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Big Questions
• How were patterns of population changing in Big Era 7?
• In what ways did the fossil fuel revolution change the world?
• To what extent did the demand for democracy around the world lead to greater liberty and equality?
1
Big Questions Continued
• How did the communications revolution continue the “great global convergence” that we studied in Big Era 6?
• How did the changes that happened during Big Era 7 contribute to the rise of European dominance and greater global inequality?
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Industrialization and
Its Consequences1750-1914 CE
Big Era Seven
4
A package! I love
packages!
Contents under
pressure…I wonder what’s inside?
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
5
The Modern Revolution
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
6
The Modern Revolution
Quite a package! But how did these changes get
all bundled up together?
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
7
For starters, in Big Era Seven human
population was increasing faster than ever before!
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World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE
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But the growth was not equal
everywhere!
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1750 1850 1900
Millions
World Population in Big Era Seven
10
Year Population in Millions
% of World Population
1750 141 19.3
1850 292 25.0
1900 482 30.0
World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the
United States, and Canada combined.
For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew
significantly between 1750 and 1900.
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Growth of the Population of Boston
1690 - 7,000
1790 - 18,038
1900 - 560,892
158%
3,010%
12
Not only was the human population growing, it
was moving.
13
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Migration from Europefrom 1750 or earlier
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Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Continuing Atlantic slave tradeafter 1750
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Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Labor migration from Asiamainly after 1750
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Major Global Migrations
Europeans overseas including
Siberia1820-1930
55-60,000,000Africans to the
Americas1811-18701,900,000
Asians overseas1850-19202,500,000
Stop here and write a summary paragraph of
your notes
17
18
But a growing population meant that
human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too.
And humans dealt with
this need by using fossil
fuels. Watch!
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5 watts
Small wax candle, 800 BCE
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Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE
100,000 watts
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The Modern Revolution
To: Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
That’s in the
Package!
22
The Fossil Fuel Revolution
The biological old regime ends when vast new sources
of energy come into use:
CoalElectricity
GasPetroleum
Nuclear
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By taking energy from
fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like
wood…
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and with better and
better steam engines to
harness coal’s energy…
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Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835
People could produce more
efficiently.
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In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities.
In China coal mines were far from factories and cities.
How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?
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Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship
1807
And travel more
quickly.
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George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam
locomotive1829
And travel more
quickly
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The increasing power of steam engines in Big
Era Seven
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The Industrial Revolution
Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation
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The Industrial Revolution allowed
for new global economic
relationships.
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Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
U.S.A.
EgyptIndia
Russia
35
Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
36
Old limits on how much
energy people could use were
gone!
And in Big Era Seven people
tore down other limits
too…
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Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776).
New economic ideas
• People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
• People should be able to buy and sell labor freely.
• People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.
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Sounds great!
But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work?
New economic ideas
• People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
• People should be able to buy and sell labor freely.
• People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.
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Improve public health.
Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs.
Standardize weights and measures.
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Antiseptic medicine
1867
Transcontinental railroad 1869
Metric system1790
Stop here and write a
summary paragraph of your notes!
We’ll continue tomorrow!
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In Big Era Seven,
government played a greater
role than ever before in people’s lives.
And while that happened,
people’s ideas about
government changed, too!
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Tom Paine argued for these ideas in
Common Sense
(1775)
New political ideas:
•People should be free to choose their government.
•Government should protect people’s liberties.
•People should have equal rights.
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Sounds democratic!
New political ideas
•A nation should be free to choose its government.
•Government should protect people’s liberties.
•People should have equal rights.
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The Modern Revolution
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
It’s in the
package too!
46
Governments created
representative institutions.
Governments wrote
constitutions.
Governments promoted education.
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French National Assembly
1789
United States Constitution
1787
Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869
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What happened if governments
wouldn’t make these changes themselves?
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Change the government!
The Atlantic Revolutions
United States 1776
Venezuela 1811Haiti 1791
France 1789
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In each country, people
struggled over liberty, equality, and nationalism.
United States 1776
Venezuela 1811Haiti 1791
France 1789
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Ascendancy of Liberalism
What was it in the 19th century?
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Ascendancy of LiberalismAre the political and economic tendencies in these two boxes compatible or inconsistent?
• Rational thought and behavior
• Civil freedoms and legal equality
• Rule of law• Constitutional and
limited government • The right to vote and be
educated • Technical and scientific
progress• Free market economy• Nationalism that
advances the community of nations
• Enhancement of state power and centralization
• Increased state military and police power
• State-managed social welfare
• More efficient taxation• State economic
management• Larger-scale economic
enterprise• Imperial conquest and
authoritarian rule over colonized
• Exclusivist or xenophobic nationalism
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Were these four 19th-century leaders champions of Liberalism?
Napoleon Bonaparte1799-1815
William Gladstone1868-94
Mahmud II1808-1839
Porfirio Díaz1876-1911
Stop here and write a summary paragraph of
your notes
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So much was
changing so fast…
How could people
keep up?
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People moved more quickly.
Ideas moved more quickly.
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RailroadSteamboa
t
Transatlantic cableNewspaper
The Communication
Revolution
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The Speed Revolution
One hour of optimum travel: Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km Railway locomotive (1847) - 96
km Normannia steamship (1890) -
40 km French rapid train - 297 km Jet plane - 1000 km
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Railway Development in Europe
1840
1850
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Railway Development in Europe
1880
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Railway Construction in India1853-1931
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The Modern Revolution
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
Communication! It’s in the package!
63
$0.00
$500,000.00
$1,000,000.00
$1,500,000.00
$2,000,000.00
$2,500,000.00
$3,000,000.00
1700 1820 1870 1913
The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the
world as a whole.
World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars as valued in 1990
64
Stophere and write a
summary paragraph of your notes!
We’ll finish this story tomorrow!
65
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Powerful, but not equal.
The countries which
modernized first used it to
their advantage.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1700 1820 1870 1913
Eur./N.AAsia
Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia
The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center.
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India, 1877
After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market…
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India, 1877
and it was often shipped to where it got the highest price,
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not to where it was needed most.
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And industrial technology
could be used not only to
create, but to destroy.
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And more of the world was colonized than ever before.
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Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898
Sudanese dead, 10,000
British dead, 48
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The European Moment
Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans:
•1800 35%•1878 67%•1914 88%
But . . . duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years:
80yrs
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Some elites around the
world tried to adopt parts of
the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own
governments.
Russia Mexico
JapanEgypt
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Russia Mexico
JapanEgypt
Modernize the army.
Modernize the economy.
Maintain independence
.
Stop here and write a summary paragraph of
your notes
77
78
The Modern Revolution
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents Under
Pressure
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
But the Modern
Revolution comes in a package!
79
Once you open the package, you open the whole
thing!
The Modern Revolution
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
80
People who traveled to learn about one part of
the Modern Revolution, like fossil fuels,….
81
also learned about the democratic part of the
Modern Revolution.
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And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They
communicated them, because it was all part of the package.
83
And powerful elites who wanted
to modernize in some ways did not
count on people demanding the
democratic part of the package.
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The Modern Revolution
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
I get it!
85
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
86
The Modern Revolution promises
many things to many people.
No wonder the
package is under
pressure!
87
To:
Mund
o
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
And once the
package is
opened,
the whole world
jumps in!
88
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
89
The End
Big Era Seven
