BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agarwal (2001). “Empowerment of Rural Women in India”, Social Welfare,

Vol.48, No.4, July.

Amudha Rani, R (2007). “A study on the performance of SGSY Assisted

SHG Women micro Enterprises in Pudukkottai District”, unpublished

Ph.D Thesis, November 2007.

Anitha, H.S. and A.S. Laximisha (1999). “Women Entrepreneurship in

India”; Southern Economist, June.

Anju Deepak (1993). Value Orientation among Women Entrepreneurs”,

Asian Entrepreneurs; 3.2 & 3.3, 1993, PP.36-43.

Anjugam, M. and T. Alagumani (2001). “Impact of micro finance through

SHGs -A case study”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics,

Vol.56,No.3, July – September.

Apte, J.S. (1995). Education and Women’s Empowerment. Indian Journal of

Adult Education, 56, July-September.

Bhasin (1992). India: Economic Empowerment of women, New Century

Publications, New Delhi, India. PP.66

Boraian, M.P. (2007) .“Empowerment of Rural Women”. The Detterrents

and Detterminants; Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi. PP.01

Candida, G. Brush and Barbara J. Bird (1996). “Leadership vision of

successful women Entrepreneurs: Dimensions and Characteristics”,

Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, PP. 100-101.

Dasgupta, (2001). “An Informal Journey through Self-Help Groups”, Indian

Journals of Agricultural Economics, Vol.56, No.3, July-September

ii Dasgupta et al. (2001). Maharashtra Rural Credit Project: ongoing

Evaluation IX, National Institute of Bank Management, Pune.

(Published Report)

Dasgupta, Rajaram (2005). “Micro finance in India Empirical Evidence

Alternative Models and Policy Imperatives”, Economic and Political

Weekly, March,19.

Devi, S. (2007). “A Study on Urban Women owned Micro Enterprises in

Thanjavur – Tamil Nadu”, unpublished Ph.D Thesis, December 2007.

Dinakar Rao, K. (2003). “Microfinance in India – Issues challenges and

policy options”, Savings and Development, Vol.2, No.37, March.

Fetterman, D.M. (2001). Foundations of Empowerment Evaluation, New

Delhi. Sage Publications.

Ganesamurthy,V.S. (2007). “Economic Empowerment of Women” New

Century Publication, New Delhi, PP.53-54.

Gangadhara Rao (1986). “Entrepreneurship and Growth of Enterprise in

Industrial Estate”, New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications.

Gariyali, G.K. and S.K. Vetrivel (2004). “Women’s own”, “The Self-Help

Movement of Tamil Nadu”, Vetri Publishers, New Delhi, PP-105.

Gerry Finnegan of ILO (1996). “Strengthening marketing support and

Trade Linkages for Women Entrepreneurs in South Asia”,

International Women Entrepreneurs meet and conference, conducted

by Consortium of Women Entrepreneurs of India, New Delhi.

Giri, M.V. (1998). Emancipation as Empowerment of Women. New Delhi:

Gyan Publishing House.

iii Gurulingalah, M. (2000). Role of NGO in Empowerment of Tribal Women

in Karnataka, The Monthly Journal Kurushetra, December 2000,

PP.32-33.

Hall, C.M. (1990). Identity Empowerment through clinical sociology.

Clinical Sociology Review, 8, PP 69-86.

Hall, C.M. (1992). Women and Empowerment. London: Hemisphere

Publishing Corporation.

Higgins, B. “The Economic Development”, P.219 in C.B. Gupta and N.P.

Srinivasan (Ed), Entrepreneurial Development, Sultan Chand & Sons

Publication, New Delhi.

Hina Shah, D.D. and Bhuptani (1989). Fostering Women

Entrepreneurship, Nirmay.

Iyyampillai, S. (1991). “Industrial Promotional Agencies and

Entrepreneurship Development”, submitted to ICSSR, unpublished

Research Project.

Jayabal,G. and G.Prabakaran, (2007). “Performance and Challenges of

EDPs: A micro study”, Southern Economist, Vol.46, No.3, June, PP

32-34.

John Kao and Howard Stevenson (Eds). Entrepreneurship ……… What It

Is and How to Tech It, Division of Research, Harvard Business

School, 1984.

Joseph A. Schumpeter. The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge

Mass: Harvard University Press, 1959.

Joseph Lalrinliana and Easwaran Kanagaraj (2006). “SHG and Tribal

Development in Mizoram”, Kurukshetra, Vol.54, No.3, January.

iv Kallur, M.S. (2001). Employment of Women through NGOs: “A case study

of MYRADA Self-Help Groups of Chincholi Project Gulbarga

District, Karnataka State.”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics,

Vol.56,No.3, July - September.

Kamala Singh (1992). “Women Entrepreneurs”, Ashish Publishing House,

New Delhi.

Kanitkar, Ajit (1994). “Entrepreneurs and Micro Enterprises in Rural

India”, Economic and Political weekly, Vol.29, No.9.

Kapoor (2002), Rameshwari Pandya (ed.). Networking with NGOs for

Development - Indian Perspective. Serial Publication, PP.71.

Karl, Marilee, (1995). “Women and Empowerment: Participation and

Decision Making”, Zed Books Ltd., London and New Jersey.

Khandhar, R.S. (2000). Fighting Poverty with Microcredit: Experience in

Bangladesh, (New York: Oxford University Press, World Bank) PP:

228

Khandker (2003). “Does Micro-credit Empower Women?” Evidence from

Bangladesh. World Bank policy Research, Working paper at

http://econ.worldbank.org.

Kumaran (1997). Self-Help Groups: An alternative to institutional credit to

the poor: A case study in Andhra pradesh, Journal of Rural

Development, 16(3), 1997.

Lalitha, M. and B.S. Nagarajan (2002). “Self-Help Groups in Rural

Development”, Dominant Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi,

PP.198-209.

Lowe (1996). Education and Women’s Empowerment. Indian Journal of

Adult Education, 56, July – September. PP.25

v Mahendran, M. (2002). Self-Help Group and Empowerment, Environment

and Empowerment of Women, HD Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2002, PP.

14-16.

Malathi, V.P. (2003). Impact of Women Self-Help Groups in

Tiruchirappalli District; unpublished Dissertation submitted to

Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 2003.

Malhotra, Rakesh (2005). “Imperative need for fine tuning the SGSY”,

Kurkshetra, Vol.53, No.8

Mallika Das (1999). “Women Entrepreneurs from Southern India; An

Exploratory study”, The journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 8(2), July –

December 1999, PP.147-164.

Manimekalai, N. (1998). “Gem Cutting and Rural Entrepreneurship

Development” Kurukshetra, Vol. XI.VI., PP 22-25(February).

Manimekalai, N. (2003). “Impact of various forms of micro financing on

women”. http://www.nrcw.org.

Manimekalai, N. (2007). “Micro finance for promoting women

Entrepreneurship” in India: Economic Empowerment of Women,

edited by V.S. Ganesamurthy, New Century Publications, New Delhi,

India.

Manimekalai,N. and G.Rajeswari (2000). “Nature and performance of

Informal Self-Help Groups – A case from Tamil Nadu”, Indian

Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 56, No.3, Conference

Number, July-September 2001.

Manimekalai, N. and G. Rajeswari (2000). “Empowerment of Women

through Self-Help Groups”, Margin, Vol.32, No.4, July-September.

vi Manimekalai,N. and Thangamuthu, C. (1989). “New Entrepreneurs of

Engineering Industry in an Ancillary Industrial Estate – A Profile”,

SEDME, March, Vol. XVI.

Manivel, A. (2005). “A comparative analysis of Institutional supported and

self-supported women micro, entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli District

of Tamil Nadu”; unpublished thesis, March 2005.

Mayoux,L. (1991). “From Vicious to Virtuous to circles? Gender and Micro

Enterprise Development”, Occasional Paper 3, United Nations

Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva.

Mies Maria (1987). Quoted in Impediments to Rural Liberation by

Kanchana Thambidurai, Indian Express.

Mohamed Abdullah, A. (2003). “A study on women Entrepreneurs in

Micro Enterprises in Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu”,

unpublished Ph.D Thesis, December 2003.

Muralikrishna S (2006). “Entrepreneurship in Small Scale Engineering

Units”, Southern Economist, Vol. 45, No.5, July PP.23-26.

Nagendra, P. Singh and Rita Sen Gupta (1985). “Potential Women

Entrepreneurs”. PP. 18.

Ookley, P.G. and Masden, D. (1984): Approaches to participation in

Rural Development. Geneva: International Labour Organization.

Padmavathi, D.(2002). “Training women for Entrepreneurship”, Social

Welfare, Vol. 49 (2), PP.15-18.

Prasad,R.R.(2002). Participation and Empowerment – Rhetorics and

Realities, Kurukshetra, 50.PP.4-11.

Pillai, N.C. and Anna, V. (1990). “The Entrepreneurial Spirit among

Women” – A study of Kerala Indian Management.

vii Puhazhendhi, V. (2000). “Evaluation study of Self Help Groups in Tamil

Nadu”, National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development,

Mumbai, India (2000). PP.43

Pugazhendhi, V. and Badatya, K.C. (2002). SHG-Bank linkage

programme for Rural Poor. An impact Assessment,

www.nabard.org.2002

Ragunadha Reddy, C. (1986). “Changing Status of Educated Working

Women; A case Study”. B.R. Publishing Corporations, Delhi. PP 150-

151.

Rahul Bhatacharia (2002). “Microfinance in India and the role of IT”,

IIMB Management Review, December.

Rajmohan, S. (2003). “Activities of Self-Help Groups in Virudhunagar

District – A study”, Tamil Nadu Journal of Co-operation, Vol. 3,

No.5, April.

Ramakrishna (2000). “Credit Needs of Rural Poor and the Role of Self-

Help Groups”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 56,

No.3, July- September.

Rao (2001). Empowering Rural Women, Anmol Publication, New Delhi.

Rao,V.M. (2002). “Women Self-Help Groups, Profiles from Andhra Pradesh

and Karnataka”, Kurukshetra, Vol. 50, No.6, PP 26-32.

Raya Varupa Ramakrishna, (2001). “Credit Needs of Rural Poor and the

Role of Self-Help Groups”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics,

Vol.56, No.3, July- September.

viii Reddy (1998). “Role of Entrepreneurship in the context of post-

Liberalization in India: Present trends and Future Expectation”,

National Seminar on Current Trends in Entrepreneurship Research,

conducted by Entrepreneurship Development Institute, Ahmedabad.

Richard Cantillon, Peterkilby (ed.). Entrepreneurship and Economic

Development, The Free Press, New York, 1971,P.2.

Robert D. Hisrich and Candia G. Brush (1997). “Performance in

Entrepreneurial ventures: Does Gender Matter”, Frontiers of

Entrepreneurship Research, PP.238-239.

Rosa, K.D. (2005). “Women empowerment and Family Set up”,

Kurukshetra, November.

Sahay, S. (1998). Women and Empowerment: Approaches and Strategies.

New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House.

Sahoo, R.K. and S.N. Tripathy (2006). “Self-Help Groups and Women

Empowerment”, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, PP. 142.

Sathish, P. (2001). “Some Issues in the Formation of Self-Help Groups”,

Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Indian Journal of

Agricultural Economics, Vol.56, No.03, July - September.

Savita Singal, and Kamala Srinivasan (1989). “An exploratory study of

the constraints, Felt Needs and Preference of Rural Women for

Economic Development”, Indian Journal of Training and

Development, Sep-Oct. 1989, Vol.19,(5), PP.45-49.

Shanmugam, K. (2002). NABARD’s Initiatives in Women Empowerment

quoted in Dr.A.Ranga Reddy (ed.) Empowerment of Women and

Ecological Development, Serials Publication, New Delhi. 2002, PP

71-88.

ix Sharma (1992). India: Economic Empowerment of Women, New Century

Publications, New Delhi, India. PP.66

Sharma, S.L. (2000). Empowerment without Antagonism: A case for

Reformulation of Women’s Empowerment Approach. Sociological

Bulletin, 49, pp.19-39.

Sharo, A. Alvarez and G. Dale Meyer (1998). “Why do Women Become

Entrepreneurs”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, PP. 165-166.

Skawatra (2003). Empowering Women for food security. Social Welfare,

46, 3-6.

Shylendra, H.S. (2004). “The SHG – Bank Linkage Programme an

assessment and Future Strategies”, Journal of Rural Development,

Vol.23, No.4

Singh, K.P. (1993). “Women Entrepreneurs: their Profile and Motivation”,

The Journal of Entrepreneurship 2(1), Sage Publications, Jan-June,

New Delhi.

Singh et al. (2001). “Impact of Self-Help Groups on Economy of

marginalized Farmers of Kanpur Dehat District of Uttar Pradesh (A

case Study)”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.56, No.3,

July- September.

Soundari (2002). “Planning for Economic Empowerment of Women”, social

welfare. Vol. 49, No.5, August.

Stromquist, N.P. (1993). Theoretical Basis for Empowerment. Paper

presented at International Seminar on Women’s Education and

Empowerment, Hamburg: UNESCO Institute of Education.

Sujit Kumar Dutta and Dilip Kumar Ghosh (2002). Empowering Rural

women, Akanasha Publication House, New Delhi, 2002. P. 79

x Tamilvannan, T. et al. (2000). “Women Entrepreneurs in Small Scale

Industry; A Study in Cuddalore District”, Peninsular Economist,

Vol.12, (1), P.165.

Tapuraih, K. (1988). “Human Resource Development Bulletin; A

Supplement; Journal of the institution of Engineers (India)”, Calcutta,

P.13

Thangamuthu, C. and Iyyampillai, S. (1991). “Industrial promotional

Agencies and Entrepreneurship Development” submitted to ICSSR,

unpublished Research Project.

Thangamuthu,C. and N. Manimekalai (1995). “Education and

Entrepreneurship Development”, Productivity, Vol.35, No.4, January

and March.

Valsamma Antony (2007). “Women Entrepreneurs on the upbeat: A study”,

Southern Economist, Vol. 25, No.21, March, PP 11-13.

Vanavarayar (2003). Self-Help Groups in Rural Development. New Delhi:

Dominant Publishers and Distributors.

Vijayalakshmi, V. (1992). “Women Entrepreneurship”, in Chandrasekar

Rajkumari (Ed), Womens’ Resource and National Development - A

perspective, Gaurav Publication, New Delhi.

Xavier, M.J. (1999). “Strategies for Small Entrepreneurs”. Indian

Management, March. Vol. 25, PP.125

Yadav (1999). “Socio-Economic Profile of women Entrepreneurs, Women

Entrepreneurship”, Poorvi Press Ltd., Rajkot, PP 118-135.

Zimmerman, M.A. (2001). Empowerment Theory. New Delhi: Plenum.

xi

A STUDY ON ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF SHG WOMEN THROUGH MICRO ENTERPRISES IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT,

TAMIL NADU – SOUTH INDIA

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE – I (FOR THE MEMBERS OF SHG)

I. PERSONAL AND GROUP DETAILS

1. Name and address of the member :

2. Year of becoming a member of this

Group :

3. Name of the SHG :

4. Size of the Group :

5. Name of the NGO :

6. Name of the Bank with which the

Group has opened its account :

7. Date of opening the Group accounts

In the Bank : 8. Reasons to become member of SHG : a) To get social status

b) To get education c) to utilize talents d) to get loan e) to promote savings f) to become an entrepreneur g) to exchange ideas h) Motivated by NGOs / Govt. officials i) Any other (specify)

9. How did you come to know about SHGs? a) Friends b) Relatives c) NGOs d) Govt. Officials e) Banks f) others (specify) 10. Membership in Association : a) Animator b) Representative c) Member 11. Age :

xii 12. Marital Status : a) Married b) Unmarried c) Widow d) separate 13. Type of family : a) Joint family b) Nuclear family 14. Size of the family : 15. Religion : a) Hindu b) Muslim c) Christian d) Others 16. Caste : 17. Community : a) FC b) BC c) MBC d) SC e) ST 18. Educational Status : a) Upto Primary school b) Middle School c) High School d) Higher Secondary School e) Graduates f) Post Graduate g) Illiterate 19. Details of the house : a) owned b) Rented 20. Type of the house : a) concrete b) tiled c) thatched d) any other 21. Details of the family members:

Sl. No.

Name Age Sex RelationshipMarital status

Education Occupation Income

Per month

01 02 03 04 05 06 07

xiii II. BACKGROUND DETAILS OF THE ENTREPRENEURS

01. Name and address of the unit :

02. Nature of the activity undertaken :

03. Reasons for the choice of the present activity a) Training received

b) Family business c) Previous Experience d) Constant Demand e) Easy marketability f) High profit margin g) To be self-employed h) Can be done as a household activity

04. Date and year of establishment : 05. Nature of the unit : a) Registered

b) Unregistered 06. Type of enterprise : a) Agricultural based

b) Non-agricultural based 07. Previous occupation of the entrepreneur : a) Farming

b) Non-farming c) Business d) Private Company e) House – keeping f) Others

08. Experience of the previous occupations :

09. Present Occupation :

10. Experience in the present occupations : a) Below 03 years

b) 03-06 years c) 06 years & above d) New to the business

11. Generation of the Entrepreneur : First // Second // Third

xiv

12. Founder of the Enterprise : a) Self b) Parents

c) Husband d) Others

13. Available sources of raw-material : a) Local b) Within the District c) Within the State d) Outside the state e) Others (Specify)

14. Raw materials : a) Farm based b) Non-farm based 15. Area of marketing : a) Local b) Within District c) Within the state d) All India e) Exhibition / Trade fair 16. Channels of Marketing : a) Direct Sales b) Wholesaler c) Retailer d) Noon Meal Centre e) NGOs / SHGs f) Co-operative Society g) Others (specify) 17. Location of the Enterprise : a) Home b) Work shed c) NGO centre d) Other location

18. Reasons for choosing the present location : a) Industrial area b) Easy access to transport c) Easy labour availability d) Easy access in marketing e) Raw material availability f) Advice by authority g) Others

19. Labour details : a) Family labour b) Hired labour c) SHG Members alone

xv III. FACTORS: TO START THE ENTERPRISE 01. Motivational Factors

Sl. No. Factors Order of Precedence 01 Training received 02 Advice of other entrepreneur 03 Encouragement given by NGOs / Govt. Officials 04 Advice of family members 05 Availability of time 06 Availability of activity 07 To become independent 08 To gain social status 09 To earn money 10 Education 11 To prove oneself 12 Any other (specify)

02. Encouraging Factors

Sl. No. Factors Order of precedence 01 Previous experience 02 Technical skill 03 Family Business 04 Co-operation of the parents / friends / relatives 05 Govt. concession / credit availability 06 NGOs encouragement 07 Availability of resources 08 Self-confidence 09 Constant demand 10 Easy marketability 11 Any other (specify) 03. Compelling Factors

Sl. No. Factors Order of precedence 01 Dependency situation 02 Unemployment 03 Economic compulsions 04 Husband’s and Parents deaths 05 Compulsion of parents and husband 06 To make use of available of resources 07 Work experience 08 Participation of other women in the neighbourhood 09 Education and training received 10 Leisure time 11 Drought and rain fed land unfit for cultivation 12 Any other (specify)

xvi 04. Discouraging Factors

Sl. No. Discouraging factors Order of precedence 01 Absence of Marketing 02 Lack of finance 03 Competition 04 Lack of business tactics 05 Lack of support from family members 06 Lack of training 07 Fluctuating demand 08 Unfavourable Government policy 09 Lack of support from Banks 10 Non-availability of quality raw-materials 11 Lack of skilled labours 12 Inadequate knowledge about the latest technologies 13 Low price / profit 14 Child care 15 Lack of education 15 Any other (specify) IV. TRAINING

01. Have you received any training : a) Yes b) No

02. If yes, Details of training received:-

Year Type of training

Imparted by

DurationWhether

useful Suggestion for improvement

V. SAVINGS

01. Reasons for savings : a) Business expansion b) Children’s education c) for pilgrimage / social function d) to buy land e) to build a house / to repair house f) to buy consumer durables g) Others (specify)

02. Savings interval : a) Weekly b) Fortnightly c) Monthly

xvii 03. How much do you save monthly? : a) Up to Rs.25/- b) Up to Rs.50/- c) Up to Rs.75/- d) Up to Rs.100/- e) Up to Rs.125/- e) Above Rs.125/- (specify amount) VI. BORROWINGS

01. (Internal loan – from SHG)

Year Loan amount Purpose Amount paid Outstanding Reasons

02. Revolving fund :

03. Economic assistance :

04. Assistance from DSMS :

05. Assistance from Banks :

06. How is the co-operation of Bank members : a) Very much Satisfied b) Satisfied c) Dissatisfied d) Not at all satisfied

07. How do you return the borrowed money? : a) Through profit

b) Through borrowing c) through the sale of property d) others

08. Repayment of Loan : a) Repayment in time b) Repayment in advance c) Repayment not in time

09. Purpose of borrowing : a) to make investment for their enterprise b) to improve their enterprise

c) towards family’s unforeseen expenses

xviii d) for their children’s

higher education e) for the marriage of

their children f) to repay the old debt g) to repair the house h) others VII. PERFORMANCE OF THE ENTERPRISE VARIABLE START UP (Initial) At present (latest) A Investments B Fixed capital Buildings Land Machinery and equipments Borewell C Working Capital Raw Materials Purchasing Wages Rent Maintenance of machines Vehicle charges Electricity / Water charges Diesel / oil Tax D Production Quantity of production (in units) Value (in Rupees) E Sales turn over Quantity of sales (in units) Value ( in Rupees) PROFIT LOSS VIII. GROWTH DETAILS

Sl. No. Items Initial Year Current Year 01 Investment 02 Employment male female

03 Income 04 Expenditure 05 Savings 06 Borrowing

xix IX. USAGE OF THE PROFIT EARNED:

Items Amount (in Rupees)

Re-investment

Personal expenses

Family expenses

Savings

Repayment of the loan availed

Others

X. ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE MEMBER BEFORE AND AFTER JOINING THE GROUP 01. Savings at

Place of savings

Before joining the SHG (in Rupees)

After joining the SHG ( in Rupees)

Amount Interest Purpose Amount Interest Purpose

Post Office

Co-op Bank

Commercial Bank

Pvt .Chit Company

L I C

Friends/relatives

Self (home)

SHG

Others

xx 02. Sources and Amount of Borrowing

Sources Amount

borrowed Interest Repayment

Security given

A. BEFORE JOINING S H G

Money Lenders Banks Friends / relatives Traders Land lords others B. AFTER JOINING S H G

SHG Bank Friends / relatives Land lords Money lenders DRDA / DSMS Others

03. Ownership of Assets

Sl. No.

Assets Pre

SHG Post SHG

Due to SHG

value

01 Appliances: Radio / TV / Mixie / Wet grinder / Refrigerator / Washing Machine / Steel items / fan

02 Vehicles: Bicycle / motor cycle / car / van / tractor

03 Type of house: Hut / tiled / concrete

04 Ownership of house: Owned / rent / lease

05 Machines / Business tools 06 Jewels / ornaments / Deposits, if any 07 Availability of facilities :

Water / electrified / toilet

08 Live stock : Milch cattle / bullocks / poultry bird / others

09 Other Assets : Wet land / Dry land / House plot

xxi 04. Expenditure of Family

Sl. No.

Items Pre SHG Post SHG

01 Food 02 Clothing 03 Education 04 Medical expenses 05 Festival / Recreation 06 Others

05. Income of the family

Sl. No.

Income of the family Pre

SHG Post SHG

Due to SHG

01 Average monthly income (self) 02 Average income per month through SHG

activity

03 Other family member’s income per month 04 Total average HHD income per month

06. Opinion of SHG Members Regarding Increase in Power of Decision-Making

Type of decisions Opinions of the

respondents Yes No

Decision making in choosing economic activity Participation in group meeting/speaking in SHG meeting Purchase and sales of fixed assets Purchase and sales of current assets Job opportunity for others in her units Marketing, Bargaining &Pricing of a product Business Expansion and Modernization Participation to training programme, desire to join women’s Association

Raising of loan Repayment of loan Involvement in house hold decisions Purchase and sales of domestic animals Purchase and sales of ornaments Purchase of Home Appliances Purchase of Clothes Buying a house /Land Constructions and improvement of housing facility Savings and their investment Economic security-her own cash saving/Any protective Asset/house site in her name

Mobility- To Bank/Market/Theatre/Health centre/pilgrimage/Relative places/outside the village

xxii Education of children Sending the children outside for education Marriage of the children

XI. DEPENDENCY STATUS OF THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR’S SOURCE OF INCOME

a) Women entrepreneur’s income as supplement to husband’s income b) Purely dependant on women’s income c) Supplement to father’s income d) Supplement to son’s income

XII. DIFFICULTIES FACED IN RUNNING THE ENTERPRISE 01. General Difficulties Faced by Sample SHG Women Entrepreneurs

Sl. No. Difficulties faced Rank 01 Competition 02 Marketing 03 Working Capital 04 Long-term finance 05 Technical Knowledge 06 Electrical supply 07 Water supply 08 Inadequate Workspace 09 Shortage of Material 10 Low price/Profit 11 Government’s policy Change

02. Constraints Faced in Work Role by Sample SHG Women Entrepreneurs Sl. No. Constraints faced Rank

01 Unable to cater Maximum time to enterprise 02 Unable to utilize the skills 03 Unable to expand the enterprises 04 Overload of work 05 Profitability of enterprises

03. Challenges Faced at Home Role by Sample SHG Women Entrepreneurs Sl. No. Challenges faced Rank

01 Domestic work 02 Being a good spouse 03 Time with Family 04 Time towards education of children 05 Personal hobbies and entertainment 06 Lack of support from the family

xxiii 04. Financial Constraints of Sample SHG Women Entrepreneurs

Sl. No. Constraints Rank

01 Shortage of fixed capitals 02 Shortage of working capitals 03 Negative attitude of Bankers 04 Delay in sanction loan 05 Rigid repayment schedule 06 Ignorance of banking Procedure 07 Inability to offer co-securities 08 Bureau crazy and red tape 09 Inadequate size of loan 10 Lack of accounting skills

05. Social Constraints of Sample SHG Women Entrepreneurs Sl. No. Constraints Rank

01 Lack of Self –confidence 02 Prejudice against Women 03 No risk bearing capacity 04 Dual role of Women 05 Male domination 06 Lack of Exposure 07 Problems in public Relations 08 Lack of Economic Freedom 09 Fear of social security

XIII. Suggestions for Economic Empowerment of Women

xxiv

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE –II (For the non participants of SHG)

I. PERSONAL BACKGROUND

1. Name and address of the respondent :

2. Age :

3. Marital status : a) Married b) Unmarried c) Widow d) Separate

4. Religion : a) Hindu b) Muslim c) Christian d) Others

5. Caste :

6. Community : a) FC b) BC

c) MBC d) SC e) ST

7. Educational Status : a) Up to Primary school b) Middle School c) High School d) Higher Secondary School e) Graduates f) Post Graduate g) Illiterate

8. Nature of the family : a) Joint family b) Nuclear family

9. Size of the family :

10. Details of the house : a) owned b) Rented

11. Type of the house : a) concrete b) tiled c) thatched b) any other

xxv

12. Details of the family members:

Sl.No Name Age Sex RelationshipMarital status

Education Occupation Income

Per month

01 02 03 04 05 06 07

13. Do you know any SHG :

14. If yes, specify reasons for not joining SHG?:

II. BACKGROUND DETAILS OF THE ENTREPRENEURS

1. Name and address of the unit : 2. Nature of the activity undertaken : 3. Reasons for the choice of the present activity a) Training received

b) Family business c) Previous Experience d) Constant Demand e) Easy marketability f) High profit margin g) To be self-employed h) Can be done as a household activity

4. Date and year of establishment : 5. Nature of the unit : a) Registered

b) Unregistered 6. Type of enterprise : a) Agricultural based

b) Non-agricultural based 7. Previous occupation of the entrepreneur : a) Farming

b) Non-farming c) Business d) Private Company e) House – keeping f) Others

xxvi

8. Experience of the previous occupations :

9. Present Occupation :

10. Experience of the present occupations : a) Below 03 years b) 03-06 years c) 06 years & above d) No Experience

11. Generation of the Entrepreneur : First // Second // Third

12. Founder of the Enterprise : a) Self b) Parents c) Husband d) Others

13. Available sources of raw-material : a) Local b) Within the District c) Within the State d) Outside the state e) Others (Specify)

14. Raw materials : a) Farm based b) Non-farm based 15. Area of marketing : a) Local b) Within District c) Within the state d) All India e) Exhibition / Trade fair 16. Channels of Marketing : a) Direct Sales b) Wholesaler c) Retailer d) Noon Meal Centre e) Co-operative Society f) Others (specify) 17. Location of the Enterprise : a) Home b) Work shed c) Other location

18. Reasons for choosing the present location : a) Industrial area b) Easy access to transport c) Easy labour availability d) Easy access in marketing e) Raw material availability f) Advice by authority

g) Others

xxvii 19. Labour details : a) Family labour b) Hired labour III. FACTORS: TO START THE ENTERPRISE 01. Motivational Factors 

Sl. No. Factors Order of Precedence

01 Training received

02 Advice of other entrepreneur

03 Encouragement given by Govt. Officials

04 Advice of family members

05 Availability of time

06 Availability of activity

07 To become independent

08 To gain social status

09 To earn money

10 Education

11 To prove oneself

12 Any other (specify)

02. Encouraging Factors

Sl. No. Factors Order of precedence

01 Previous experience

02 Technical skill

03 Family Business

04 Govt. concession / credit availability

05 Availability of resources

06 Self-confidence

07 Constant demand

08 Easy marketability

09 Any other (specify)

xxviii 03. Compelling Factors 

Sl. No. Factors Order of precedence 01 Dependency situation 02 Unemployment 03 Economic compulsions 04 Husband’s and Parents deaths 05 Compulsion of parents and husband 06 To make use of availability of resources 07 Work experience 08 Participation of other women in the neighbourhood 09 Education and training received 10 Leisure time 11 Drought and rain fed land unfit for cultivation 12 Any other (specify)

04. Discouraging Factors 

Sl. No. Discouraging factors Order of precedence 01 Absence of Marketing 02 Lack of finance 03 Competition 04 Lack of business tactics 05 Lack of support from family members 06 Lack of training 07 Fluctuating demand 08 Unfavourable Government policy 09 Lack of support from Banks 10 Non-availability of quality raw-materials 11 Lack of skilled labours 12 Inadequate knowledge about the latest technologies 13 Low price / profit 14 Child care 15 Any other (specify)

IV. SAVINGS

01. Reasons for savings : a) Business expansion b) Children’s education c) for pilgrimage / social function d) to buy land e) to build a house / to repair house f) to buy consumer durables g) Others (specify)

02 Savings interval : a) Weekly b) Fortnightly c) Monthly

xxix 03. How much do you save monthly? : a) Up to Rs.25/- b) Up to Rs.50/- c) Up to Rs.75/- d) Up to Rs.100/- e) Above Rs.100/-

(Specify the amount) 04. Savings at : Place of savings Amount Interest Purpose Post Office Co-op Bank Commercial Bank Pvt .Chit Company L I C Friends/relatives Self (home) Others V. BORROWINGS

01. Sources of Credit :

Sl. No.

Sources Borrowed Amount

Percentage Interest Repayment

01 Own fund 02 Financial Institutions 03 Commercial Banks 04 Friends / Relatives 05 Money lenders 06 Co-operative Banks

02. How is the co-operation of Bank members: a) Very much Satisfied b) Satisfied c) Dissatisfied d) Not at all satisfied

03. How do you return the borrowed money? : a) From profit

b) Through borrowing c) Through the sales of property d) Others

xxx

04. Purpose of borrowing : a) to make investment for their

enterprise b) to improve their enterprise c) towards family’s unforeseen

expenses d) for their children’s higher

education e) for the marriage of their

children f) to repay the old debt g) to repair the house h) others 05. Repayment of loan : a) Repayment in time b) Repayment in advance c) Repayment not in time VI. PERFORMANCE OF THE ENTERPRISE VARIABLE START UP (Initial) At present (latest) A Investments B Fixed capital Buildings Land Machinery and equipments Borewell C Working Capital Raw Materials Purchasing Wages Rent Maintenance of machines Vehicle charges Electricity / Water charges Diesel / oil Tax D Production Quantity of production (in units) Value (in Rupees) E Sales turn over Quantity of sales (in units) Value ( in Rupees) PROFIT LOSS

xxxi VII. GROWTH DETAILS

Sl. No. Items Initial Year Current Year 01 Investment 02 Employment

male female

03 Income 04 Expenditure 05 Savings 06 Borrowings

VIII. INCOME OF THE FAMILY Sl. No. Income of the family Amount (in Rupees)

01 Average monthly income (self) 02 Average income per month through the enterprise 03 Other family member’s income per month 04 Total average HHD income per month

IX. USAGE OF THE PROFIT EARNED Items Amount (in Rupees) Re-investment Personal expenses Family expenses Savings Repayment of the loan availed Others X . DEPENDENCY STATUS OF THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR’S SOURCE OF INCOME

a) Women entrepreneur’s income as supplement to husband’s income b) Purely dependant on women’s income c) Supplement to father’s income d) Supplement to son’s income

XI. SUGGESTIONS FOR THE ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN