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Index
abortion, 4, 7, 16 action, collective, see strikes, trade
umons adoption, 4, 21 appropriation, models of, 48 authority
legitimation of, 6, 29 male, 36, 41 traditional, 27-8, 29, 35-6, 38
behaviour norms of, 30 in reproductive life, 30 social, 38-9
Black workers, see employment, race boundaries, maintaining, 64-5,
79-91 boys, 134-5, 136 budget, 70-4
family, 37, 40 business, see commerce
capital, creation of, 71-4 capitalism, !51, 172-4
domestic life and, 60 English, 74, 117 family and, 96-7 forms of, 172-4 society and, !53 women and, 74
children, I, 70 bearing, 4, 7, 12-21 care of, 53-7, 64, 88-91, 105,
110-11, 152 custody of, 51-2 divorce and, 51-5 interests of, 21, 52, 53, 121 rights of, 20 sex roles and, 34
church, evangelical, 65-6 see also religion
class, 77, 114 cleanliness and, 60, 66-7, 68, 70 cross-, 112
middle-, 59, 60, 90-1, 98-9 child care and, 88-9 housework and, 74-9, 88-9 labour shortage and, 74-85
mobility between, 65, 104-5, 153 relations, 151 roles, 69, 104-6 upper-, 74-5, 88-91 women and, 40, 104 working-, 68, 88, 90, 99, 104-5,
!57 mothers, 40, 114-15
cleaning, see housework cohabitation, 55 commerce, expansion of, 71-4 community studies, 95, 99, 102,
111-14 Company Acts (1856-62), 72 consciousness, 31
feminist, 28, 40 social, 137-44
Conservative Party, women and, 112 consumption, units of, 81, 97, 98 contracts
exchange, 48 marriage, 47, 48, 49, 51-2, 53, 54 work, 47
control, social, 35, 37, 45-6, 48-9
cooking, 62-3 see also households
crises, family, 33, 36 culture, 1-5, 26-7, 61-5, 95
deference, 28-43 demography, changes in, 118-20 dependency, 42, 54, 100, 105, 107,
Ill dialectic, deferential, 28-33, 34-43,
120 dialogue, dialectics of, 120 differences,
192
sexual see gender, roles social, 165-8
Index 193
differentiation, 37 occupational, 153, 158 power, 36 primary-secondary, 158 social, 31
dirt, 62, 64, 66-9, 89, 91 disabled, the, 163, 168, 170 discrimination, sexual, 174
see also under related subjects disease, 67-9, 87 dismissal, see involuntary separation dispensibility, 161-5 divisions, sexual, 113, 126-9, 132,
134, 166-73 collective action and, 139 inequality and, 25
divorce, 48-9, 51-3 children and, 51-3, 55 economic aspects of, 52 marriage and, 46 studies of, 44-6
doctors, 8, 12-21 see also pregnancy, professionals
domination, see subordinates dualism: labour market, 133, 153-5,
155-9, 160-74
earnings, 40, 42, 82, 154, 158-9, 171-2
economism, 160, 171-2 economy, 55, 71, 88, 105, 174
changes in, 35, 40-1 farm, 99-101, 102 industrial, 131-2 power and, 40 and status, 160, 171-2
education, 134-5, 151, 169 employees
immigrant, 163 interests of, 138 and labour market, 125-6, 156-7 male, 123, 124, 125 primary sector, 153-5, 155-9, 165 race and, 154, 163, 166-8 secondary sector, 153-55, 155-9,
160-74 solidarity, 157-8 strikes and, 142-3 white-collar, 139-40, 157, 169
women, 46-7, 49, 74, 125-6, 136, 141-5
collective action of, 13 7-45 problems, 129-33 studies of, 150-2
employers, 129-33, 138, 159, 160-1 employment, 130, 150, 152, 160-1
unisex views of, 123, 125-9 enterprise, commercial, 70-4 Equal Opportunities Commission,
151 Equal Pay Act (1970), 151 exchange, theory of, 30 expansion, economic, 70-4 expectations, women's, 117-18
factory system, 74, 150 family, 3, 36, 91, Ill, 170
budget, 40, 71 changes in, 130 companionate, 119 'complete', 10 crises, 33 development of, 96 economics and, 38, 40, 71, 120 goals, 73 ideology and, 97 physical assault in, 40 relationships, 26, 96
product, 96-7, 99, 100, 114-15
sexual stratification in, 31, 39, 55 structure of, 153 unit, 3, 26, 96-7, 116
of production, 96 women's place in, 153 working-class, 114-15
farming, see community studies feelings, women's, 4, 32, 99-101,
102 feminism, 28, 40, 132 firms, see employers food, 75, 87-9
gender, 95 differences, 67-8, 150, 151 group unity and, 104, 111 roles, 34, 104-6, 109 society and, 95
194 Index
general practitioners (GPs), 12-21 see also professionals
gifts in marriage, 3 7-8 in relationships, 37
girls ambitions, 134-7 employment opportunities, 151 school and, 134-5
goods consumer, 118 domestic, 47
hands, symbolism of, 66 Hawthorne Experiments, 126-7, 138 hegemony, ideological, 34-6, 39 hierarchy, 28-39, 64-5, 65-70, 77,
86 home, the, 35
see also households households, 46-9, 72-4, 153
as consumption units, 81-2 incomes of, 82-4 management of, 77-9, 82, 83,
85-8, 105 'mixed', 81 purpose of, 79-85 rationalised, 61, 74-9, 79-85 separation of, 60, 72-4 technology in, 85-8
housekeeping books, 7 5, 78, Ill responsibility for, Ill see also housework
housewives attitudes, 84 good, 85 social situation of, 32, 82-5,
116-18 housework, 58, 62-4, 72-4, 84, 85,
86 maintaining order through, 62-3 valuing, 80-1, 83
housing estates, 115, 116-18 Human Relations movement, 126-9 husbands, 35
careers, 50 children and, 52-3 earnings, 37, 40
gifts, 37-8 physical assault by, 40 power, 27, 28, 36, 39-41, 42 and wives, 27-8, 56-7, 105-6
identification in relationships, 31, 36, 37
identity, female, 7, 25 ideology, 80, 98
dominant, 3 at home, 35 male, 139 of labour market, 153 marriage and, 5-6 of motherhood, 100-1 and reproduction, 9-10, 22
illegitimacy, I, 21 incentive schemes, 126-7, 138 income, 37, 40, 82-3, 164, 171-2 independence, women's, 107-8 industry, 65, 126-9, 140-2, 144 inequality, 30-1
sexual, 25 at work, 136-7, 174
instinct, maternal, 2, 8-9, 10, 11, 20, 22
Ireland rural communities, 99-101
jobs primary sector, 155-8 secondary, 160-73 security, 159 stability, 157-60 turnoverrates, 144, 157, 159, 161-2
labour appropriation of, 54 divisions of, 59, 61-5, 154, 158,
167-8 force, 160-73 market, 124, 125-6, 132, 141, 153
men and, 125-6 nature of, 137 observation of, 144 women and, 122, 136-7, 150,
153, 160-5, 167 see also dualism
power, 97-8
Index 195
Labour Party, 109, 112 Ladies' Sanitary Association, 69 laundry, 87-8 life-cycle, 33, 35, 40, 150, 171
women and, 136-7, 152
male attitudes, 126 attributes, 169 workers, 124, 162, 171 see also related individual subjects
management, 138, 150 marital status, 16 marriage, 1-3, 3-5, 9-10, 46-9,
134-5, 161 as a career, 49 children and, 53-7 divorce and, 45-53 economic aspects, 45-53 gifts in, 37-8 ideology of, 5-6 institution of, 45, 46, 50-1 motherhood and, 8-10, 11, 12-21 professionals, helping, 12-21 rape within, 40 reproduction and, 5-6 sexual division in, 3-4 social
mobility and, 104-5 relationships in, 3-4, 23, 41
as a solution, 4-5, 12-21, 22 women's work and, 46-9
maternal drive, 8-9 mavericks, male
and work, 162, 171 meals, see food, household
management men, 70, 105, 109, 126, 131, 151,
169 domestic work and, 62 job changing and, 162-3 and management, 138 unemployment and, 107 working, 125, 161-2, 171, 173 young, 102-4, 1 70-1
moral force, 64-5 order, 39 relationships, 40, 41
morals, nineteenth-century, 60 motherhood, 5-7, 19, 22
marriage and, 8-10 medical theories of, 8-10, 12-22
mothers, 114-15 unmarried, 1, 3-5, 8-9,
10-12, 12-21 working-class, 111, 114-15
motivations, differential, 17 motives
for pregnancy, 4, 9 vocabularies of, 1, 2, 20-1
National Board for Prices and Incomes Survey, 171
National Women's Aid: battered wives, 40
norms cultural, 1 of exchange, 30 of reciprocity, 30 sexual, 153, 155
nurses, attitudes, 8, 12-21
occupational differentiation, sexrelated, 153-5, 155-9
order maintaining, 61-4, 66, 70-1, 86,
91 natural, 1
'outcomes' of pregnancy, 4-5, 6
patriarchalism, 27, 151 patrimonialism, 27 pay
attitudes to, 171-2 inequalities in, 155, 156 low, 154-5 see also income, earnings
pensioners, working, 1 71 physical coercion, 39-41 politics, women and, 109, 111, 112,
118-20 pollution, 62, 63, 69, 91 positivism, psychological, 34 poverty, 83 power
boundaries of, 64, 65 changes in, 35
196 Index
power (cont.) distribution of, 29, 31 legitimation of, 28, 29 physical, 39-41 in relationships, 26, 28-9, 31,
39-42, 60 and status, 29-30 women's, 100-1
pregnancy attitudes to, 6, 12-21 early, 7 marriage and, 12-21 outcomes of, 4-5, 6 single women, 4-5, 12-21 theories about, 6, 7 unwanted, I
Principle of Stratified Diffusion, I 06, 119
printing industry, 151 product
demand, 159 market, 158
production, 55 industrial, 47 relations of, 4 7, 106, 108, 109 science and, 85 social relations of, 97-8
family unit of, 115, 119 women and, 100-1
women's, 46-7 productivity, 166 professionals
helping, 4-6, 7-10, 17, 12-22 women, 150
progress social, 99 technology and, 98
promiscuity, 13 purification rituals, 68 purity, women's, 60-1, 63, 88
race, 153, 164, 166-7 redundancy, women and, 150
see also separation reinforcement
deference and, 36 societal, 32
relations capitalist, 120
moral, 29 power, 29 product, 109
relationships authority, 86 deferential, 27-9, 31, 32, 38-9 family, 96-7 gift, 37-8 hierarchical, 28-43 housing estates and, 117 husband and wife, 28-43 importance of, 110 legitimate, 39 male-female, 25, 26-7, 95-6,
116-17 marriage, 41 'organic', 31 personal, 32 production, 99, 109 power in, 39-41,42 sexual, 26, 38, 95-6, 131 social, of production, 96-7, 98,
99-101 symmetry in, 33, 41-3
Relay Assembly Test Room experiment, 126-7
religion, 65-6, 70, 10 I, 114 reproduction, I, 4-6, 10, 57
normal, 1-3, 22-3 theories of, 1-2, 3, 9-12, 22 see also pregnancy
residuum, society's, 69, 73 rituals
family, 36 household, 75, 78-9
roles changing, 36, II 7 in communities, 104, 107 definition, 96 differentiation, 153 sex, 34-5, 39, 41, 96, 104-6,
134 sociology of, 39
savings, 71 see also thrift
school, staying on at, 134-6 science, 85-91 segregation, occupational, 150
separation involuntary, 162-5 voluntary, 150
servants, domestic, 47, 70, 81, 89 service, domestic, 81 sex, 34
attitudes to, 22 differences, 67-8, 70 life, 4 and marriage, 38 in relationships, 39 roles, 34, 39, 96 society and, 1-3 theories about, 2-3 see also gender
Sex Discrimination Act (1975), 151 shopping, 83 social
action, 118-20 change, 98-9, 118-20 control, 102-4 difference, 165-8 divisions, 166 ethos, 84-5 institutions, 31 milieux, 32 networks, 32 progress, 98 security, 43 system, 28, 39 workers, 9, 12, 16, 20, 21 world, 1-2
socialisation, 34, 134-7 societies, local, 107-8 society, 66, 127, 160, 165-8, 172-3
age and, 167 child-bearing and, 2 culture and, 59 dominant values in, 124-5 identity, 128-9 industrial, 32 race and, 166 sexual divisions in, 95, 107, 132,
134 separation in, 166-7 women in, 95,124-5
'Society', English, 65, 66 sociology, 1
industrial, 110, 122-5, 150
Index 197
solidarity, sex, 111, 160-1, 172-3 stability at work, 29, 32, 33 standards ofliving, 49, 51, 84, 118 status, 20, 105-6, 114
civil, 19, 20 in household, 87 and power, 29-30
stratification sexual, 25-8, 30, 31, 39, 43, 105 social, 25-6, 28-9, 31, 70
strikes, 142-4 subordinates, 25, 27, 28, 32-4, 61 superordinates, 29, 32, 35, 38 symmetry
in relationships, 35, 41, 42
technology, 85-91, 98-9 Temperance Movement, 66 tension-management, 31, 32, 33,
35-41 termination see abortion thrift, 70 towns, small, 111-14 Towns Women's Guild, 111-12 trade unions
membership of, 138, 139-40, 141-4
women and, 172-3 tradition, legitimation by, 32 training, 160, 168-71 transport, 118
unemployment, 106-8, 150 unisex employment, 123, 125-9 unmarried women see women, single
value system, 3 viilage life
Scotland, 104-6 Wales, 101-4, 106-8 Yorkshire mining, 108-11
voluntary associations, 116
wages, 46, 158 see also pay earnings
WIVeS
deference and, 28, 33, 35 earnings power, 40 and household, 82-4
198 Index
wives (cont.) husbands and, 27-8, 30-1, 35 middle-class, 68, 70, 88, 90-1, 95,
98-9, 106 physical coercion, 39-40, 41 working-class, 42, 68, 88, 90,
105, 157 women
collective action and, 137, 172-3 in community, 99-114 in dialogue, 120 dependency of, 42, 100, 105-11 dominant, 106-7 on housing estates, 116-18 as mediator, 64 politics and, 109, 111-12, 114,
118-19 single, 11-13, 49, 106, 109
pregnancy and, 12-21 socialisation of, 9-10, 34, 134 see also individual related subjects
Women's Institute, 112 Women's liberal Association, 112 Women's liberation, 40, 108, 125 work, 47, 99-101, 153-74
attitudes to, 132-7 domestic, 47, 54, 61-5 manual, 66, 136, 154 orientations to, 133-7, 144 value of, 47
workers, 139-40, 157, 169 clerical, 50, 136 manual, 69, 139, 154, 157-8,
169 white-collar, 139-40, 157, 169 women, 46-9, 114, 124, 129-33,
139-44 children and, 152 strikes and, 142-4 value of, 46-7, 54 see also individual related subjects
