Big theme in biology:

Structure & Function are related!

This is true at all levels of organization: molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms.

1

Note log scale. 2

3

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Bacteria

Archaea

Animals

Plants

Protists

Fungi

Contrasting the size and complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cell

Nucleoidregion

Nucleus

Eukaryotic cell Organelles

TE

M 1

5,00

0

Col

oriz

ed T

EM

15,

000

Fig 4.3A 4

Fig 24.1A. Engulfment of bacteria by macrophage

Comparing sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

5

Complete this Compare/Contrast Frame:

SimpleCells

ComplexCells

6

7

8

NucleusSmooth endoplasmicreticulumRough

endoplasmicreticulum

Ribosomes

Golgiapparatus

Plasma membrane

Mitochondrion

Flagellum

Not in mostplant cells Lysosome

Centriole

Microtubule

CytoskeletonIntermediatefilament

Microfilament

Peroxisome

Figure 4.4A A “typical” animal cell

Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments

9

10

Cell Organelles in Cytoplasm

Structure(Organelle)

Function (Job)

Mitochondria “Powerhouse.” Converts food energy in to usable energy (ATP). “Mighty” Generator.

ER Carries proteins throughout the cell.

Ribosomes Makes proteins.

Golgi Bodies Receives, packages & sends materials.

“UPS” of the cell.

Chloroplasts(plant only)

Captures light energy to make food energy. “Solar Panels” of the cell.

Vacuoles Storage. (Water, food and other materials)

Lysosomes Chemicals for breakdown. 11

12

Complete this Compare/Contrast Frame:

13

Fig 4.5. The nucleus: the cell’s genetic control center.

NucleusChromatin

Nucleolus

Pore

Ribosomes

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

Two membranesof nuclearenvelope

14

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Nuclearenvelope

Rough ER

Ribosomes

Smooth ER

TE

M 4

5,0

00

Figure 4.7

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER has a variety of functions, eg making lipids.Rough ER makes membranes and proteins. 15

Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food. 16

17

Organization of a “typical” plant cell

Centralvacuole

Not inanimalcells

Chloroplast

Cell wall

Golgiapparatus

Nucleus

Microtubule

CytoskeletonIntermediatefilament

Microfilament

Ribosomes

Smoothendoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

Peroxisome

Plasma membrane

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

Figure 4.4B 18

Fig 4.14

TE

M 9

,75

0

Chloroplast

Stroma

Intermembranespace

Inner and outermembranes

Granum

Chloroplasts convert light energy to chemical energy (glucose).

19

FUNCTION STRUCTURES

Breakdown / Digestion Lysosomes and Peroxisomes.

Energy Processing Mitochondria, Chloroplasts.

Support, Movement and Communication

Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular Matrix, Cell Junctions

Manufacturing Nucleus, Ribosomes, ER, Golgi bodies.

Genetic headquarters Nucleus

20

Must Know & Challenge Structures

MUST KNOW CHALLENGE

1. Nucleus Centriole

2. Mitochondria Plastids

3. Chloroplast Microtubules

4. Cell Wall Microfilaments

5. Cell Membrane Nucleolus

6. Ribosomes Rough ER

7. Vacuole Smooth ER

8. Cytoplasm

9. Golgi body (apparatus)

10. Lysosomes

11. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 21

Review Checklist:

Write out the three parts of the CELL THEORY.Who is Robert Hooke? Why is he important?Compare & Contrast frame between plant & animal cells.Compare & Contrast frame between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Make a structure & function table for all the cell parts.Sketch a plant cell, color it in and label all parts.Sketch an animal cell, color it in and label all partsActive study!Know your vocab!

22

Cellular and sub-cellular levels

• Cell membrane has surface area of 1/30 the surface area of period on typical page. • Nucleus has a surface area of 1/10 of cell membrane.

23

Organelles and Subcellular Structures

ManufacturingNucleus, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus. (Connected through endomembrane system.)

Breakdown:Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles

Energy Processing:Chloroplasts, Mitochondria

Support, Movement, and Communication:Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions

24