The Big Game of Yellowstone Park Is Threatened with ExtinctionWinter's Rigors Have Been Sadly Depleting the Herds of Elk in This Vast

Reservation and the Government Is Going to Provide Food andProtection in the Effort to Save Those Remaining.

THF. principal remnant of big -.amethe t'nited States, eonnistin« of e

moose and deer, which in winterhabita the Yellowstone National Park aIt» neighborhood, is threatened with <

atructlon by starvation Sheep and «ateat up nil the grass, and the wildwwea tk-SJ ..me down from the mountalInto the foothills for the cold months, ftno forage.During the last winter about twenty-fl

hundrirt elk (these being the chief puff«fts> perished f.-r lark of food in the Jacaon Hole region, south of the park. Dri**la traita, th. y gnthemi in grenumb« is about the farmers' hayracks ar

finding them in most Instancesf' need, died by hundred-» within Sightplenty. The larger r.n'.mals, by sta'ndtion their hind loirs, were sometimes ablereach a few morsels of hay, while tl

re tran».i led t>> their ailult co;

panions, and thus lost their lives most mlerably.During the two previous winters the

had been great loss of life among the elat.d severe cold weather conditions glvltwarning early In last January of won

p soon to come, the State I>»glslatu:of Wyoming appropriated money to bufood for the starving creatures. Hut

was Impossible to obtain more than aboi

tWO hundred and fifty tons of hay, Whlcwas only a fraction of what was noadetMeanwhile, however, an appeal was ma«:

to Congress for help, and early in atarca-too late to be of servi..«» in the winter «.

Ifda-Tl.Praaldent Taft sign« d a bin givinJ20..VX) to the Biological Burvey for rescu

purposes.During the last summer the .tiologtcí

Survey made a thorough Study of the sit

nation, and provided for the elk in su;'

a way us to make then fairly safe, it I

hoped, against Starvation during the i>ree

ent winter. Hay has been bought In largquantltles-a bargain being usually «truewith the person from whom It Is purchase*!

r the terms of which a certain amoun

Is hauled each day to some point easily ac

cessible to the animals.

FEEDING THE ELK.They soon learn the time of feeding, am

com* readily to meet the loads. The plaicommonly adopted is to drive past a buncl

of the animals, and, as the more eager o

them follow, they are gradually .strum

in a long line. Then the course is re

traced, and hay is thrown out In smaliti<s at short intervals. This plan In-a fair share of hay to all. both large

and small< «n.- result of the feeding is that the «Ik

.tremely .iall'- Wbeflin vehb i- s r on hot

familiarity, however. ¡» quickly lostw hen the free

of 1'iovendor Is discontinued,and within a few weeks those which ate

om the hands of lh«re as wild as t/er.

What it: . the elk "1 readline" is n« verthel« sa by n«> means s tem«

I it must be contlnuoual)"fffSw ' time on. during the

mk animals are to be saved.f^m\\:\\\ th:- id. a l'i view, the lii..'..^ al Sur-

\^r \ co-operation with the state author!«t "f Wyoming, has already made ar«

maintenance of the

gréai h< r.t ol Jackson H<>1«.Its pr«üon b«.!":; of Importance nol merely froma natural ¡list' view, or for r> a-

sons «if sentiment but because it repre¬sents a large eoonoml. valu« it is. In fact,

nd a permanentao '.<. «.f Income to tb.e state.

Hated that llie value of the elk.-i.m ..i Jackso mal to

the revenue derive from stock raisins Inthat district. The amount <.¡ mon« y Which

bring i'ito the country la verylarg« Many bunting parties are

lowed t.. kill a

limited number of elk under certain ro¬

stí ire ol lige i t-. hire

guides, pscken cook* and pack animals,and to buy considerable quantities of foo<l

pllea The average dallj ..f a

person huntlns InHI. Tl tj dSJ"S' tip» wnnM cost

. M*#, ail of which la s¡ « ntin t ting gro inds.

About two thousand «Ik are killed___________

Thirty States Guárante?Childhood to Children

Continued from third puse.

half of th« voluntarilyIng children in the;r ihedl Their chief . m«

ployment has been snipping beans, huskingcom. bulling berries, etc. «'aimers do not

fr.'i child work particularly profitable, lethave stated that th« mothers¿an-avot bt; obtain« .1 unless the children bo withthem. As a onsequencs, th« committee's

has been blocked in that dinIn one factory, which is not an in¬

case, wer.- over one hundred little chil¬

dren, boys and sitis. mostly girls-no adults,

except suppliera and weigh.-is and :

women. The boys wee supplying I

The majority were from seven lo

years old. Shed work starts at 7 a. m., an 1

i - t««-ii known to «.ntinue till midnight'i | n ¦. i ark State em

In the eforts to better conditions in the

tenements and canneriee, but so far with-

e.ut «¡«finite resulta So the Kmpire gIf not yet an Ideal mod«"Yes, New York has much better laws

than many of the other states." Mr Love*joy apreed. "However, i <io not believe Inlaying too mm h Stress on that fact, lest

other atat« mpted toth» New York laws as a model em whichto base th.ir own legislation. The laws ..f

this slate are, as yet, far from perfect."Mr. Lovejoy is far too practical a man to

.pend time in dilating on what haiaccon ebody recently uigedhim to write a bo<ik Riving the history of

th» child labor movement up to date. Hehadn't t!m.-. He Is too busy with the work

iture. Sonn- i efoi m'-: as apre« of eis

of " >¦'.«.

i hat'a ail In tl irked,10 bis

s. he add« d, anlmatejdly,.-- ngl« «I out a ti ..i' a plti-

;

Still thir :n tlv.»i:i which

»,

mpioyil mil s. The

Hun-

The trun, «. food

r« main practi« ally < >« mpl I¦i andla« kingbv tb<-

committee la«-- -.<ar failed lo pars»tion of i.

'il of a

One of the tat |Ce.mri

« are violât«solute wrong of forcing cblldr«the Industrial world.

! Charlie K. had a mother living in NeYoi k and an Invalid father In CThe nun b«r sent him to live with bis une

in Georgia on the promlae thut Charlwould be sent to school. His unele, hotever, sent the boy and bis own atepchildreInto the mill Charlie being al

ii. w< m to work., lie worked in live Oeorgla milla in tw

years, ... two «if these at liijjlit. He ITS

hurl twice during the tw.. years, tin- latte\ tini«. seriously, bis thigh being crushed b

the machinery in which was caughiCrippled for life, he «as final!) aent bom

11<» his mother.j in a South Carolina mill a little sevenyear-old girl had been a' wo k a year an.

a half. The law was not violated, as abv.as an orphan, a law against this hs11 «ii passed fuis la- The probtetnow ¡- to !¦¦. ¦>¦ thai II i enforced.it is no uncommon thing to see able-bôdie«

patents lounging nt home, while ehlldrei.dor years provide for the family.

It Is not ab.ne for the protection of th<child but also of bis fellow employai tiia

humane lawa are needed. To-day ;

visitor in many minis may stumble upoichildish forms stunt«.l and bent The terrlble «usaste; at Cherry, IIL, should be ¦

warning to mine employer*. The coroner'iI vetrdict was thsl I' waa caused i»> «bib

employes, too young to be competent amidsurrounding« so dangerous.Many a litti«- worker, through accldenti

in the mines, haa loot, for life, t ï i » abllltjIn earn a living. Mr l.ov.Juv IhOWCU

si such victims, oin

of a little West Virginia boy whose leg.«w. ¡. ff by a motor car In ¦ coal minewhen hs wss fourteen years old.

Pennsylvania now- bas a law forbiddingemployment <>f boya un.br sixteen in«

... mint i ai d < I boye under fsoutride But only a few -»cars ago It was

thai between als and tw« Ivethousand little boya ranging from nln«- t<>

foiirt. :, ...«is of dise ware working InHie i,: coal breakeri «if the anthra-

Ida.ii was into this region that Mr. Lore I

\ « nt when he left bis pulpit, andthe Improved lawa In effecl there bave fol«lowed bis personal efforts.

liiti. deviU like it." declared l

Pennsylvania boas on one occasiont«. Mi Love .>¦ "I went t<> the breaket

..i :. old, an' it nevi r

me no hurt!"'i bis onvietion and tl.ma thai

a« < ..m. n h are > till to be m< I with In themining regt« ol othi i si

i.iaii if omph le," Mi bovejoywrot« than "A boy kt bom; let bim hasten

through hli tbyl.v. »'an be not see the..'i the hul bis

many.os urtll the « «it. i pi lain

fanturei dl waste I imsniid "i to i Ism silk milla .-¦>. i »

the dtl imleta of the.'-.¦.'.. t... i., ghtei ..i o Iihs

rals« n d'être But th< ... boy everask«, shall i «¦.) to the breaker or seek

v a of living'." lie pimplygoes."

Jr. It any wonder that Mr. LOVeJOy four»*

year by hunters. There i.- considerable1000« hing.that is. Illegal killing Of the ani¬

mals -by men who frequent and oven residein the Jackson Hole region, for the sak<-of making their living wholly «>r In partfrom game. Thcs«- lawbrsaksra regard the«lk as their natural prey. But lowest hithe scale of all the easmlei of the elk isih<- tooth hunter.the human brute who.for the sake Of gaining a dollar or two,kills the noble creatures, and, taking e.nlytheir tusks, leaves the cares sea to rot.I'nder cover of the mail he forwards hisOOty undetected to dealers in the eltteS,who dispose «>f It to thoughtless pur« bas¬era.

From 20,000 to 25.OD0 elk habitually rangein the southern part of Ihe Yellowstonelark, and most of them si>end the winterin a region to the south, commonly called

V .-r

STARVING TO DEATH. EVEN THEWILLOW BARK AND TWIGSEATEN TO THE LAST MORSEL.

<í>Ja. kson Hole, and which is part of thevalle;, of Snake River, in NorthwesternWyoming. Spending the summer In themountains, the animals are forced by cold

r to se.k lower levels, where a

lighter snowfall and a milder climate In¬sure more favorable forace conditions.Their primitive winter range has graduallybeen reduced by the encroachment of civili¬zation, until th» basin in question has he-come their principal stronghold. Here untilrecent years they have fared well, exceptin an occasional abnormal winter, but withIncreased settlement in the valley has come;depletion of the ranee by grazing. The elkhave COO!« down in their old. or even aug-mented, numbers, only to find their formerhaunts shorn ot forage I,y cattle and sheep,and great suffering and loss of life haveresulted.

WOLVES ARE INCREASING.One of the most destructive natural ene¬

mies of the 'Ik was formerly the puma, or

mountain Hon. it no longer cuta a ngurein the problem, however, having l.een prac¬tically exterminated by hunters In the Jack¬son Hole r.gion. < >n the other hand, wolves,which used to be unknown there, are nowcommon and Increasing in numbers. Theyfirst appeared about a doz-n years aco,

following the introduction of stock. As

they seem to be able to kill elk wheneverthey feel like doing so, they must destroyvery many.frequently two or more attack¬ing the prey in concert. Usually they beginby hamstringing the animal, and then upond< \ .en the < yes, the udder and other chol« e

tidbits, seldom returning to the carcass, butpreferring a fresh victim.The plans of the Biological Survey include

the removal «.f many of the <;k to otheri

stabs, «/here they will b« liberated on suit-jfcbl) protected rangea ami win, u is expect-ed, statt new h.rds. It Is a dilñcult matterto trshsporl the animals, because the Teton

feel hjghof ihnn the valley ofSnake River, mast be crossed in order to

resch the railroad. This range of mmin-

tains, bordering ¦ valley on the west, is ai

j «erics'o( rockj crags, with altitudes vary-'\ng from h\**l <" H.°"° feet. They rise ah-ruptly from a level plain, affording a pano-

whose equal in rugged grandeur Isrsrely seen. On the «ast ihe valley meets

Ihe foBtltH s of the «;ros Ventre Hange,some Of whose peaks a»c as much ns ll.iXK)feet htfh.The problem under consideration Is some¬

what complex. It Involves, first of all,srrangementa whereby the elk shall be fed

,in the aintera, in order that they may not*

THE PUMA. OR MOUNTAIN LION.WAS r-ORMERLY THE ELK'SWORST ENEMY.

starve. Second is the ouestion of the pre¬vention <.f Illegal killing. Third Is thematter of defonct SgSlnst' the wolves,which, unless something Is done to destroythem, will certainly become more numerousand Increase their depredations proportion¬ately. Fourth la the plan for transferringsome of the anímala to game preserva*maintained under federal or state auspicesin other parta of the country. And fifth Is«the estábil inn. nt of .. winter refuge.The i!i.ii«>Mn «I Survey deems absolutely

necessary gui h a r< fugs, where the naturalforage can be preserved by excluding cat-tie and Bheep during the summer, it must

.FEEDING A HERDÍOF ELK WITH H^X

DlSTR.BUTINti HAY TO STARVING ELK.

¡00 LATE."Wi-h I'd left his cigar ca*a alone." .»-Tli« U} Stander.

HE WOLF IS NOW THE ELK'SDEADLY FOE.

he of adequate size, of course, and shouldcomprise pasture lands as well as mea¬

dows. An ideal situation would Include alsoa tract of somewhat elevated land, to

which the animals could retire when not

feedingUndoubtedly at leas*, one such refuge,

and possibly two or three, will be soon es¬

tablished. D, ('. Xowlin, formerly theWyoming State Gamo Warden, has sug¬gested the use In this way. for elk, moose

and other game, of a part of the valley otthe Gros Veinte River. This area is em¬

braced by the Teton national forest, andincludes several claims occupied by stockranchers, which could easily be acquiredby condemnation and purchase.Fortunately elk are fairly prolific animals,

*and are able to hold their own !n reap

to numbers, or even w» increase, under c

dltlons not «>%ces*ively unfavorable,

best, they have a hard time in wlnl

Kven when that season Is comparatlvmild, end foo<i h not lackfng, mmv of

elder animals «lie Owing to the fact tl

a large proportion of those kill- d

ers during, the autumn are females, a gr

manv young «alves are ¡eft rnotheare In a more or Issa Weakened «ondltwhen win'er come» OBOf the 2..VT) elk that died of starvation

the Jackson Mob« r'-',ion last winter,great magern v were «.lives of the

year. Probably 75 per cent of the cal-

which »ame info the Vd!l»«y in pTeoeaaJand December had perished of hunger

fore the end of trfe following Mar^h.som» herds the loss of catVOS w«n as hi

as !>â per cent Mont r>f the ioset get Ml

before feeding began, but verv rrtanv. be

«alvc« ,'ind Older animal-', were so we

that th*-y died even when rsjeeMaafj wr

would ordinarily have been an abundanof food. A large rismber. In fact, on bell

fed, died almost Immediately.It Ig estimated that th» whole number

twenty thSQSand elk which r/ini'r In t

Jackson Hole t»-rrlon InctndSIcows tiire« years old and over, of whl

Tl per cent, or IM, win prettaci calveach year. If. th»»n. th-» animals are ¦

to fall below their present numerical tot

the depths from all causes must not exce«

4,!Wi per annum. In other words, t!

deaths each year may rise to 4>ÎS and st

j the elk will hold* their own.

SHORTENING THE DEATH ROL]I total de>!»h rôti is the rSSUH cf foi

causes.first, na'ural mortality, kndudlla« i'lents; second, stsrvutie,n. third, wo'.v«

and other predatory animals, and. fOttrtlhunters. It Is evident that anything dor

I to decrease losesa from the first tliree «

these émises will augment the number '

| elk that can be shot each year wit hoi

«limlnlshlng the herd as a whole. But |uiIn proportion as starvation and wolveclaim a great number Of victims so mue

the number shot must-be curtailed or el*

| th« total of elk will 1»e lessened At pre

lent probably about one thousand are d«stroyed annually by wolves

I The life of the elk during a win'er Isevere as that of li»lA-il Is a constan

. struggle to preeterv« existence. A majorit.of the animals. Including most of the younicalves, are so^-n driven to browse on th'willows and other shrubs. After eatlni

the smaller twigs the.« are force«! bjhunger to a'tack the bark and largeibranches.though the woody fibre thu<swallowed has little nutrim«»nt and is with¬

out doubt actually injurious. M.iystaokaabout ranches are eagerly sought, and, IIInsecurely fenced, ire scon at the mcrcjof the starving creatures, which often diefrom overfeeding. Many s^U.ers, to keepthe elk from eating the hay needed fortheir stock, are actually forced to sle.-pbeside the stacks during much of t'e win¬

ter.The favorite haunt of the e!k is an ex¬

tensive marsh bordering Flat «"reek, abovethe town of Jackson. It occupies an areafive mll^s In length and varying In widthfrom on» to two miles A rank growth incoarse grass covers the greater part ofthe marsh. Into which several warmsprings drain These cause parts of Flat( n ek to remain open during most or allof the winter, but 'he marsh Itself Is par¬tiaux- flooded and freezes early, allowingthe animals to gain access to auch foragoas remains above the |re and snow. Dur¬ing th.-» last wlnt°r. however, a heavy fallof snow in January becam« heavily crustedas the result of a wet storm, and the elkwre prevented from obtaining more thana small proportion of the rich store offood wbl.-h should have awaited them.The surrounding hillsides, as a result ofgrazing by cattle and sheep, were bare ofgrass, and before the winter was half over

the onditinn of tl.e hards had become ap¬palling. REN!-: BACHE.

¦ ¦ e -

THE OFFICESEEKER.Senator Bourne was talking about a con¬

firmed ofneesepker.His little son," said Senator Bourne,

"looked up from his history lesson one

night and said to his mother:Mother. If anything should happen to

the King of F.ngland. who would be King?'" 'The Prince of Wales,' his mother an¬

swered." 'If the Prince of Wales should rile, who

would be King then?'"The mother hesitated She stammered

something or other. It was plain she didn't

r.-ally know who would succeed the Princeof \\ ales. Then the boy Interrupted her.

" Well,' he- said, with a sigh, 'anyhow, Ihope father won't try for it.' "

his new field of work a fas« Inatlng rtu<

and gave himself up to it for life?Another field toward Whl h he is dlrec

lug his attention at present is th" <ïn

.States, where shrimp pickers and oystpi- kers are employed"Yes. Tin learr.ln' her de trade," proud

remarked tL lotherôi g three-year-old giwhose baby Angers wer» trying t.» keepwith those of hef Older sister in tl"shucking." Five cents a day reward- t!

atruggle <>f many a Uttio Bve-year-çldthe effort to aeparate the rouph, hea>shells.According to the report of an Investigate

Work begins often at :t o'clock In tl

morning <»n the low cars of oysters, ththave been ateàttoed that they may be moireadily opened. On busy daya they cot

tin:.» w« ik until about 4 o'clock in tl

afternoon.

Shrimp packing la a more irregular «orí

be. anse tb" Weather conditions affect u

Catch. Shrimp packer:; cannot uauallwork over tit hours because the Huld <

the shrimp affooti the lingera of the plciera In the evening »ore and bleeding tingers are treated with a solution of alunto bar.!.", tb.. in for the next lav's work

"Bill," a brlghl ¡,ve-> car-oi.i, aald hmail. IS c. nts a day"Ves." bis mother said, "be km «h",

be wants to work, but he won't keep at it.'An eleven-year-old girl earns m a d.i.

when aiirlmi a are big; and a boy .u twelvewho bas worked four years, made |57 litine.» months laal year Often childreiattend the arlntar -n Southern canning fetm-i..«. and ««.me North in tin» aumnier t<

pbk berries In New Jersey, Delaware andMaryland. Fot recreation they tend thibabies, l.ittie nnm, when w«orh becomoini, ursl I« t.. h hi adlea or "tote" the

around until they feel like workingagain.

Little Mary, an elght-year-oM worker,aald; "i ahucha ex puts a day when idon't got de baby wtd me, an' two t>ots Ifi gol him."Help must be had by thaas cannon |

it «. rtalnly la haul to cotNot only are tl.«mmlttSe'a efforts to

get information f«>r proap« tt\ ifien, my blocked by the Inter«but laara om<- psssad a;,- flagranti) vio¬lated.Down 'ti » South Caroling m n an

ated little elf, weighing perhaps forty«cikiii pounds, winked (rom .; g'dnight tin t¡ In tb«» morning ao tiny thahad !.> ollmb up on hei m ichlne frame t >

reach the toptural aplndle In anotlwmill In North Carolina ware found at worknina orIt under ihelocal age of twelve \ «rs, but none w.i.

not .i¡\ < I) ao i« ported,in nu .m.>tn. r mill a uttle aptnn« « i

nt work «o. th* «¡a\ mi,if, | fifty..;" ran rout aid

centg had been In the mill twoyeara

t not h«"" < ¦'. ¦"' larg« employer or childlabor i Ohio and"ii"" have led m leglalatlon betteringeondltl« na In ihl ... ...,,.,., T,..,,. ,. ....,,'¦' " ''¦'¦'¦ Wat latí«, night swem found In tl , WR0 , ,,.,

monli rtnlshed theli i, ,. ,...., B m _,_)then alepi ai the fa ,..

bomgBUl Mr LovSJOy'g tnue was up"Why don't jou ,dll oll M)in. 0| thaJ

Other members of the committee, who reallyarc interesting?" he auggested.Indeed, they «ire Interesting, sa a

glance at thS list shows. Felix Adler I«

Chstrntsn Of the committee. Dr. Adler.founder of the Bthical Culture Society.»a|d ,.ntly: "In laying the h;:rien ofprematuro labor on the young we deprivethe Republic of the citizenship to which Itis entitled."No man in New York City is better

known In charitable work than HomerFolks, one of the vice-chairman. V. Kverltliacy is treasurer, and the board of trus¬tees contain! auch w*ll known social work-ors an.' philanthropist« a-; Jane AddsiUS,Isaac N. Beligmsn, Mrs. Floier.ee Kelleyand Robert W. Pc 'Forest.Sev«*n years aso the National <"hild I,ahor

Committee had fewer than fifty membersTo-day it haa a membership of over fivethousand, covering an a tin a budget ofnearly «dO.OOO. With th«» committee erenftiiiatci ail agenclea promoting child wel¬fare, stat.» committees, Jurists, medical e\-

perta women'a clubs, manufacturers' or¬ganisations and others.

There bis been a constantly growingspiiit of co-operation .m the part of manu¬facturing and other interests, as Well alon the part of th« general public.This growth of M ntlmenl som. times crops

up In unexpected plu s low the comingfeels about II was shown al .»»mith

College the othei ds) B fresh-men and struggling seniora tugged t heirown aultcaces to the departing trains atChristmas vscatlon time In ¡heir effort t«>

dlacourage ths small boy from enteringatrsel trades. This action had been i-

mended bj an editorial In the coHeg« paperami was genersll) adopted, I« area eelcommended by ahrswd i¡tt¡<- Nortbamn-

to whom departing ault« isaa atoodfor a splendid addition t«> their h t¦pending money,But now Mr. Lovojoy had n .ml

was ner\'ously ihulfllni hla i ipera, whilea clerk, who hsd |U8l snnounosd tie nextcallci w. .- |« estlvel) . :t th«

"Well. 'ie laugh« .1. with "f >le-*! air, in reapoi H t«. a luial appealfrom the interviewer, "if you muet haveit I eras born in. Michigan-, and aras gra«i-uated in mi rrora All of arhlchJ "i ha) a p bably nevei h. ird Ha arasrsallj boglnnlng to talk about hlmaalf! Thedelighted Inquisitor tried t.» look familiarwith ins alma mater.| i w.,.s married inMl big.m and prsachsd thsrs seen yeare.Then I came t.> Mono. Vsi non. wh i

itor ol a Congrí church six-l look up this work. That's

ell. i told >>ai 11 i nothing Into .st¬ing libo It ;ile

"

Tha Interviss a ai o\ ai.

THE MOST NUMEROUS CLASS.thread 1 11 taks ell \i n-tu«

il«d ii- nrj " i isej .t the Play«.re1 liub, in Ken fork, "but, .«s a matterof fad it .» majorit] >.r u a.- .,

like.-I r» ».' said Br« " | fOn'which of my parents do i re am¬

blar" 'Both,' lb-» prandmother answered. 1 "i

hsve »/oui mother'a remarkable capacity foripsndtni aji -, « and your father's absolutegenius for not making if "