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Index
Abad y Quelpo, 187 Act of Union (1707), 230 Adams, Brooks, 166 Adams, John, 196 Adams, Robert McC., 139n Afghanistan, Moghul conquest of,
32 Africa
slave trade in, 129-34 trade with, 38-39 see also specific areas
Ahlers (name), 254n Aitken, Hugh G. J., 95, 109 Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748),
110 Akan people, 133 Akbar, Moghul ruler, 27, 32 Akwamu people, 91 Alaska
gold rush in, 117 U.S. purchase of, 29
Alavi, Hamza, 254n Alberquerque, Duke of, 36-37 Althusser, Louis, 248 Ambon Island, 86 American Civil War, 249 American War of Independence,
150, 168,_179, 190-208 Americas, estimates of native popu
lation in, 29-30 Amin, Samir, 26, 39, 129, 133,
254n, 259
Amsterdam, rise of, 85 Antigua, sugar production on, 121 Annam, 137 Antonova, K. A., 141 Antwerp, Spanish conquest of, 85 Aptheker, Herbert, 200, 202-03 Arabs, 26
trade in Southeast Asia by, 27 Arawak peoples, 42 Arcilla Farias, Eduardo, 115, 184 Argentina
claims to Malvina/Falkland Islands by, 189-90
neglect of, 48 Aristotle, 138 Arkwright, Richard, 210, 270 Aro people, 132 Arrighi, Giovanni, 54 Ashanti empire, 91, 133 Ashton, Trevor S., 108, 110, 168-
70,176, 179,210-11,234-35 Asiatic mode of production, 27-28,
138-40, 143 pre-Columbian societies and, 31,
140 Australia
gold rush in, 117 shipment of convicts to, 190
Austrian Succession, War of, 107, 109-10, 145, 189,235
Aymara, 3l Aztec empire, 30, 31
291
292 Index
Babur, Moghul ruler, 32 Bacon, Francis, 101 Baden-Powell, Lord, 142 Baffin (explorer), 40 Bagu, Sergio, 188 Bairoch, Paul, 178 Balboa, Francisco, 40 Banda Island, 86 Baran, Paul, 253n Barbados, 96
sugar plantations in, 120-21 Barbour, Violet, 85 Bartra, Roger, 28, 3l, 138, 139, 140,
241, 254n Bastin, John, 136 Batavia
British capture of, 162 Dutch base on, 86 see also Indonesian
Archipelago Baudin, Louis, 31 Bavarian Fugger Financiers, 51, 52 Beard, Charles, 191,205, 207 Belgium, seventeenth-century
prosperity of, 66 Benda, Harry J., 1 3 6 Bengal
British"rape"of, 135,137,147-53, 243
early British trade in, 90, 99 French posts in, 112, 147 see also India
Benin empire, 26 slave trade in, 130, 133
Bernal,]. D., 102, 167-68,212 Bernstein, Barton, J., 208 Betts, Reginald, 57 Biafra, slave trade in, 130 Black Death, 34 Bloch, Marc, 58 Blum, Jerome, 32, 34, 57, 58, 59 Boeke,]. H.,44-45 Boers, 86 Bohannon, Paul, 129, 130,220
Bolts, William, 157-58 Borah, Woodrow, 29, 30, 43, 92 Boston Tea Party, 202 Botticelli, Sandro, 35 Bougainville, Antoine de, 190 Boulton, Matthew, 170, 209, 233 Boxer, C. R., 87, 128-29 Boyle, Robert, 101 Brading, D. A., 172-73 Braude!, Fernand, 51, 53, 66, 67,
238, 260 Brazil
Dutch occupation of, 91, 94, 104, 120
gold production in, 97, 103, 104, ll6-17' 171
independence of, 188 plantation system in, 121 Portugese settlement of, 49 slave trade to, 91 sugar plantations in, 49-50, 91 see also Portugal
Brego, Sergeant, 157 Brezhnev, Leonid, 248n British East India Company, 67, 82,
110, 147-66, 223 British Eastland Company, 79-82 British Levant Company, 81, 82 British Merchant Adventures, 79,
81, 82 Brown, Robert, 207 Bruchey, Stuart, 193 Buchanan, Keith, 27 Burgos, seventeenth-century
depression and, 73 Burma, 137 Bute, Earl of, 112, 200, 236 Byron, John, 190
Cabot, John, 40 Cadiz, 184
seventeenth-century depression and, 73
Calderon, Juan, 100
California, gold rush in, 117 Callender, Guy, 191, 194, 198-99,
204,205-06 Calvin, Jean, 52 Campomanes, Pedro Rodriguez,
183 Canary Islands, sugar plantations
on, 35 Canton
Portugese arrival in, 37 British trade mission in, 161-63
Cape of Good Hope, Dutch base on, 86
Carande, Ramon, 5I Cardoso (name), 25411 Caribbean islands
Dutch capital in, 104-20 during eighteenth century,
180-82 plantation system in, 121, 123-25 seventeenth-century depression
and,66,95-96 triangular trade and, 95 see also specific islands
Carssten, F. L., 56-57, 59 Carteret, Philip, 190 Cartier, Jacques, 40 Cartwright, Edmund, 210 Castile
fifteenth-century expansion in, 35 merger of Aragon and, 40
Cataluiia eighteenth-century growth of,
183 fifteenth-century decline in, 35 wool exports of, 72
Catherine the Great, Russian tsarina, 28
Cellorigo (name), 71 Cervantes, Miguel de, 100 Cespedes del Castillo, Guillermo,
92, 185 Ceylon, Dutch conquest of, 86 Champlain, Samuel de, 40
Index 293
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, 48, 51, 52, 73
Charles II, King of England, 84 Charles VIII, King of France, 82 Charles Ill, King of Spain, 182, 188 Chaunu, Pierre and Huguette, 71,
261-62n, 263n Chesneaux, Jean, 138, 140 Chevalier, Franc;ois, 93n Chicherov, A. 1., 90, 141-42, 146,
147 Ch'ien Lung, 137, 160,211 Chile
development of latifundia in, 115 neglect of, 48, 93-94
China, 26-27 British East India Company and,
160-62 early expansion of, 26, 27 Manchu power in, 137 trade in Southeast Asia by, 27, 87
Choiseul, Etienne Franc;ois de, 203, 235
Cipolla, CarloM., 32, 34, 67,71 Cleaver, Harry, 254n Clive, Robert, 112, 142, 145, 148,
159, 202, 223, 237 Clough, Shepard B., 77 Cockayne project, 80-81, 84 Coen, Jan, 86, 95 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 68,74-75,
106, 112, 121, 147, 265, 269 Cole, W. A., 105-06, 177,215,217,
218,226-27,228-29,232,233 Columbus, Christopher, 27, 28, 29,
35,40-43, 124 Commercial Crusade, 34 Communist Party of India, 140 Como, seventeenth-century depres-
sion and, 70 Condorcet, Marquis de, 211 Congo, see Kongo-Angola Constantinople, fall of, 32 Cook, James, 190
294 Index
Cook, Sherburne F., 29, 30,43 Coote, Eyre, 237 Cordova, 254n Cornwallis, Charles, 145, 153, 156 Cortez, Hernando, 4 3 Cowley, Malcolm, 196 Cox, Oliver, 35, 50 Cremone, seventeenth-century
depression and, 70 Crete, sugar plantations on, 35 Crimean Tartars, 28 Crombie, A. C., 102 Crompton, Samuel, 210 Cromwell, Oliver, 83, 84, 96, 265,
269 Crouzet, F., 75,208 Crusades, 34 Cuba
British capital in, Ill, 182 sugar production on, Ill, 125, 182
Cura~;ao, 126-27 Cuevas (name), 254n Cunha, Luis da, 118 Curtin, Philip, 129, 130, 220 Cyprus, sugar plantations on, 35
Dahomey, slave trade in, 131 Dange, S. A., 140, 143 Danzig, 74 Datta (Indian historian), 165 Davenant (name), 225 Davidson, Basil, 26, 39, 129, 130,
131,132 Davis (explorer), 40 Davis, David Brion, 105, 127 Davis, Ralph, 216, 217,218 Deane, Phyllis, 105, 106, 177, 178,
215,217,218,219,226-28, 229, 232, 233
Denmark, 66 sugar imports of, 121
Descartes, Rene, 101, 270 Dessalines, Jean Jacques, 182 Deveze, Michel, 162, 163, 164, 165
Diderot, Denis, 211 Digby, William, 165-66 Dobb, Maurice, 32, 54-55, 56, 57,
97,98,252,253 Dorn, Walter D., 107,110, Ill Dupleix,Joseph, 112, 145, 147 Dutch East India Company, 67, 85,
87-88,95 transformation of Indonesia and,
135-36,222-23 Dutch West India Company, 95 Dutt, Romesh, 145, 149-50, 151,
152, 153, 156, 164, 165, 236-37 Duyvendak,J. S. L., 137 Dyakov, A.M., 141
East Africa, slave trade in, 129 Easterbrook, W. T., 95, 109 Eastern Europe
disciplined labor in, 247 German settlers in, 34 "second serfdom" in, 52, 53,
58-61, 74 as "semiperiphery," 256 seventeenth-century depression
and, 74 Turkish and Mongol invasions of,
63 Egmont, Lord, 189 Egypt, Ottoman capture of, 39 Eighth Crusade, 34 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 52 Elkins, Stanley, 124, 125 Ely (inventor), 270 Enclosure Acts, 177-78 Engels, Friedrich, 26, 34, 41, 52,
54, 56, 57' 59, 60, 62, 139, 143, 267
England American War of Independence
and, 190-208 Cromwellian revolution in, 66,
77,79 distribution of arable land in, 58
eighteenth-century economic fluctuations in, 104-22, 168-90, 215-37
formation of national state in, 52 Glorious Revolution in, 66, 68,
77, 79,104,107,265,269 India trade of, 90 Industrial Revolution in, 232-33,
235,236 New World explorations of, 40 Pacific exploration and expansion
by, 189-90 "rape of Bengal" by, 135, 137,
147-53, 243 Reformation in, 52 seventeenth-century depression
and,64,66,68, 75-85 sixteenth-century decline of real
wages in, 53 sugar imports of, 121 textile exports of, 6 7-68, 70-71,
77-82,98-99,103-05 triangular trade and, 95, 220-22,
229-32 English Navigation Acts, 76, 79, 82,
83,84 Europe, consolidation of feudal rela
tions in, 33-34 see also specific countries
Fage, J. D., 130, 220 Fairbank,John, 161-62 Faulkner, Harold Underwood, 196,
197, 199 Fernandez, Raul, 255 First Crusade, 34 Fisher, H. E. S., 110,114, 118,
119-20, 216 Flanders, Habsburg annexation of,
52 Florence
in fifteenth century, 35 seventeenth-century depression
and, 70
Index 295
Florescano, Enrique, 187 Foner, Laura, 129 Fourth Crusade, 34 France
American War of Independence and,203-05,209
in eighteenth century, 106, 109-10, 121
financial reforms in, 68 formation of national state in, 52 feudal, 58 Indochina and, 137 New World explorations of, 40 persecution of Huguenots in, 100 seventeenth-century depression
and,66;68, 74-76 slave trade and, 220 sugar imports of, 121 textile exports of, 70-71
Francis I, KingofFrance, 52 Francis, Philip, 151, 15 5 Franklin, Benjamin, 196, 204-05,
211,229 Frederick the Great, King of Prus
sia, 236 French East India Company, 110,
147-48 French-Italian wars(l516), 35,52 French Revolution, 168, 208-09,
212 French West Africa Company, 96 French West Indies, 95, 108, 111 French West Indies tompany, 75,
96 Freyre, Gilberto, 125 Fromm, Erich, 126n Frondiste uprisings, 74-75 Fulani people, 91, 133 Furber, Holden, 165 Furnivall, J. S., 27 Furtado,Celso,49, 117,171 Fynn, J. K., 133
Ga people, 13 3
296 Index
Galeano, Eduardo, 48 Galileo Galilei, 101, 270 Galvez, Jose, 186 Gama, Vasco da, 35, 36 Gambia, slave trade in, 130 Ganguli, B. W., 89, 90, 144 Geertz, Clifford, 27, 136 Genoa
in fifteenth century, 35 seventeenth-century depression
and, 70 Genovese, Eugene, 125-26, 128,
129 George III, King of England, 27,
160 Germany
eastern migration from, 58-59 Reformation and Peasant Wars in,
52,60,62 seventeenth-century depression
and,66, 74 silver mines of, 36, 52 Thirty Years War in, 65-68
Ghana empire, 26 Gibb, H. A. R., 89 Gibbon, Edward, 211 Gibson, Charles, 30 Glamann, Kristof, 99 Goa
Dutch attempts to capture, 86 Portugese colony in, 37
Godelier, Maurice, 28, 139 Golconda, British trade in, 90 Gold Coast, slave trade on, 130 Goldsmith, Oliver, 176, 177, 178,
266 Gongora, Mario, 115 Goree, Ill Goveia, Elsa V., 127 Grant, James, 165 Gray, Lewis C., 122-23 Greco, El (Domenikos
Theotokopulos), 100 Grenada, 121
Guadeloupe, 112 sugar production on, 121
Guarani people, 31 Guatemala, 115 Guinea Coast
Portugese trade on, 39 slave trade on, 129, 131
Gujarat, 90 Gupta dynasty in India, 140
Habib, Irfan, 143-44 Haiti, see Hispaniola; St. Dominique Hals, Franz, 101 Hamilton, Earl]., 71, 74, 92, 225 Hammond, J. L. and Barbara, 177,
210, 232, 237 Hanseatic League, 66 Hargreaves, J. D., 26, 129 Harlow, Vincent, 96 Harper, Lawrence A., 191 Hartwell, R. M., 226-28, 232 Harvey, William, 101 Hastings, Warren, 122, 145, 152,
154-55, 159, 202 Hausa Bornua, 91 Heaton, H., 215 Hegel, G. F. W., 138 Henry VIII, King of England, 52 Henry the Navigator, 36 Hidalgo (Mexican revolutionary),
187 Hill, Christopher, 50, 101, 107 Hilton, Rodney, 56 Hinton, R. W.' K., 81, 82-83, 84,
85 Hispaniola, extinction of native
population in, 42 Hobbes, Thomas, 101, 138 Hobsbawm, Eric 1., 28, 65, 67, 69n,
74, 77. 86, 139, 176, 233, 235-36, 237 <
Hoetink, Harry, 126-27 Holbach, Paul, 211 Holland, see Netherlands Holwell, J. Z., 154
Hudson, Henry, 40 Huguenots, 100 Humboldt, Alexander von, 114,
115, 171, 172 Hume, David, 211 Hungarian Communist Party, 248n Hurons, 94 Hymer, Stephen, 190
lboland, 132 Incas, 30-31 India
Anglo-French rivalry in, 110, 147-48, 153
breakdown of Moghul power in, 112, 137, 145
claims offeudalism in, 140-43 Gupta dynasty in, 140 rise of Moghul rule in, 27-28, 32 seventeenth-century depression
and,69-90 transformation of mode of pro
duction in, 103, 144-66 see also Bengal; Goa
IndiaAct(l784), 152,155 Indonesian Archipelago
Moslems in, 32 trade by, 87 transformation of mode of pro
duction in, 103 Iroquois, 94 Italy
Renaissance in, 52,271 seventeenth-century decline of,
64,65,66,67, 70-71 see also specific cities
Intolerable Act (1774), 202 Ivan the Terrible, Russian tsar, 28
Jamaica , English capture of, 96 sugar plantations on, 120-21,
124, 181 James, C. L. R., 128, 181, 182 Japan, 27
Index 297
foreigners and, 27 Portugese arrival in, 37
Java Dutch control of, I 36 trade by, 27 see also Indonesian Archipelago
Jenkins' Ear, War of, 109, 189,235 Jennings (British merchant), 233 Jesuits, Spanish expulsion of, 184 Johnson, E. R., 197 Jones,J. R., 79, 82,83 Jovellanos, Caspar de, 183, 211 Jung, Salabat, 148
K'ang Hsi, Chinese Emperor, 137 Kant, Immanuel, 211 Katz, Friedrich, 30 Kay, Cristobal, 57-58, 62 Kepler, Johann, 10 I King, Gregory, 105 Knox, John, 52 Komarov, E. N., 141 Kondratieff cycles, 211 Kongo-Angola, 129, 133 Kasambi, D. D., 28, 143, 144 Kosminsky, E. A., 32, 56 Kossok, Manfred, 185, 254n Kula, Witold, 52, 60-61, 74
Landes, David, 231-32 Larraz,Jose, 51, 71, 72, 73,92 Law,John, 108 Lefebvre, Georges, 209 La brousse, C. E., 208, 209 Laclau, Ernesto, 54, 254n Legge,J. D., 136 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 101,
270 Lenin, V. 1., 243, 249, 252 Leonardo da Vinci, 3 5, 52 Lepanto, Battle of (15 71), 69 LeRoy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 263n Levkovsky, A. 1., 140, 141, 166 Lewis, Bernard, 67, 69, 70 List, Friedrich, 71, 73, 229
298 Index
Locke, John, 101 Lope de Vega Carpio, Felix, 100 Lopez, Roben S., 32, 34 Louis XII, King of France, 52 Louis XIV, King of France, 74, 99,
106,265 Louisiana Territory, transfer of title
to, 112 Louvois (French minister of war), 75 Lowe (British merchant), 2 3 3 Lunar Society, 211 Luther, Manin, 52, 60, 62 Luxemburg, Rosa, 243, 249 Lynd, Staughton, 207, 208
Macao, Portuguese settlement in, 37 Maccoby, Michael, 126n Machiavelli, 35, 52, 138 Maddison, Angus, 166 Madeira Islands, sugar plantations
on,36,49 Magellan, Ferdinand, 40 Majumdar, R. C., 165 Malacca, 27 Mali empire, 26 Malvina!Falkland Islands, 189-90 Mandel, Ernest, 53, 77, 225-26, 259 Mannix, Daniel P., 196 Mantoux, Paul, 177-78,232 Mao Tsetung, 54, 253 Marathas, 144-45 Maninez de Ia Mata, 71 Maninique, 96, 121 Marx, Karl, 26, 27, 28, 54, 56, 97,
98, 103, 123, 139, 140, 143, 176-77,213-14,226,229, 239-40,242-45,249,256,267, 268
Maryland, settlement of, 95 Massachusetts Bay colony, 95 Mauro, Frederic, 87 Mayans, 30 Medina, seventeenth-century de
pression and, 73
Meiji Restoration, 27 Meillassoux, Claude, 246, 254 Methuen, Treatyof(l703), 76, 104,
108 Mexican-American War, 249 Mexico
eighteenth-century revival of mining in, 114-15,171-73
riots in, 187 ruination of native population in,
43, 45, 57 seventeenth-century depression
and,91-94 Spanish conquest of, 30 as (sub)metropolis, 184, 186-87 transformation of indigenous
modes of production in, 44-50 Michelangelo, 35, 52 Middle East, seventeenth-century
depression and, 89 Milan, in fifteenth century, 35 Mill,James, 148 Mill, John Stuan, 138 Milton, John, 101 Minchinton, W. E., 77, 99, 1!)5, 216 Mintz, Sidney, 29, 123, 125-26 Mir Quasim, 157 Miskimin, Harry A., 32-33, 34 Mississippi Company, 108 Mixtecs, 30 Moghuls,
conquest of Afghanistan by, 32 conquest oflndia by, 27-28, 32 decline of Indian rule of, 112,
137, 145 industrial production under, 89
Molasses Act(l733), 109, 191 Moliere, 100 Montesquieu, 138, 209 Moore, Barrington, 259 Morelos (Mexican revolutionary),
187n Moriscos, 100 Morocco, 39
Moslems expansion of, 3 1-3 2 see also Arabs; Moghuls; Ottoman
Empire Mukherjee, Radha Kumud, 141,
142, 148, 149, 150, 157, 158, 159, 164
Munn, Thomas, 78 Miinzer, Thomas, 52, 60, 62 Murad III, Ottoman Sultan, 69 Murillo, Bartolome, 100 Musson, A. E., 211
Nahua, 30 Naples, seventeenth-century de
pression and, 70 Napoleon I, French emperor, 76,
153,237 Napoleon III, French emperor, 137 Napoleonic Wars, 108, 153 Narodniks, 252 Nef,John U., 235 Nehru, Jawaharal, 135 Nepal, 137 Netherlands
English rivalry with, 76, 79-85, 94
"golden century" for, 66, 67, 85-87
Habsburg annexation of, 52 independence of, 7 6 Indian Ocean trade of, 38, 90 occupation of Brazil by, 91, 94,
104, 120 slave trade and, 220, 226n sugar imports of, 121
Nettels, Curtis P., 193,206, 207-08 New England
production for export in, 192, 193 triangular trade and, 95, 108,
195-98, 222, 230 New France, 95, 96 New Netherlands, 94
British capture of, 84
Index 299
New Spain, see Mexico Newton, Isaac, 101 Nichtweiss, Johannes, 57 Niger Delta, slave trade in, 129,
131-32 North, Douglass, 55 North, Lord, 201 North America
seventeenth-century depression and,66,94-95
see also New England; United States
Novgorod, 28 Nutting, Anthony, 89
Ocampo, Jose, 25 5 Ojedo, Alonso de, 40 Oliver, Roland, 130 Olmecs, 30 Opium Wars, 162 Oriental despotism
see Asiatic mode of production Ottoman Empire, 32
seventeenth-century decline of, 65-67,69-70
Oyo, slave trade in, 131, 133
Pach, Z. S., 57 Pacific Ocean, exploration and ex-
pansion in, 189-90 Palerm, Angel, 139n Palestine, sugar plantations in, 35 Palloix, Christian, 232-33 Parain, Charles, 32 Paris, Peaceof(l763), 75, 76,104,
112, 191,200,203 Parry,J. H., 109, 110, Ill, 180,
181, 182 Patnaik, Utsa, 255 Pavlov, V. 1., 141 Pearn, B. R., 88 Peasant Wars, German, 52, 60, 62 Perpetual Company of the Indies,
147
300 Index
Persia, 137 Safarid empire in, 32
Peru eighteenth-century revival of min
ing in, 114-15 ruination of native population in,
43 seventeenth-century depression
and,91-94 transformation of indigenous
modes of production in, 44-50 uprisings in, 187
Perry, Commodore, 27 Petty, Sir William, 101 Philip II, King of Spain, 51 Phipps, Helen, 30 Philippines, 183
British capture of, 1 11, 184 "Manila Galleon" trade from, 37,
88, 223 Pirenne, Henri, 32, 54, 58 Pitt, William, 107, 110, Ill, 152,
235, 236 Pizarro, Juan, 31, 43 Plassey, Battleof(l757), 112, 138,
142, 148, 149, 164,223, 237, 265
Plato, 138, 140 Plymouth colony, 95 Poland
seventeenth-century decline of, 66,74
in sixteenth century, 60-61 Polo, Marco, 27 Polanyi, Karl, 28 Pombal (Portuguese minister), 118,
182, 188 Portugal
British protection of, 76, 79, 117-20,183
China and, 27 during eighteenth-century de
pression and revolutions, 182, 188
establishment of sugar plantations in Madeira Islands by, 36, 49
Indian Ocean trade of, 37-38, 96 in Malacca, 27 New World explorations of, 40 rounding of Cape of Good Hope
by,35,36 slavery and, 129, 130 Spanish annexation of, 7 6, 94 sugar imports of, 121
Postan, M. M., 54,57 Prakesh, lshwar, 89 Price, Jacob M., BOn Priestly, Joseph, 211
Quartering Act (17 65), 201 Quebec, fall of, 2 3 7 Quebec Act (1774), 202 Quesnay, Jules, 211
Racine, Jean, 100 Raffles, Thomas Stamford, 162 Raleigh, Walter, 28, 41 Ramirez Nicochea, Hernim, 94 Raphael, Raffaello, 35, 52 Raychaudhuri, Tapan, 90, 165 Reformation, German, 52, 60, 62 Regla,Juan, 71, 72,73,92 Rembrandt Van Rijn, 101 Renaissance, Italian, 52, 271 Reusner, I. M., 141 Revillagigedo, Count, 172, 186 Rey, P. P., 246, 254 Reynal, Abbe, 211 Rhode Island, settlement of, 95 Ribiero, Darcy, 30, 31 Ricardo, David, 118, 188 Richelieu, Cardinal du Plessis, 66,
74, 75 Rinchon, Father, 225 Roanoke colony, 95 Rodney, Walter, 26, 134 Roebuck, John, 170, 209
Rosenberg, H., 57 Rossbach, Battleof(l757), 236 Rostow, W. W., 119 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 211 Russia
early expansion of, 28-29 see also Siberia; Soviet Union
St. Christopher, 121 St. Dominique, 96, 121, 181
slave revolts in, 121, 125, 182 St. Kitts, 95-96 Salamanca, seventeenth-century
depression and, 72, 73 San Miguel, Fray Antonio, 187 Sancho de Moncada (name), 71, 73 Sauer, Carl 0., 29, 42-43 Saul, S. B., 219 Schell, Orville, 160 Schlesinger, A. H., 190, 191 Scrafton (name), 150 Schumpeter,Joseph A., 101, 167,
210 Schurmann, Franz, 160 Second Crusade, 34 Segovia, seventeenth-century de-
pressions and, 72, 73 Semo (name), 254n Sempat (name), 254n Sen, Bhowani, 28, 138, 140, 142 Senegal, slave trade in, Ill, 130 Sepulveda, Sergio, 115 Seven Years War, 75, 84, 85, 107,
I 10, Ill, 145, 175, 189, 191, 200, 203, 235
Shakespeare, William, 39, 128 Shay's Rebellion (1786), 207, 208 Shelvankas, K. S., 143 Sheridan, R. B., I 10, 120, 121, 220,
224-25 Sherlock, Philip, 109, I 10, Ill, 180,
181, 182 Siam, trade by, 27, 87
Index 301
Siberia Russian conquest of, 28-29, 36 seventeenth-century depression
and, 66 Sideri, Sandro, 79, 107, 118, 182 Sierra Leone, slave trade in, 130 Simonsen, Roberto C., 49, 91, 116,
117, 171 Simpson, Lesley Byrd, 43 Singh, V. B., 142 Sinha, Narendra Krishna, 147, 149,
154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 165
Slater (name), 177 Smith, Adam, 25, 38, 41, 74, 120,
123, 125, 173-75, 179, 192, 211,224,225,227,229, 236, 268
Soetbeer, Adolph, 116, 171 Sombart, Werner, 54 Songhay empire, 26
Moroccan conquest of, 39 Soustelle, Jacques, 30 South America
Spanish conquest of, 30-31 see also Brazil; Peru
South Seas Company, 108 Southeast Asia, seventeenth
century depression and, 87-89 Soviet Union
disciplined labor in, 247 as "semi-periphery," 256
Spain defeat of Aztecs by, 30 in eighteenth century, 115 during eighteenth-century de-
pression and revolutions, 182-89
establishment of sugar plantations in Canary Islands by, 35
expulsion of Jesuits by, 184 expulsion of Jews and Moors
from, 35, 100 foreign control of economy of, 72
302 Index
Spain (cont.) imperial collapse of, 120 "Manila Galleon" trade of, 37, 88,
223 Moroccan incursions of, 39 New World explorations of, 40 Portugal annexed by, 76, 94 search for precious metals by,
41-42,44-50 seventeenth-century decline of,
64-66, 71-74 sixteenth-century economy of,
50-51 sugar imports of, 121 transformation of American
modes of production by, 44-50 Spanish Caribbean islands, decline
of, 48 Spanish Succession, War of, 76-77,
104, 107' 145 Sperling, J., SOn Spooner,Frank,53,66,260 Stahl, H. H., 52-53 Stalin, Josef, 54,247, 252, 254 Stamp Act, 201 Staple Act (1663), 84 Stavrianos, L. S., 29, 195, 223 Stein, Barbara H., 183 Stein, Stanley J., 183 Steward, Julian H., 31 Sugar Act (1764), 180, 201 Supple, Barry, 66, 68, 77, 78, 81 Surinam, 126-27 Sweezy, Paul, 54, 56, 97,252, 253n Switzerland, Reformation in, 52
Takahashi, Toshio, 54, 56, 97, 253 Tannenbaum, Frank, 124, 125 Tawney, R. H., 269 Tea Act (1773), 202 Thirty Years War, 65-68 Thomas, Robert Paul, 55, 224-25 Thrale, Henry, 170 Tibet, 137 Tlaxcalans, 30
Tokugawa regime, 27 Toledo, seventeenth-century de-
pression and, 72, 73 Toltecs, 30 Tonkin, 137 Topolski, Jerzy, 264n Tordesillas, Treaty of(l494), 49 Toussaint L'Overture, 182 Townshend Acts, 201 Toynbee, Arnold, 232 Tripoli, Ottoman capture of, 39 Trotsky, Leon, 249 Tupac Amaru, 187 Turgot, Baron, 211
United States Civil War in, 249 Constitution of, 205-08 purchase of Alaska by, 24 plantation system in, 121, 124-
25, 128 see also American War of Indepen
dence Utrecht, Treatyof(l713), 77,104,
108, 110
Valencia in fifteenth century, 35 seventeenth-century depression
and, 73 Valladolid, seventeenth-century de
pression and, 72 Van Leur, J. C., 27, 86, 87-88,
135-38 Velasquez de Silva, Diego, 100 Venetian Crusade, 34 Venezuela, 115 Venice
in fifteenth century, 35 seventeenth-century depression
and, 70 Vere (British merchant), 2 33 Verelst, Harry, 150-51, 154, 164 Vergennes, M. de, 204 Verlinden, Charles, 3 5, 50
Vespucci, Amerigo, 40 Vicens Vives, J., 71, 72, 183 Vienna, Council of(l815), 76 Vienna, siege of, 32, 69 Vilar, Pierre, 32, 33, 35, 50, 51, 54,
67, 71, 92,100, 113, 114, 171, 172, l76n, 215,223
Voltaire, 211,223
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 33, 54, 57, ·· 63, 253n, 256, 268, 270
Walpole, Hugh, 106, 115, 236 Ward, Bernardo, 183, 211 Waterloo, Battle of, 76 Wan, James, 209-10,233,270 Weber,~ax,54, 125,259,269 Wellesley, ~arquisof, 145 Wenheim, W. F., 27 West Africa
search for gold in, 36 seventeenth-century depression
and,90-9l West Indian ~erchants Society,
180-81 West Indian Planters' Society, 179,
181 WestTurkestan, 137 Western Europe
Index 303
fourteenth-century decline in, 34 sixteenth-century decline of real
wages in, 53 see also specific countries
Whitney, Eli, 210 Williams (British merchant), 23 3 Williams, Eric, 128, 181, 195, 196,
200,225,229-31,233 Williams, Glyndwr, 109, 110, 147,
189,203 Wilson, Charles, 79-80, 82, 83, 85,
108 Wiseman, H., 226 Wittfogel, Karl, 139 Wolf, Eric, 30, 43-44, 45, 115 Wolfe, James, 237 Wolpert, Stanley, 144-45, 159-60 Wright, Chester W., 199-200,201,
203
Yemen, Ponuguese fons in, 69 Yermak (Russian), 28 Yorktown, Battle of, 205 Yoruba federation, 133
Zapotecs, 30 Zurita, Alonso de, 30 Zwingli, Ulrich, 52
