• It may happen that community participation is not achieved as desired

• It may happen that due to casteism at local level no support on community mobilisation

• Non Convergence of programmes

State Water and Sanitation Mission

Direct • Bihar State Water & Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) is nodal agency for implementation of total Sanitation Campaign & Swajaldhara in the state of Bihar. It has two missions –

• Struggling with following issues

− Communities’ lack of sense of hygiene due to illiteracy, lack of awareness, inadequate capacity

• Requires customised communication strategy for behaviour change as most of the population is illiterate

• Establishment of coordination with


• It may happen that due to casteism at local level, there is no support for community

4. Stakeholder Analysis


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Key Stakeholders



Project Management Unit (PMU) and Communication and Capacity Development (CCDU).

• Technically competent group for project delivery

• Implementation of M&E system

• Undertakes IEC and capacity building to ensure that people will take care of the maintenance

building at the grass root level and lack of convergence

− Lack of co-ordination with related departments like health, education social welfare.

− Absence of front line workers at village level

related departments like health, education social welfare.

• Appointment of VWSCs and training of its members on different aspects

mobilisation


• They may have to pay more for providing services to poor

UNICEF Direct • Technically competent body- has huge potential of providing technical support

• No issues • Is involved at the policy level, therefore assists the PHED which in turn works with the grass root level organizations.

• May face problem of poor coordination

DFID-SWASTH-WATSAN-Bihar

Direct • Works on convergent actions primarily from three service delivery departments of the Government of Bihar, the Department for Health and Family Welfare (DoHFW), Social Welfare Department (SWD), and Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). Therefore having close working relationship with three main departments working on issues of health, hygiene and social welfare

• Technically competent body thus helping PHED on the issue of water quality in an integrated manner addressing the critical gaps in the rural water quality management of Bihar

• Though a lot of effort has been put on convergence at State & District level but the same process does not trickle down at block & village level- for example resource persons such as Anganwadi workers, ANM and Asha didi does not work in a converged manner

• Work closely and provide continuous support for strengthening the O&M of water treatment facility, water quality management, IEC etc.

• Should help in establishing coordination with related departments like health, education social welfare.



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Key Stakeholders



Development Partners – Mahila Samakhaya

Indirect • Working in rural Bihar in the areas of livelihood, health issues, capacity building/ skill development

• They have huge potential as they are already working at the grass root level and have community support with 8039 SHGs and 166075 members who could be involved for better governance at community level

• The organization has a limited coverage for their interventions.

• They can be utilized to reach communities, thereby motivating and generating awareness amongst the rural community regarding the rural water supply schemes

• They can also be involved in mobilizing women groups within the villages by spreading their geographical coverage

• Can be involved for any kind of campaign for awareness generation


Development Partners – Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika)

Indirect • They have huge potential as they are already working at the grass root in 8 districts level and have community support with 59105 SHGs and 192000 members who could be involved for better governance at community level

• Their community mobilisation models and activity tracking systems are holistic

• The organizations have a limited role in current context

• They can be utilized to reach communities, thereby motivating and generating awareness amongst the rural community regarding the rural water supply schemes

• They can also be involved in mobilizing women groups within the villages by spreading their geographical coverage

• Can be involved for any kind of campaign for awareness generation


District level

District Water & Sanitation Mission & Public Health

Direct • District level agency for implementation of total Sanitation Campaign & Swajaldhara

• Technically

• Less staffed

• Lacks soft skills

• Lack of technical resource persons with


• Should consider


• It may happen that


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Key Stakeholders



Engineering Department

competent group can be effective if they work in community participation by putting a mechanism of getting community response on their activities.

expertise in social mobilization, IEC/ HRD activities as well as sanitation, health and hygiene experts to strengthen rural water supply scheme

• Lack of efforts to motivate community participation, primarily all the planning of implementation of activities is done by the Junior Engineer and Block Coordination, therefore there is no strong mechanism of getting community response on their activities

users as customers

• Have to come out of the aura of providers



due to casteism, local level does not support community mobilisation


Contractors Direct • Helping the Department in scheme implementation

• Securing steady business revenues at least costs

• Less experienced contractors for specialized work of the drinking water supply sector

• Potential to inflate the projects costs.

• Potential to keep community annoyed by providing poor quality services

• They need to be monitored closely so that they deliver better quality output- regulatory control with feedback loop of beneficiaries to be put in place

• They may lose business

• Low Profit margins due to close monitoring by the department and community, hence no interest at low margins

NGOs Indirect

• Non government bodies are engaged in water and sanitation related activities

• Know the participatory development models but currently not using them in rural services delivery.

• They have huge potential as they are close to the community.

• They can be utilized to reach communities, thereby supporting water & sanitation program

• NGOs could be appointed for communication and outreach activities of sector program

• They can also be involved in mobilizing women groups within the ward

• No negative impact


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Key Stakeholders



• Can be used for any kind of campaign for connecting households to the main sewers.

• They should be used for social monitoring of sector program like city sanitation committee

• They can also be involved for providing water supply and sanitation services like Rural Sanitary Marts and Production centers

Block level

Block Resource Centre (BRC)

Direct • They have huge potential if they are properly staffed and oriented towards service delivery

• These are grass root level institution involved in effective implementation of all activities related to Water and Sanitation and are directly connected with the Gram Panchayats, Village Water and Sanitation Committees. However these are non functional due to inadequate availability of manpower


• Have to come out of the notion of providers




• It may happen that due to casteism, local level does not support community mobilisation


Gram Panchayat level

Panchayati Raj Institutions

Direct • They are elected members of community and they are mostly believed by the community.

• It is also observed that they enjoy respect of their community in most of the contacted panchayats

• Very close to the community

• They are basically first point of contact of community thus, have potential in

• Too much politics and casteism involved as Mukhiya or a member of the dominant caste (powerful) decides who will get what benefit

• They are not actively involved in a dialogue with the community on tariff for maintenance of

• They should be involved in motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation management for sustainability of service delivery so that financial viability of the schemes is not affected.

• Should be trained in participatory development models

• Non capability to handle finance and may land up in trouble

• Contributions may not be deposited by the villagers

• VWSCs may become more empowered than PRI, hence PRIs may not co-operate

• May lose community land

•


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Key Stakeholders



community mobilisation for operation and maintenance of water

& sanitation services including delivery of piped water supply and solid waste management.

• Expect good quality water

• Expect regular water supply

• Timely delivery of funds

water supply systems

• There is a dearth of funds, functionaries and infrastructure facilities for PRI as a result of which the actual designated duties and functions as per the Bihar Panchayati Raj Act are not being performed by the local bodies. Presently, they are not actually engaged in implementation of development programs and schemes but their role in governance is at a nascent stage

• They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of water &


• They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and support in management.

Women Direct • Water is a basic necessity for all more importantly women as they are primary users, providers and managers of water in their households and are the guardians of household hygiene and health related issues

• Interested in safe drinking water and proper sanitation however, not aware of issues related to unsafe water and improper sanitation

• Expects Good quality water for domestic purposes and also for cattle purposes as well.

• Expects regular water supply with appropriate timings and reasonable

• They are not aware of issues related to unsafe water and improper sanitation They are mostly illiterates and also not empowered

• Women are not the empowered section of the society in rural area

• Women do not have much say in their families leave alone their participation in the public meetings.

• For taking any decision they are dependent on the male members of the

• Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced

• Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for active participation in water & sanitation related issues

• In the model of Mahila Samakhya similar groups developed at village level for active participation in water &


• They can also be involved for O&M of water & sanitation

programmes

• Heath hazards due to stagnant water and sewerage

• Higher tariffs

• May come across social issues due to in migrant labors


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Key Stakeholders



durations.

• Adequate number of stand posts as per the requirement of villagers

family.

• Women are mostly illiterate and are not aware about any development programs or initiatives

• Women collect the water for all domestic use from the hand pumps either installed at their houses or from the public hand pumps.

Community including SC/OBC/EBC

Direct • Water is a basic necessity for all, more importantly for the socially economically weaker section of the society who are generally not able to afford the services and are facing serious problems due to unhygienic and unhealthy condition

• Interested in safe drinking water and proper sanitation however, not aware of issues related to unsafe water and improper sanitation

• Expects good quality water for domestic purposes and also for livestock as well.

• Expects regular water supply with appropriate timings and reasonable durations.

• Adequate number of stand posts in villages

• They expect special consideration for their requirements and needs while program planning

• They are not aware of issues related to unsafe water and improper sanitation

• Are not the empowered section of the society in rural area

• They do not have much say in community meetings.

• They are mostly illiterate and are not aware about any development programs or initiatives

• Pro poor policy is to be taken up

• Livelihood groups formed under Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika) could be involved for active participation in water & sanitation

related issues

• In the model of Jeevika, similar socially backward and marginalised groups could be developed (this also has a mandate in State Rural Livelihood Mission) at village level for active participation in water & sanitation related issues

• They can also be involved for O&M of water & sanitation

programmes


• Higher tariffs



Anganwadi Direct • Are the basis • There are • They should be • Heath hazards due


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Key Stakeholders



Centres (AWCs)

institutes of health care system and work under the Integrated Child Development Services program to combat child hunger and malnutrition. It provides basic health care in villages include counselling to pregnant & lactating mothers, adolescent girls and supply, nutrition education and supplementation, as well as pre-school activities. The centres are also used as depots for oral rehydration salts, basic medicines and contraceptives.

• They are also point of contact of community thus, have potential in community mobilisation for operation and maintenance of water

& sanitation services including delivery of piped water supply and solid waste management.

various issues in functioning of AWCs, primarily these do not have their own buildings – are run in rented buildings or at a public place with no water and sanitation facility

• As these are the basic centres of health care and hygiene, no proper resources are provided to them

• The children attending the Anganwadi either has to go home for urination/ defecation or have to sit in the open as very less Anganwadis have toilet facility within their premises. Similar is the case with water facility, the water for drinking & hand washing is stored for the children in the bucket – which is collected from the nearby hand pump. Therefore the children though taught about hygiene are not so keen in practising it.

involved in motivating community towards safe water and sanitation services through students

• Should be involved in VWSCs as members and then trained in participatory development models



to stagnant water and sewerage

•

Schools Direct • Schools and teachers are respected among the community. This is a place where children spend most of their time and learn various important things under the

• Due to the non availability of running water supply in the school toilets, the students leave them dirty which cannot be used by other

• They should be involved in motivating community towards safe water and sanitation services through students

• Should be involved


•


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Key Stakeholders



supervision and direction of teachers.

• They are also point of contact of community thus, have potential in community mobilisation for operation and maintenance of water & sanitation services including delivery of piped water supply and solid waste management.

students. In addition to it there is no full time sweeper available in the school for cleaning toilets regularly therefore the school administration has to avail services on contractual/ day to day basis of either sweeper, helper etc for getting the toilets cleaned. Same is the case with teachers, it is not always possible for them to take a bucket of water while going for toilet therefore they prefer to use either the nearby panchayat ghar or go home. Also in most of the schools there is no separate toilet for teachers and they have to use the toilets meant for the students which is mostly very filthy

in VWSCs as members and then trained in participatory development models



• They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and support in management.

Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Committees (VHNSC)

Indirect • Is not an empowered committee for ensuring delivery of services related to water

• However, if they are organised they can as well be entrusted the responsibility of looking at water & sanitation issues

• In most of the places it is not formed or if formed is non-functional or inactive

• The members have been provided with several trainings on sanitation related issues but these are limited to

• Primarily inactive institution and requires regular capacity building and awareness generation.

• The intended benefit from these capacity building and awareness generation programme does not reach the community

• As they do not have mandate to look after water facilities thus, they may not turned up as envisaged

• Conflicts may arise on distribution and use of water

• VHNSCs can be hijacked by influenced groups

• VHNSCs may become another bureaucratic setup


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Key Stakeholders



themselves, proper dissemination of information from their end to the community members not there

therefore more focused approach required

for the villagers

• VHNSCs may overlook PRI and may land in trouble

Source: MM Study

4.2 Key Strengths and Weaknesses of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Bihar

4.2.1 Key strengths

� High design standards and reasonable construction quality.

� Have support of organizations like UNICEF, JEEVIKA and Mahila Samakhya

� Formation of Water & Sanitation Missions being carried up – at state and district levels – to adopt

demand driven approach in the sector

4.2.2 Key weaknesses

� The current institutional structure of the BSWSM does not fully subscribe to the principles of the

demand driven approach that the state is contemplating to scale up.

� Top down approach of service delivery as there is no structured organization / office at Block / GP

level. Further this is also delaying the process of decentralisation. Devolution of powers to Zilla

Parishad and Panchayat has not happened as desired. Common facilities are under control of PHED

only.

� Further to this, it was also seen that DWSM consultants are not placed at DWSC/DWSM level which is

hindering the soft component / IEC activities under the project (NRDWP & NBA)

� Lack of coordination between the mechanical and civil wings at district and sub-divisional level; this

generally end up resulting delay in project delivery.

� VWSCs are not formed thus, involvement of panchayats remains limited in planning, implementation,

operation & maintenance of the schemes.

� Presently the state is mostly covered by hand pumps (96.43%) and very less number of completed

schemes is available (2.35%)

� Currently under the World Bank program, the state is planning an extensive network of rural water

supply infrastructure mostly piped water scheme. However, availability of electricity remains a concern.

� The Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Committees formed under NRHM do not have the mandate

of looking at issues related to water thus, are not in a position to take up the responsibility of O&M


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5.1 Socio Cultural & Economic

The social life in Bihar heavily gravitates around the villages as only 11.2 percent of total population resides

in urban areas. Vast majority of them is still illiterate (63.82 percent are literate as per census 2011). The

study on social assessment was conducted with an objective to examine and analyze the dynamics and

mechanism of community with diverse socio-economic indicators. MM team interacted with community

members, representatives of Gram Panchayat and Panchayat Samiti to carve out the diversity and caste

dynamics in the state

Even as people of Bihar are excessively dependent on agriculture as compared to other states, agriculture

is not in a good shape. Over the years there has been stagnation in the agricultural sector. Agricultural

productivity in Bihar is one of the lowest in the country, as is the income generated from agriculture. In a

rural income dominated economy, sufficient agricultural growth can reduce poverty. However, in the case

of Bihar, low agricultural growth has come in the way of poverty reduction. Despite huge potential, the

agricultural growth rate has remained sluggish due to low productivity, lack of infrastructure, poor linkages

between farms and markets as well as institutional constraints. Environmental factors like floods and

drought also cause fluctuations in agricultural outputs in Bihar. Consequently, allied sectors are also

afflicted with wide gaps in productivity and low realization of potential.

Land still remains the measure of family’s prestige and social standing in rural areas. However, distribution

of operational landholdings is extremely skewed as majority of the population of rural households has less

than 0.001 hectare to cultivate followed by marginal holdings, the reason being that the land has been

divided amongst the sons of the households. According to the 2011 census, the population of the state of

Bihar 103,804,637 persons, consisting of 52.2 percentage males and 47.8 percentage females. The

average population of a district of the state is 2,731,701. The state has recorded 25.07 percent decadal

population growth with a range from 18.83 to 30.65 for Gopalganj and Madhepura respectively.

The population of Hindus in Bihar is about 83 percent, whereas the Muslim population is to 17 percent. The

rest comprise 0.06 percent Christians, 0.02 percent Sikhs, 0.02 percent Buddhists, 0.02 percent Jains,

while 0.05 percent belong to other religions about 0.06 percent did not state their religion (Source: Bihar at

Glance 2009). The state has about 15.7 percent of Scheduled Caste (SC) population and 0.9 percent

Schedule Tribe (ST) population (as per 2001 census).

The 29 notified Scheduled Castes in Bihar are Bantar, Bauri, Bhangi, Bhogta, Bhuiya,Bhumji, Chamar,

Mochi, Chaupal, Dabgar, Dasadh, Dhangad, Dharhi, Dhobi, Dom, Ghasi, Halalkhor, Hari, Kanjar, Kurariar,

Lalbegi, Mehtar, Musahar, Nat, Pan, Pasi, Rajwar, Sawasi and Turi. Vast majority of them are landless and

poor. Their living conditions are pathetic. However, in recent years, there has been growing consciousness

among them of their rights and entitlements.

The Government of Bihar has formed the State Mahadalit Mission for the development of the most

deprived amongst the Scheduled castes. The Commission observed that out of the 22 scheduled castes in

Bihar, 20 are acutely deprived in terms of educational, economic, socio-cultural and political status. The

Commission identified these 20 castes (Bantar, Bauri, Bhogta, Bhuiya, Chaupal, Dabgar, Dasadh,

Dhangad, Hari/Dom/Mehtar, Dhobi, Ghasi, Halalkhor Kanjar, Kurariar, Lalbegi, Musahar, Nat, Pan, Pasi,

Rajwar, Sawasi and Turi) primarily on the basis of their literacy rate. The literacy rate of Mahadalits is 16.7

percent against 28.5 percent of scheduled castes in Bihar (Source: Mahadalit Mission Document).

5. Diversity in Bihar


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The dominant group of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) is the Yadavs, Koeris, and Kurmis. There has

been an improvement in their socioeconomic indicators because of affirmative action and political

ascendancy, and the political power is also in their hands in most cases. At the same time, many OBC

communities remain both economically and socially deprived. Although the OBCs do not suffer social

disabilities as the Dalits do, they seem to have been enjoying lower socio-economic status compared to the

upper castes. Though upper or forward-caste Hindus Brahmins, Bhumihars, Rajputs, and Kayasthas are

also present but in limited numbers.

As per 2011 Census, the literacy rate of the state is 63.82 percent. Out of which male literates are 73.4

percent and female literates are 53.3 percent. Further the urban literacy rate stands at 78.75 percent (Male

84.42 percent and Female 72.36 percent) as compared to compared to rural literacy rate of 61.83 percent

(Male 71.9 percent and Female 50.82 percent).

Table 5.1: Bihar: Demographic Indicators

Particulars Bihar India

Total population (Census 2011) (in millions) 103.8 1210.19

Decadal growth rate (Census 2011) (%) 25.1 17.64

Crude Birth Rate (AHS 2010-11*) 28.9 22.17

Crude Death Rate (AHS 2010-11) 7.3 8.04 Natural Growth Rate (AHS 2010-11) 19.5 17.64 ( 2011 census data)

Infant Mortality Rate (AHS 2010-11) 52 44

Female Sex Ratio (Census 2011) (per 1000 males) 916 940

Schedule Caste population (‘000) (2001 Census) 13049

Literacy rate (Census 2011) (%) 63.82 74.04

Source: * Annual Health Survey 2010-11 and Census of India 2001 and 2011.

Bihar has around 49.6 million women and 54.2 million men. While the sex ratio of the state declined from

919 (Census of India, 2001) to 916 (Census of India, 2011), child sex ratio in the same period declined

steeply from 942 to 933. The age of marriage is increasing and the fertility rate is declining – both of which

are positive developments. However, high level of illiteracy coupled with a high maternal mortality rate –

both indicators of low human development of women – is a cause of alarming concern.

In brief, the society in Bihar reflects a great deal of diversity. Seen through the lens of social and economic

development, the society is divided along several axes. There exist huge socio-economic disparities among

different segments of the population, especially among different social groups. Women participation is

negligible in Gram Sabha, even if they are persuaded to participative they do not voice their issues and

demands.

Social structure of the blocks is fractured along caste lines. Relative positions in the caste hierarchy

determine social relationships, behavioral patterns, and cultural norms. Socio-economic structure revolves

around land ownership. Land reforms in Bihar have had limited impact and land distribution is skewed in

favour of few. Owners of large holdings belong to upper castes with some OBCs. The lower castes are

small land owners or landless labourers. Although the lower castes form numerical majority in any village,

they reside outside the main village in tolas i.e. settlement clusters or hamlets.

Economic and social inequalities are interlinked. The power structure is concentrated in the hands of the

dominant castes, with people in politics or power. They dominate the activities of the village as well as their

own community. These people control the flow of resources and technology coming from outside, and take

all the benefits meant for the weaker sections. The phenomenon of the dominant caste and dominant

personalities among all castes is a common feature to all villages in this region.


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About 80 per cent of workers are engaged in agriculture and allied activities. About two-fifths of workers are

cultivators and another two-fifths agricultural labourers (Census 2001). About 90 per cent of rural labourers

are agricultural labourers (Census 2001). However, the primary survey data is 92 percent for labourers.

Comparing the per capita income of the state, a substantial difference could be noted from India (INR

25661) and Bihar (INR 9586) for the year 2008-09. The above mentioned income is as a result of increase

i.e 17.37 percent from 2006-07 to 2008-09, which is 13.64 percent increase for India. The total GSDP of

Bihar at 2004-05 prices in 2010-11 is Rs. 1,44,472.0 crore, yielding a Per Capita Income Rs. 14,865. For

total GSDP, the estimated annual growth rate is 14.8 percent over 2009-10. At current prices, the GSDP for

Bihar in 2010-11 is estimated to be Rs. 2,17,814.0 crore with Per Capita Income of Rs. 22,411 (source:

Economic Survey 2011 - 12.)

Table 5.2: Income Details in per capita

Per Capita Income

At Constant Price in INR (Base Year 1999-2000)

At Current Price in INR

2006-07 2007-08 (Provisional)

2008-09 (quick)

2006-07 2007-08 (Provisional)

2008-09 (quick)

Per Capita Income, Bihar 8167 8703 9586 9817 11135 12643

Per Capita Income, India 22580 24295 25661 29524 33283 38084

Source: Bihar at Glance 2009

Poverty is acute in the sampled panchayats, as high as 83.2 percent of the respondents were found living

in non pucca houses (of which 51.1 percent were having semi pucca houses), about 78.3 percent earn

their livelihood by working as agricultural labourer. Further about 85 percent of the contacted households

do not have separate kitchen, about 67 percent of the households covered have monthly income below

INR 5000/-. The situation further bad in case of marginalized community like mahadalits. Similarly the

monthly expenditure of most of the respondents (79%) is within INR 5000/-.

5.2 Rural Governance

In Bihar, strong footholds of caste and patriarchy are everyday realities in women’s lives. These two

institutions define and govern a woman’s status, her work, and agency. Yet, there are slow and steady

changes in the policy. Women’s reservation in the Panchayat is an important milestone in this regard but it

will take decades to get fruitful outcome. The ground reality is that though the women is elected as a

Mukhiya but all the operation and management is in the hands of her husband also called as “Mukhiya

Pati” which clearly demonstrates that women are still not empowered and do not have a say in decision

making.

The role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) in governance, planning and monitoring of development

programs/schemes is crucial. But, ironically, there is a dearth of funds, functionaries and infrastructure

facilities for PRIs as a result of which the actual designated duties and functions as per the Bihar

Panchayati Raj Act are not being performed by the local bodies. Presently, they are largely engaged in

implementation of development programs and schemes but their role in governance is at a nascent stage,

therefore they require capacity building support in this regard.

For taking all important decisions relating to any panchayats, a Gram Sabha is held. Gram Sabha is a body

consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within the area of

Panchayat at the village level. As the Gram Sabha prepares plans and budgets and audits reports, one

may argue that it has effective control over the Gram Panchayat, but not necessarily in reality. The legal

position is different. The Gram Sabha makes recommendations and suggestions, and the Gram Panchayat

gives due consideration to its recommendations and suggestions. There is no legal obligation on the Gram


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Panchayat to accept the recommendations and suggestions of Gram Sabha. This has created the problem

of Mukhiya Raj instead of Gram Swaraj. This has made the Gram Sabha meaningless.

In the surveyed villages, a number of people had not even heard the name of Gram Sabha, so participation

is a distant goal. They usually call it Aam Sabha. Panchayat members and Block officials state that Gram

Sabhas are held regularly (26th January, 1

st May, 15

th August, 2

nd October – these are the dates wherein

Gram Sabha is held, apart from these it held on need basis) in these villages but villagers do not

participate. Villagers claim non-participation because their plans and demands are not considered, and

everything is decided by the Mukhiya, officials and dominant personality of major castes and communities.

5.3 Available water Resources

Earlier the rural community in Bihar was majorly

dependant on the wells of their water needs.

Currently it has shifted and people largely

depend on the hand pumps also called as

“Chapakal” in rural Bihar. In spite of ample

water resources because of high dependence

on groundwater for drinking as well as irrigation

purpose (85 percent) the per capita water

availability is declining day by day. Reports of

water portal suggest that the gross per capita

water availability in Bihar may decline from

1,950 m3/yr in 2001 to 1,170 m3/yr in 2050;

reason being decline in surface water coverage

of rivers, shifting of rivers, huge sedimentation

in river beds thus, reducing porosity of water

and ground recharge (Source: Water portal:

Paper of Mr Ghosh, A.N.Collage). Due to over extraction of ground water, absence of water harvesting,

awareness & technology, poor sewage and drainage facilities there is alarming rise of water pollution.

Thus, water is no longer potable. There are also high levels of Arsenic, Fluoride and Iron in groundwater in

some districts which is an area of concern.

Similar to other natural resources, water (both ground water and surface water) is also in abundance in

Bihar. The state receives considerable rainfall i.e. 1052.60 mm and the average number of rainy days/year

i.e. 52.5. The Zone-II North East Alluvial Plains receives the highest rainfall ranging between 1200-1700

mm, the Zone-I North West Alluvial Plains receives rainfall between 1040-1450 mm, and the Zone-III,

South Bihar Alluvial Plains receives the lowest rainfall ranging between 990-1240 mm.

The annual rainfall has varied between 1506.08 in 2007 (143.1 percent of the average) to 677.85 cm in

2010 (64.4 percent of the average).In 2010, the rainfall from the south-west monsoon, the main contributor,

was 584.40 mms (64.9 percent of average rainfall from south-west monsoon). So the total rainfall in 2010

was much below the average. Similarly, in 2009, the rainfall from south-west monsoon was less than the

normal which led to drought like situation in many districts of Bihar. In contrast, in 2007, the rainfall from the

south-west monsoon was 51.1 percent, more than the average. The rainfall pattern in Bihar is clear from

Table 5.3.


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Table 5.3: Annual Rainfall for Different Seasons in Bihar (2001 to 2010) (Rainfall data in mm)

Year Winter Rain Hot - Weather Rain

South-west Monsoon

North-west Monsoon

Total

2000 0.40 (.2.5) 101.70 (131.1) 994.10 (110.4) 10.00 (16.8) 1106.20 (105.1)

2001 20.90 (132.7) 86.70 (111.7) 908.20 (100.9) 192.20 (321.9) 1208.00 (114.8)

2002 48.90 (310.5) 66.80 (86.1) 896.90 (99.6) 33.20 (55.6) 1045.80 (99.4)

2003 19.20 (121.9) 93.00 (119.8) 767.60 (85.2) 128.90 (215.9) 1008.70 (95.8)

2004 23.70 (150.5) 41.40 (53.4) 906.10 (100.6) 60.10 (100.7) 1031.30 (98.0)

2005 0.10 (0.6) 89.50 (115.3) 777.60 (86.4) 30.20 (50.6) 897.40 (85.3)

2006 0.10 (0.6) 88.97 (114.7) 925.86(102.8) 27.77 (46.5) 1042.69 (99.1)

2007 28.34 (179.9) 76.40 (98.5) 1360.85 (151.1) 40.49 (67.8) 1506.08 (143.1)

2008 30.61 (194.3) 61.78 (79.6) 1084.27 (120.4) 19.31 (32.3) 1195.97 (113.6)

2009 0.09 (0.6) 98.22 (126.6) 699.17 (77.6) 71.13 (119.1) 868.61 (82.5)

2010 0.74 (4.7) 40.30 (63.5) 584/40 (64.9) 43.41 (72.7) 677.85 (64.4)

Average (2000-10) 15.75 77.60 900.45 59.70 1052.60

Note : Figures in parentheses denote actual rainfall as percentage of average Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

Further the state receives considerable water supply from the rivers which flow within the state territory, of

which Ganga is the main river joined by tributaries with their sources in the Himalayas. The tributaries are

Saryu (Ghaghra), Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla-Balan and Mahananda. Apart from above, there

are few other rivers namely Sone, Uttari Koyal, Punpun, Panchane and Karmnasha which start from the

adjoining plateaus and meet in Ganges or its associate rivers after flowing towards north. The above

mentioned network of rivers makes the water available for irrigation purposes and may help in generating

the hydro-thermal energy for the state (Source: Statistics of water published by Central Water Commission

in 2010).

Table 5.4: Water Availability in Details Type of water Details

Surface water The surface water resource in the state includes 69000 ha of ponds and tanks, 9000 ha of oxbow lakes, 7200 ha of reservoirs, 3200 km of rivers and 1 lakh ha of riverine and other flood plains.

Groundwater The annual replenishable ground water resource in the state is estimated to be 29.19 BCM. The net annual ground water availability is 27.42 BCM. The annual ground water draft is estimated to be 10.77 BCM making the stage of ground water development 39%. None of the administrative divisions (called blocks) in the state are classified as Over Exploited, Critical or Semi critical with respect to the groundwater status. The stage of groundwater development exceeds 50% in Nalanda, Jehanabad, Begusarai, Siwan, Saran and Patna.

Water quality Groundwater quality in parts of the state is affected by high Fluoride (4157 habitations), Iron (18673 habitations) and Arsenic (1590 habitations). Contaminant Affected Districts

Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Aurangabad, Banka, Buxar, Bhabua(Kaimur), Jamui, Munger, Nawada, Rohtas, Supaul

Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Aurangabad, Begusarai, Bhojpur, Buxar, Bhabua (Kaimur), East Champaran, Gopalganj, Katihar, Khagaria, Kishanganj, Lakhiserai, Madhepura, Muzafferpur, Nawada, Rohtas, Saharsa, Samastipur, Siwan, Supaul, West Champaran

Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Aurangabad, Banka, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Bhabua, Patna, Rohtas, Saran, Siwan

Arsenic (>0.05 mg/l) Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Buxar, Darbhanga, Katihar, Khagaria, Kishanganj, Lakhiserai, Munger, Patna, Purnea, Samastipur, Saran, Vaishali

Source: Statistics of water published by Central Water Commission in 2010

As per Bihar PHED, in 13 Arsenic and 18 Fluoride affected districts, substantial progress has been made in

bringing in piped water supply. Also, the PWS in these contaminated districts were executed with the Non-

Conventional Solar Energy (2009-10). To address the issues of contaminations, the Bihar State has also


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set up 41 Water Sources Testing labs. However, only 35.5% of habitations have got all the water sources

tested, while 54.5% have not got any sources tested.

5.4 Rural Drinking Water Status

As per NRDWP norms, the habitations are

categorized into three different categories

basically as per lpcd;

� Fully Covered (FC)- Habitations

getting 40 lpcd water supply for all its

population is termed as FC

� Partially Covered (PC)- Habitations

which are getting a supply of 1 to 39

lpcd

� Quality Affected (QA)- Habitations

with no safe source, ex. Fluoride and A Arsenic affected.

Assessment of the data collected from

DDWS website, it could be inferred that

about 82 percent of the habitations in Bihar

and 85 percent of the rural population is

fully covered so far water availability is concerned. Further about 7 percent of the habitations are partially

covered. Another 12 percent of the habitations which has only 7 percent of the total rural population has

water quality affected (Fig. 5.1 & 5.2).

Figure 5.1: Distribution of Habitations by Water Availability

Figure 5.2: Distribution of Population by Water Availability

Source: Data collected from DDWS, Feb. 2013

Table 5.5 indicates the status of drinking water supply in rural habitations in Bihar and their contamination

levels.


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Table 5.5: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply

Parameters N %

Total number of habitations in Bihar 107642

Total Water quality affected habitations 13993 13.0

Iron affected 10871 10.1

Arsenic affected 969 0.9

Fluoride affected 2691 2.5

Source PHED Bihar, February 2013

As per Bihar PHED, in 13 Arsenic and 18 Fluoride affected districts, substantial progress has been made in

bringing in piped water supply. Also, the PWS in these contaminated districts were executed with the Non-

Conventional Solar Energy (2009-10). To address the issues of contaminations, the State has also set up

41 Water Sources Testing labs. However, only 35.5% of habitations have got all the water sources tested,

while 54.5% do not have any sources tested. It is reported that out of total 107,642 habitations in Bihar,

21.9 percent are dominated by SC followed by 20 percent minority and about 2 percent ST. Further about

27 percent are left wing extremist effected habitation. As per policy of Government of Bihar most of the fully

covered habitations are more in the marginalized habitations.

Table 5.6: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply (BY Caste) Type of Habitations

Total Fully Covered Partially Covered due to Slipped Back

Percentage of fully covered (%)

Percentage of partially covered (%)

Total 107,642 87,394 20, 248 81.19 18.81 SC 23,520 21,987 1,533 93.48 6.52

ST 1,952 1,885 67 96.57 3.43

Minority 21,514 20,318 1196 94.44 5.56 LWE 28,784 27,604 1,180 95.9 4.1

Source PHED Bihar

Table below reveals that only 3.57 percent of the habitations are covered by piped water supply schemes

of which 2.35 percent of the schemes are completed and remaining 1.22 percent is ongoing. Further 96.43

percent of the habitations are covered by hand pumps.

Table 5.7: Proportion of Rural Habitations Covered with Type of Water Supply Schemes in Bihar

S. No.

District Total Number of Habitations

Percent habitations covered with Piped Water Scheme

Percent habitations covered with Hand pumps Completed On going

1 Araria 2350 1.66 1.45 96.89

2 Arwal 569 4.39 1.23 94.38

3 Aurangabad 3077 0.06 0.06 99.87

4 Banka 3069 6.19 14.47 79.34

5 Begusarai 3091 5.31 0.97 93.72

6 Bhagalpur 2807 1.46 8.8 89.74

7 Bhojpur(aara) 1282 7.1 1.87 91.03

8 Buxar 2542 2.87 0.2 96.93

9 Darbhanga 3120 0.9 0.83 98.27

10 Gaya 5715 3.5 0.12 96.38

11 Gopalganj 6025 0.15 0 99.85

12 Jamui 3373 4.71 0.09 95.20


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S. No.

District Total Number of Habitations

Percent habitations covered with Piped Water Scheme

Percent habitations covered with Hand pumps Completed On going

13 Jehanabad 1198 12.85 0.92 86.23

14 Kaimur (Bhabua) 3087 0.68 0.13 99.19

15 Katihar 1838 1.9 0.22 97.88

16 Khagaria 1031 2.81 1.26 95.93

17 Kishanganj 3084 3.27 0.52 96.21

18 Lakhisarai 1532 0.52 1.37 98.11

19 Madhepura 2494 2.09 1.56 96.35

20 Madhubani 2644 2.61 2.12 95.27

21 Munger 1601 3.06 0.56 96.38

22 Muzaffarpur 2868 2.58 0.03 97.38

23 Nalanda 2519 4.17 0.87 94.96

24 Nawada 2242 3.17 0.0 96.83

25 Pashchim Champaran 4428 1.65 0.5 97.85

26 Patna 2554 4.74 1.41 93.85

27 Purba Champaran (Motihari) 4285 2.26 1.31 96.43

28 Purnia 4768 1.47 0.38 98.15

29 Rohtas 1568 0.96 0.32 98.72

30 Saharsa 2895 1.83 0.86 97.31

31 Samastipur 3971 1.31 1.06 97.63

32 Saran 4765 0.42 0.29 99.29

33 Sheikhpura 316 2.22 0.32 97.47

34 Sheohar 438 0.91 0.23 98.86

35 Sitamarhi 1926 2.02 0.73 97.25

36 Siwan 5558 0.49 0.07 99.44

37 Supaul 3940 2.28 1.24 96.47

38 Vaishali 3072 2.31 0 97.69

Total (N) and (%) 107642 2.35 1.22 96.43

Source DDWS

During Focus Group Discussion it was reported that about 48 LPCD of drinking water is required for daily

needs. The major issues that were highlighted by the respondents are as mentioned below;

� Respondents are not satisfied with the quality of water. Problems of water contamination with Arsenic,

Fluoride and Iron and water being muddy were mentioned.

� Due to quality problems in drinking water, villagers reported isolated cases of Typhoid and Diarrhea

and other stomach related problems

� Community is not satisfied so far supply duration and pressure of water is concerned, even timing of

water supply was also not acceptable for the respondents.

5.5 Status of rural sanitation

As per Census 2011, about 17.6% of the rural households have latrines facility within premises, 81.4% are

defecating in open and remaining 1% are using public sanitation facility. However, NBA report depicts that

about 30.71% of the rural population has access to Individual Households Latrines (IHHL). As per Census


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2011, nearly 61% of the households lack access to any drainage system. Only 4% of the households have

closed drainage network.

5.6 Gender related issues in Bihar

Women constitute nearly 48 percent of the population in the state (Table 5.7) of which about 89 percent

reside in rural areas. On the literacy rate, Bihar has the lowest in the country. The literacy rate of women in

the state is further poor at 53.33 per cent as compared to 73.39 per cent literacy among men (provisional

Census 2011 data) ( Table 5.7) .

Table 5.8: Distribution of population by literacy and rural urban in Bihar

Population Total Rural Urban % Total % Rural % Urban

Persons 103,804,637 92,075,028 11,729,609 88.70 11.30

Males 54,185,347 47,983,851 6,201,496 88.56 11.44

Female 49,619,290 44,091,177 5,528,113 88.86 11.14

Literacy

Persons 54,390,254 46,478,818 7,911,436 63.82 61.83 78.75

Males 32,711,975 28,221,885 4,490,090 73.39 71.9 84.42

Female 21,678,279 18,256,933 3,421,346 53.33 50.82 72.36

Source: Census 2011

Further, Bihar has a human development index of 0.367 which is much lower than the national figure of

0.472. Table 5.8 provides the health indicators from the National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS-3) that

support the fact that the status of women in the state is bad.

Table 5.9: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar

Particulars % of women with Low BMI % of Anemic Women

India 35.6 55.3

Highest 45.1 69.5

Lowest 11.2 32.8

Bihar 39.3 68.3

Source: Census 2011

The state has a sex ratio of 916 females for every 1,000 men (Census 2011). The state has high maternal

mortality rates. Though these have reduced over the years, but the figures are worrisome. Table 5.9 gives

the data on health indicators for the same.

Table 5.10: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar & India

Heath Indicators India Bihar

Crude Birth Rate 22.5 26.7

Crude Death Rate 7.3 7.2

Infant Mortality Rate 50 52

Still Birth rate 9 1

Neo Natal Mortality Rate 34 35

Child Mortality rate 14.1 14.7

Total Fertility Rate 2.6 3.9

Polio Rate 89% 69.1%

Maternal Maternity Ratio (MMR) 2007-09 212 261

Source: Annual Health Scurvy 2010-11 and SRS 2009


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Bihar was the first state in the country to bring in 50% reservation for women in PRIs. This was made

operational through the Bihar Panchayati Raj Act, 2006. Accordingly, elections to PRIs which were held in

2006 had 50 per cent reservation for women and thus the total elected representatives had more women

than men in the final tally. The state also tried to empower female elected representatives under Panchayat

Mahila Evam Yuva Shakti Abhiyan wherein Shaktirupa were suppose to be formed under Societies

Registration Act, 1860. However, during interactions not much input was received from the elected female

representatives by the study team.

During focus group discussions, it was reported that in general village women do not own any property in

their names and do not get a share of parental property. It was also reported by the BPL women that

though their family had received Indra Awas dwellings but the land is not registered in name of female of

the households. Due to weak enforcement of laws protecting them, women continue to have little access to

land and property.

During interactions with women, many cases of physical violence (murder, beating, burning of not just the

panchayat candidates but their families as well), threats, and intimidation of women candidates in the 2006

Panchayat elections were narrated. In some cases Women candidates and their families had to face

violence for standing against male candidates who wanted to remain in power and get elected unopposed.

This above mentioned discussion clearly indicates that gender issues need to be addressed in order to

bring the females at par with their male counterparts in the State.


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During the participatory appraisal and focus group discussions at panchayat level our study team could

interact with the population and while discussing with them on different issues related to water and

sanitation the team could assess that the planned project will have mostly positive. However, a few social

impacts (negative) have also been discussed and as detailed in the following table.

Table 6.1: Anticipated Impact of the Project

Key Stakeholders Positive Impact Negative Impact

Public Health Engineering Department

• They will be more equipped and staffed to overcome issues like

− Depletion of ground water level

− Deterioration of water quality • Convergence of programmes


• It may happen that due to casteism at local level no support on community mobilisation


State Water and Sanitation Mission

• Attain sustainability in water and sanitation related service delivery

• Can develop community beneficial model like pro-poor initiatives of providing safe drinking water to the poor and then collecting charges in instalments


• It may happen that due to casteism at local level, there is no support for community mobilisation


• They may have to pay more for providing services to poor

CCDU • They will be more equipped and staffed to overcome issues like

− Awareness on communities’ sense of hygiene

− Co-ordination with related Departments like health, education social welfare.

− Availability of front line workers at village level


• Behaviour change communication may not work

• It may happen that due to casteism at local level does not support community mobilisation

UNICEF • Their role and support to the department may enhance


DFID_SWASTH-WATSAN-Bihar

• Their role and support to the department may enhance


Development Partners – Mahila Samakhaya



Development Partners – Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika)



District level

District Water & Sanitation Mission & Public Health Engineering Department



− Deterioration of water quality

• Convergence of programmes




Contractors • They may get to equipped with better technical competencies

• Timely initiation of project, less time required for land acquisition thus, profit margins will go high

• Timely completion of project, as community will cooperate in the villages

• They may lose business

• Low Profit margins due to close monitoring by the department and community, hence no interest at low margins

NGOs • Involvement in public outreach and • No negative impact

6. Anticipated Impact of the Project


88



campaign

• Can also be involved in mobilizing women groups within the ward

• They can also be involved for providing water supply services like sanitation services of Rural Sanitary Marts and Production centers

Block Resource Centre (BRC)



− Deterioration of water quality

• Convergence of programmes




Panchayati Raj Institutions

• Opportunity to get safe drinking water and sanitation services for the community

• Involvement in mobilizing fund for implementation, operation and maintenance of services (water &

sanitation) related

• Opportunity to get Nirmal Gram Puruskar in long run

• Scope of capacity building

• Better rural governance

• Can win support of community

• Non capability to handle finance and may land up in trouble

• Contributions may not be deposited by the villagers

• VWSCs may become more empowered than PRI, hence PRIs may not co-operate


Women • They will get quality water for required duration and at a time as required

• Reduce drudgery of carrying water from long distances (which they do even if at the stage of pregnancy)

• Less disease burden to household kitty and reduction of water borne disease

• Saving due to reduced health expenditure

• Increase in household income due to productive use of time

• Safe sanitation will help them to ensure dignity of their girl child and themselves

• Capacity building and better infrastructure

• Opportunities for interaction as part of social mobilization and women empowerment

• They will have say in family decision due to improved empowerment


• Higher tariffs


Community including SC/OBC/EBC

• They will get quality water for required duration and at a time as required

• Reduce drudgery of carrying water from long distances

• Less disease burden to household kitty and reduction of water borne disease

• Saving due to reduced health expenditure

• Increase in household income due to productive use of time

• Safe sanitation will help them to ensure dignity of their girl child


• Opportunities for interaction as part of social mobilization and capacity building and empowerment

• Less migration


• Higher tariffs



Anganwadi Centres • They will get quality water for required • Heath hazards due to stagnant water


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(AWCs) duration required and at a time as required

• Reduce drudgery of carrying water from long distances



• Respect in the community

and sewerage

Schools • They will get quality water for required duration required and at a time as required

• Reduces drudgery of carrying water from long distances



• Respect in the community


Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Committee (VHNSC)

• Participation from different social groups of the community, number may increase

• Regular meetings

• Capacity building in different procedures including book keeping, accounts management, record maintenance etc

• Timely and regular meetings

• Involvement of community in financial, non financial issues related to operation and maintenance of water and sanitation services

• Vibrant involvement of members in community mobilization for operation & maintenance of sanitation systems

• Reduction of difference between groups- poor to rich and general to SC/EBC etc

• As they do not have mandate to look after water facilities thus, they may not turned up as envisaged

• Conflicts may arise on distribution and use of water

• VHNSCs can be hijacked by influenced groups

• VHNSCs may become another bureaucratic setup for the villagers

• VHNSCs may overlook PRI and may land in trouble

Source: MM Study


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7.1 Key Risks

Community Support & participation:- The activities of the project may not get community support and

participation due to following reasons

� Lack of education and awareness among the community

� Socially backward groups are also not well-off economically and thus, they may not be able to pay for

the capital cost

� Local level casteism and politics, which may not support community mobilization

� Lack of women participation, their lack of economic empowerment, illiteracy, no say in decision making

of the family etc

Equity and inclusion:- The issues related to equity need to be addressed. Currently the villages that are

dominated by socially backward groups have comparatively lesser functional infrastructure (water &

sanitation).They are also economically backward thus cannot afford construction and maintenance of the

infrastructure.

Land acquisition:- Though ample land is available with panchayat and they can be easily transferred to

the project however all panchayats may not be equally interested to transfer the land to the project. This

could be a probability though the sample GPs under the study did not report such issues. But this may be a

case during actual implementation.

Regular water Supply: The community having piped water supply were not satisfied with the water supply

timings and pressure at which water is supplied. Thus, the community may not like to take the connections

till these issues are resolved.

Irregular Power Supply: Availability of power is a major issue in Bihar which will be a potential risk for

piped water schemes dependant on power supply. Due to erratic power supply, the operation of water

pumps and thereby the supply may get stalled and money invested in the construction will be futile. If the

water supply is not made to the community, they will be forced to use their old water sources; thereby the

health issues will persist mainly in case of villages with water contamination (fluoride and arsenic)

Weak PRIs and non availability of VWSCs: The operation and maintenance of the schemes may be an

issue if the dedicated structure at grassroot level is not established.

Influence:- Looking into the importance of VWSCs, it is possible that economically dominating groups

would try to control the VWSCs. This can also initiate a conflict between VWSCs and Gram Panchayat,

mainly in the constituencies reserved for socially backward groups.

Delay in project delivery:- There is lack of coordination and capability gaps in the different wings of

PHED , which may lead to the project unable to deliver its objective within its stipulated time.

Contamination of Ground Water:- Leech pit toilets with deep pits (as reported by the households having

toilet) could lead to groundwater contamination, if proper measures are not taken on urgent basis.

7. Key Risks & Possible Mitigation


91


7.2 Possible Mitigation of Identified Risks

The identified risks can be minimised by the following proposed mitigation measures;

Risks Proposed Mitigation measures

Lack of Community participation

• Multiple rounds of stakeholder consultations should be held prior to conceptualizing and during preparation of the project. Each sub project should have a local level communication office with a grievance redressal officer. The activity of each sub project should be further overseen by a high level coordination committee (at state level.)

• Establishing Village Level Structure i.e VWSCs

− It is important that each VWSC is represented by all the sections of the

society of the village and their members are trained to assist the water &

sanitation service delivery.

• Capacity building of VWSC members

• Ensuring women participation

− One-third of the VWSCs members should be women and they should be

provided mandatory training

− The social mobilization agency should deploy women members to get

women’s participation

− Women should also be contacted by the Anganwadis and schools

through their wards and motivated

− Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced

− Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for

active participation in water & sanitation related issues

− In the model of Mahila Samakhya, groups could be developed at village

level for active participation in water & sanitation related issues

− Women could be trained for providing services related to water &

sanitation, may be through rural sanitary marts

• Establishment of bottom up approach and involvement of PRIs and

community in O&M of water & sanitation programmes

• Capacity building of PRIs in O&M

Equity and inclusion � Pro poor policy is to be taken up which could



− Provide concession in the normal one time connection deposit, may be by

half or one third but the water charges should be collect from them and

this has to be fixed by the PRIs themselves, to inculcate the sense of

ownership;

− Simplify procedures of taking connection and any proof of residence such

as ration cards and ID cards would be considered sufficient to provide a

connection.

− Provide water free of charge through public kiosks / cisterns / taps to

vulnerable sections such as nomads, destitute, homeless poor, beggars

etc. who cannot afford to pay anything.

− Promote structured participation of NGOs and CBOs in organizing the

vulnerable sections for managing free water supply through public kiosks.

Land acquisition • Work in close interactions with the community

• Instil the importance of the project to panchayat and VWSCs

• Capacity building of panchayat and VWSCs

• Establishment of bottom up approach


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Risks Proposed Mitigation measures

• Information sharing about the impacts of the project

Regular water Supply • Work out the most feasible way of water supply, appropriate with duration, time, quality, and quantity.

• Alternative power supply arrangements are required for restoring regular water supply which could be solar based systems.

Irregular Power Supply • Policy dialogues to be initiated with the power supply department for ensuring regular power supply.

• The tariff for unit rates for community PWS system should be lower than the minimum domestic tariff/unit.

Weak PRIs and non availability of VWSCs

• PRIs should be empowered and mandatorily be members of VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels. The whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially PRIs and VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Further they should be involved in following activities;

− In motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation

management for sustainability of service delivery so that financial viability

of the schemes is not affected.

− Should be trained in participatory development models

− They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and

management of water & sanitation services including domestic waste

disposal.

− They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for

ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and

management support.

− It is important that each village VWSCs and PRIs have their adequate

participation and they are also trained for supporting service delivery.

Appropriate and regular IEC will also be equally important.

Strong influence • Community mobilisation and empowerment so that they are able to identify the requirements related to water, sanitation, health and hygiene and not come under any such influence.

Delay in project delivery • Project Management Unit is to establish good rapport with the Government of India and State PHED for timely release of funds and sanctioning of contracts respectively.

• Project delivery in Mission mode so that Project management Unit has a complete structure up to the level of panchayat and able to monitor the project closely.

Contamination of Ground Water

• Capacity building of PHED officials on soft skills so that communication on technical aspects could be delivered to the community.

• Hiring of professional agencies for developing and implementing communication strategy for sanitation, hygiene, and conjunctive use of water.


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8.1 Issues

8.1.1 Organizational Structure for Service Delivery

During interactions with different level it was observed that the institutional structure of BSWSM is up to

district level only, below district there is no available structure. The activities of Block and GP level are

governed by the DWSC. Due to absence of four-tier system of governance, establishment of bottom up

approach for project delivery is not being undertaken. Further, this is also delaying the process of

decentralisation.

8.1.2 Top Down Approach

Currently, top-down approach is followed in planning, implementing and operation and maintenance of the

schemes. Thus, PHED is totally responsible for service delivery. Though, there is initiation of devolution of

power to ZP and GP but it has not happened due to issues in capacity of PRIs and also lack of supervision

from PHED.

8.1.3 Staff Strength and internal Communication



monitoring and repair of schemes. While interactions with the junior level staff, their capability gap was also

observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff are regularly interacting with the community for project

delivery and currently the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills

for better service delivery could be adopted.

Mechanical and civil are the major wings providing technical service. Construction is being taken up by the

civil wing while Mechanical wing looks after operations like getting electricity connection and operation of

machines. Both wings are headed by technically expert groups however, lack of coordination was observed

among them at district and sub-divisional level which generally leads to delay in project delivery.

8.1.4 Absence of village level structure i.e. VWSCs

During field visits it was observed that VWSCs are not formed at village level, during interaction with PHED

officials it was confirmed that no Government Order was issued by the Department for constitution of

VWSCs as a subcommittee of gram panchayat.


operation & maintenance of the schemes. Very few schemes have been transferred to panchayats that too

only hand pump schemes. It was also observed that gram panchayats are not adequately equipped with

requisite resources to handle Operation & Maintenance of the schemes. Thus, devolution of power

including fund for O&M of water supply schemes has not happened in the State.

8.1.5 Technical/Water Quality

About 12% habitation has water quality issues and the Department is not being able to complete all its

water testing as planned for year 2011-12 (only 52147 sample tested against target of 120000 sources in

8. Issues & Recommendations


94


lab and further only 540 FTK tests were done as against target of 204692). As per NRDWP guideline all

drinking water sources should be tested at least twice a year for bacteriological contamination and once a

year for chemical contamination. (Source: DDWS data of 2011-12). However, since sub divisional labs are

not set up as planned (target 228 as per PHED website but none of them are functional however, approval

on 76 of such labs are under process) thus, district labs are putting additional effort to meet targets for

water quality testing.

8.1.6 Inclusion

Since the panchayat is spread and has 11 to 12 habitations in it and they are clustered according to the

caste. Many a times the core village (i.e the panchayat village) is dominated by economically sound section

of the society and the distance village which is majorly dominated by poor families and mahadalits lacks

infrastructure facility related to water and sanitation. Moreover if the facility is provided they are so poor that

they will not be able to pay the connection charges.

8.1.7 Limited participation of Community

Limited participation of the community was observed, in planning, implementation and O&M of LIS-WB

PROJECT facilities, is a key issue to be tackled in the LIS-WB PROJECT sector. The limited community

involvement is partly because of the supply driven approach and partly due to lack of awareness and

illiteracy among users about the benefits that could accrue from active involvement. Significant IEC efforts

need to be effectively channelled to improve community participation.

8.1.8 Limited or non participation of women-Gender

Women comprise about half of the population and they are not empowered enough to participate in

community meetings and provide their inputs in service delivery related to water & sanitation.

8.1.9 Weak PRIs less participation of women

Though the PRIs have been given mandate of operation of water supply (hand pumps) and sanitation but

no funds were transferred for this purpose as they are technically weak and are not in a position to

dispense their responsibility. Too much politics and casteism involved as Mukhiya or a member of the

dominant caste (powerful) decides who will get what benefit. They are not actively involved in a dialogue

with the community on tariff for maintenance of water supply systems and public welfare.

Moreover women member of the panchayats were also not found vocal thus, a holistic approach for the

benefit of each section of the society in a sustainable manner was found missing.

8.1.10 Poor Supply of Power

Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the villages, though more than 90

percent of the households were found having electric connection in their household (mostly illegal

connections) however, electric supply was found very erratic in covered villages. Due to irregular electric

connection operation of water pumps and supply remains stalled. It could be seen that water comes to

many of the PWS villages once in a week.


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8.1.11 Low Coverage of safe Drinking Water & Latrine

About 12 percent of habitations have quality affected water sources (Source secondary data from PHED).

A significant number of households (82.6%) using hand pump spend 1 to 2 hrs daily for collecting water for

various household purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing & bathing purposes (survey

data). During discussions it was reported that about 48 liters of water is required for one person. Further,

latrine coverage is very inadequate- only 17.5 percent of contacted households had individual household

latrine in sampled GPs.

8.1.12 Usage of latrine

During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was reported that despite having toilets in some of the houses, the

males are still practicing open defecation. They think that productivity of land will reduce if they do not use

their own agricultural land for open defecation.

8.2 Recommendations

8.2.1 Organization Structure for Service Delivery

In case of absence of four-tier system i.e. State-District-Block-VWSC, the process of decentralisation is

delayed and bottom up approach has not been established. Thus, it is suggested that institutional structure

is established and strengthened at block and village level. Further, PRIs should be involved in the process

so that community driven approach could be setup.

8.2.2 Establishing Bottom up Approach

The project should address the issue of decentralized governance for proper implementation and

sustainable operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, establishment of bottom up approach by

forming and strengthening VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels is suggested. The

whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially

VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM.

8.2.3 Improving Water Quality testing

Setting up Sub division Labs as planned (target 228 as per PHED website) to enhance of lab testing of

water at grass root level. The services of private labs or labs under other governmental bodies like State

Universities, Institutes under Council of Scientific Industrial Research can also be an option to be explores.

8.2.4 Establishing Village Level Structure i.e. VWSCs

In order to establish bottom up approach it is important that Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committee

(VWSC) are constituted and strengthened adequately to take up different activities related to water &

sanitation. Thus, it is recommended that;

� VWSC should be formed within Gram Panchayat as Standing Committee.

� VWSC should have 6 to 12 member, the committee should have adequate participation of ST, SC,

Women, elected members of panchayat, ANM, ASHA etc.

� All the water & sanitation related work should be carried out by the VWSCs which will be a

subcommittee of Gram Panchayat including;

− Identification of water sources


96


− operation of Piped Water Schemes

− supply of water to households

− bulk water transfer

− inter-village distribution for multi village schemes

− maintenance of water grid

− collection of water user charges for Operation & maintenance as per 12th etc.

− assistance for quality testing of each of the water sources

− IEC and awareness generation

� At least five members of VWSCs are trained by CCDU for a minimum of three days on issues like

− Water quality issues including health related diseases

− Water quality monitoring

− Sanitation and hygiene

− Social mobilization & IEC

8.2.5 Staff Strength and internal Communication

Staff should be placed at each level as per guideline and state requirement of NBA or NRDWP. BWSWSM

can also conduct a separate study on staff’s requirement for smooth implementation, operation and

maintenance of the services.

While interactions with the junior level staff, a capability gap was observed. It is to be noted that junior level

staff is regularly interacting with the community for project delivery and currently the emerging project

needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills for better service delivery could be adopted.

It is important that the capacity the staff is built-up so that they are capable of coming up with innovations

and community friendly methods like pro-poor policy for providing services. Also, there is acute need for

building soft skills among the staff so that they could see users as customers and give them the desired

respect.

8.2.6 Ensuring inclusion

Water is a basic necessity for all more importantly for the socially economically weaker section of the

society who generally is not able to afford the services and is facing serious problems due to unhygienic

and unhealthy condition. They expect good quality water for domestic purposes and also for livestock as

well. In order to have inclusion following measures could be taken;

� Pro poor policy is to be taken up which could



− Provide concession in the normal one time connection deposit, may be by half or one third but the

water charges should be collect from them and this has to be fixed by the PRIs themselves, to

inculcate the sense of ownership;

− Simplify procedures of taking connection and any proof of residence such as ration cards and ID cards

would be considered sufficient to provide a connection.

− Provide water free of charge through public kiosks / cisterns / taps to vulnerable sections such as

nomads, destitute, homeless poor, beggars etc. who cannot afford to pay anything.

− Promote structured participation of NGOs and CBOs in organizing the vulnerable sections for

managing free water supply through public kiosks.


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8.2.7 For enhanced participation of Community

Social mobilization and capacity building of community should be done through formation of VWSCs and

following community mobilization techniques like resource mapping (water & sanitation), problem tree

analysis, sustainability analysis involving technically competent agency.

� It is important that each village VWSC is participated by all the respective sections of the society of the

village and their members are trained for supporting water & sanitation service delivery.

� Proper and regular IEC is also suggested.

� Livelihood groups formed under Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika) could be involved for active

participation in water & sanitation related issues

� In the model of Jeevika, similar groups of socially backward and marginalized could be developed (this

also has a mandate in State Rural Livelihood Mission) at village level for active participation in water &


� They can also be involved for O&M of water & sanitation programmes

8.2.8 For enhanced participation of women

Water is a basic necessity for all, more importantly women as they are primary users, providers, and

managers of water in their households and are the guardians of household hygiene and health related

issues. However, women are the most deprived section of the society so far rural Bihar is concerned as

they do have much say in their families leave alone their participation in the public meetings. In order to

activate their participation following measures could be taken:

� One-third of the VWSCs members should be women and they should be provided training mandatorily

� The social mobilization agency should deploy women members to get women’s participation

� Women should also be contacted by the Anganwadis and schools through their wards and motivated

� Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced

� Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for active participation in water &


� In the model of Mahila Samakhya, similar groups could be developed at village level for active

participation in water & sanitation related issues

� Women could be trained for providing services related to water & sanitation, may be through rural

sanitary marts

8.2.9 For strengthening PRIs

The project should address the issue of decentralized governance for proper implementation and

sustainable operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, PRIs should be empowered and

mandatorily be members of VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels. The whole idea will

be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially PRIs and VWSCs

which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Further they should be

involved in following activities;

� In motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation management for sustainability of service

delivery so that financial viability of the schemes is not affected.

� Should be trained in participatory development models

� They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of water & sanitation

services including domestic waste disposal.

� They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections,

timely payment of tariff and support in management.


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� Thus, it is important that each village VWSCs and PRIs have their adequate participation and they are

also trained for supporting service delivery. Proper and regular IEC is also suggested.

8.2.10 Alternative arrangement for Power Supply

Alternative arrangements for power supply are required for restoring regular water supply which could be

solar based systems. However, solar based systems will not work in foggy and cloudy weather conditions

thus, a complete separate study is recommended to overcome this situation. Alternatively, policy dialogues

could be initiated with the Power Supply Department for ensuring regular power supply.

8.2.11 For enhancing coverage of water & sanitation infrastructure

Awareness on government programmes was found very low thus, implementation of awareness generation

program is recommended. Communication regarding water & sanitation is not only technical but also a

sensitive issue. Thus, we recommend hiring of professional agencies for developing and implementing

communication strategy for sanitation, hygiene, and conjunctive use of water. The key recommendations

are;

� Intensification of awareness generation programmes on water and sanitation

� Implementation of scientifically designed customized & effective communication strategy for behaviour

change

� Awareness generation involving community

� Involvement of community for planning, implementing and maintaining water & sanitation programmes

to inculcate sense of ownership

8.2.12 For Ensuring usages of Toilets

During visit to GPs it was also observed that toilet provided under government programmes are not tailor

made thus, tall members of the family are not using the units and prefer to go outside. Thus, tailor made

scientifically designed toilets needs to be incorporated in Government Programmes as well.

Further, due to absence of local level sanitation supply chain i.e. Rural Sanitary marts and production

centers, APL households living in interior areas were facing problems in constructing toilets in their houses.

Thus, it is recommended that;

� Customized designed toilet models are made available for the community

� Rural Sanitation Marts are established and production centers at panchayat level

� Facilitation and training is provided to village youth for construction, operation and maintenance of rural

toilets (training of masons)


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The applicability of social safeguard issues related to Indigenous People (OP 4.10) and Involuntary

Resettlement (OP 4.12) to the demonstration zones and priority investments were examined under this

section. Field visits to the demonstration areas and pipeline routes were conducted to examine if the

proposed project (demonstration zones and priority investments) would attract the provisions of OP 4.10

and OP 4.12. During these field visits, a number of persons were met including government officials,

community, PRIs, Development Partners and NGOs.

9.1 Land Acquisition

Water supply schemes in Bihar are planned under four broad categories -- Single Habitation Scheme

(SHS), Multi Habitation Scheme (MHS), Small Multi Village Scheme (covering 2-3 GPs) and Large Multi

Village Scheme (covering 4 or more GPs). Land is required for building infrastructure for different purposes

like;

� Water sources (Bore well, Open wells and pump houses)

� Water treatment plants (Generally, groundwater is treated with chlorination for bacteriological

contamination. land may or may not be required for this purpose if the chlorinator is fitted into the pump

house)

� Water transmission (for laying of transmission lines and this could also be laid along the public roads)

� Storage (Land is required for storage, though, generally, the storage is built in public places in the

villages)

� Distribution (required, but pipes are laid along roads and public places are used for stand posts. Hence

no lands will be acquired)

During study, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each panchayat and during these FGDs

the study team tried to find out on availability of land. It was reported by the villagers as well as the

panchayat head that ample land is available under possession of panchayat and this could be transferred

to project for construction of public infrastructure. During discussion with PHED officials it was found that

most of the schemes will be ground water based schemes and land requirement for single habitation

scheme would vary betweenm 0.01 to 0.03 hectares and for multi village schemes 1 to 1.5 hectare land

may be required.

9.2 Indigenous People

The present study indicates that the households belonging to the Scheduled Tribes category range from as

low as 0.72% in Saran district to 7.19% in Pashchim Champaran district. During field visits, interactions

with ST community was undertaken and it was observed that though they are living in exclusive clusters/

habitations but have ownership of land and other assets in few cases. This study records no distinct

livelihood pattern – nor in cultural identities – between the Scheduled Tribes and non-Scheduled Tribes. On

the basis of these factors, this study concludes that the OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples need not be

triggered.

9. Social Safeguard issues


100


10.1 Institutional Arrangement

10.1.1 Gaps identified

Based on the analysis of the existing institutional and implementation structure, following gaps/issues have

been identified:

� Absence of structured organization / office at Block / GP level

Establishment of bottom up approach of project delivery as desired in NRDWP and NBA guideline is not

being undertaken. Further this is also delaying the process of decentralisation. On these lines, it is

recommended that the institutional structure at block and village level is established and strengthened

so that process of decentralisation could be achieved and community driven approach could be setup.

� Absence of DWSM consultants at DWSC/DWSM level

DWSM consultants are not place at DWSC/ DWSM level, thereby hindering the IEC activities under the

project (NRDWP & NBA). It is recommended that DWSMs are placed for project sustainability.

� Lack of Coordination between Mechanical and Civil wings of the Department

Mechanical and Civil are the major wings providing technical service. Construction is being taken up by

the Civil wing while Mechanical wing looks after operations like getting electricity connection and




� Shortage of Manpower



monitoring and repair of schemes. While interacting with the junior level staff, their capability gap was

also observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff are regularly interacting with the community for

project delivery and the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills

for better service delivery should be adopted.

� Absence of Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs)



they are not adequately equipped and do not have requisite resources, they are not able to handle O &

M of the schemes.

10.2 Roles and responsibilities at various levels in implementation

The following table provides the institution wise proposed roles and responsibilities

Table 10.1: Roles and responsibilities of institutions and personnel at various levels in implementation

Level Institution Function Responsibility

State Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission

− Ensure overall implementation of the community

driven approaches especially pro poor policy.

− Ensure adequate resources and manpower for

Director( SPMU), PMU, CCDU

10. Capacity Building Strategy


101



(BSWSM) implementation of community driven

approaches.

− Appoint social experts (DWSM) to oversee the

social components during project period.

District District Water and Sanitation Mission

(DWSM)

− Training and Capacity Building of SOs, VWSC,

Block Coordinators

− Social Development Officer (DWSM) on social

issues.

− Coordination among support organization on

participatory approaches

− Day-to-day management, responsible for

undertaking activities related to implementation

of participatory approaches.

− Carry out regular monitoring and supervision of

the implementation through appropriate

mechanisms

− Complain registering, Grievance redressal

SE, EE, AE, DWSM supported by M&E Officer and DWSM, DPMU

Block Block Water and Sanitation Committee

(BWSC)

− Implementation of Community led Total

Sanitation and monitoring of project O&M by the

panchayats

− Coordinating with support organization on IEC,

water quality testing and participatory appraisals

for community mobilisation

BRCs, AE and JE (

PHED)

Village Village Water and Sanitation Committee (VWSC)

− Participation in planning, implementing and

monitoring of PWS and village water security

plans

− Provide support in execution of the IEC activities

and communication for better project delivery

and sustainability.

− To look at the social safeguards if any

− To oversee the distribution of water through pipe

− Facilitate IEC activities regarding water

conservation, sanitation and hygiene among the

villagers.

VWSC,

SO, JE (PHED)

Support Organizations (SO)

− Provide support to the AE/JE, PHED in

preparing participatory planning.

− Liaison with Department of ICDS, Education &

Heath for implementation and maintenance of

sustainable water & sanitation services

− Provide support in execution of the IEC activities

and communication for better project delivery

and sustainability.

− Provide support to the PHED in the supervision,

monitoring and Social audit.

− Train the VWSC/BWSC in participatory

approaches for operation and maintenance of

water, sanitation services and waste

Directors/Heads of SO


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management.

10.3 Institutional Initiatives proposed by the State Government

The Government of Bihar recognizes that for ensuring improvement in services delivery of Rural Water

Supply & Sanitation, the Department needs to augment resources at different levels. There is also a need

to establish bottom-up approach for service delivery. Considering this, BSWSM has already suggested

implementation of World Bank (WB) project in mission mode which was presented during stakeholder’s

workshop on 28th January, 2013.

The study team had rounds of discussion at different levels of implementation in PHED, the following

institutional framework & Structure is being suggested for WB assisted project.

10.3.1 Proposed Institutional Structure

It is being proposed that SWSM at the state level will take responsibility of the sector reform program and in

order to make this happen it will be supported by State Project Management Unit(SPMU) and

Communication & Capacity Development Unit (CCDU). PHED will work as a technical agency and

implement small and large piped water supply schemes, the whole structure and roles are mentioned

below;

10.3.1.1 Institutions at State Level

� State Water & Sanitation Mission (SWSM) – this will be the overall body for policy guidance and

oversight aspects on LIS-WB PROJECT activities across the State

� Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED)- this will be the statewide technical agency which

will work as an implementer in all MVS (including small and large MVS) and facilitator in all SHS and

SGS

� State PMU (SPMU) for the World Bank Program Districts- SPMU will be staffed with professionals in

Financial management, Procurement, Environment, M & E, Communications, etc. on a full time basis.

The SPMU will complement the existing PMU and CCDU for the NRDWP Program.

� Existing PMU will be staffed as per WSSO (Water & Sanitation Support Organization) guidelines for

NRDWP and will continue to look at other districts.

� SPMU will be supported by DPMUs

� By the end of the project implementation period, the SPMU along with WSSO for NRDWP will transform

itself into a WASMO (Water & Sanitation Management Organization) for the state

10.3.1.2 Institutions at District Level

� District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM)- overall body for oversight aspects of all Rural Water

and Sanitation Programs in the District along with the District Water and Sanitation Committee

(DWSC)

� District PMUs to be set up in all WB Program districts on a priority basis. DPMUs to be staffed

appropriately in the areas of Financial Management, Procurement, Community Mobilization, Technical

Expertise in water and sanitation, etc.

� District Project Management Consultants (DPMC) to be appointed (recruited as a firm from the

market) and will have technical, community mobilization, financial etc. specialists. DPMUs will oversee

working of Distt. level PMCs

� DPMCs to engage Support Organisations (SO) as part of their own teams at VWSC level


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� PHED to provide guidance through its Executive Engineers at District level

10.3.1.3 Institutions at Block Level

� Block Resource Centers to be made functional and Block coordinator and cluster coordinators to be

appointed. BRCs will coordinate in providing necessary capacity building support to the VWSCs

particularly in the IEC area

10.3.1.4 Institutions at Village Level

� Gram Panchayat (GP): Being new, the GPs have not been involved so far in LIS-WB PROJECT

activities. It is proposed that the GPs will be made responsible for a number of activities including all

approvals required through the passing of resolutions at the gram sabhas, tariff fixation and guidance to

the VWSCs

� Village Water & Sanitation Committee (VWSC) will be the implementing entity for SHS and SGS and

Monitoring entity for intra-habitation aspects of all other water schemes

• VWSC will be committee of the GP with GP Head as Head of VWSC

� SOs (who are part of outsourced DPMC) will support the VWSCs in all activities-from the initial planning

to later monitoring

� Junior Engineers of PHED to provide technical guidance where necessary

Figure 10.1: Proposed Institutional Structure & Key Roles

Source: Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission


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10.3.2 Proposed Technical and Administrative Sanctioning Authority

10.3.2.1 Technical sanction

� Single Habitation Scheme (SHS) and environmental sanitation works are likely to be less than Rs. 30

lakhs. Technical Sanctions for schemes up to Rs. 30 lakhs to be done by DWSC at the District levels, in

which an Executive Engineer of PHED is also a member. The sanctioning power of Executive Engineer

(EE) is currently upto Rs. 3.5 Lakhs only, which is being revised by the State

� For other Schemes, technical sanction would be as per prevailing delegation of powers-upto Rs. 70

lakhs by Superintending Engineer, Rs.70-350 lakhs by Chief Engineer and above that by a committee at

PHED headquarter level

10.3.2.2 Administrative approvals

� For all schemes below Rs. 30 lakhs, the administrative approval to be provided by DWSC and upto Rs.

2.5 Crores by the Principal Secretary, PHED

� For all other schemes, State Level Scheme Sanctioning Committee (SLSSC) headed by the Principal

Secretary, PHED to provide necessary administrative approvals

10.4 Capacity Assessment

During interaction with policy level officials, officials involved in implementation of the project, panchayat

members and community, capacity building needs were identified for different stakeholders. Further,

capacity building interventions are proposed for each level of stakeholder, the same is presented in the

table below.

Table 10.2: Capacity building needs and proposed interventions for different stakeholders

Level Officials Capacity Building Needs

State Officials of SWSM, PMU and CCDU




• World Bank’s procedure and procurement process


Officials of PMU and CCDU



• Training need assessment for the junior staff


MPs/MLAs/MLCs, media persons,


Representative from UNICEF, DFID

• Knowledge about recent innovations in LIS-WB PROJECT including community driven approaches Improvement of the “accountability framework” by clarifying the roles and responsibilities of the various sectors of the LIS-WB PROJECT sector at the state, district and village level, including responsibilities for policy formulation, financing, regulation, construction, operations and maintenance.

Officials of LIS-• Role to be played by partner departments in setting up sustainable


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WB PROJECT, Panchayati Raj, Education, ICDS, representative from Central Ground Water Board etc.

LIS-WB PROJECT in Bihar

• Improvement of the “accountability framework” by clarifying the roles and responsibilities of the various sectors of the LIS-WB PROJECT sector at the state, district and village level, including responsibilities for policy formulation, financing, regulation, construction, operations and maintenance.

District Officials of DWSM at implementation and operation level


• Getting feedback and analyzing feedback (M&E) and MIS

• Training need assessment for the juniors staff


• Knowledge about project activities and implementation procedures including legal arrangements with Support Organisation

• Village selection procedures

• Knowledge on Community Led Total Sanitation approaches


Zilla Parishad

• Knowledge about project activities especially Multi Village schemes and its implementation



Block Block Coordinators

• Getting feedback, analyzing the feedback and reporting it back to higher level



• Attitude towards accepting the changing role

• Knowledge about social audit, conflict management, grievance redressal

Village VWSC members • Knowledge about World Bank’s project, its objective and impact



• Knowledge about communication and advocacy

• Knowledge about bookkeeping, account management, conflict management, leadership

• Knowledge on tariff fixing

• Knowledge on community procurement methods for construction materials, goods and services

• Knowledge on role and willingness to supervise the aspect of

Panchayat members


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project planning, implementing support, monitoring and evaluation

Community especially women

• Knowledge about World Banks project, its objective and impact



• Knowledge about health & hygiene, solid waste management, good and bad practices

• Decision making

School children • About cleanliness, how to use water economically and hygiene

education

AWW & health worker

• Assess purity of water/ Testing of water samples

Masons/Plumbers • Training in construction of toilets/ better construction techniques

• Training of plumbers in laying pipes

In a nut shell

� Capacity Building & Training for SWSM (Workshops)

� Strengthening of WSSO (incl SPMU) includes Training Programs, Exposure Visits and Twinning

Arrangements

� Capacity Building of PHED includes Training Program, Exposure Visit and Twinning Arrangement costs

� Strengthening of DWSMs/ DWSCs/ DPMUs includes workshops for DWSMs, Training Programs and

Exposure Visits

� Strengthening of GPs/ VWSCs Includes Training Programs and Exposure Visits

� IEC Activities

Capacity building programmes would need to be designed to enhance knowledge & skills of the PHED

team so that they will be able to address the emerging requirements in the proposed World Bank project.

Table 10.3: Proposed approach for knowledge and skill augmentation of PHED Officials

Knowledge on Skill augmentation required Possible Approach

• Project implementation processes sustainability factors

• Recent technologies and innovative approached

• Participatory and community driven approaches including community dynamics, economics and other issues

• Gender budgeting

• to guide and generate demand from community

• to supply as generated demand

• to share information and communicate with the community

• to recognize the need for establishing bottom-up approach, establish and maintain assets for sustainability

• to augment participatory approaches

• to involve multidisciplinary team, especially the District Water & Sanitation consultants (social field)

• to consider non-technical issues determining technical issues;

• to consider community as client and design projects catering to their differential needs instead of designing the best infrastructure


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10.5 Capacity Building Strategy and Action Plan of BSWSM

It is proposed to organize capacity building and training workshop for the years 2013-19 with a proposed

budget of Rs 105 Crores, which is about 6% of the total project component. The total estimated cost of

capacity building training for members of SWSM, WSSO including SPMU, DWSM, DWSC, DPMU, GP,

Support Organizations, Engineers of PHED, District and Block Sanitation Coordinators, Masons and

artisans, under the proposed intervention is presented in the table below.

Table 10.4: Estimated Cost of Training for the duration of the program period 2013-19 (Amount in INR crores)

S.N Project Components 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 Total

1 Preparatory Studies incl sector studies, Environment Sanitation Plans & Water Security Plans

5.15 3.82 2.00 0.72 - - 11.68

2 Capacity Building & Training for SWSM (Workshops)

0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.31

3 Strengthening of WSSO (incl SPMU) Includes Training Programs, Exposure Visits and Twinning Arrangements

0.93 1.00 1.10 1.21 1.33 1.46 7.03

4 Capacity Building of PHED Includes Training Programs, Exposure Visits and Twinning Arrangement costs

1.06 1.51 1.67 1.83 1.55 1.54 9.16

5 Strengthening of DWSMs/ DWSCs/ DPMUs Includes workshops for DWSMs, Training Programs and Exposure Visits

0.71 0.89 0.98 1.07 1.03 1.08 5.76

6 Strengthening of GPs/ VWSCs Includes Training Programs and Exposure Visits

0.55 0.91 1.00 1.10 0.81 0.74 5.10

7 Support Organisations 0.52 1.78 6.01 10.30 7.27 3.44 29.33

8 IEC Activities* 5.06 5.06 5.06 5.06 5.06 5.06 30.33

9 Strengthening of existing Govt. owned Training Institutions 2.50 2.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.10 5.85

10 Total Capacity Building Cost 16.52 17.50 18.10 21.59 17.36 13.49

104.57

*Cost of IEC activities provided under the program are over and above provisions made by GoI/State Government under NBA

Source: BSWSM

Total number of functionaries proposed to be trained over the project period at various levels (state, district

and village) is presented in the table below.


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Table 10.5: Number of functionaries to be trained during the project period(2013-9)

Training level 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 Total

Village level 348 869 869 869 348 174 3477

District level 51 126 126 126 51 25 505

State level

SPMU/ WSSO 16 8 8 8 8 8 56

PHED 115 288 288 288 115 58 1152

Total 530 1291 1291 1291 522 265 5190

Source: BSWSM

10.5.1 Potential training institutions for Bihar Rural Water Supply Programme

In view of the specialized training and capacity building envisaged under the social and institutional

assessment of the project, it is necessary to identify nodal training institutes that will work closely work with

capacity building of Bihar State Water Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) for conceptualizing, designing,

conducting and managing training programs on the capacity building. Some such specialized institutions

are:

� Communication and Capacity Development Unit (CCDU)

� Bihar Institute of Rural Development (BIPARD)

� PRANJAL (Training Institute)

� Key Resource Centres in Water and Sanitation (KRCs)

10.6 Training Outlines for the proposed programmes as per identified capacity building needs

The trainings will have following programmes;

Name of the Training

Representative to be involved

Objective of the training program

Participants Number/session

Responsibility of conducting the program

Frequescy

Tentative Cost Estimates in INR (aprox)

Policy Workshop for implementers

State level partners for implementation of LIS-WB PROJECT program

• MPs/MLAs/MLCs, media persons,

• Officials of LIS-WB PROJECT, Panchayati Raj, Education, ICDS, representative from Central

To provide knowledge on World Bank project in Bihar and also vision of Government of Bihar in sector reform. The key objective behind the training will be;

• Setting up bottom up approach of service delivery.

• Devolution of power to

45 to 50 (2 day training)

Senior officers of SWSM/Secretary, LIS-WB PROJECT would be required to facilitate the workshop.

Once Within six months after initiation of the project

90,000 (the above mentioned cost includes cost of organizing the workshop it does not include and staff cost or TA/DA or travel)


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Frequescy


Ground Water Board etc.

• Representative from UNICEF, DFID

panchayats which will include project functions and funds to the PRIs;

• Ensuring community driven approaches and recovery of O&M costs and sharing of capital costs from user charges (taking into consideration affordability, particularly by disadvantaged groups);

• Improvement of the “accountability framework” by clarifying the roles and responsibilities of the various sectors of the LIS-WB PROJECT sector at the state, district and village level, including responsibilities for policy formulation, financing,


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Frequescy


regulation, construction, operations and maintenance.


Training on World Bank Procurement Procedures and Systems and Financial Management

Select officials of PMU

• To understand basics of project cycle and procurement cycle.

• To acquire knowledge of the World Bank procurement principles and procedures.

• To develop the skills needed to prepare procurement plan, procurement documents, bid evaluation and contract award as per the World Bank Procurement Guidelines and Consultants Services

• To learn

5-10 (5 day training)

Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad

Twice a year for the first year and then one refresher course each year.

As per the charges of Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad


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Frequescy


financial management and accounting processes

• To acquire skills to negotiate and finalize financial proposals

• To understand standards and benchmarks for all financial transaction and processes

Orientation workshop for District level officials

District level implementers and partners

• Officials of LIS-WB PROJECT, Panchayati Raj, Education, ICDS, Heath etc.

• To provide knowledge on World Bank project in Bihar and also vision of Government of Bihar in sector reform. The key objective behind the training will be;

• Importance of setting up bottom up approach of service delivery and devolution of power to PRIs

• To provide information on role of District level


Senior officers of Project Monitoring Unit and CCDU, SWSM would be required to facilitate the workshop.

Once in each year within six months from initiation of the project

50,000(the above mentioned cost includes cost of organizing the workshop it does not include and staff cost or TA/DA or travel)


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Frequescy


Sanitation Committees on establishing a sustainable LIS-WB PROJECT


Orientation workshop for District level officials for operation & maintenance

• Officials of PMU

• Officials of CCDU

• District water & Sanitation officials

• Block Coordinators

• Members of VWSCs

• Members of GPs

• Budgeting for projects, process of selection of villages

• Creating enabling environment for participatory planning, implementation, monitoring & evaluation

• Process and importance of getting feedback and reporting it back to the higher level

• Communication aspects and IEC


Senior officers of Project Monitoring Unit and CCDU, SWSM would be required to facilitate the workshop.


50,000(the above mentioned cost includes cost of organizing the workshop it does not include and staff cost or TA/DA or travel)

Orientation workshop for District level officials for




• Orientation in financial management and accounting processes

• Skills to

20-25 (3 day training)

PMU officials who attended training course on World Bank’s Procurement Procedures

Twice a year for the first year and then one refresher course

50,000(the above mentioned cost includes cost of organizing


113







Frequescy


Financial Management

negotiate and finalize financial proposals

• Standards and benchmarks for all financial transaction and processes

and Systems and Financial Management at ASCI

each year.

the workshop it does not include and staff cost or TA/DA or travel)

Orientation workshop for District level officials for Monitoring & Evaluation and MIS





• Importance of Monitoring in Project Cycle

• Process and importance of getting feedback and reporting it back to the higher level

• Develop skills for implementation of project monitoring systems as per NRDWP

• Use of MIS


M&E & MIS experts having adequate domain experience would facilitate the workshop.


60,000 (this does not include man-day cost of M&E & MIS expert) (the above mentioned cost includes cost of organizing the workshop it does not include and staff cost or TA/DA or travel)

Exposure visits to successful projects in other states, may be Karnataka

• Select members of SWSM (PMU/CCDU), DWSM

• Select Block Coordinators

• Select Members of VWSCs

• Select Members of GPs

• Select members of Support

• To make the participant understand the extent of participation in project planning, implementation and monitoring

• To help them understand the process of getting community

45 to 50 PMU and CCDU

One time activity

15,00,000(the above mentioned cost includes cost of organizing the workshop it does not include and staff cost or TA/DA or travel)


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Frequescy


Organisation participation.

• To motivate participants for adaptation of best practices in their own projects.

Source: Compiled based on NRDWP, NBA, VWSC guidelines and also the earlier LIS-WB PROJECT projects of the World Bank

10.7 Monitoring and Evaluation of the Capacity Building

Monitoring and evaluation of Capacity Building is intended to see how far the operationalization of the

capacity building program has been implemented as planned, and also to give added value towards the

capability of the executives, both at the central and regional level. Therefore, the objectives of

implementing monitoring and evaluation on capacity building is to collect data and information from all

aspects of government implementers related to the operationalization of decentralization in the era of

regional autonomy. This is regarded as useful to help the state implementer in order to find solutions

regarding successes and constraints being encountered.

Functionally, the objectives of monitoring and evaluation include among others:

� Control of the implementation of the capacity building activities both at central and regional level.

� Evaluation (assessing the impact of activities on the performance of central and regional government

institutions).

� Provision of inputs to the central and regional governments for the review of capacity building needs

and implementation strategies.

� Documentation of successful cases, innovative approaches, examples of good practices of good

regional governance to share the experiences with other stakeholders.


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This communication strategy has been formulated and proposed by taking into account the concerns of the

key decision makers and stakeholders and the socio-economic characteristics of the target population. The

focus of proposed communication strategy is to ensure that the anticipated investments are implemented in

the concerned areas under Rural Water Supply Schemes in order to meet sustainable social development

outcomes and satisfactory water and sanitation services are provided to the communities at large and poor

and vulnerable groups such as women, Scheduled castes (SCs), Other Backward Class (OBC) and

Extremely Backward Class (EBC) in particular.

11.1 Institutional Structure to Deliver Communication

Community and Capacity Development Unit (CCDU) has been created under State Sanitation Mission for

taking up training, capacity building initiatives, social mobilization and human resource development.

CCDU has the aim of;

• Creating awareness

• Demand generation

• Behaviour change

• Capacity building

• Work as a catalyst in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Bihar CCDU is located in PHED building and staffed with one Director, one HRD consultant, one IEC consultant, and one Social mobilisation officer. As per mandate of NRDWP before taking up piped water supply projects in a village, VWSC should be formed, their members trained and they should be involved in selection of source and system, estimating demand quantity, planning, monitoring, and construction and in operation and maintenance. This requires targeted IEC and HRD activities in such villages. CCDU could be supported by following institutions for delivering its services;

� Bihar Institute of Rural Development (BIPARD)

� PRANJAL (Training Institute)

� Key Resource Centres in Water and Sanitation (KRCs)

11.2 Communication Need Assessment

Various issues and concerns were observed while analyzing the qualitative and quantitative data of the

stakeholders and community members related to communication need assessment of the study districts.

The following are the key important issues:

11.2.1 Lack of awareness

At the community level it was found that despite government efforts on Information, Education and

Communication (IEC) for water, sanitation, health and hygiene the community is not fully aware of the

services being provided by the various government departments. This lack of awareness is due to the fact

that majority of the rural population in the sampled districts was found to be illiterate. The contacted

respondents in the villages were not aware (84%) about government programmes related to water &

sanitation. They reported that such messages are not frequently heard/seen (46%). Local ward officials (as

reported by 97% of respondents) are the major source of information about government programmes.

Furthermore, based on the observation and interaction with the community members it was found that the

female members of the community are mostly illiterate.

11. Communication Strategy


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11.2.2 Lack of Participation

At various levels it was found that despite having a desire to involve community in the decision-making and

planning processes by the Gram Panchayats, the gap that exists between them and the community has not

enabled them to bring in any positive development with regard to communication and information. For

taking all important decisions relating to any panchayats, a Gram Sabha is held wherein participation of

community members is sought for taking consensus on decisions related to welfare of the gram panchayat.

Panchayat members and Block officials state that Gram Sabhas are held regularly (26th January, 1

st May,

15th August, 2

nd October – these are the dates wherein Gram Sabha is held, apart from these it is held on

need/ urgency basis) in these villages but community do not participate. Community members state that

they do not participate as their plans and demands are not considered.

11.2.3 Lack of Public Consultation

During the field survey the community members raised the concern about the communication need

between them and department officials. This is in keeping with the findings and learning from both

quantitative and qualitative studies of the areas as Local ward officials (as reported by 97% of respondents)

are the major source of information. The local ward officials (biased in sharing complete information) at

times do not give full details or complete information about the government programmes, therefore the

community feels that there is no transparency or validation of the information. Hence regular interaction of

department officials with the community is desired.

11.2.4 Less focus on social outcomes

Lack of awareness, participation and public consultation has been triggered due to limited communication

and dialogue with the community. These factors have altogether contributed and given rise to a feeling of

alienation from the system thereby having potential of affecting sustainability of the services by the

community. For instance, in water supply, the lack of awareness and education on sources and distribution

systems has given rise to dissatisfaction among community when the services have been hampered. There

is a greater need for focusing on social outcomes of services.

11.2.5 More focus on technical input, less on users’ feedback and public health

issues

Water supply schemes/ services are considered as a technical (engineering) job and always the problems

are approached in a technical manner. Due to this, the gram panchayats and community are not made part

of the service delivery. There needs to be concerted effort to involve the community in planning, monitoring

and development of the system, which ultimately would enhance in resolving issues with respect to

operation and maintenance of water supply schemes. Therefore the department requires orienting its staff

on the issues of public health and also building their soft skills so that they could implement participatory

development models.

11.3 Communication Strategy

As there are a diverse range of stakeholders and the lowest level is not in regular touch with media (print &

electronic) hence, the project communication is to be tailor made as per the stakeholders requirements and

grasping capacity. Project credibility remains in adopting a convergent multi-tiered approach with a bottom

up component comprising the community communication hub and top down media strategy comprising

press release, meets, launches, advertising as a strategic engagement and celebrity endorsements. Thus


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the communication strategy should be a mix of face to face communications and electronic media. Based

on principles of inclusion, transparency, and accountability, the communication strategy should aim to

enhance the ability of stakeholders to engage, influence local level institutions and hold them accountable

for their work.

Table 11.1: Behavior Change Communication – The end result

Reasons for unsafe behaviour

What action Impact on target group

Unawareness • Provide information through different channels of communication e.g mass media, folk media, school children, fairs , and inter-personnel communication

• Receives message – information. Pays attention to the message. Likes message.

• Understands message.

• Trusts message. Awareness to Acquire Knowledge and skill

• Education

• Skill development

• Knowledge

• Hands on experience

• Participatory

• Training Exposure visits

• Learns what is the problem

• Learns what to do

• Learns how to do

• Learns when to do

• Knows the impact

Motivation • Facilitate to discuss problems, solutions

• Provide materials, manpower, information

• Reinforce if needed

• Encourage trial, use and follow up/ back up service

• Encouraged to change

• Wants to change

• Discussion with others Remembers what to do

• Reminder to change Decision • Facilitate/ provide affordable

• Technologies

• Facilitate to have back up service

• Facilitate and maintain assets

• Tries to take decision

• Rejects idea

• Trial, Motivates other

Confirmation • Facilitate and provide services

• Provide alternate delivery mechanism

• Sustains change

• Motivates others

• Continues to use and manage

Success / Sustained change

• Sustains with all the above steps • Continues to use

• Tells others

• Shares the experience Source: MM Study

Behaviour change strategies encompass a broad range of activities and approaches, which focus on the

individual, community, and environmental influences on behaviour. Interventions to change behaviour have

tremendous potential to alter current practices of water & sanitation. Responsibilities and activities of

different stakeholders have to go hand-in-hand with the IEC activity. The communication flow among the

stakeholders at present is pyramidal, with a top down approach. The new strategy suggests a bottom up

approach with the primary stakeholder/user/household/village determining what they need, want, and must

do.

� The suggested communication approach is community-cantered. This means understanding the

audience and their context, perceptions and beliefs.

� This communication strategy is a process of working with individuals, communities and societies to

promote positive behaviours.

� It is suggested that the state and district Communication and capacity Development Unit ( CCDU),

governed by State Water & Sanitation Mission will facilitate the process and provide leadership,

� Develop core messages and produce mass media tools and materials and conduct advocacy events.


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� The districts and VWSCs (which will be created) are the base where local strategies on the core

framework and messages are tested placed to reach all possible groups with the most appropriate

communication tools. Communication strategies address social and cultural issues related to water and

sanitation, sewerage and waste management, such as social acceptance of open defecation, habits,

poverty, illiteracy, and gender.

Figure 11.1: Proposed communication intervention

Source: MM Study

For communication strategy to succeed, it is imperative that all elements of communication should

CONVERGE. It is understood that only organising mass communication campaign to generate awareness

will not be sufficient. The campaign needs to be supported with relevant inter-personal communication at

grass root level since the availability of television and radio is a concern with some section of the

community. Apart from this the process of communication needs continuous monitoring and supervision so

that mid course corrections could be addressed immediately. The CCDU will have to take responsibility of

the total communication process; they may hire a professional communication agency for delivering the

services but under their supervision and close monitoring.

Further, an enabling environment needs to be created among the implementing department. Thus, in

nutshell there will be two streams of communication viz; one for the implementers and the other solely for

the community.

� Suggested strategies for implementers or service providers

− Training and capacity building on different aspects of service delivery

− Workshops and seminars can be organized to train implementers and establish better coordination

and linkages between the various relevant government departments.

− Implementers are mostly involved in inter-personal communication. This needs to be supported with

mass communication via TV and radio spots to build a conducive environment so that the issues could

be raised and addressed.

− Communication activities need to be monitored as per the state and district communication plan.

− Supportive supervision and customized process of monitoring & introducing mid course corrections.

− Behaviour change can be monitored in a phased manner.

� Suggested strategies for users or community

− Organize a small scale event – involving members of VWSCs, Panchayat, Students, CBOs and SHGs

SERVICE PROVIDERS State Government

Will – advocacy – clear policy – State CCDU Communication strategy and implementation

programme

District District communication implementation

program Capacity development – positioning district support unit

Block Coordinators

Village

Water & Sanitation Committees Members

RECIPIENTS

Individual User House Holds – Family

Schools

Teachers and students

Anganwadi Children and Anganwadi workers

Community stakeholders

CBOs, SHGs, NGOs, Women, Men

Two way

communication


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• Mapping for houses out of safe water delivery and no sanitary facilities

• Mapping communicating health hazards related to open defecation

• Highlight safety, dignity and pride in using toilets

• PLA exercises for developing sanitation culture

− Using TV and FM radio (Jingles/Talk Shows)

− Organize an exhibition on traditional fairs– to exhibit technological options

− Hoardings (in community centres, panchayat offices, schools, religious institutions etc)

� Wall paintings, posters, photographs, charts, illustrations

− Sharing success stories with participants-story telling by organising workshops in schools and

community

− Participatory rally

− Theme based debate/quiz competition (among students)

− Street play

− Collaborations with social marketing and advertising agencies to develop campaigns.

− Traditional media – songs, drama, story-telling, Jagratas, Pujas and music provide a great opportunity

for communicating messages related to water and sanitation.

11.3.1 Communication channels and tools-The Media Strategy

The Media strategy aims to build a credible profile of the project through strategic use of media. The short-

term objective of the strategy is to gain media time and space for issues related to Project Credibility. The

long term strategy is to ensure that media agenda will impact policies and programmes that benefit

communities. This will include the following issue based coverage of different media;

� Televisions: Coverage could include telecasting the activities coordinated by SWSM in consultation

with communities at pilot level. These activities should be carried out with the help of Panchayats

and VWSCs who will be involved for mobilising the community. This kind of advocacy will motivate

community for active participation. Follow up programs including talk shows can also be planned at

regular interval. Such type of positive stories can impact real change. Follow-up programmes can

also be conducted for a direct interaction with the officials involved in current projects, in the meeting

existing conditions can be discussed, policies linked to the issues can also be discussed at length

and then improvements could be worked out in community participation.

� Community Radio: The radio could also be involved for the participatory interaction and the service

providers could utilize this opportunity as ‘Citizens’ Participation in the Project’. For example,

Community Radio could be involved by SWSM to invite community representative to organize group

discussions along with the experts from SWSM and it could form as a regular program in the

community radio.

� Print: The public discussion meetings held at the local level SWSM and DWSM Office could provide

content for this part of the strategy. Each discussion will be followed with Press Previews and

Releases. SWSM could formulate proactive media strategy where they would invite and take the

press on the field visit to observe and report what is happening in the field. This way the media

reports find more credibility among the users than simple a press release/conferences reporting.

11.4 Communication Action Plan

A well planned project has a well-planned Communication strategy and action plan. The following are guidelines and options when creating a Project Communication Plan.


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11.4.1 Phase 1 – Preparation

Preparation phase is the most important phase, actually incubation phase which requires a lot of community support to create an enabling environment, following activities can be planned during this phase in order to achieve desired outcome.

Table 11.2: Activities to be planned during preparation phase

Outcome/Objective Responsibilities Frequency Ways of communication

Build credible image of service Providers (Project Implementers, Operation and Maintenance Organisations)

• Establish an effective network of community groups, VWSCs panchayats, NGOs that can be involved for better communication and service delivery.

• SWSM

• DWSM

• Local Media, NGOs,

• MLAs

• UNICEF

• DFID

• Other local interested institutions and personalities whose support is critical to the project

• Support Organisation

• Six monthly

• Hoardings (in community centers, panchayat offices, schools, religious institutions etc)

• Wall paintings/Posters

• Mapping for houses having no sanitary facilities

• Mapping communicating health hazards of open defecation

• PLA exercises for developing sanitation culture

• Organize an exhibition – technological options on sanitation

• Quarterly • Organize event – involving students, CBOs and SHGs


• Theme based debate/quiz competition (among students)

• Street play

• Monthly • Using media TV and FM radio (Talk Shows)

• Sharing success stories with participants

• Participatory rally

• Improve information on Project Credibility front

• Educate and generate awareness of implementers, policy makers, community groups

• Altering the passive views of community towards the project.




• Sharing success stories with participants-story telling organising workshops in schools and organising quiz

• telecasting the activities coordinated by SWSM/DWSM in consultation with communities at pilot level


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11.5 Phase II – Implementation

Continuous involvement of support of community is required during the total phase of implementation, which could be achieved by following activities;


Strengthening newly established public relation office

• Singly window approach to all the activities, paying tariff, sourcing project related information, grievance redressal

• DWSM/SWSM

• Block Resource Center

• Parshads,



• Monthly • Advertise in media establishment of public relation office at local level so that community reaches to the office and communicate their issues

• Using media TV and FM radio (Talk Shows)



• Telecasting the activities coordinated by SWSM, panchayats and VWSCs in consultation with communities at pilot level

• Registering complaints of community and address the same in consultation with the relevant department



• Debate/quiz competition (among students)

• Street play

• Traditional media and forum like Nukkad-Natak, Ramlila and other religious/cultural fests would be highly appropriate to disseminate sensitive issues on the safe water and sanitation

11.6 Phase III– Operation & maintenance

Continuous involvement of support of community is required during the total phase of O & M, which could be achieved by following activities;


Enhancing Communities’ ownership towards the Project

• Establish a two way communication network between service providers and community

• DWSM/SWSM/


• Yearly • Develop soft skills among the implementers so that their attitude can be altered


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• Intensify community participation and support

• Parshads






• telecasting the activities coordinated by SWSM, panchayats and VWSCs in consultation with communities at pilot level

• registering complaints of community and address the same in consultation with the relevant department



• Debate/quiz competition (among students)

• Sharing success stories with participants-story telling, organising workshops in schools

• Street play

• Traditional media and forum like Nukkad-Natak, Ramlila and other religious/cultural fests would be highly appropriate to disseminate sensitive issues on the pollution of Ganga.

11.7 Monitoring & Evaluation

Effective monitoring of implementation of the strategy is required for several reasons, as given below:

� Need to showcase effectiveness and impact of communication strategy and activities

� Make improvements and changes in the communication strategy and activities

� Justify resources employed for communication

� Feedback and learning may emerge for better sewerage and solid waste management sector

activities implementation mechanisms

Results of the communication strategy may be evaluated by studying and measuring the following:

� Increased knowledge and awareness related to the sewerage and solid waste management

� Increased demand for sewerage and solid waste management products and services among

the people

� Improvements in delivery of sewerage and solid waste management services

� Changes in behaviour and practices of key stakeholders

� Shifts in attitudes and social norms among key stakeholders


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� Enhanced self-initiative (reporting mechanism) by slum community members on sewerage and

solid waste management related issues

� Response of the government officials and media to the sewerage and solid waste management

needs

There would be five key methods to monitor and evaluate the outcomes of the communication strategy and

activities:

11.7.1 Survey & Assessment

The communication of discussions conducted by the Communication Team and CCDU may be referred as

a baseline along with other data available with that of the service providers. These could be compared at a

later date with a new survey assessing the knowledge and awareness levels, changes in behaviour and

practices, and shifts in attitudes, social norms, and decision-making relationships among the key

stakeholders.

Baseline survey, follow up survey – knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) and behaviour related to

use of toilets, disposal of waste, proper access to drinking water and toilets at homes and schools,

predisposition towards providing adequate and proper sewerage and solid waste management facilities to

each and every citizen, assumption of sewerage and solid waste management responsibilities the service

providers, better coordination among service providers and policymakers, understanding of the role to

be played by citizens in the provision of services, and usage of grievance redressal mechanism.

11.7.2 Content Analysis

Analysis of content in communication tools such as interactive sessions, output by schoolchildren, films,

and street theatre made at the community level and discussions during meetings and workshops would be

done. The key questions would be:

� Have the awareness and understanding levels increased?

� Is more support forthcoming towards actions that help meet the sewerage and solid waste

management sector objectives?

� Has an environment of adequate public discourse on sewerage and solid waste management issues

been realized?

� Are the service providers, CBOs, and community leaders ready to work together to realize the

sewerage and solid waste management needs of citizens?

This would help to assess not only the efficacy of that particular communication tool but also to judge

the shift in information levels, attitudes, behaviour change, and willingness to provide access to all the

citizens.

11.7.3 Understanding of and Support by the Senior Officials

An analysis of support level by the people’s representatives and senior officials towards the sewerage and

solid waste management may be conducted vis-à-vis the earlier status. The key questions would be:

� Are they aware of the water quality issues, its impact on health?

� Are they aware of sewerage and solid waste management needs and its role in rural

development?

� Do they understand their role in provision of sewerage and solid waste management services?

� Do they allocate their time, effort, and resources?


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� Do they allocate extra funds towards meeting the objectives of this project?

� Is there more facilitation at the panchayat, DWSM/PHED office and Departmental level towards

water and sanitation activities?

11.7.4 Citizen Report Cards

It is possible to judge the impact of the communication strategy by analyzing the responses in the citizen

report cards, both in terms of reach and effectiveness. The issues to be looked at are:

� Are communication activities reaching out the concerned audiences?

� Are they responsible for awareness enhancement and behavioural change of any kind?

� How relevant are they to the issues at hand and to the citizens’ needs?

� How useful and friendly is the grievance redress mechanism?

11.7.5 Analysis of media coverage

It is possible to judge the impact of the communication strategy by analyzing the media coverage, both in

terms of content and amount of coverage. The issues to be looked at are:

� Is the coverage adequate to address the importance of the project?

� Is the coverage positive or negative?

� How relevant is the article or news clip to the issues at hand?

� How could such media material be involved for other purposes, such as in service providers own

communication and management strategy?

� How frequently a service provider staff member or community member is quoted in the media

report?

� Were views and concerns of key stakeholders, including citizens, incorporated in this news

coverage?

11.8 TOR for Implementation of Communication Strategy

11.8.1 Background


put more emphasis on decentralization and devolve the power to PRIs so that they can take up

construction, operation and management of water & sanitation relation infrastructure. As part of NRDWP,

the DDWS has prepared its long term strategic plan (2011-2022) for ensuring drinking water security to all

rural households. The strategic plan aims to cover 90 percent of households with piped water and at least

80 percent of households with tap connections during this period. While analyzing the physical progress of

availability of piped water supply (PWS) schemes to different states it was observed that Assam, Bihar,

Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh are lagging behind the rest of India. In view of the above mentioned

backdrop, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS), Government of India has requested the

World Bank to support the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project for the lagging states including Bihar.

The Bihar Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project which is funded by the World Bank (The Project) has

selected 10 districts, viz, West Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Begusarai, Purnia, Nalanda, Patna,

Nawada, Munger and Banka for implementation of multi and single village/habitation piped water scheme

in different phases.

The current project aims to include some reforms in policy and legal framework for rural water supply with a

combination of technical, commercial, managerial and capacity building interventions with private sector


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participation. It is obvious that community will not be interested to augment if the service level is poor and

coverage is inadequate however, when the services are reviewed there is a need to communicate the

same to the community so that the branding of department could also be achieved.

The proposed project represents a major milestone in the management of rural water and related services

in the State. The proposed project, with its phased approach is to be viewed in an overall programmatic

context. The initial/first phase, would launch the Government of Bihar’s sector reform process, bring overall

improvements in water supply, and demonstrate better service provision in selected rural areas of 10

districts as mentioned above.

11.8.2 Objectives of the Assignment

The overall objective of the assignment is to implement the designed Communication Strategy and Social

Intermediation Process in order to create an enabling environment for reforms. The specific objectives are

given below:

• Build credibility for reform in public mind by establishing a link between reform and long term benefits

(benefits of higher service level, greater development opportunities due to better resource position of

panchayats etc.).

• Build constituency for reform by identifying and canvassing stakeholders who benefit, thus creating a

demand for the reform.

• Create allies for reforms among decision makers (panchayat peoples representatives and

bureaucracy) and opinion makers (opinion makers, nongovernmental organizations, community based

organizations, associations of interest groups, media), diminish potential opposition, build support for

the intended reform path by ensuring that key stakeholders are kept informed, consulted and their

concerns addressed and win over fence sitters and opponents to reform.

• Create a shared concern and values for change and induce behaviour change in stakeholders

• Facilitate articulation and expression of stakeholder support for reform and provide feedback to the

relevant authorities of the public’s perceptions, expectations, and concerns about the reform of the

water utility.

• Inform, explain, and promote a debate around the rationale and process of private sector participation

among key stakeholder groups (e.g., consumers, relevant government ministries, civil society groups)

and raise awareness among potential investors about the business opportunities in water and

sanitation sector.

• Set up institutional forums for interaction and consultation with stake-holders and for conflict resolution

• Win commitment to the experiment from substantial proportion of all segments of related stakeholders

to the experiment

• Facilitate transparent monitoring and dissemination of out comes

11.8.3 Scope of the Assignment

The stakeholders (Government Officials/implementers, Political leaders, Community, Panchayat leaders,

Women, and other vulnerable groups) need to be informed about the sector reforms approach and its

benefits. They should be consulted in developing plans and implementation arrangements and enlisted in

the reform process to ensure their proactive and beneficial engagement. Lessons from successful (or

otherwise) results of reform efforts in the past indicate the need for:

• Clear public understanding of the reform measures and its benefits

• Transparency

• Building consensus and constituency for reform

• Addressing stakeholder concerns


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• Credible and coordinated communication and consultation process

The consultant will be responsible for the refining, fine-tuning and implementation of Communications

Strategy and Social Intermediation Process.

The consultant may also develop and implement a suitable media strategy and overall coordination and

management of the consultations and communications component for the project. This includes the

following:

• Community mobilisation, one to one interaction

• Management of news conferences and background briefings

• Identification/selection of representative civil society groups and individuals for participation in the consultative process

• Media management and arrangements for the preparatory consultative process, including e-consultations and simultaneous translation into vernacular languages

As part of the media strategy the consultant has to design, produce and implement/ manage the following:

• Production of videos, for project information dissemination and capturing key messages from the consultative process

• TV and Radio broadcast of project events, including booking of time slots for broad casting regular programmes through community radio.

• Workshops in schools and community (in fairs/Pujas) also debates in schools.

• Content management and design of brochures, handouts, fliers, and other publicity materials

• Management of media/civil society participation during consultative sessions

• Monitoring of project related media reports

• Coordination between various stakeholder organizations and media outlets

• Support to key stakeholders in the production and dissemination of documentation

The consultant also needs to assist in the design and implementation of a phased and programmatic public

communications program for the project and carry out all activities identified in the strategy. Such a

communications program will enable policymakers to explain to the public (consumers) as well as to key

stakeholder groups in government, civil society, and the business community the rationale of the reforms in

general and the benefits of individual measures in particular, while at the same time provide a mechanism

through which the Government can listen to the views and concerns of the consumers and build public

consensus on the path the reform process should take. During the course of the assignment, the consultant

should build upon previous surveys, share findings, and coordinate all public opinion surveys conducted by

other consultancies to ensure economic efficiencies and avoid “survey fatigue” among stakeholders.

The Consultant has to carry out all communications activities identified in the strategy (these could include:

conducting stakeholder workshops, public consultations, press briefings and conferences; planned events;

preparing public information materials/Qs&As/issue briefs on project related matters to ensure

dissemination of consistent messages regarding government’s/ project position on water and sanitation

sector.

The consultant may be required to monitor media reports on water & sanitation sector and to assist SWSM

in preparing their public speaking and press releases.

11.8.4 Desired Outcome

The major outcome of the consultancy is detailed below;

• A good understanding among public, the benefits and the need for their participation.


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• A good understanding among the implementing agencies on the need for enabling the participation

of all stakeholders

• Complete stakeholder participation; in particular women and other vulnerable groups

• A smooth roll over from a discontinuous supply to a continuous supply

• Excellent project – media relationship

• Noticeable behavior changes in the community

• Tariffs commensurating with supply, quality and service

• Equity in provision (particularly for vulnerable groups)

• Documented success or otherwise stories, lessons learnt, etc.

• Communication materials for future requirements

• Enhanced interest in investing in sector

11.8.5 Eligibility Criteria

Minimum required experience: The Communication Management and Public Relations Agency/consultant

shall have at least 10 years of experience in preparing and executing the communication strategies on

various infrastructure projects including in the rural localities. The professional team that would be deputed

to serve SWSM shall have experience of tackling critical issues and or crisis situations related to the print,

electronic, and web-based media. Communication Management and Public Relations Agency should have

adequate experience and expertise in preparation of documentation for SWSM’s various projects and

media materials for the consumption in print, electronic, web-based media (web site etc.). Communication

Management and Public Relations Agency is required to submit details, as to the experience and

qualification, of each team member.

The agency should appoint a project manager - S/he should be a Senior Communications Advisor with

extensive social intermediation process experience, shall lead the team with full responsibility for the entire

period. S/he should have considerable experience and skills with professional expertise in Communications

and Social Intermediation process.

The minimum annual turnover of the Media Management and Public Relations Agency, in last three years,

should be INR 15 Crores. The Communication Management and Public Relations Agency is also required

to produce an audited balance sheet along with the proposal.

Estimated person months of professional inputs are as follows:

S. No.

Specialisation Person Months To be placed at

1. Team Leader- Senior Communications Advisor 36 SWSM, Patna should report to Director CCDU

2. Social Mobilisation and Community Gender Communication Specialist (10 Persons one in each district)

360 DWSM, respective district and report to SE

3. Backstopping/ Home office team members as required for detailed design of communication material and support during implementation

As required As required


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11.8.6 Monitoring and Evaluation

The Team Leader of Communication Management and Public Relations Agency shall meet every month

with CCDU’s local project directors, officials in SWSM and PHED to suggest a way ahead planning on

communication and implementation of SWSM communication and social intermediation strategy. The

Agency also shall continue interacting daily with SWSM’s Public Relations Team headed by the

Communication Officer (CO).

The Agency shall provide following analyses as part of the monthly report

• Analysis of issues and concerns related to the media coverage received.

• Analysis of the effectiveness of the message delivery and the key messages disseminated during

the month.

• Analysis of most common queries received from the media and how they were addressed.

• Key media visits every month

11.8.7 Procedure for submission of proposals

• The interested Communication Management and Public Relations Agency shall be required to

make a formal presentation. Technical and financial proposals will have to be submitted separately

for this assignment. The technical proposal should include the following –

♦ Background summary of the agency outlining areas of expertise.

♦ Description of key personnel and support staff, with detailed CVs, and functions

♦ Current list of clients

• Detailed strategy for information management and media relations, along with a plan for monitoring

the same (A description of how the agency will approach and complete the scope of work outlined

in the ToR). Agency will be encouraged to generate ideas, give details, and if appropriate, offer

alternative and or additional suggestions

11.8.8 Facilities to be provided by CCDU

• Project background material and all other relevant project related information.

• Office space for staff deployed by the Communication Management and Public Relations Agency.

11.8.9 Reports

• Inception Report to be submitted within 15 days of signing of the Contract.

• Monthly Progress Reports to be submitted to CCDU on activities completed.

11.8.10 Mode of Payment

• Disbursement of the first instalment (10% of contract value) on receipt of the Inception Report.

• Monthly disbursement of the remaining amount in equal instalments on receipt of satisfactory

monthly progress report.

11.8.11 Duration of Contract

The initial period of contract shall be for a period of 12 months which could be extended each year for three

consecutive years.


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11.8.12 Termination of Contract

The Contract can be terminated by either side on giving a Notice of 30 days. During the Notice Period both

parties shall carry out their work conscientiously. At the end of the Notice Period, the Communication

Management and Public Relations Agency shall hand over all documents and relevant updates to the

CCDU officials.

11.8.13 Renewal of Contract

The Contract can be renewed for a further period of 12 months or more by CCDU by issuing a letter of

renewal. All other relevant terms of this TOR would then continue to be applicable for the renewed period.


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12.1 Monitoring

12.1.1 Objective

The project monitoring will aims in improving the following;

� Status Reporting

� Programme implementation

� Data sharing with partners

� Accountability

� Intermediate correction in programme implementation

� Services (water & sanitation)

� Use of toilet and sustainability of the structures

12.1.2 Type of Monitoring

Internal and external both the monitoring is proposed to ensure accountability.

12.1.2.1 Internal Monitoring

This could be undertaken at each of the levels like VWSC, DWSM and SWSM. At each levels, participatory

monitoring could be adopted under which representatives of VWSCs, NGOs and other stakeholders could

be involved and they can submit report to the upper level i.e. DWSM which will further review the progress

and then submit its report to SWSM.

12.1.2.2 External Monitoring

Consultants could be appointed by SPMU who will monitor the project implementation and then report back

to the SPMU. Indicators on which monitoring could take place is presented below;

Table 12.1: Indicators to be Monitored

Indicators to be Monitored Unit Target Monitoring Outputs

Responsibility User of Information

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

• Ratio of posts created and staffs appointed as per norms of NBA and

NRDWP in LIS-WB project districts

Number of staffs

• At least 1 graduate engineer is available for 1,00,000/- population

• At least 5 DWSM consultants in each district

• At least 2 BRCs at block level

• Policies made in this regard by Government of Bihar

• Government orders issued

• Guidelines issued in this regard by Government of Bihar

• Circulation of these Policies, Government

• Principal Secretary, BSWSM

• SWSM

• PD PMU

• Engineer-in-Chief, PHED

• State Level

− Principal Secretary, RWS

− SWSM

− CCDU

− SPMU

− Engineer-in-Chief, RWS

− World Bank/UNICEF

− Experts of different fields

DECENTRALISATION

• VWSCs provided legal status in the Panchayati Raj Act

12. Monitoring & Evaluation of social development indicators


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• Number of RWSS schemes demanded, planned and implemented by GPs/VWSCs/SLCs

− SHS Schemes

− SGS Schemes

− Small MVS

− Large MVS

− Rehabilitation of Old Small Schemes

No. of Schemes

340 Orders and Guidelines to Districts and blocks

(Social, Technical and Financial)

− Other Development partners

• District Level

− District Collector

− Superintending Engineer

− DWSM/ DWSC

− Executive Engineer

− Experts of different fields (Social, Technical and Financial)

− NGOs

• Mandal & Village Level

− PRIs

− VWSC

− AE/AEE, PHED

− Experts of different fields (Social, Technical and Financial)

− NGOs

• Existing scheme with sector institution taken over by GPs/VWSCs

No. of Schemes

100%

• Appointment of social mobilization agency

− The agency should have women members

No. > 2 Social mobilization agency is appointed for social mobilization and training

• CCDU

• PD PMU

• DWSM/DWSC

• ZP

• GP • Training of at least 5 VWSC members

Person Days

100%

• Training of all women members of VWSC

% 100%

• Women groups considered for tariff collection, maintenance, etc

% 100% Empowered women groups

• CCDU

• PD PMU

• DWSM/DWSC

• ZP

• GP

• Cross visits of VWSC members to successful schemes/ projects (average visits per VWSC)

No. > 2 Empowered social groups

INCLUSION

• Number of women functioning as chairperson/ treasurer in VWSCs/SLCs

No. Inclusion of disadvantaged groups

• CCDU

• PD PMU

• DWSM/DWSC

• ZP

• GP

• Number of SC/ ST members functioning as chairperson/ treasurer in VWSCs

No.

• Population benefited with new schemes

000 No.

• SC/ ST population benefited with new schemes

000 No.

• Population covered with single habitation schemes

000 No.

• Population covered with single village schemes

000 No.

• Population covered by multi-village schemes

000 No.

• Population covered under sanitation

000 No.

OPERATION

• % of schools having access to safe drinking water

% 90% Improvement in safe drinking water coverage & sanitation

• CCDU

• PD PMU

• DWSM/DWSC

• ZP

• GP

• % of schools having access to sanitation services

% 90%


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• % of Anganwadi/ Balwadi having access to safe drinking water

% 90%

• % of Anganwadi/ Balwadi having access to sanitation services

% 90%

• Number of Households with sanitary latrines constructed

No. 90%

• Average Capital Cost per household - single village schemes

Rs./ HH 90%

• Average O&M Cost per household - single village schemes

Rs./ Month/ HH

90%

• Average actual time saving per household - single village schemes

Rs. 90%

SUSTAINABILITY AND DECENTRALIZED MANAGEMENT • CCDU

• PD PMU

• DWSM/DWSC

• ZP

• GP

• % GPs with 'No-Open defecation'

% 50%

• O&M of new schemes fully financed and managed by VWSCs/SLCs

No. of VWSCs

90%

• O&M of rejuvenated schemes fully financed and managed by VWSCs

No. of VWSCs

90%

• % households paying monthly O&M tariff

% 90%

• % of drainage schemes with clean drains after 1 year

% 90%

Source: MM Study

12.2 Evaluation

Evaluation of project is suggested by appointing external consultants by SWSM at the end of completion of

each batch of sub-projects. The purpose is to evaluate whether the project has achieved the expected

outputs and outcomes planned for. An External agency will carry out the evaluation. There will be two

evaluations, mid-term and end-term. The evaluation framework is given in the following table:

Table 12.2: Indicators to be Evaluated

Indicators to be Evaluated in each term Evaluation Outputs Research Techniques

Responsibility

• Ratio of posts created and staffs appointed as per norms of NBA and NRDWP

− At least 1 graduate engineer is available for 1,00,000/- population

− At least 5 DWSM consultants in each district

− At least 2 BRCs at block level

• Proportion of habitations prioritized based on Region and caste

• All project staff trained both in general and specialized aspects, including gender sensitization.

• Policies made in this regard by Government of Bihar

• Government orders issued

• Guidelines issued in this regard by

• Government of Bihar

• Circulation of these Policies, Government Orders and Guidelines to

• Rapid assessment by selecting 20 household’s, two schools and two panchayats in 20 Panchayats of 1/3 of the selected districts of Bihar.

External agency


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Responsibility

• All staff of Support Organizations and Design Consultants undergoes project orientation programs.

• Devolution of power to PRIs for; o Number of water existing supply schemes

devolved to PRIs o Number of schemes constructed by VWSCs

vis a vis those constructed by the government agencies

o Number of households as a proportion of total households having household water supply connections

o Number of SC/ST households having household water connections.

o Number of Households depending upon pumps / public stand posts

o O&M plan prepared, tariff fixed o Collection of user charges o Proportion of VWSCs are actively

participating

• Proportion of VWSCs having One third women members

• Proportion of VWSCs has involvement of Schools and Anganwadis in VWSC

• Separation of Governance and Operations functions

Districts and blocks

• Appointment of social mobilization agency

− The agency has women members

• Training of at least 5 VWSC members

• Training of all women members of VWSC

Social mobilization agency is appointed for social mobilization and training

• Women groups considered for tariff collection, maintenance, etc

Empowered women groups

• Checking indicators at household level

− Proportion of household’s having toilet

− % of rural households having water supply systems functional at the time of spot checks

− % of rural piped water supply systems privately managed

− % of rural population within 500 m of an improved water source

− Number and nature of protected water Sources

− Average frequency of water from domestic/ stand post connection

− Average amount paid for water supply per month

− Type of storage for water (specify)?

− contamination observed in drinking water

− proportion of Households using deflurode units/filters

− proportion of Households have water quality testing facility

− distance of nearest drinking water source that takes water from ground water (e.g. a hand pump or a well

Status improvement


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Responsibility

• Access to sanitation services In schools and hygienic standards

− % of schools with latrines as per standards

− Proportion of schools having toilet

− Proportion of schools having functional toilet

− Proportion of schools having child friendly toilet

− Availability of running water in the toilet

− Proportion of schools having hand washing facility

− Proportion of schools having drinking water facility

− Proportion of schools having Information & Education material (visuals/painting) on water, sanitation & hygiene is displayed

Status improvement

• Status of water & sanitation in Anganwadis

− Proportion of Anganwadi located in government building

− Proportion of Anganwadi having toilet

− Proportion of Anganwadi having functional toilet

− Proportion of Anganwadi having hand washing facility

− Proportion of Anganwadi having drinking water facility

− Proportion of Anganwadis having Information & Education material (visuals/painting) on water, sanitation & hygiene is displayed

Status improvement

Source: MM Study


135


Appendix A. Sampling Plan and Data ______________________________________________________________ 136

Appendix B. Study Tools – Qualitative _____________________________________________________________ 137

Appendix C. Study Tools – Quantitative ____________________________________________________________ 138

Appendix D. Contact List ________________________________________________________________________ 139

Appendices


136


Appendix A. Sampling Plan and Data

Table 1: Distribution of Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme Habitation Covered With PWS

S.No. State With Ongoing

With Completed

With New With Total Habitations

Total

% coverage of PWS

1 Andhra Pradesh 9624 47927 0 50173 72387 69.3 2 Bihar 1470 2363 0 3670 107642 3.4 3 Chattisgarh 5052 7293 264 11392 72231 15.8 4 Goa 47 76 0 106 347 30.5 5 Gujarat 8175 22288 301 24741 34415 71.9 6 Haryana 2691 5701 7 6246 7385 84.6 7 Himachal Pradesh 13720 39762 16 48269 53201 90.7 8 Jammu and Kashmir 5924 2650 3 7467 13938 53.6 9 Jharkhand 2919 7005 0 9135 119191 7.7 10 Karnataka 29133 34320 609 41650 59575 69.9 11 Kerala 3944 9866 0 10468 11883 88.1 12 Madhya Pradesh 3608 5393 52 8354 127197 6.6 13 Maharashtra 16115 56764 1455 66793 100683 66.3 14 Orissa 11532 21333 650 32200 141928 22.7 15 Punjab 1910 11189 12 12116 15170 79.9 16 Rajasthan 10432 18079 25 25859 121133 21.3 17 Tamil Nadu 11601 65575 5167 71625 94614 75.7 18 Uttar Pradesh 805 5036 10 5768 260110 2.2 19 Uttarakhand 3698 12450 0 15097 39142 38.6 20 West Bengal 10317 5190 51 15110 95395 15.8 21 Arunachal Pradesh 994 3947 38 4225 5612 75.3 22 Assam 11576 13508 75 23633 86976 27.2 23 Manipur 381 2155 1 2285 2870 79.6 24 Meghalaya 2866 4470 165 6044 9326 64.8 25 Mizoram 49 599 0 627 777 80.7 26 Nagaland 85 1393 0 1396 1460 95.6 27 Sikkim 189 656 28 797 2498 31.9 28 Tripura 2772 3144 15 5128 8132 63.1 29 Andaman and Nicobar 0 18 0 18 491 3.7 30 Chandigarh 0 0 0 0 18 0.0 31 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 0 0 0 0 70 0.0 32 Daman and Diu 0 0 0 0 21 0.0 33 Delhi 0 0 0 0 NA NA 34 Lakshadweep 0 0 0 0 9 0.0 35 Puducherry 17 213 0 215 248 86.7

Total 171646 410363 8944 510607 1666075 30.6 Source: DDWS.nic.in

Table 2: Distribution of Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme Habitation Covered With PWS Agro

Climatic Zone

District

With Ongoing

With Completed

With New

With Total

Habitations Total

% coverage of PWS

% schemes handed over to GP

% Habitation having quality issues

I Begusarai 26 167 0 193 3091 6.2 0 48.0

I Darbhanga 35 19 0 53 3120 1.7 21.74 0.1

I Gopalganj 0 9 0 9 6025 0.1 0 0.0

I Madhubani 59 66 0 116 2644 4.4 18.64 0.0

I Muzaffarpur 0 75 0 75 2868 2.6 0 0.0

I Pashchim Champaran 22 73 0 94 4428 2.1 14.29 0.0

I

Purba Champaran (Motihari) 61 92 0 151 4285 3.5 0 0.0

I Samastipur 44 50 0 74 3971 1.9 0 3.4

I Saran 14 20 0 31 4765 0.7 0 0.4

I Sheohar 1 4 0 5 438 1.1 0 0.0

I Sitamarhi 14 39 0 52 1926 2.7 0 0.0

I Siwan 4 27 0 31 5558 0.6 0 0.0

I Vaishali 0 71 0 71 3072 2.3 33.33 1.3

II Araria 37 36 0 70 2350 3.0 0 53.4

II Katihar 6 17 0 21 1838 1.1 80 6.8

II Khagaria 13 29 0 34 1031 3.3 0 7.6

II Kishanganj 22 96 0 116 3084 3.8 0 25.1

II Madhepura 40 51 0 89 2494 3.6 43.48 33.8

II Purnia 31 57 0 77 4768 1.6 6.67 25.9

II Saharsa 25 53 0 76 2895 2.6 37.78 60.1

II Supaul 49 90 0 117 3940 3.0 0 63.5

IIIA Banka 487 147 0 615 3069 20.0 0.44 65.4

IIIA Lakhisarai 21 8 0 26 1532 1.7 5.88 9.7

IIIA Jamui 3 159 0 160 3373 4.7 0 16.5

IIIA Bhagalpur 247 41 0 279 2807 9.9 0.66 12.1

IIIA Munger 9 49 0 55 1601 3.4 14.29 37.0

IIIA Sheikhpura 1 7 0 8 316 2.5 0 34.2

IIIB Arwal 7 25 0 32 569 5.6 0 0.0

IIIB Aurangabad 2 2 0 4 3077 0.1 0 0.3

IIIB Bhojpur (Aara) 24 91 0 110 1282 8.6 62.5 0.0

IIIB Buxar 7 71 0 77 2542 3.0 0 8.7

IIIB Gaya 7 200 0 204 5715 3.6 0 0.9

IIIB Jehanabad 69 103 0 157 1198 13.1 0 0.0

IIIB Kaimur (Bhabua) 4 21 0 25 3087 0.8 0 0.2

IIIB Patna 37 121 0 146 2554 5.7 0 2.1

IIIB Rohtas 5 15 0 20 1568 1.3 22.22 6.2 IIIB Nalanda 24 103 0 126 2519 5.0 6.67 5.9 IIIB Nawada 13 59 0 71 2242 3.2 0 0.0

Total 1470 2363 0 3670 107642 3.4 8.71 13.5

Source: DDWS.nic.in

No. of Sources with Single Chemical Contaminants

No. of Sources

with Bacteriol

ogical Contamin

ants

No. of Sources with Multiple

Contaminants

S.No.

District

Total Sourc

es Tested

Tested Sources

Not Found Contamina

ted

Iron Fluorid

e

Salinity

Nitrate

Arsenic

Other Fecal

Coliform

In Iron, Fluoride

, Salinity, Nitrate & Arsenic

With Other

Contaminants also

Contaminated sources

% contamination

SC habitat

ions

ST habitation

s % SC

1 BANKA 1172 955 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 217 18.5 261 324 8.5044

2 MUNGER 1382 1184 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 198 14.3 395 42 24.6721

3

PURBA CHAMPARAN (MOTIHARI) 3508 3468 1 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 40 1.1 739 4 17.2462

4 BEGUSARAI 1182 986 6 1 0 1 0 102 0 31 3 196 16.6 810 0 26.2051

5 SARAN 1557 1511 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 46 3.0 921 3 19.3284

6 MUZAFFARPUR 2728 2656 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 72 2.6 488 1 17.0153

7 NALANDA 2948 2381 2 17 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 567 19.2 394 0 15.6411

8 NAWADA 1148 943 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 205 17.9 661 8 29.4826

9 PATNA 1851 1492 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 359 19.4 510 1 19.9687

10 PURNIA 1276 1250 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 26 2.0 857 261 17.974

Total 49921 43893 682 164 0 35 2 194 4 44 8 6028 23520 1952 21.8502


137


Appendix B. Study Tools – Qualitative

Error! Reference source not found.

A.1. In-depth interview schedule

A.1.1. Respondent State Level Project Management Unit and CCDU Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad Officials of State Water & Sanitation Mission Officials of Department of PHED IDENTIFICATION 1. Name of the department? 2. Name & designation of the Official contacted? 3. Please let us know about your department’s role & responsibility? 4. What is the organisation structure of your Department to discharge the responsibilities? PLANNING

5. Whether any standard guideline prepared at the state level for implementation of the programme? IF

YES collect details/ guideline. IF No then why not prepared (collect detail).

6. How have the state level priorities been set up? What is the approach for village/unit level priority settings? Who prepares the plans and who is responsible for approval of the same?

7. Role of districts/blocks/PRIs in planning of the scheme? Whether they are efficient or they need any kind of capacity building?

8. How do you plan separately for water quality monitoring, who collects water samples and tests it for

the State? PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 9. Please tell us about the institutional structure for implementation of the scheme? Role of

districts/blocks/PRIs in implementation of the scheme? Whether they are efficient or they need any kind of capacity building?

10. Are you satisfied with the performance of schemes in respect of completion of target and impact on target group? Provide reason for your response.

11. Suggestions for better implementation/improvement of the schemes in the State. 12. Plans for improvement of access and quality of water? 13. It is known that availability of electricity is an issue in Bihar due to which piped water schemes are

facing problems? Is it True, IF YES then what are your plans? Type of dialogue you have initiated with Power Department.

FUND ALLOCATION & FUND FLOW 14. Please tell us about the fund allocation mechanism? Is their any method being followed for allocation

of funds like allocated as per the population density or bottom-up approach? Please describe the method.

15. Please tell us about the fund flow structure? 16. Please provide us details of fund allocated, fund received, and utilised for last three years for State.


MONITORING & EVALUATION 17. Please tell us about the Monitoring system embedded into the water supply scheme and how are the

slip back habitations identified? 18. What are the stages of implementation in which monitoring is underway? Who are responsible for

the monitoring and how is the NRDWP data getting updated? 19. Please tell us about the information flow structure for Monitoring & evaluation? What are the M&E

reporting structure as well as feedback mechanism below the State level? 20. What is the role of districts/blocks/PRIs in Monitoring & Evaluation of Schemes? Are they sending

you the required details? Do you find them capable to perform their duties and responsibilities; do they require any specific capacity building?

COVERAGE & ACCESSIBILITY OF WATER 21. Please let us know about the status of availability of access to safe and sustainable drinking water in

percent coverage? 22. Could you kindly detail out the reason for non availability of safe drinking water to all (ASK: Only in

case total coverage is not found)? 23. Do you face any problems on construction and maintenance of drinking water scheme? IF YES,

could you please explicitly discuss on this? IEC RELATED 24. What problems are you facing in community’s ownership in managing drinking water sources? 25. Please talk about your Department’s IEC activities on drinking water (Please collect information on

communication conducted earlier with evidence like CD of the program, pamphlets, hoardings etc.)?

26. What is your experience in terms of the household’s willingness for taking up water stand post connections and willingness to pay?

27. What should be the fee for collection of solid and liquid waste at industry and household level?

28. Have you conducted any consultation workshop with the community in order to inform them about the project? Is there any information desk available at your office which is responding to the queries raised by the community?

29. What extent of tariff is being paid by the household and industry? What amount has not being paid in last few years?

30. What are your key concerns of this sector based on the experience (Probe on aspects of conflict areas, implementation and operational issues, monitoring issues)?

WEAKNESS AND SUPPORT REQUIREMENT 31. What issues are faced by your Department while implementing different programmes?


32. Do you see any staff requirement gaps, capacity building needs among your staff, which could help them perform better? If so, what areas (please collect detailed input)?

33. Whether your Department has built the capacity of the grassroot level functionaries including

villagers? Please provide details

A.2. Interview Schedule: Non Government Organisations/Civil Society/Municipal based Organisations

1. Name of the Organisation? 2. Name & designation of the Official contacted? 3. Please let us know about your organisation’s vision, mission and goal and how is this linked to

Drinking water? 4. How are you contributing to the availability of safe and sustainable Drinking water? 5. Are you aware of the recent plan for development of piped water schemes in the State? 6. What is your experience of working with community? 7. Do you think community will take water connection and pay if piped water scheme is constructed? 8. Is it possible for you to talk with other line departments/agencies within the state on water supply

issues and in which platform do you interact among yourselves? What is the common platform when all of you work together for water quality?

9. What is your experience in terms of the household’s willingness for taking up water connection (safe) connections and willingness to pay?

10. What are your key concerns based on the experience till now including aspects of conflict areas, implementation and operational issues, monitoring issues?

11. What is your opinion about the State line department and allied agencies and other non governmental organisations operational in the state on their capability? Are they able to deliver their responsibilities, if not what are the concerning areas?

A.3. PRIs/Panchayati Raj/Village Councillors

PLANNING 1. What is your role in setting up village level priorities for each scheme? Collect specific details of each

scheme under study 2. Are you involved in planning process? IF YES then do you comfortably understand each and every

aspect of the scheme while planning? If no, how is the planning done? 3. If you do not understand the implementation of this select Flagship program, what are the areas

which you are not aware of? Probe on what are the needs on capacity building?

SCHEME IMPLEMENTATION 4. Is there any village level association or committee who oversees the government schemes? 5. Did you receive any training or capacity building under any of the scheme or have you been told

about your role in any of the scheme? If yes provide details? 6. How have the governmental water related schemes been implemented in your village? Who

implements and how? 7. How are activities & beneficiaries been selected at village level? Whether Gram Sabha takes

decision for water supply facility etc? If not, who decides?

FUND ALLOCATION & FUND FLOW 8. Are you aware of the fund allocation mechanism at village level for maintenance of water supply

schemes? IF yes, please provide details of allocation and expenditure on it? 9. Please provide us details of fund allocated, fund received, and utilised for last three years for village


MONITORING & EVALUATION 10. Was any social audit committee formed who checks the implementation of government schemes on

water supply? IF not, then who audits and who decides? IF yes, then have you provided your inputs in any such associations

11. What is your role in monitoring of financial matters of the water infrastructure in common places like Amenities in Schools, Anganwadis, Health Centres untied fund utilization etc. available in the village?

12. Have the supervisory officers of the implementing/executing agencies carried out inspections of the work/project run in the village. If yes, then mention the periodicity of inspections carried out (Monthly/Quarterly/Half Yearly/Yearly/Casual).

13. Please provide us details of physical performance in terms of target and achievements made for last three years for your village.

WEAKNESS AND SUPPORT REQUIREMENT 14. Do you see any capacity building need among the villagers involved in village level committees so

that they could perform better? If so, what are the areas? 15. Has any capacity building programmes been run by any of the Department/s to build the capacity of

the grassroot level functionaries? IF YES provide details

A.3.1. Officials- Department of Public Health Department IDENTIFICATION 1. Name & designation of the Official contacted? 2. Please let us know about your department’s role & responsibility? 3. What is the organisation structure of your Department to discharge the responsibilities? 4. What are the major water borne diseases that exist in Bihar (collect a district wise listing)? 5. Do you think there are some changes (increase/decrease) in water borne diseases in Bihar? 6. What are the plans of the State government to overcome the instances? 7. Is there scarcity of safe drinking water in Bihar? Please provide details? 8. Do you have some IEC regarding consumption of safe drinking water? IF YES, provide details?

A.3.2. Focus Group Discussion Guide

Facilitation Part To guide planning and preparation for community visits To provide general guidance on effective facilitation To become familiar with the community, and to see how the place is perceived by different groups

within the community

Problem Tree Analysis To identify important livelihoods resources in the community, and who has access and control over

them To identify sanitation practices the community is following currently To see the availability of water to their houses and water scarcity (if any)? To see whether they have experienced any water quality related issues? To know how they are managing household waste (solid and liquid) What is main source of drinking water for members of the community? If piped water then how much

tariff they pay for this per quarter?


To list the diseases community is suffering currently and their relation to water and sanitation? To find out Caste excluded and dynamics works in distribution of water? To find out the time required for collection of water? Who collects water gender angle on it? Do they have Willingness to operate and manage Drinking water infrastructure for its sustainability To analyse how they are trying to achieve sanitation and do they know where their household waste is

leading to? To find out their knowledge about water quality and contamination? To assess their knowledge on electricity pricing/ water pricing To identify which is the active association/s in the community and how much does the community

depend on them? To see which type of communication they have seen earlier- messages related to safe drinking water? To see their reaction on the communication messages - whether they have created any

inquisitiveness or not in the community. IF yes, then who they have contacted to collect more information?

To find out their training needs for management of community based infrastructure? Did any of the messages ever impact their change in lifestyle? How do they find pollution related messages available in the media they are using? How much media is influencing their lives? To see their opinion on governmental organisations which can make significant impact on abatement

of pollution based on their experience till date? Their willingness to connect to piped water scheme and willingness to pay for the same, how much? To assess their preferred point of contact in case of any grievances (problems)?

Activities To understand which institutions are most important to communities using Venn Diagram To analyze engagement of different groups in local planning processes using card system To evaluate access to services and availability of social safety nets using services mapping To prepare a disease calendar To prepare history of events calendar To prepare sanitation habit calendar


138


Appendix C. Study Tools – Quantitative

A.1.1. Households

Detailed Household Questionnaire

SECTION A : IDENTIFICATION DETAILS 1. State BIHAR

2. District

3. Block/Circle

4. Rural

5. Name of the PANCHAYAT

SECTION B: GENERAL INFORMATION 6. Name of respondent

7. Address

8. Sex of respondent Male 1 Female 2

9. Father’s / Husband’s Name:-

21-30……………………………………1 31 – 40……………………………………….2 41 – 50………………………………3 51 – 60…………………..4

10. Age of respondent

Over 60…………………..5 11. What is the religion of the head

of the household?

Hindu……………..1 Muslim ……………..2 Sikh ……………………3 Christian …………………4 Buddhism ………………..5 Jainism ……………………..6 Do not believe/ atheist-……..7 Others specify-----………..97 DKs …………….... 98

12. Which social group your family belongs to?

General ……………….1 SC …………….2 ST ………….3 OBC …..…….4 Others (specify) /…..-777

13. Does your household have a ration card or related coupons? If yes, which card /coupon is it? Can you show it to me please?

No Ration Card and no coupon etc………………………….. 0 Applied for ration card, not received yet----------- 1 Yes, have Antyodaya ……… 3 Yes, BPL ……………………..4 Yes, APL ………………….5

Illiterate…………………………… 1 Primary……………………………… 2 Secondary………………………… 3 Higher Secondary……………….. 4 Graduate………………………… 5

14. What is your educational qualification

Post graduate and other…………. 6 15. What is the family type?

1) Joint Family 2) Nuclear Family 3) Others (specify

C . SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE 16. Ownership of the House?

1) Owned 2) Rented 3) Govt. Quarters

17. If rented, what is the rent? (Amount in Rs/month) _____________.

18. Type of the house?

1) Kutcha 2) Semi-pucca3) Pucca 4) Flat 5) Bungalow 3) Others (specify

Farming/Cultivation………………… 1 Agricultural labour………................... 2 Livestock/forestry/fishing/orchards/allied activities………………………

3

Mining & quarrying …………….… 4 Manufacturing ………………………. 5 Construction …………….................... 6 Petty Trader…………………............. 7 Artisan…………………………… 8 Business…………………………… 9 Service (government/private)……….... 10

19. What is the main source of income of your household?

Others (Specify)………………………. 99 20. Do you have a separate

kitchen?

Yes…..……………1 No …………..…….2

21. Excluding bathroom and kitchen, how many rooms are there in the house?

22. What type of roofing material does your house have?

Concrete………..…………......1

Metal ……………..........................2

Straw/thatch/sod ……….…...3

Tile.............................................4

Other, specify / a .............…-777

23. Does the family own any cultivable land? (in the native village)

Yes………..…………….…1 No…………………….….2 Does Not Know........-999

24. What is the total area of cultivable land?

Acres.....................1

Bighas....................2

Biswa ....................3 Does Not Know ………-999

25. Does your household own any livestock, cattle, birds etc?

Yes ........1 , No ..........2 Don’t know ….....-999

26. How many?

Cows/……………..….1

Buffaloes / …………..…2

Chickens/hens …..3

Camels / ………………..4

Sheep /.………………....5

Goats / …..…………..6

Donkeys /………………..7 Other (specify) / ………..-777 _______________________

27. INTERVIEWER: NARRATE THE FOLLOWING LIST TO THE RESPONDENT AND FILL IN THE CODE OF ONES THE HOUSEHOLD POSSESSES. (multiple options possible) Yes ………..1 No …………2

B& W TV …….……1 Electric fan / ……………....2 Pressure cooker / ………………3 Radio …………………………….4 Computer …….………….…….5 Telephone/ mobile / ……6 Refrigerator / f…………..……....7 Colour TV / ……….………..8 Electric kitchen appliances…………....9 Bicycle / ……………….….10 Mechanized 2 wheeler/ 3 wheeler...11 LMV/LCV (Car)………………......12 Tractor / …………………...….13 Power tiller / …..….…….14 Combined thresher/harvester....…....15

28. Do you have cable TV connection?

Yes………..…………….…1 No…………………….….2

29. If YES, how much do you pay monthly for cable TV connection?

INR.

30. What is main source of lighting for your household?

Electricity / ………………1 Kerosene / ………….2 Gas / ………………………..3 Oil / …………………….…..4 Other (specify) /……..-777 _____ _________________

31. What type of fuel does your household mainly use for cooking? Yes …………… 1 No ………………. 2

Wood……………………..…..1 Crop residue /k……..…..2 Dung cakes / ………………….…3 Coal/coke/lignite…………………..4 Charcoal / ……………………..5 Kerosene / ……………..…6 Electricity / ……........................7 LPG/gas / …………..….8 Biogas / …………………..…9 Non timbre forest products….10 Other (specify) / …………-777

32. What is used to cook food?

Stove / ………………....1 Chullah …………….… 2 Open fire / …………..….3 Other / ………………… -777

Less than INR 1000 1

INR 1001 – 2500 2

INR 2501 – 5000 3

INR 5001 – 10000 4

INR 10001 – 30000 5

INR 30001 – 50000 6

33. What is the total monthly expenditure of your household? (Interviewer, please ask for monthly expenditure break-up on Food, Education, Health,Entertainment etc)

More than INR 50001 7

Less than INR 1000 1 INR 1001 – 2500 2 INR 2501 – 5000 3 INR 5001 – 10000 4 INR 10001 – 30000 5 INR 30001 – 50000 6

34. What is your total monthly household Income?

More than INR 50001 7 C . WATER SUPPLY – CURRENT LEVEL OF SERVICES

C 1 SOURCE OF WATER TO THE HOUSEHOLD

S.No Source of Water Supply Yes-1, No-2

1. Municipal Household Connection

2. Municipal Stand post

3. Public Hand pump

4. Own Hand pump/Bore well with power pump

5 Independent Residents/Colony Association pipe line supply

6. Water Tankers/ Vendors

7. Shared with neighbours

8. Dug wells

35. What are the sources of water for your household? (Please mark multiple answers if applicable)

9. Other Sources_____________

Ask Q 16 if choice 1 is coded YES in Question 35.

i) What is the frequency of water from the HH connection?

1) Once in ________ Days, For_____ Hour

ii) During what time water is supplied?

1) From __________ AM/PM to ___________AM/PM. 2) No specific timing.

iii) Do you have a pit dug to collect water?

1) YES 2) NO

iv) Do you use a pump to get water from water connection?

1) YES 2) NO

v) What type of water tariff do you pay now?

1) Fixed 2) As per meter 3) Others (specify) _______.

vi) How much do you pay for water supply per month?

INR.

36.

vii) What is the periodicity of billing?

1) Monthly 2) Quarterly 3) Half yearly 4) Annual 5) Irregular


i) What is the frequency of water in the stand post?

Once in __________ days & for _________ Hours.

37.

Ii ) What is the timing of water supplied from stand post?

1) From __________ AM/PM to ___________AM/PM. 2) No specific timing

iii) How far is the municipal stand post from your house? Specify ______________ Mts.

1) Less than 100 mts 2) 100-300 mts 3) 300-500 mts 4) More than 500 mts

iv) What is the average time taken in collection of water every time? Specify ___________ Hrs

1) Upto 1/2hr 2) ½ - 1 hr 3) 1 – 2 hr 4) More than 2 hr

v) How many people are engaged in collecting water?

Specify __________ Number

vi) Who collects water from the stand post? (Please make multiple answers if applicable)

1) Head 2) Wife 3) Son 4) daughter 5) Daughter-in-law 6) Grandson 7) Granddaughter 8) Servant 9) Others (Specify)__________

Ask Q 18 if choice 3 is coded in Question 35.

i) How far is the public hand pump from the house? Specify ___________ Mts.

1) Less than 100mts 2) 100-300 mts 3) 300-500 mts 4) More than 500 mts

ii) What is the average time taken in collection of water per day? Specify __________ Hrs.

1) Upto 1/2hr 2) ½ - 1 hr 3) 1 – 2 hr 4) More than 2 hr

38.

How many people are engaged in collecting water?

Specify __________ Number


i) What is the initial set up cost (investment) of hand pump/ bore well (Including pipe, motor etc)?

INR.

ii) In which year did you set up the facility?

(Specify)__________

iii) What is the average annual expenditure on maintenance (Including power bill)?

INR.

iv) Is the water from the hand pump/ bore well potable?

1) YES 2) NO

v) What is the depth of the hand pump/ bore well?

___________. Feet/Meter

39.

vi) Do you experience any regular problem in getting water from hand pump/ bore well?

1) YES 2) NO


i) What is the initial setup cost of the whole Association pipeline supply (if you know)?

INR.

ii) In which year did you set up the facility?

Year

40.

iii) What is the frequency of water from the connection?

Once in ________ Days & for ________Hours.

iv) What is the timing of water supplied from Association connection?

1) From __________ AM/PM to ___________AM/PM 2) No specific timing- irregular

v) Do you have a meter for the connection?

1) YES 2) NO

vi) How much do you pay for this water supply per month?

INR.

Ask Q 21-25 if choice 6 is coded YES in Question 15.

i) How frequently do you use private tankers/vendors (no. of trips per month)?

No----------------/month

ii) What volume of water (capacity of the water tanker) is purchased per trip?

______ liters.

iii) What is the frequency of water being purchased from private tankers/vendors?

1) Regular ____________ 2) seasonal

iv) If seasonal, which are the months you purchase the water?

____________________________________________________________

41.

v) What is the average monthly expenditure on water tankers/ vendors?

1) Less than Rs 100 ____ (2) Rs 300- 500 _____ (3) Rs 500- 1000 ____ (4) More than Rs 1000 ____

Ask Q 26 if choice 1, 4 & 6 is coded YES in Question 15.

i) What kind of storage do you have?

1) Sump 2) Sump & Roof/Loft tank 3) Drums & Vessels

ii) If you have Roof/loft tank, how long do you use pump and motor?

(Minutes/day) _____

42.

iii) What is the average monthly maintenance expenditure for the storage, pump and motor (Excluding power bill)?

INR.

C 2 . REASON FOR NOT HAVING HOUSEHOLD CONNECTION

43. What is main reason for not having a municipal HH water connection?

1) Can’t afford 2) Not allowed 3) No distribution in the area 4) No Pressure/ technically not possible 5) Lengthy process getting one 6) Others (Specify) _________________.

44. Would you prefer to have a HH water connection?

1) YES 2) NO.

C 3 . DRINKING WATER

45. What is the most important source of drinking water for your family?

1) Water supply from Municipality 2) Water from hand pump 3) Water from tankers 4) Dug well 5) Private supply (Association) 6) Canned water (Bisleri type) 7) Others (Specify) __________________

46. How do you treat water to make it potable?

1) No further treatment 2) Boiling 3) Filtering by cloth 4) Use candle filters 5) Aquaguard and other gadgets 6) Mixing Alum or herbs 7) Others (Specify) _____________________

C 4 . WATER DEMAND ASSESSMENT

1) Less than 1 Bucket 2) 1- 5 Buckets 3) 5- 10 Buckets 4) 10- 15 Buckets 5) 15- 20 Buckets 6) 20- 25 Buckets 7) More than 25 Buckets 8) Specify ___________ (liters)

S.No Various needs Frequency per week

Use above choices

1. Drinking (Litres) Daily

2. Cooking Daily

3. Cleaning Utensils Daily

4. Bathing (Personal Hygiene)

Daily

5. Cleaning floor space

6. Washing Clothes

7. Watering gardens

8. Cleaning Vehicles

9. Cleaning Toilets

10. Cattle/Animals

47. What is average consumption of water per day for various household purposes? (Unit is a bucket of about 15 liters)

11. Others (Specify) ____________.

C 5 . SATISFACTION LEVEL

1) Highly Satisfied 2) Satisfied 3) Not Satisfied 4) Can’t say

Description Satisfaction level

48. What is the level of your satisfaction with respect to the following regarding water supply: (use the below choices)

1. No. of hours of water supply.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

2. Pressure of water supply (1) (2) (3) (4)

3. Timing of water supply from municipality (1) (2) (3) (4)

4. Quality of water supply (1) (2) (3) (4)

5. Access to water supply (1) (2) (3) (4)

6. Grievance redressal & Fault repair (1) (2) (3) (4)

7. Bill payment Facility (1) (2) (3) (4)

8. Overall level of satisfaction (1) (2) (3) (4)

C 6 . COMPLAIN AND REDRESSAL

49. Have you ever lodged a complaint regarding water supply?

1) YES 2) NO

50. With whom did you lodge the complaint?

51. What is the nature of complaint?

1) Inadequate water supply 2) Timing of water supply 3) No sufficient pressure 4) Inappropriate billing 5) Impurities in water 6) Bursting of water and/or sewage lines 7) Others (Specify)________.

52. What is average time to taken to solve the problem?

1) Within a day 2) Within 3 Days 3) Within a week 4) Within two weeks 5) Within 1 month 6) More than 1 month (Specify) 7) Never

C 7 . YOUR EXPECTED WATER SUPPLY

53. Would you expect to have a better water supply?

1) YES 2) NO

54. If YES, how many hours you expect to get water per day and once in how many days?

For ___________ hrs & in __________ Days.

55. What would be the maximum you are willing to pay monthly for this kind of supply for your expected water supply? (Investigator, Please specify the maximum amount.)

1) Rs. 250 2) Rs. 200 3) Rs. 150 4) Rs. 100 5) Others (Specify) ______.

D. HEALTH & HYGIENE INFORMATION

56. Can you show me the place for hand washing? OBSERVE

(1) Nothing (2) Water (3) Ash (4) Soap/Detergent 5) Others

MULTIPLE OBSERVATION POSSIBLE, Things that are available for hand washing:

(Specify) ______.

57. When do you wash your hand? (1) Before eating (2) After defecating (3) Others (Specify)

58. Mother/care giver available at the time of interview? If yes, can you call her please? When do you wash your hand? OBSERVE MULTIPLE OBSERVATION POSSIBLE,

(1) Before eating (2) After defecating (3) Before cooking (4) Before feeding child (5) Others (Specify)

59. What is the average household medical expenditure per month?

INR.

60. Do you have any knowledge of water borne diseases?

1) YES 2) NO

How many times your family members have fallen ill in the last three months? (Typhoid, gastroenteritis, Diarrhoea etc.)

Type Typhoid

Diarrhoea

Gastroenteriti

s

Cholera

Others 61.

Frequency In last three months

62. What is the medical expenditure on these diseases during last three months?

INR.

63. E. DISPOSAL OF SOLID AND LIQUID

SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Thrown in nearby 64. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL Multiple Response Possible

Put on a cow dung/ manure heap/ agricultural field or kitchen garden and used as manure

Given to the cattle/ animals

Buried

Burnt Thro

wn in agricultural field

into the open / outside/ nearby house (not burnt)

identified dustbins

Sold to kabadiwala / raddiwala a

Directly collected by GP or Others from house

65. What does your household do to the waste from the kitchen, such as the vegetables peels?

0 1 2 3 22 4 5 7

66. What does your household do to the waste paper such as old newspaper, if you might be taking a newspaper, or any such

0 2 3 22 4 5

7

waste paper? 67. What does your

household do to other plastic waste, glass waste or metal waste like plastic bottles, glass bottles etc.?

0 3 22 4 5 6

7

68. What does your household do to other small waste such as gutka pouches, household dust etc

0 2 3 22 4 5 6 7

LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL

Question Multiple response possible

Into the drain

Thrown in open

Kitchen garden/agricultural land

Directly to a water body near the house

soak pit

Other (specify)

DK (code and specify)

69. Where does the waste water from your kitchen go?

1 2 3 4 5 77 …….

98

70. Where does the waste water from your bath area/ clothes washing area go?

1 2 3 4 5 77 …….

98

E. SANITATION -GENERAL

71. Do you have a latrine? 1) YES 2) NO

72. If YES, what type of latrine do you have?

1) Dry pit 2) Pour Flush

73. Is your house connected to tank or network?

1) Own Septic Tank 2) Sewerage Network 3) Others _________

74. If NO, what is the main reason for not having sewer connection?

1) Can’t afford 2) No Facility 3) technically not possible 4) Lengthy process 5) Others (Specify) ______________.

75. How much did you spend in building the latrine?

INR.

76. How much did you spend on its maintenance monthly? (include cost of cleaning latrine, emptying septic tank, other maintenance, etc.)

INR.

77. If you do not have a latrine, where do your members of family normally go for defecation?

1) Public latrine 2) Fields 3) Others (Specify) _________.

78. Who cleans the toilet? (1) Male of the Household (2) Female of the household (3) Sweepers (4) Others (Specify) _________.

79. Frequency of Cleaning toilet? Daily …………………………..1 Weekly ………………………..2 Once in 15 days……………….3 Monthly ………………………4 As and when it gets dirty……5

80. What all is used for Cleaning the toilet?

Nothing.....................0 Water... .............................1 Acid ...................................2 Soap../detergent.. .......3 Other (specify) ......................................7

J. MEDIA – information:

81. Do you read newspapers? 1) Yes 2) No

82. Name the Newspapers you generally read?

1) Hindu

2) Prabhat Khabar

3) TIMES OF INDIA

4) NBT

5) HINDUSTAN TIMES

6) Others__________.

83. Do you do any of the following daily Multiple response possible

Watch TV --------------1 Listen Radio ----------2 Read Newspaper …….3 Go to religious place…4

84. What programmes do you watch/ listen? Multiple response possible

Serial ……………………..1 News………………………2 Sports…………………..3 Films…………………..4 All………………………..5 Any other (specify)…99

85. Which language programmes do your family members prefer to watch/ listen? Multiple response possible

Hindi………………………………..1 English…………………………….2 Urdu…………………………………3 Any other (specify)…99

86. What is your preferred media channel?

Newspaper…………………………………..1 Radio ……………………………………..2 TV …………………………………………….3 Any other (specify)…99……………………4

87. When do you watch TV? Morning……………………………………….1 Evening…………………………………………..2 Both M&E………………………………………..3

88. When do you listen to Radio? Morning……………………………………….1 Evening…………………………………………..2 Both M&E………………………………………..3

89. How do you find pollution related messages available in the media you are using?

Very easy………….1 Fairly easy…………….2 Neither easy nor difficult………..3 Fairly difficult…………….4 Very difficult…………5

90. Are you aware of the water and sanitation sector reforms programme in your city?

Yes….1 No……2 IF YES the Name them …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

91. What is your main source of

information about government programs? Multiple response possible

Friends and family ……...1 Media (print, visual or audio) …..2 Local ward workers/officials ……...3 Administration officials ………………...4 Religious leaders ……………..5 MLA / ……………………....…6 Local NGO / …………… 7 Other (specify)______ .……99

92. Please let us know about the media which influences you the most?

Print media…..1 Visual ……..2 Audio……..3 Hoardings….4 Pamphlets….5 Nukkard Nataks….6 Public consultation..7 Campaigns through civil society organisation…………8 Other (specify)______ .……99

SECTION K: PROBLEMS & SUGESSIONS

93. Please let us know about the problems you are facing regarding water supply and solid & liquid waste management?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

94. Who will be your preferred point of contact in case of any grievances (problems) ?

Friends and family ……...1 Media (print, visual or audio) …..2 Local ward workers/officials ……...3 Administration officials ………………...4 Religious leaders ……………..5 MLA / ……………………....…6 Local NGO / civil society organisation …… 7 Other (specify)______ .……99

For Office use: 1. Name & Signature of Field Coordinating Staff: Date: 2. Name & Signature of checking Field Coordinating Staff: Date: 3. Name & Signature of Research Manager: Date: 4. Name & Signature of Data Entry Operator: Date:


139


D.1. Contact List Purnia

Sl. No. Name Designation Contact No.

1 Mr. Ranjeet Kumar Executive engineer 09939400797

2 Mr. Vipul Kumar Nandan Assistant engineer 09852981863

3 Mr. Abodh Kumar Junior engineer 09905476154

5 Mr. Mukesh Kumar Block coordinator 09431685846

6 Mr. Bechan Sharma Sarpanch 09631091674

7 Mr. Tanveer Ahmad Ansari

Mukhiya 09431666837

8 Mr. Mohd. Ali Ward commissioner 09431276396

9 Mr. Neelam Devi Corporator 08809679878

10 Mr. Shahbaz Alam Community Mobiliser (Jeevika) 09572609723

11 Mr. Jitendra Kumar C.C (Jeevika) 09771479241

Begusarai

1 Mr. Pranveer Singh Executive engineer 09431883769

2 Mr. Verma Assistant engineer 8092836700

3 Mr. Vijay Kumar Verma Junior engineer 09801796051

4 Mr. Mahmood Alam Block coordinator 09708831010

5 Mohd. Rashid Former Mukhiya 09934235021

6 Mohd. Javed Akhtar Voice chairman 09199838695

Banka

1 Mr. Sanjay Kumar Singh District Coordinator(TSC) 9430830658

2 Mr. Kapil Dev Thakur Mukhiya(Dara) 07739130496

3 Mr. Dilip Sharma Mukhiya(Domohon) 8292015982

4 Mr. Prit Bihar Jha Jan Sewa sangsthan(Secretary – Dara) 8051515393

Patna

1 Mr. D P Singh Superintendent Engineer 8292713266

2 Mr. M S Jawaid Director PMU 9835848933

3 Mr. Sanjay Singh Director CCDU 9430677320

4 Mr. Chiranjeev Kumar State Coordinator TSC 9304562306

5 Mr. S. N Mishra Director, NRDWP 9431645422

6 Ms. Lata Chaudhary State Consultant Water Quality

7 Mr. B. P. Ojha Director-water quality

8 Ms.Gloria Unicef Consultant, CCDU

9 Mr. Ajay Singh Executive Engineer, PHED

10 Mr. Dinesh Kumar Block coordinator, PHED

11 Dr. Sulekha Kumar BDO Maner

Societies

1 Mr. Arvind Chaudhary CEO BRLPAS 9934014191

2 Mr. Apolernarius Purty Project Manager (Social Dev) BRLPS 9771478326

3 Mr. Prakash Kumar DFID Dy Team Leader -WATSAN 7250673142

4 Mr. Nanak T. Santdasani WASH Officer, UNICEF

5 Mr. Mamta Chauhan Consultant, UNICEF

6 Ms. Shubraja State Program Officer, Mahila Samakhya

7 Ms Urmila Mahila Samakhya

8 Ms. Sangita Dutta Mahila Samakhya

GP level

9 Mr. Satru Paswan Mukhiya Pati (Bank) 983545614

10 Mrs. Ranju Devi Mukhiya (Bank)

11 Mr. Braj Bhusan Kumar

12 Md. Rafi Ward member (Bank) 9304431504

Appendix D. Contact List


140


13 Mr. Ram Singh Community member (Bank)

14 Mr. Narendra Kumar Community member (Bank)

15 Mr. Munsi Paswan Community member (Bank)

16 Mr. Satish Singh Community member (Bank)

17 Mrs. Pratima Devi Mukhiya (Kitachauhator West)

18 Mr. Dilip Rai Social Worker (Kitachauhator West) 9304589339

19 Mr. Amodh Kumar Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West)

20 Sri Upendra Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West)

21 Sri Sunil Kumar Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West)

22 Mr Naomi Paswan Member Panchayat Samiti Balua 7488446221

23 Mr Anilji Community member, Balua 7677062503

D.2. Stakeholders Consultation Details Level Place Date Person /group interviewed

with/position

PATNA

State PHED Office, Patna 28th

& 30th Jan;

4th & 5

th Feb

Mr. D P Singh (Superintendent Engineer)

State PHED Office, Patna 28th Jan 2013 Mr. M S Jawaid (Director PMU)

State PHED Office, Patna 28th Jan 2013 Mr. Sanjay Singh (Director CCDU)

State PHED Office, Patna 28th Jan 2013 Mr. Chiranjeev Kumar (State Coordinator

TSC)

State PHED Office, Patna 28th Jan, 4

th Feb

2013 Mr. S. N Mishra (Director, NRDWP)

State PHED Office, Patna 5th Feb Ms. Lata Chaudhary (State Consultant

Water Quality)

State PHED Office, Patna 5th Feb Mr. B. P. Ojha (Director-Water Quality)

State PHED Office, Patna 28th Jan 2013 Ms.Gloria Unicef (Consultant, CCDU)

State Jeevika Office, Patna 31st Jan 2013 Mr. Arvind Chaudhary

State Jeevika Office, Patna 31st Jan 2013 Mr. Apolernarius Purty

State SWASTH Office, Patna 1st Feb Mr. Prakash Kumar

State UNICEF Office, Patna 5th Feb Mr. Nanak T. Santdasani

State UNICEF Office, Patna 5th Feb Mr. Mamta Chauhan

State Mahila Samakhya Office, Patna

6th Feb

Ms. Shubraja


6th Feb

Ms Urmila


6th Feb

Ms. Sangita Dutta

District PHED Office, West Division, Rajwanshi Nagar, Patna

4th Feb 2013

Mr. Ajay Singh (Executive Engineer, PHED-West Division)

District Level

Banka 9th Feb 2013 Mr Sanjay Kumar Singh(TSC- District Co coordinator)

District Begusarai 06th Feb 2013 Executive engineer

District Begusarai 06th Feb 2013 Assistant engineer

District Purnia 11th Feb 2013 Executive engineer

District Purnia 12 th Feb 2013 Assistant engineer

District Purnia 12 th Feb 2013 Junior engineer

District Purnia 12 th Feb 2013 District coordinator

Block PHED-East Division Office

31st Jan to 4

th

Feb 2013 Mr. Dinesh Kumar (Block Coordinator, Maner)


141


Level Place Date Person /group interviewed with/position

Block BDO, Office, Maner 31st Jan 2013 Dr. Sulekha Kumar (BDO, Maner)

Block Banmankhi, Purnia 13 th Feb 2013 Block coordinator

Block Begusarai 06th Feb 2013 Junior engineer

Block Balia, Begusarai 06th Feb 2013 Block coordinator

Gram Panchyat Level

Bank Village 31st Jan 2013 Mrs. Ranju Devi Mukhiya (Bank)

Mr. Satru Paswan Mukhiya Pati (Bank) Mr. Braj Bhusan Kumar

Gram Panchyat Level

Kitachauhator West Village

2nd

Feb 2013 Mrs. Pratima Devi Mukhiya (Kitachauhator West)

Gram Panchyat Level

Dara 11th Feb 2013 Mr. Kapil Dev Thakur.(Mukhiya)

Gram Panchyat Level

Domohon 12th Feb 2013 Mr. Dilip Sharma Mukhiya(Domohon)

Gram Panchyat Level

Dara 12th Feb 2013 Mr. Prit Bihar Jha

Jan Sewa sangsthan (Secretary – Dara)

Nagar Panchayat

Banmankhi, Purnia 12 th Feb 2013 Ward commissioner

Nagar Panchayat

Banmankhi, Purnia 12 th Feb 2013 Corporator

Village level

Bank Village 1st Feb 2013 Md. Rafi

Mr. Ram Singh Ward Community member (Bank) Mr. Narendra Kumar Community member (Bank) Mr. Munsi Paswan Community member (Bank) Mr. Satish Singh Community member (Bank) and community

Village level


2nd

Feb 2013 Mr. Dilip Rai Social Worker (Kitachauhator West) Mr. Amodh Kumar Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West) Sri Upendra Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West) Sri Sunil Kumar Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West) Mr Naomi Paswan Member Panchayat Samiti Balua Mr Anilji Community member, Balua

Village level


3rd

Feb 2013 PRA with community members

Village level

Balua Village 4th Feb 2013

PRA with community members

Village level

Bari Balia North, Begusarai

7th Feb 2013 Former Mukhiya

Village level

Bari Balia North, Begusarai

8th Feb 2013 PRA with community members

Village level

Balia Lakhminiya l, Begusarai

7th Feb 2013 Voice chairman

Village Balia Lakhminiya l, 8th Feb 2013 PRA with community members


142


Level Place Date Person /group interviewed with/position

level Begusarai

Village level

Dharhara, Purnia 11th Feb 2013 Sarpanch

Village level

Dharhara, Purnia 11th Feb 2013 PRA with community members

Village level

Dharhara, Purnia 13 th Feb 2013 Community Mobiliser (Jeevika)

Village level

Dharhara, Purnia 14th Feb 2013 C.C (Jeevika)

Documents

Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social …mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Social_Assessment_and_Social... · Mott MacDonald, A20, Sector 2, Noida 201 301, India t +91 (0)120