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Index
Absolutely Fabulolls, 30 accessibility, 58, 70, 71, 75, 110, 133,
141 accounting procedures, 63, 80, 129,
131, 132, 137, 149, 152, 156, 157, 165, 168
acting, in everyday life, 8-9, 25, 37-40, 42,
43, 50, 91-97, 99, 101, 109-112, 113-114, 115-116, 169, 170-171
professionally, 32-35,93,117-122, 173-174
age, shyness in adulthood, 24-28,
130 shyness in children, 21-24, 30,
31-32,33, 130 shyness in the elderly, 130-131 changes over the life course, 130
Allen, Woody, 29, 52 Annie Hall, 29-30, 52 ambivalence, 13, 32, 53, 64-68,
169-170,173,83-85,89 assertiveness, 20, 27, 126, 128, 154,
168, 173 audiences, 8, 9, 33, 37-40, 42, 50-69,
80,82,89,92, 104, 105-109, 110-112,114,117,120-121, 131, 132-133, 139-144
anxiety, 28, 38, 43, 45, 46, 64, 94, 98, 107,130,151-152,169,172, 173
Attachments, 29 authenticity, 67, 72, 77, 79,85, 155,
162,174 Avoidant Personality Disorder, 151
backstage region, 12,39,44,51,55, 65, 69, 79, 83-85, 93, 94, 96, 97-99,99-100, 105-109, 121, 122-133, 137, 160, 163, 169, 171, 173
Becker, Howard S., 12, 14,37, 72, 125-126,127,145,147,161, 165
'becoming' shy, 14,54, 124, 126-129, 133, 136, 139, 148-149, 159, 166,168,169,171-172
belonging, 71-73, 76,87,89, 122, 157,137,173
Bleak Moments, 29 blushing, 4, 5, 23, 25, 28, 42-43, 53,
54-57,81,82,95, 105, 134-135, 144
body, physical withdrawal, 59, 79, 134 inaccessibility, 58, 71-72 non-verbal 'leakage', 41, 54-57, 135 symbolic gestures, 35, 53, 57-60 vehicle, 59, 70
breaching experiments, 14, 73, 106, 110-111,133-134,140
celebrity shyness, 32-35, 119, 123, 168,171
civil inattention, 57, 134 civilising process, 41 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT),
152-156,172 collective activities, 13 communicative rationality, 14,42,49,
53-54, 71, 173 competence, 3, 9, 11, 14,25,29,38,
39, 51, 60, 62-64, 65-68, 69, 7~ 91, 93, 95, 9~ 100, 109, 112-117,118,119,122-123, 126-127,138,169,171
Competence Amnesty, 174 Competent Other, 13,38, 62-64,
65-68, 72, 73-78, 79, 83, 85, 93,95, 100, 102, 103-104, 108, 114, 117, 122, 123, 128, 140, 149, 152, ISS, 157, 164, 166,168,169,170,171,173, 174
188
compliance with sanctioning, 150-159
confidence, 16, 23, 26, 27, 30, 32, 35, 62-66, 93, 94, 95, 104, 110, 113, 114, 116-119, 149, 154, 159, 160, 173
conflict, internal, 32, 40, 45-46, 47, 59, 87, 149, 170, 173
control and predictability, 102-105, 128, 171
Cooley, Charles, 37, 49 counter-discourse, 17, 159-165, 166,
172 Crozier, Ray,S, 7, 42-43, 54 culture,
contemporary Western culture, 2-3, 10, 13, 14, 18-21,24-28, 135, 150, 152, 173
cultural values,S, 10, 13, 19-20, 21-24, 24-28, 35, 53, 126, 135-138,167,168,173
cultural relativity, 10, 13, 18, 20-21, 113,151,165,168
cultural representations, 16-18, 21-24,28-32,32-35,87, 131, 140-141, 169
cynical performances, 8, 26, 65, 93, 109, 115, 122, 123, 17l
detached observer, 78-80,89, 170 definition of the situation, 37, 39, 63,
67,90,92,114,115-117,130, 132-133, 145
deviance, primary deviance, 125, 126,
129-132, 139, 165 secondary deviance, 125, 126,
139, 145-148, 149, 150-165, 166
deviant career, 125-126, 145-148, 150-165
labelling theories of, 14, 124-127, 145-148
drift, 127-129 inconsistency as, 148-150
typology, 127 disability,
rights and protest, 163-165 'special treatment', 143-145
Index 189
discourses, 16-18, 19-21, 135, 152, 168,
dramaturgical perspective, 2, 9, 38-39, 97, 170-171
dramaturgical concerns, 9, 12, 13, 33, 69,91,105-106,117,148
dramaturgical dilemmas, 12,37,43, 97
dramaturgical loyalty, 39, 104, 106, 115-117, 123, 128, 17l, 173
dramaturgical stress, 14,39,40-41, 43,48,78,80,83,85,89,98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 107-108, 118, 128, 136, 173, 174
email, advantages of, 108-109, 162-163,
165 distribution list, 11, 162-163
embarrassment, 7, 21-22, 25, 30, 42-43, 44, 52, 54, 56, 60, 68, 73, 84, 94, 99, 103, 107, 109, 117,125,137,138,139,143, 149,157,169,171,172
emotions, control of, 20-21, 30, 44, 86, 131,
153, 154 leakage, 8, 41-42, 43, 55, 68, 148
employment (effects on), 13, 19, 24, 25, 28-29, 56, 60, 66, 86, 95, 101, 107, 108, 115, 119, 120, 129, 130, 157, 158, 168
ethnomethodology, 12, 14, 133, 140 exclusion, 10, 13, 16, 68, 70-73, 76,
117,138,170 exposure (see fear) extroversion,S, 16,23,28,31,33,35,
63, 77, 113, 116, 118, 119, 126, 127, 137
eye contact, 14, 23, 28, 35, 39, 57, 58, 59, 82, 113, 127, 133, 135, 172
facework, 39, 68, 79, 93, 95, 17l 'fading into the background', 80-81,
135, 147 fakery and fraudulence, 14, 65,93,
94,96,97,112-117,122,126, 143,156, 17l, 174
190 Index
family, 44, 63, 103, 109, 127, 129, 146-147
fear, of embarrassment, 21, 22, 25, 42,
43,99, 125 of exposure, 39, 48, 56-57, 59, 66,
87, 104, 116, 120, 126, 173 of rejection, 43, 44, 52, 66, 67, 71,
85, 106 of making mistakes, 40, 46, 53,
61, 73, 75, 92, 95, 100, 116, 169
Foucault, Michel, 19, 51, 56, 153, 158, 159
frontstage region, 12, 39, 44, 50, 58, 65,69,81,84,93,94,96, 97-99, 105, 106, 107, 111, 117, 137, 141, 171
gaze, social, 19,47,50-53,55, 56, 59, 81,82,83,85,88,90,95,108, 133, 134, 169
gender and shyness, norms and stereotypes, 10, 20,
20-21,21-24,29,31, 110, 129, 131-132,146,166,172
gender differences, 6-7, 20-21, 86, 131-132, 167
genetics, 4, 6 Goffman, Erving, 9, 12, 13, 14,22,
24, 26, 27, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 54, 57, 58, 59, 68, 69, 70, 72, 75, 81, 85, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 109, 111, 112, 115, 116, 122, 128, 129, 133, 134, 136, 157, 159, 169, 170
historical specificity, 10, 13, 16, 19, 20, 168
'hysterical' epidemics, 19, 20
identity, shy identity, 8-9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 20,
43, 53, 67, 87, 90, 91, 96, 109, 116, 124-127, 145, 147, 148, 159, 162-163, 165-166, 168, 170,171,172,174
identity polities, 156-159, 159-165, 166, 172
illusion of competence, 3, 69, 72, 78, 100, 117, 169
Impostor Phenomenon, 65-66, 68, 91,96, 115-116, 123
impression management, 8, 13, 26, 39, S0, 52-53, 58, 69, 94, 97, 105, 108, 109, 123
impressions 'given'/'given off', 8, 9, 14, 39, 54, 58, 68, 75, 79, 89, 91,97,108,110,117, 127, 134, 138, 139-142
improvisation, 93, 104-106, 108, 114, 123, 171
increasing prevalence, 18-21, 28, 43, 150-151
individualism, 13, 18, 19, 21, 27, 28 interaction, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14,
24,27,28,30,37-40,41,46, 50,53,55,58,62,65,67,68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77,92,95, 99, 100-101, 102, 103, 107, 111,116,117,120,121,124, 125, 126-127, 128, 132, 133, 135, 138, 139, 144, 148, 150, 161,165,169,170,172,173
interactional competence, 14,20,91, 92,97,112,113-115,116,117, 118, 122-123
interaction order, 12,41,48,68,89, 90, 92, 116, 132
interviews, 11, 15, 18, 25, 33, 34, 40, 45, 77,86, 95, 129, 135, 140, 165
introversion,S, 10, 35, 47-48, 77, 119,127,170
invisibility, 7, 22, 59, 71, 80-81, 82, 139, 147
involvement, 14,35,54,112,123, 133,134,136,137,141,171
involvement shields, 58
Kes, 30-31
Little Miss Shy, 31-32 Little Voice, 31 listening, 1, 10, 11-12,20,33,34,48,
73, 78, 79,80-81, 89, 100, 107, 110, 127, 135-136, 137, 138, 141-142,161,171
loneliness, 3, 13, 16, 32, 72, 76, 89, 122, 158, 159, 168
Looking Glass Self, 37-38, 49, 55, 56 'love shyness', 26, 29, 155
magazines (teenage), 21-24, 31, 168 marginality, 15, 70, 76-78, 111, 158,
170 master status, 126, 145-148, 166,
170 McDaniel, Patricia, 10, 20-21, 23,
131 Mead, George, 12, 13, 38, 40, 43, 49,
50, 62, 68, 169 media representations, 11, 13, 16-18,
18-20, 21-24, 24-26, 28-32, 32-35, 78,87, 119, 131, 140-141, 150, 168
medicalisation, 14, 150-159, 166, 172,173
mental disorder, 9, 14,20, 150-159, 166, 172
'middle range' encounters, 103-105 misperceptions of shyness,
as rudeness, 10,26,92, 139-142, 161, 166, 172
as aloofness, 10, 19, 26, 92, 139-142, 166, 172
mistakes, errors and faux pas, 7, 9, 13, 14,22,25,39,42,51,52, 68, 80,89,90,92,94,95,103, 114-115,130,134-135,138, 142,157,171,174
modesty, 5, 19,20,23,41,55, 158, 172
moral indignation, 14, 15, 16,20,22, 23,26,31,32,35,48,66, 79, 80, 88, Ill, 125, 132, 133, 134, 136,140,141,150,157, 166, 168, 172
moral paniC, 18, 20, 22-23
natural attitude, 72, 73, 75, 93 normalisation, 9, 14,85,89,95,
129-132,139,166,172 non-shyness, 3-4, 10, 13, 14, 16, 24,
26-27, 63, 64-68, 71, 72, 89, 90,91,93,94,96, 101, 109, 112-117,118,119,122-123,
Index 191
125, 127, 128, 132, 133, 137, 140, 141, 142-145, 149, 157, 163,165,171,173,174
non-shy people, criticisms of, 64-68, 88, 142-143,
143-145, 163, 172 perceptions of, 13-14, 16,53,62,
64-68, 71-73, 76, 93, 94, 96, 109, 112-117, 118, 119-120, 123, 127, 137-138, 141-143, 163,174
outsiders, 14, 68, 70, 72, 73, 76-78, 89,90,117,122,126,143,144, 146,153,157,163,168,170
overcoming shyness, 1, 2, 10, 16, 17, 23,24,32,33,35,87,119,149, 150, 151-152, 152-154, 154-156, 157, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172
own and wise groups, 159-163
'passing', 8, 27, 72, 93, 94, 96, 100, 109-112, 117, 123, 159, 16~ 170,171
performance, shyness as a performance, 3, 8, 12,
13,25,26,37,40,47,53,65, 68-69, 73, 79,81,82,84,87, 90, 91-97, 98, 99, 100-102, 107,111-112,116,117,122, 124, 126, 131, 132, 134-139, 145,147,148,150,166,170, 171,174
smooth flow of, 45, 50, 67, 72, 100, 105, 108, 112-117, 133, 141
performing in public, 9, 11, 21, 39,40,42,43,44,51,60,64, 72, 83, 89, 97, 107, 109, 117, 128
performativity, 12,23,32-35, 57, 91, 107, 117-122, 123, 132, 169, 17~ 171, 173-174
phenomenology, 12,41,43, 53, 75 'Phone-Phobia', 105-109 poise, 3, 9, 11, 13, 29, 39, 48, 54, 63,
64, 65, 68, 91, 95, 97, 100, 104,109,112,113,114,126, 169
192 Index
positive connotations, 17, 58, 77, 85, 13~ 16~ 161-165, 172
privacy, 9,10,12,15,17,31,34,39, 42, 44, 54, 55-56, 78, 84, 98, 106, 108, 118, 148, 164, 169, 173
private/public distinction, 12, 39, 42, 54, 83, 86, 96, 99, 100, 108, 111
presentations and public speaking, 33, 46-54, 62-64, 82, 94, 95, 96, 156-157
props, 59,111,123,131,171 psychology,
psychological theories of shyness, 2, 3-8, 47, 72, 113
cognitive errors, 4, 7-8, 114-115 'individual differences' in
personality, 3, 5, 72 individual pathology, 2, 3,4,9-11,
16, 17, 18, 19,20,35, 149, 150-159,162-165,167,172
quietness, 1, 5, 7, 18, 19, 30, 32, 47, 47-48, 68, 79, 82, 88-89, 109, 119, 127, 129, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 140, 142, 146-148, 148-150, 161, 163, 165
rationality, 3, 12, 14,26,41,86,97, 116, 152, 158, 168, 173
'real' self, 83, 90, 94, 101, 121, 162 recipe knowledge, 73, 75, 170 rehearsals (backstage), 43, 98, 99-100,
102, 104, 108, 110, 113, 123, 171
repair work, 21,42,89,93, 142-143 research methodology, 11-12 reserve, 19,21, 30, 31, 41, 78 residual rules, 14, 132-139, 149 resistance, 17,67,159-165,166 reticence, 1,5,9, 18, 19,39,47,53,
119, 163, 165, 172 ris~ ~ 1~2~ 2~ 3~ 43,4~ 4~ 5~
60, 61, 64, 68, 80, 83, 89, 93, 97, 98, 102, 103, 104, 105, 116, 118, 125, 138, 146, 148
roles, 3, 9, 13, 14,33-35,37,39,42, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89,
93,94,96,98, 100-102, 103, 104,114,115,117,118,120, 121, 122, 123, 129-131, 133, 139, 145, 148, 149, 150, 155, 153, 158, 163, 166, 170, 171, 172,174
Room 101, 140-142, 163 rudeness (see misperceptions
of shyness),
scripts, 43, 63, 79, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 10~ 105, 12~ 121, 123, 174
secrecy, 9, 14,28,31,33,34,62,65, 73-76, 78, 79, 86, 96, 97, 99, 101, 104, 105, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126, 127, 152, 159, 165,170,171
secret society, 62, 65, 73-76, 78, 79, 89,117,152,170
selfhood, self as a reflexive project, 21, 28, 53,
95, 112 self-consciousness, 7, 21, 29, 34, 38,
40,42-46,49,50,54,55,56, 59, 6~ 82, 83, 8~ 95, 9~ 101, 102, 105, 107, 109, 110, 118, 120, 125, 136, 142, 143, 147, ISO, 169
shy self, 9, 13, 33, 37, 37-59, 68, 70, 83, 9~ 97-111, 169
stories of the self, 13, 15, 32, 34, 162
self-disclosure, 10, 20, 133, 135 self-help books/websites, 1, 10, 11, 13,
14,20,21,23,26-27, 154-156, 166,172,173
self-presentation, 8, 12, 13, 38-40, 42, 45,81,85,90,91,97, 101, 102, 112, 113, 159
seminars, 44, 46, 62 sensitivity, 24, 46-47, 58, 66, 86, 132,
141,161,164,172 settings and scenery, 7, 60, 81,
99, 10~ 110, 129, 165-16~ 171
scrutiny, feelings of, 3, 7, 10, 13, 39, 43,46,51, 55, 81, 84, 85, 87, 95, 98, 99, 101, 12~ 169
shame, 7, 34, 39, 42-43, 44, 49, 87, 88,95,97,119,133,143,146, 157, 159, 162
'shell'metaphor, 13, 25, 31, 32, 35, 50, 83-89, 89-90
shyness, Shy'!', 13, 38, 40-48, 49, 55, 68,
89,91, 122, 136, 161, 168, 169, 171,173
Shy 'Me', 13, 38, 40, 45, 47, 49-59, 60,61,62,68,76,89,92,95, 96, 120, 122, 136, 137, 138, 169,173
'shy' people, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,22,24,25, 26, 29, 32, 36, 46, 47, 53, 58, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 76, 87, 91, 98,108,109,112-117, 117-122,123, 125, 126, 128, 140, 141, 145-150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160-161, 161-162, 163-165, 167, 168, 170,171-172,174
shy role, 3, 9, 14, 79,83,87,89, 98, 145-148,148-150,166,170
shy extrovert, 28, 116, 118, 123, 127, 171
public and private shyness, 51, 116, 118, 127
shyness clinics, 14, 153-154, 173 shy performativity (paradox of),
32-35,91,117-122,123,171, 173
Shy Pride, 17,67, 159-165, 166 shy vocality (paradox of), 109,
79-80,163,165,172,174 sick role, 158-159 side involvements, 112, 123, 171 silence, 28, 31, 39, 42, 45, 82, 83, 95,
103, 106, 110, 132, 134, 135-138, 141, 172
Simmel, Georg, 27, 73-76, 77, 79, 89, 141,170
sincere performances, 93, 110, 115, 122, 123
situational variation, 2, 4, 14,40,41, 42, 43, 44, 52, 60, 62, 63, 78, 79, 83, 84, 89, 92, 95, 96, 100-102,102-105,113-115,
Index 193
116, 118, 125, 127-129, 129-130, 133, 146, 165-166, 167,169,170,172,173
sociability, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 39, 40, 47, 48, 55, 57, 58, 66, 77, 77-78, 80,81,89,96, 107, 110, 116, 120, 122, 123, 133, 136, 138, 160,161,169,170
social action, 8, 12, 17, 37, 38, 43, 49, 52,66,68,73,78,91,92,93, 96, 101, 102, 107, 121, 134, 169, 171, 172
social fitness, 153-154 social reactions, 2, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14,42,
49, 52-53, 56, 71, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 99, 105, 106, 117, 123, 124, 125, 129, 131, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 166, 168, 172
Social Phobia / Social Anxiety Disorder, 20, 56, 150-159, 172
social skills, 1,2, 7, 9, 10,20,27,39, 70, 77, 97, 110, 113, 118, 122, 12~ 13~ 134, 13~ 139, 15~ 153,154,155,170
stigma, discreditable attributes, 39, 40, 44,
60, 85, 97, 108, 109, 122, 124, 134,138,169,171
discrediting attributes, 39, 40, 45, 60, 97, 108, 116, 122, 124, 134, 138, 147
strangers, shyness evoked by, 4, 26, 55, 71,
73, 101, 104, 127, 128, 130 shy person as a stranger, 73-76, 77,
79, 89, 9~ 141, 170 Symbolic Interactionism, 9, 12, 14,
37,38, 112, 114, 124, 145, 165, 171
'symptoms' of shyness, 4, 5, 13, 39, 54, S~ 6~ 81, 91, 93, 15~ 158
'tailoring', 50, 84, 105 taken for granted assumptions, 2, 14,
16, 17,62,65, 70-71, 72, 103, 113,122,133,136,155,168, 169, 172
194 Index
team-mates, 9, 11, 12,31,42,52, 62, 64, 68, 71, 75, 79, 80, 85, 89, 92,93,95,98,99, 103, 110, 113, 115, 116, 117, 128, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139-142, 148, 150, 157, 158, 160, 169, 170, 171,173
teamwork, 19,39,50,51, 67, 68, 75, 89, 90, 92, 93, 100, 111, 115, 122, 123, 132, 134, 139, 158, 160, 161
teasing and bullying, 47, 89, 110, 144-147,149,172
techniques and strategies, 8, 9, 13, 27, 37, 39, 40, 43, 50, 57, 57-59,82,84,85,90,91,97, 97-99, 99-100, 100-102, 109-112, 120, 121, 122, 123, 139,150,159,167,168,170, 171
telephones, 98, 105-109, 135, 152 The Breakfast Club, 31 therapeutic treatments, 14, 152-154,
155,157,162,172,173
This Life, 30 'true blue' shy, 4, 126, 127
unspoken rules, 9, 14, 79, 102, 106, 113,115,133,140,152
visibility, 7, 22, 32, 34, 39, 40, 46, 47, SO-53, 54, 56, 59, 71, 75, 79, 80,81,82,88,90,99,108,130, 146, 148, 158, 160, 169
visibility of invisibility, 82, 139, 147 vocality,
and conversational dominance, 16, 135-138
clumsiness in speech, 82, 105, 107, 108, 138-139
paradox of shy vocality, 79-80, 109, 118,163,165,172, 174
as a cultural value, 13, 18, 20, 35, 53,67, 133, 161, 168, 173
Zimbardo, Philip, 4, 18, 22, 28, 33, 44, 116, 118, 126, 127, 128, 153, 154
