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Bibliography on Nigerian Foreign Policy:Orthodox and Radical Literatures
OROBOLA FASEHUN and TIMOTHY M. SHAW
ORTHODOX
Realist Ove rvi e ws
Agbi, S. Olu, 'Selected Issues in Nigeria's Foreign Policyfrom Balewa to Obasanjo: Continuity and Change', NigerianJournal of Political Science, 2 (I), June 1980, 57-61 .
Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Introduction' in A. B. Akinyemi (ed.),Niger ia and the World : Readings in Nigerian Foreign Policy(Ibadan : OUP for NIIA, 1978) viii-xiv .
Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Nigerian Fore ign Policy in 1975:Nat ional Interest Redefined', in Oyeleye Oyediran (ed.),Survey of Nigerian Affairs, 1975 (Ibadan : OUP for NIIA,1978) 106-14.
Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Mohammed/Obasanjo Foreign Policy' inOyeleye Oyediran (ed.), Nigerian Government and Pol iticsunder Military Rule, 1966-79 (London: Macmillan, 1979)150-68 .
Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, ' For e i gn Policy , Defence and the NewConsciousness', Nigerian Forum, 1 (2), April 1981, 72-6 .
Aluko, Olajide, Essays in Nigerian Foreign Policy (London:Allen & Unwin, 1981) .
Aluko, Olajide, 'The "new" Nigerian Foreign Policy:Developments Since the Downfall of General Gowon', RoundTable, 66, October 1976, 405-14.
Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigerian Fore ign Policy' in Olajide Aluko(ed .), The Foreign Policies of African States (London:Hodder & Stoughton, 1977) 163-95 .
Aluko, Olajide, 'Necessity and Freedom in Nigerian ForeignPolicy', Nigerian Journal of International Studies, 4(I and 2), January and June 1980, I-IS .
Anglin, Douglas G., 'Nigeria: Political Non-alignment andEconomic Alignment', Journal of Modern African Studies ,2 (2), June 1964, 147-63.
236
Bibliography 237
Coleman, James S., 'The Foreign Policy of Nigeria' inJoseph E. Black and Kenneth W. Thomson (eds), ForeignPolicies in a World of Change (New York: Harper & Row,1963) 379-406 .
Gambari, Ibrahim A., 'Nigeria and the World: a GrowingInternal Stability, Wealth and External Influence',Journal of International Affairs, 29 (2), Fall 1975, 15569.
Gambari, Ibrahim A., Party Politics and Foreign Policy:Nigeria under the First Republic (Zaria: Ahmadu BelloUniversity Press, 1980).
Garba, J. N., 'Towards a Dynamic Foreign Policy', Nigeria:Bulletin on Foreign Affairs, 6 (1), January 1976, 14-20.
Garba, J. N., 'The "New" Nigerian Foreign Policy', QuarterlyJournal of Administration, 9 (3), April 1977, 135-46.
Herskovits, Jean, 'Nigeria: Africa's New Power', ForeignAffairs 53 (2), January 1975, 314-33.
Herskovits, Jean, 'Dateline Niger ia: a Black Power', ForeignPolicy, 29, Winter 1977-8, 167-88.
Inwang, Edet, 'Nigeria - Foreign Policy: Seeking a BreakEven Point', South, 16, February 1982, 57-8.
Mackintosh, J. ~Nigeria's External Relations', Journalof Commonwealth Studies, 2, November 1964, 189-218 .
Mayall, James, 'Oil and Nigerian Foreign Policy', Afr icanAffairs, 75 (300), Jul y 1976, 284-316.
Ofoegbu, Ray, Nigerian Foreign Policy (Enugu : Star Pr inting,1979).
Ofoegbu, Ray, 'Fore ign Policy and Military Rule' in OyeleyeOyediran (ed.), Nigerian Government and Pol itics underMil itary Rule, 1966-79 (London : Macmillan , 1979) 124-49.
Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'Nigeria's Foreign Policy Under MilitaryRule, 1966-79', Internat ional Journal, 35 (4) , Autumn1980, 748-65.
Ogunsanwo, Alaba, 'The Nigerian Military and Foreign Policy ,1975-1979: Processes, Principles, Performance and Contradictions', Princeton University Center for Internat ionalRelations, 1980, Research Monograph no. 45.
Okolo, Julius E. and Winston E. Langley, 'The ChangingNiger ian Foreign Policy', World Affairs, 135 (4), Spring1973, 309-27 .
Phillips, Claude S., The Development of Nigerian ForeignPolicy (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964) .
Shagari, Alhaji Shehu, 'Annual Foreign Policy Address',Nigerian Forum, 1 (6), August 1981,203-6.
Stremlau, John S., 'The Fundamentals of Nigerian ForeignPolicy', Issue, I ! (I and 2) , Spring and Summer 1981,46-50 . --
Wachuku, Jaja, 'Nigeria's Fore ign Policy', University ofToronto Quarterly, 31 (I), October 196 1, 62-82.
238
National
Bibliography
Akindele, R. A., 'Nigeria's Foreign Relations: Elite Attitudes and Government Policy', International Problems, 120), 1973, 102-13.
Akindele, R. A., 'Nigerian Parliament and Foreign Policy,1960-1966', Quarterly Journal of Administration, 9 (3),April 1975,279-91.
Akindele, R. A., 'The Conduct of Nigeria's Foreign Relations', International Problems, 120-4), October 1973,46-65.
Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, Foreign Policy and Federalism: theNigerian Experience (Ibadan University Press, 1974) especially 75-109 and 191-201.
Aluko, Olajide, 'Necessity and Freedom in Nigerian ForeignPolicy ', inaugural lecture, University of Ife, 17 March1981.
Aluko, Olajide, 'Oil at Concessionary Prices for Africa : aCase Study in Nigerian Decision-making', African Affairs,75 (301), October 1976, 425-43 .
Aluko, Olajide, 'The Civil War and Nigerian Foreign Policy',Political Quarterly, 42 (2), April-June 1971.
Aluko, Olajide, 'The Iyalla Reorganisation and the Administration of the Foreign Service' in C. Baker and M. J.Balogun (eds), Ife Essays on Administration (Universityof lie Press, 1975) 135-146 .
Aluko, Olajide, 'Public Opinion and Nigerian Foreign PolicyUnder the Military', Quarterly Journal of Administration,7 0), April 1973, 253-69.
Aluko, Olajide, 'The Foreign Service', Quarterly Journal ofAdministrat ion,S (I), October 1970, 33-52 .
Asobie, H. A., 'Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy:the Nigerian Experience', Nigerian Political ScienceAssociation, Port Harcourt, March 1980.
Gambari, Ibrahim A., 'Domestic Political Constraints onProgressive Foreign Policy for Nigeria', Nigerian Journalof Political Science, 2 (I), June 1980, 24-35.
Herskovits, Jean, 'One Nigeria', Foreign Affairs, 51 (2) ,January 1973, 392-407.
Idang, Gordon J., Nigeria: Internal Politics and ForeignPolicy (Lbadan University Press, 1973) especially 107-60.
Ofoegbu, Mazi Ray and Obuagu, S. A., 'Towards a New Philosophy of Foreign Policy for Nigeria', in Bolaji Akinyemi(ed.), Nigeria and the World (Ibadan: OUP for NIIA, 1978)116-35 .
Ogene, Francis, 'The Foreign Service the Nation Deserves ',Nigerian Forum, I (4), June 1981, 151-9 .
Bibliography 239
Ogunbadejo, Oye, ' For e i gn Policy Under Nigeria's Presidential System', Round Table, October 1980, 401-8 .
Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'The Presidential System and ForeignPolicy: Problems and Prospects in Nigeria', AustralianOutlook, December 1980, 325-37 .
Regional
Aluko, Olajide, Ghana and Nigeria, 1957-70: a Study inInter-African Discord (London: Rex Collings, 1976).
Aluko, Olajide , 'Nigeria's Initiative on the West AfricanEconomic Community', Societe d'Etudes et d'ExpansionRevue, November-December 1973, 870-80.
Ofoegbu, Mazi Ray, 'Nigeria and Its Neighbours', Odu, 12,July 1975, 3-24.
Ojo, Olatunde J. B., 'Nigeria and the Formation of ECOWAS',International Organisation, 34 (4), Autumn 1980, 571-604 .
Osuntokun, 'Jide, 'Relations Between Nigeria and Fernando Pofrom Colonial times to the Present', in Bolaji Akinyemi(ed .), Nigeria and the World (Lbadan e OUP for NIIA, 1978)1-12.
Udokang, Okon, 'Nigeria and ECOWAS: Economic and PoliticalImplications of Regional Integration' in Bolaji Akinyemi(ed .), Nigeria and the World (Lbadan ; OUP for NIIA, 1978)57-80.
Weladji, C. , 'The Cameroon-Nigerian Border', Abbia, June1974,157-72.
Yansane, Aguibou Y., 'State of Economic Integration in NorthWest Africa South of the Sahara: the Emergence of ECOWAS',African Studies Review, 20 (2), September 1977, 63-87.
Continental
Adebesi, B., 'Nigeria's Relations with South Africa, 19601975', Africa Quarterly, 16 (3), 1977,67-89.
Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Nigeria and Fernando Po, 1958-1966 :the Politics of Irredentism', African Affairs, 69 (276),July 1970, 236-49.
Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, Angola and Nigeria: a Study in theNational Interest (Geneva: Graduate Institute of International Studies, 1978).
Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, with Margaret Vogt, 'Nigeria andSouthern Africa : the Policy Options' in Douglas G. Anglin,Timothy M. Shaw and Carl G. Widstrand (eds), Conflict andChange in Southern Africa (Washington : University Press ofAmerica, 1978) 151-68.
Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria's Role in Inter-African Relationswith Special Reference to the OAU', African Affairs, 72(287), April 1973, 145-62.
240 Bibliography
Arikpo, 0., 'Nigeria and the OAU', Quarterly Journal ofAdministration, 9 (I), October 1974, 44-59.
Fajana, Olufemi, 'Nigeria's Inter-African Economic Relations: Trends, Problems and Prospects' in Bolaji Akinyemi(ed .), Nigeria and the World (Ibadan: OUP for NIIA, 1978)17-31 .
Feustel, Sandy, 'Nigeria: Leadership in Africa', AfricaReport, 22 (3), May-June 1977, 48-50.
Helleiner, Gerald K., 'Nigeria and the African CommonMarket', Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies,4 (3), November 1962, 283-98 .
Nnoli, Okwudiba, 'Nigerian Policy Towards Southern Africa',Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, 2 (1-2), 1976,14-34.
Ogunbadejo, 0., 'General Gowon's African Policy', International Studies, 16 (I), January-March 1977, 35-50.
Ogunbadejo, 0., 'Conservatism and Radicalism in InterAfrican Relations: the Case of Nigeria and Tanzania',Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 4 (I), 1979,23-33.
Polhemus, James H., 'Nigeria and Southern Africa : Interest,Policy and Means', Canadian Journal of African Studies,II (1),1977,42-66.
Spiliotes, Nicholas J., 'Nigerian Foreign Policy andSouthern Africa : a Choice for the West', Issue, II (I and2), Spr ing and Summer 1981,41-5. -----
Wayas, Joseph, Nigeria's Leadership Role in Africa (London:Macmillan, 1979).
Whiteman, Kaye, 'OAU and the Nigerian Issue', World Today,24 (I I), November 1968, 449-53.
Global
Akindele, R. A., 'Review article: on the Operational Linkageof External and Internal Dimensions of Balewa's ForeignPolicy', Odu, 12, July 1975, 110-22.
Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 'Nigeria in World Politics', PresenceAfricaine, 4/5 02/33), 1960, 19-30 .
Haastrup, Adekokun, 'Nigeria's Role in World Affairs',Africa Quarterly, January-March 1965, 240-3.
Hanning, Hugh, 'Nigeria: a Lesson of the Arms Race', WorldToday, 23 (I I), November 1967, 465-72. -----
Ijewere, Gabriel 0., 'Nigeria in International Relations',Review of International Affairs, 32 (738), 5 January 1981,26-30.
Isong, C., 'Nigeria's External Finance', Nigerian Journal ofInternational Affairs, 1 (I), July 1975, 47-58 .
Bibliography 241
Kadzai, Ayuba, Nigeria's Global Strategy (Lagos : NIIA,]976).
Legum, Colin, 'International Involvement in Nigeria, 196670' in Y. A Tandon and D. Chandarana (eds), Horizons ofAfrican Diplomacy (Nairobi: EALB, 1974) 45-85.
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 'Foreign Attitudes and Involvement' inhis My Command : an Account of the Nigerian Civil War,1967- 70 (Ibadan: Heinemann, 1980) 146-58 .
Ojedokun, Olasupo, 'The Changing Pattern of Nigeria's International Economic Relations: the Decline of the ColonialNexus, 1960-1966', Journal of Developing Areas, 6 (4),July 1972, 535-54.
Ojo, Olatunde J.B ., 'Commercial Representation in Nigeria'sOverseas Missions: Its Nature, Functions and Problems',Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, 2 (1/2), 1976,50-66.
Bilateral and Multilateral Relationships : Great Powers
Ahmad, S. S., 'Nigeria-Ch ina Relat ions: an Approach toPositive Neutrality', Pakistan Hor izon, 26 (I), 1973,48-54 .
Ajayi, E. A., 'Nigeria-Soviet Aid Relations, 1960-1968',Nigeria: Bulletin on Foreign Affairs, I, 1974.
Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Nigerian-American Relations Reexamined' in Oye Oyediran (ed.), Survey of NigerianAffairs, 1976-77 (Lagos : Macmillan for NIIA, 198 1) 105-14.
Ale, Bassey, ' I n f l uence Dynamics in Nigeria-US Aid Relationship, 1960-66' , Nigerian Journal of International Studies4 (I and 2), January and June 1980, 36-55 .
Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria and Britain Since Gowon', AfricanAffairs, 76 (304), July 1977, 303-20 .
Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria and the Superpowers', Millenium,5 (2), Autumn 1976 , 126-41 .
Aluko, Olaj ide, 'Nigeria, the United States and SouthernAfrica', African Affa irs, 78 (310), January 1979 , 91-102.
Idang, Gordon J ., 'The Politics of Nigerian Fore ign Policy :the Ratification and Renunciation of the Anglo-NigerianDefence Agreement', African Studies Review, 13 (2),September 1970, 227-51 .
Klinghoffer, A. J ., 'The USSR and Nigeria: the SecessionQuestion', Mizan, 10, Winter 1968, 64-70.
Mazrui, Ali A~igeria and the United States : the Needfor Civility, the Dangers of Intimacy, Orbis, 25 (4),Winter 1982, 858-64. --
Morrison, D. L., 'The USSR and the War in Nigeria', Mizan,I I, Spring 1969, 31-8.
242 Bibliography
Obiozor, George, 'Soviet Involvement in the Nigerian CivilWar', in U. G. Damachi and H. D. Seibel (eds), Soc ialChange and Economic Development in Nigeria (New York :Praeger, 1973) 230-4.
Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'Nigeria and the Great Powers : the Impactof the Civil War on Nigerian Foreign Relations',African Affairs, 75 (298), January 1976, 14-32.
Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'Ideology and Pragmatism: the Soviet Rolein Nigeria, 1960-1977', Orbis, 21 (4), Winter 1978,803-30 .
Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'A New Turn in US-Nigerian Relations',World Today, 35 0), March 1979, I 17-26 .
Ojedokun, Olasupo, 'Anglo-Nigerian Entente and Its Demise,1960-62', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies,9 (3), November 1971, 210-33.
Orjiako, Umunna, 'Anglo-Nigerian relations : 1979-1981',Nigerian Forum, 1 (2), April 1981, 49-56.
Panter-Brick, S. K., 'Soviet Views on Nigeria', Mizan,March-April 1967, 70-4. -----
Bilateral and Multilateral Relationships : Other Powers
Adebisi, B., 'Nigeria's Relations with South Africa, 19601975', Africa Quarterly, 16 0), 1977, 67-89 .
Akinsanya, A., 'On Lagos Decision to Break Diplomatic Relations with Israel', International Problems, 17, Spring1978, 65-79.
Aluko, Olajide, 'Ghana and the Nigerian Civil War', NigerianJournal of Economic and Social Studies, 12, November 1970,341-60.
Aluko, Olajide, 'Israel and Nigeria : Continuity and Changein Their Relationship', African Review, 4 (I), 1974, 43-59 .
Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria and the European Economic Community', Internat ional Studies, 13 0), July-September1974, 465-73 .
Ojedokun, Olasupo, 'The Future of Nigeria's CommonwealthRelations', Nigeria: Bulletin on Foreign Affairs, 1 (4),May 1972,8- 17.
Olinger, John Peter, 'The World Bank and Nigeria', Review ofAfrican Political Economy, 13, May-August 1978, 101-7 .
Olusanya, G. 0., 'Nigeria and the Commonwealth', AfricanQuarterly, 6 (4), January-March 1967.
Crises and Cbnflicts
Akuchu, G. E., 'Peaceful Settlement of Disputes: UnsolvedProblems for the OAU (A Case Study of the Nigeria-BiafraConflict)' , Africa Today, 24 (4), October-December 1977,39-58.
Bibliography 243
Cervenka, Zdenek, The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970(Frankfurt : Bernard & Graefe Verlag for Wehrwesen, 1971).
Cronje, Suzanne, The World and Nigeria: the DiplomaticHistory of the Biafran War 1967-1970 (London: Sidgwick &Jackson, 1972).
de St. Jorre, J ., The Brothers' War: Biafra and Nigeria(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972) .
Elaigwu, J . Isawa, 'The Nigerian Civil War and the AngolanCivil War: Linkages Between Domestic Tensions and International Alignments', Journal of Asian and AfricanStudies, 12 (1-4), January and October 1977,215-35 .
Henderson, Robert D'A, 'Nigeria: Future Nuclear Power?',Orbis, 25 (2), Summer 1981, 409-23.
Henderson, Robert D'A, 'Choices and Changes in Nigeria'sDefence Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern AfricanStudies (forthcoming).
Lewis, Roy, 'Britain and Biafra', Round Table, 60, July1970, 241-8 .
Nweke, G. A., External Intervention in African Conflicts :France and French-speaking West Africa in the NigerianCivil War, 1967-1970 (Boston University, African StudiesCenter , 1976) .
Ostheimer, John M. and Gary J . Buckley, 'Nigeria' inEdward A. Kolodzie j and Robert E. Harkavy (eds) , SecurityPolicies of Developing Countries (Lexington : Lexington,1982) 285-303 .
Panter-Brick, S. K., 'The Right to Self-determination: ItsApplication to Nigeria', International Affairs, 44 (2),Apiil 1968, 254-66.
Stremlau , John J ., The International Politics of theNigerian Civil War (Princeton University Press, 1977).
Vogt, Margaret A., 'Nigeria's Defence: an Assessment',Nigerian Forum, 1 (2), April 1981,77-81.
Transnational
Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Religion and Foreign Affairs: PressAttitudes Towards the Nigerian Civil War', JerusalemJournal of International Relations, 4 0), 1980, 56-81.
Booth, A. R., 'The Churches in the Nigerian War: theThreat of Moral Imperialism', Round Table, 60, April 1970,121-7 .
Collins, J. D., 'The Clandestine Movement of GroundnutsAcross the Niger-Nigerian Boundary', Canadian Journal ofAfrican Studies, 10 (2), 1976,259-78.
Davis, Morris, Interpreters for Niger ia: the Third Worldand Internationa l Public Relations (Urbana: Universityof Ill inois Press, 1977) .
244 Bibliography
Fajana, Olufemi, 'Trade and Growth : the Nigerian Experience', World Development, 7 (I), 1979,73-8 .
Fajana, Olufemi, 'International Trade and Balance of Payments' in F. A. Olaloku et al . , Structure of the NigerianEconomy (London: Macmillan, 1979) 224-54 .
Hilton, A. C. E., 'Perceptions of Foreign Involvement inNigeria' in K. P. Sauvant and F. G. Lavipour (eds),Controlling Multinational Enterprises (Boulder: Westview,1976).
Ijewere, G. 0., 'The New International Economic Order andNigeria's External Economic Policy', Ife InternationalRelations Occasional Papers, I, 1981, 72-96 .
King, Mae C., 'Nigerian Foreign Policy and the AfricanDiaspora : the North American Region', Nigerian Societyfor International Affairs, Zaria, January 1979 .
Olofin, S., 'Ultra-import Biased Taste in Nigeria's ExternalTrade Relations' in Bolaji Akinyemi (ed .), Nigeria and theWorld (Ibadan : OUP for NIIA, 1978) 32-43.
Shagari, Shehu, 'The World Monetary Crisis in Relation toNigeria', Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, 1(I), July 1975, 59-70.
Wright, Stephen, 'Nigeria : the Politics of Sport', RoundTable, 272, October J978, 362-7 .
RADICAL
Akeredolu-Ale, E. 0., 'Private Foreign Investment and theUnderdevelopment of Indigenous Entrepreneurship inNigeria' in Gavin Williams (ed.), Nigeria: Economy andSociety (London: Rex Collings, 1976) 102-22 .
Biersteker, Thomas J., Distortion or Development? ContendingPerspectives on the Multinational Corporation (Cambridge,Mass. : MIT Press, 1978) passim.
Callaway, Barbara, 'The Political Economy of Nigeria' inRichard Harris (ed .), The Political Economy of Africa(Cambridge: Schenkman, 1975) 93-135.
Collins, P., 'The Political Economy of Indigenisation : theCase of the Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decree',African Review, 4 (2), 1974, 491-508 .
Ekundare, R. 0., 'The Political Economy of Private Investment in Nigeria', Journal of Modern African Studies, 10(I), March 1972,37-56.
Freund, Bill, 'Oil Boom and Crisis in Contemporary Nigeria ',Review of African Political Economy, 13, May-August 1978,91-100.
Gona, Aaron T., 'Nigeria : Class Struggle and ForeignPolicy', Africa Development, 5 (I), 1980, 75-94 .
Bibliography 245
Joseph, Richard, 'Affluence and Underdevelopment: theNigerian Experience', Journal of Modern African Studies,16 (2), June 1978,221-39.
Madiebo, Alexander A., The Nigerian Revolution and theBiafran War (Enugu : Fourth Dimension, 1980) passim.
Nnoli, Okwudiba (ed .), Path to Nigerian Development (London:Zed, 1982).
Nzimiro, Ikenna, 'The Political and Social Implications ofInternational Corporations in Nigeria ' in Carl Widstrand(ed.), Multinational Firms in Africa (Stockholm: Almqvist& Wiksell, 1975) 210-43 .
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Ojo, Olatunde J. B., 'Nigeria's Self-Reliant Strategy:the Prospect for Self-Reliance in the Contemporary International Tributory System', African Studies Association,Bloomington, October 1981 .
Oni, Ola and Bade Onimode, Economic Development of Niger ia:the Socialist Alternative (Ibadan: Nigerian Academy ofArts, Sciences and Technology, 1975).
Onimode, Bade, 'Imperialism and Multinational Corporations:a Case Study of Nigeria' in Aguibou Y. Yansane (ed .),Decolonisation and Dependency: Problems of Development inAfrican Societies (Westport: Greenwood, 1980) 145-70 .
Osagie, E. and K. Awosika, 'Foreign Capital and Firms inNigeria'. Quarterly Journal of Administration 9 (I),October 1974, 61-76 .
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Shaw, Timothy M., 'Nigeria's Political Economy: Constitutions, Capitalism and Contradictions', ODI Review, 2,1980, 76-85.
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Index
Activism (see Afrocentrism)Adedeji, Adebayo, 85
Review Panel on NigerianForeign Policy, 25,63-4, 65, 78
African, Caribbean andPacific (ACP) States, 40,82, 84-7, 192, 195
see also European EconomicCommunity (EEC); LomeConvention
African Development Bank, 198see also OAU; World Bank
Afrocentrism, 3-4, 31, 164,171-6, 201, 210
in Nigerian foreign policy,3-4, 26, 31, 38, SO,226
see also 'Pax Nigeriana';Mediation
Agents, 205, 226-7see also Bourgeoisie:
FractionsAgribusiness (see Agricul
ture: Multinationalcorporations)
Agriculture, 97, 197see also Food; Green
RevolutionAid, 27,40, 78, 108, 167,
175, 198, 200see also ECOWAS; EEC: UK:
US: World Bank
Air Force, 199see also Military
Ake, Claude, 1, 13, 16,226-7
Akinyemi, Bolaji, 9, 181,183, 207, 209, 211, 227
see also NigerianInstitute of International Affairs
Algeria, 38Alliances, 4,14,141
'Nigerian-AmericanAlliance', 49
'triple alliance', 3-4,13
Allison, Graham, 77-80Alternative approaches
(see Modes of analysis)Alternative futures, 24,
157, 179-84, 191-203,215, 218-26
optimistic, 215, 224pessimistic, 215, 224revolutionary, 224repressive, 224see also Policy alterna
tivesAluko, Olajide, 9, 24, 25,
31-2, 66, 165-6, 170,172, 180,207,227
Amin, Idi Dada (seeUganda)
Angola, 38, 49, 109, 173,
247
248 Index
175, 195, 210and the US, 36, 50recognition of, 3, 5, 26,
40, 89, 94, 109s e e al s o Portugal; Mozam
bique; Front LineStates
Apartheid, 26, 192, 196see a l so South Africa
Arikpo, Okoi, 61, 85Armed Forces ( see Military)Army, 198
s e e al s o MilitaryAudu, Ishaya, 23, 199
s ee also Joe Garba; JajaWachuku
Awolowo, Obafemi, 103-4, 180s e e al so Tafawa Balewa;
Shehu Shagari; UPNAyida, Allison, 77, 81-2
Balewa, Tafawa, 2, 23, 26,83-4, 106, 148, 164-7,176, 180-1, 192-3
Barclays Bank, 45see a l s o BP; Nationalisa-
t ion; UKBenin, 27,108 ,109,170, 175Biafra ( s e e Civil War) ,Bourgeo isie, 30, 127, 128,
135-7, 140-1, 148, 154 ,158, 160, 212-4, 221,223, 225, 226
bureaucratic, 8, II, 147,159, 223
competition among fractions,30, 160
comprador, 11, 13, 102,135, 143, 225
intellectual, 226-7managerial, II, 13,223military, 223-4national, 8, IS, 151, 226transnational , 8, I I, 226
Brazil, 2, 6, 7, 99, Ill,178, 217, 219
see also Evans; NICs
Bribery ( see Corruption)Britain (s e e United Kingdom)British Petroleum (BP),
30-1,39,45,98, 113,207
Bingham Report, 113see also Barclays Bank;
National isation;United Kingdom
Bureaucratic politicsapproach, 77-80
see also Rational policyapproach
Byrd Amendment, 37s e e also US
Cameroon, 109, 170, 181,182, 183
border clash, 109, 181,182-3
Capitalism in Nigeria, 3,28, 35, 44, 125-41, 171,172, 218-24
see al s o Bourgeoisie;Indigenisat ion; State;State capitalism
Carter, Jimmy,S, 35-41,48-9, 112 , 114
see a lso Richard Nixon;Ronald Reagan; US.
Casablanca Bloc, 192see a l so Monrov ia Bloc;
OAUCentral Bank , 47, ISO, lSI
see al s o Financialinstitutions
Centre, 12, 148see also Intermediary;
Periphery; Semiperiphery
Chad,S, 8, 27, 31,42,106,115, 175, 176, 181-2,200, 202, 210
China (People's Republic of),172
see also USSRCivilian rule, 26, 29, 103,
Index 249
164, 168, 181-3, 199-201see also Military rule
Civil war, 2, 84-5, 94, lOS,126, 127, 168, 169-71,173,207,211
Clapham, Christopher, 77Class (see Bourgeoisie;
Labour)Client state (see State)Cold War (see Superpowers)Commod i ties, 197
see also Agriculture;Petroleum
Commonweal th, 23, 62, 196,201
conferences, 39, 109, I 13Comprador (see Bourgeoisie)Congo (see Zaire)Corrupt ion, 98, 102, 138-9,
159Crocker, Chester, 50-2
see also Front LineStates; US
Cuba, 36, 42, SO, 79see also Angola; USSR
Dahomey (see Benin)Debt, 156
see also Aid; Investment;Loans; Trade balance
Defence (see Military)Denationalisation, 125, 140
see also Nationalisation;State
Dependence, 3, 28, 93, 100,128, ISS, 177-9,211-12,220
definitions of, 30, 158,17 I
petroleum and, 7, 28, 51,153, 169
relations of, 36, 148,157,211-12
schools of, 36, 158Deve lopment, 147, 151-60
school of, 36theories of, 216, 218-24
see also Dependence;Policy alternatives
Development plans (seeNational DevelopmentPlans)
Development policies, 14,147, lSI, 157, 159-60
see also Policy alternatives
Diplomatic function, 65-7power of Foreign Service,
88-90see also Ministry of
External AffairsDiplomatic missions
closure of Kampalamission, 87-8
structure, 65-7see also Ministry of
External Affairs;Foreign Minister
Diversification, 10 I, 109,I I I, 197
among partners, 43, 148,ISS, 172, 179
among products, 97, 179Doe, Samuel (see Liberia)
Eastern Europe, 35, III,167, 170-1
see also China; Cuba; USSREasum, Donald, 41
see also USEconomic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS),4, 6, 40, 62, 85-6, 93,95, 107, 175, 193,196-7,201,210
see also West AfricaEconomic cycles, 7, 12,51,
157, 169, 178-9see also Petroleum
Elite (see Bourgeoisie)Equatorial Guinea, 195Ethiopia, 42, 106, 175, 177,
195see also Ethiopia-Somali
250
conflict; Horn ofAfr ica; Somalia
Ethiopia-Somali conflict,42, 106, 175, 195
see also Horn of AfricaEurAfrica, 28, 177
see also Dependence; EEC;Industrial powers
Eurodollar market (seeLoans)
European Investment Bank(EIB), 156
see also EECEuropean Development Fund,
85see also EEC
European Economic Community(EEC), 8, 15, 28, 4°,83,84-7, 174, 195
Evans, Peter, 3, 6, 13see also Alliances;
Brazil; NICsExpatriates, 138, 150, 154
see also Indigenisation;Multinational corporations
Export Promotion, 154-5
Factions (see Fractions)FESTAC (Festival of Black
and African Arts andCulture), 29, 36, 48,95, 116n, 174-5, 226
Financial Institutions,125, 152-3, 162n
capital formation, ISSsee also Central Bank;
Indigenisation;Barclays Bank
Food, 29,47,179,197,214-5
imports, 29, 30, 21 Ipolicy, 47production, 197see also Agriculture;
Green Revolution;Population
Index
Ford, Gerald, 29, 40, 50,III
see also USForeign investment, 15, 44,
46, 112, 132, 149, 156and indigenisation, 130capital inflows, 132, 156see also Foreign loans;
Multinational corporations
Foreign loans, 156Foreign Minister, 59, 61, 65
see also Ishaya Audu; OkoiArikpo; Joe Garba;Jaja Wachuku
Foreign Office (see Ministryof External Affairs)
Foreign reserves, 28Fractions, 3, 8, II, 13-14,
30, 103, 127, 158, 160,223
see also BourgeoisieFrance, 31, 42, 83, 89, 99,
101, 155, 172, 181, 202Front Line States,S, 8, 26
see also Southern AfricaFuture (see Alternative
futures)
Gabon, 170Gaddafi, Muammar (see Libya)Gambari, Ibrahim, 165, 169,
210, 219, 227Garba, Joe, 37, 41
see also Ishaya Audu:Jaja Wachuku
Ghana, 27, 3 I, 4 I, 108,116, 175, 177, 210
Kwame Nkrumah, 110, 179,195
Rawlings' coups, 41, 108Gowon, Yakubu, 2, 85-6, 94,
III, 128, 159, 172,174, 196-7
see also Military government; Mohammed/Obasanjo period
Index 25 1
Gray, Cowan L., 206Great Powers (see France;
Industrial powers;Superpowers; UK)
Green Revolution, 47, 97,215
see also Agriculture;Food
Grundy, Kenneth W., 177Guinea, 108, 175Guinea-Bissau, 175
see also Angola;Mozambique
Herskovits, Jean, 180, 207Horn of Africa, 42
see also Ethiopia-Somaliconflict
House of Representatives,90
Idealists, 9-lOsee also Modes of
analysis; Radicals;Realists
Import-substitution ( seeIndigenisation;Industrialisation)
Indigenisat ion, 30, 36,44-7,49, 102, 125-43,151-60
acts and decrees, 30,126, 128, 151
avoidance or exemptions,132, 134
degree of compliance,132-40
policies for, 142requirements, 128-30
Industrialisation, 6, 100,ISO-I, 163n, 183,197-8, 215
Industrial powers, 8, 13,14, 28, 97, lOl, 109,111-15, 156, 171, 172,178, 205
see also EEC; France ;
Superpowers; UKInsurance (see Financial
institutions)Interdependence, 14, 158
see also DependenceIntermed iary, 12, 36, 41
see also Semi-periphery;Sub-imperialism
International DevelopmentAssociat ion (IDA), 156
see also World BankInternational Monetary Fund,
175Iran, 42, 47, 51, I IS, 198,
219see also OPEC
Islam, 199pilgrimages, 62see also Northern;
ReligionIsrael, 31Italy, 155Ivory Coast, 99, 174, 217
see al so ECOWAS, WestAfrica
Iyalla, Joe, 61seealso Ministry of
External Affairs; OkoiArikpo
Japan, 28, 101, 155Joint ventures (see Lnd i gerr
isation ; Multinationalcorporations)
Kissinger, Henry, 40, I I I,172
s ee also USKrasner, Stephen, 79
Labour, 101-2, 148, 151see al so Expatriates
Lagos Conference againstApartheid, 29, 45, 48
see also South Africa; UNLagos Plan of Action, 4, 29,
95
252 Index
Levels of analysis, 26see also Substructure;
SuperstructureLevels of interaction, 26Liberation (see Southern
Africa)Liberia, 27, 31,41, 108,
116Doe coup, 27,41, 108see also West Africa
Libya, 27,42, 109, 176;183
role in Chad, 27, 42,176,181-2
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG),28, 97, 153, 159
see also Multinationalcorporations;Petroleum
Loans, 7, 47see also Aid; Debt; Multi
national corporationsLome Convention, 82, 84-7,
109, 195see also ACP; EEC
Lule, Yusuf (see Uganda)
Manufacturing (see Industrialisation)
Mazrui, Ali A., 191Mediation, 5, 27,41, 106,
175Metropole (see Centre)Middle powers, 175, 177,
178, 183see also Brazil; Semi
periphery; SouthAfrica; Sub-imperialism
Military, 29, 105, III, 168-9,170, 183, 193-4, 198-9,202
Air Force, 199Army, 168, 198in Chad, 42, 182, 202in Congo, 194in foreign relations, 29in Lebanon, 194
Navy, 198-9strength, 105, 198,202
Military government, 94,127,164,167-76,182-3,209
see al s o Gowon; Mohammed/Obasanjo period
Minister of External Affairs(see Foreign Minister)
Minister of Foreign Affairs(see Foreign Minister)
Ministry of External Affairs,56-74, 80-2, 88-90
functions, 25, 58Kampala mission closure,
87-88, 89Minister or Commissioner,
58, 6 I, 65, 8 IPermanent Secretary, 60,
61- 2, 64, 65, 8 Irecruitment and training,
68-71reforms, 59-60, 61-2,
63-4, 72-4see also Adedeji review
panel; Diplomaticmissions; Foreignminister; Joe Garba;Jaja Wachuku
Mixed economy, 172see also Bourgeoisie;
Capitalism; Indigenisation
Mobutu, Sese (see Zaire)Modernisation (see Modes of
analysis)Modes of analysis, 14, 206,
228active v. conservative,
164-84 passim.modernisation, 215, 216,
219, 227orthodox, 9-10, 208, 210,
213-222radical, 10, 208-228see also Idealists;
Radicals; Realists;
Index 253
Substructure;Superstructure
Modes of product ion, IIMohammed, Murtala, 94, III,
172, 174see al s o Military govern
mentMohammed/Obasanjo period, 2,
I I, 15, 26, 78, 106,110, 209, 226
s e e also Murtala Mohammed;Olusegun Obasanjo
Mondale , Walter, 38, 49see also US
Monrovia bloc, 192see al so OAU
Morocco, 42, 109Mozambique, 37, 38, 175
see al s o Angola; FrontLine States; SouthernAfrica
MPLA (see Angola)Multinational corporations
(MNCs) , 15,44,45,56,98, 126-41 passim ,147-59 passim, 220
s e e also Foreign investment; Industrial powers
Muzorewa, Bishop (seeZimbabwe)
Namibia,S, 38-9, 50, 52,114, 196
see also Southern AfricaNational Advisory Council, 64Nat ional Development Plans,
30First (1962-8), 149Third (1975-80), 44, 154Fourth (1981-4), 30, 154see also World Bank
National income, 7, 29-30,93, 97, 153
National interest, 32, 96see also Olajide Aluko
Nationalisation, 45, 98Barclays Bank, 45
BP, 30-1, 45, 98see also Indigenisation;
Multinational corporations
Nat ionalism, 125-6, 151 ,160, 163n, 221
economic, 126 , 131, 141political, 128, 152see also Indigenisat ion
National Party of Nigeria(NPN) , 15, 103, 199
see also Shehu Shagari;UPN
Navy, 198-9see also Military
Neo-colonialism, 97see also Dependence
Netherlands, 28, 99, I 15KLM, 102see also EEC
Neto, Agostinho (seeAngola)
Neutralism (see Nonalignment)
Newly IndustrialisingCountry, 2, 13,24, 28,209, 216, 219
s e e also Brazil; NewlyInfluential Country
Newly Influential Country,9, 209, 216, 2 19
s ee al s o Middle powers;Newly IndustrialisingCountry
New Zealand, 174Niger, 27, 37, 107, 110 , 175Nigeria
Africa policy, 3-4,41,50, 95, 106-110
Africa power, 93, 109,113-4, 164, 173
aid from, 108, 175, 198foreign policy defined by
constitution, 25, 69,180- 1, 192,200
influence, 115-6, 175-6,183leadership of, 12,168,180-1
254 Index
major power, 12, 175,193,207,214
other ministries, 57politica l economy, 205-26,
228regional power , 115-6,
182-3see also Afrocentrism;
Ministry of ExternalAffairs
Nigerianisation (see Indigen i sa t Lon )
Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA),58, 59 , 70, 226-7
see also Bolaji AkinyemiNigerian National Petroleum
Corporation (NNPC), 44,98, 153, 158
see also Indigenisation;OPEC; Petroleum
Nixon , Richard M., 37, 111see also Ronald Reagan; US
Nkomo, Joshua (seeZimbabwe)
Nonalignment, 4,16,28,31,170-1,194,218
and economic alignment, 3,35
under Balewa, 26, 166-7,176, 178
under Mohammed/Obasanjo,26, 176
Northern, 12, 3 I, 103-4,168, 178
see also Islam; NigeriaNuclear policy, 105Nyerere, Julius (see
Tanzania)Nzimiro, Ikenna, 207-8,
226-7
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 5, 37,45, 87-8, 108, 112,129-30, 200, 205, 226
see also Military government; Mohammed/
Obasanjo periodObote, Apollo Milton (see
Uganda)OECD states (see Industrial
powers)Ofoegbu, Ray, 208, 225-6,
227Ogunbadejo, Oye, 3-4, 9, 23,
26, 31Oil (see Petroleum)Oil boom (see Economic
cycles)Oil weapon, 44, 93, 108,
115see also OPEC
Ojo, Olatunde, 6Olympics, 174Organisation of African
Unity (OAU), 4, 23, 37,40, 42, 62, 82, 85-6,106, 109, 110, 167, 192,193, 195, 201
see also Front Line StatesOrganisation of Petroleum
Exporting Countries(OPEC), 14, 23,44, 125,193
see also NNPC; Petroleum;Saudi Arabia
Osoba, Segun, 212, 213,214,220,222,223,224,225, 226-7
Owen, David (see UK)
PanAfricanism, 4see also Afrocentrism;
OAUParastatals (see Jo int Ven
tures; Nationalisation;NNPC; State capitalism)
Party politics (see Civilian government; NPN;UPN)
'Pax Nigeriana', 36, 39-43,50, 207
see also Bolaji AkinyemiPeripheral state (see
Index 255
Dependence; Semiperiphery; Underdevelopment)
Periphery, 147-8see also Semi-periphery
Petroleum, 43-7, 51-2,97-100, 153, 157-8, 169,178-9, 207, 211, 214
Agip, 153revenue scandal, 98see also BP; Indigenisa
tion; Industrialisation; Multinationalcorporations; NNPC
Phillips, Claude S., 180Policy alternatives, 179-84,
201-3economic policy, 183-4foreign policy, 179strategic policy, 181-3see also Development
Political economy, 14, 20526, 228
see also Modes ofanalysis; Radicals;Substructure
Population, 100, 197see also Food; National
incomePortugal, 167, 170
see also Angola; Mozambique; SouthernAfrica
Power politics (seeRealists)
Power, 1,24,100,109-10,114-16, 178, 193
bases of, I, 24, 36, 96-8,106,183,197,202,206-18
of Foreign Service, 88-90see also National interest;
NigeriaPresident (see Yakubu Gowon;
Murtala Mohammed; SegunObasanjo; Shehu Shagari)
Press, 181
Prime Minister (see TafawaBalewa)
Projectior.s (see Alternativefutures)
Racism (see Apartheid)Radicals, 10, 208-28
see also Dependence;Idealists; Realists;Substructure
Rational policy approach, 82Rawlings, Jerry (see Ghana)Reagan, Ronald S., SO-52,
114see also Richard Nixon
Realists, 9-10, 210-1 I,213-22, 226-8
see also Idealists;Radicals
Religion, 31see also Islam; Northern
Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe)Role conceptions, 23, 27-8
liberation supporter, 27regional leader, 28status quo mediator, 27
Sahara, 27, 31, 42, 83,106, 107-8, 115, 175,210
Sahel, 175Sahraoui Arab Democratic
Republic (SADR) (seeSahara)
Saudi Arabia, 14, 43, 219see also Iran; OPEC;
PetroleumSchatz, Sayre, 173,213-4,
220-221, 222, 224, 225Semi-industrialisation (see
Industrialisation)Semi-periphery, 2, 3, 7,
12, 13, IS, 177, 209,219, 224
see also IntermediarySenate, 90Senegal, 174, 175
256 Index
see also ECOWAS; WestAfrica
Shaba (see Zaire)Shagari, Alhaji Shehu, IS,
27, 29, 38, 51, 90,103-4, lOS, lIS, 179,199, 202
see also NPN ; Tafawa BalewaSmith, Ian (see Zimbabwe)Somalia, 42, 175, 195
see also Ethiopia-Somaliconflict
South Africa, 50-I, lOS,116, 167, 170, 173, 193,196, 210
apartheid, 193, 196multinational corporations,
30see also Namibia
Southern Africa, 3, 5, 26, 4~93, 166-7, 170, 171, 174,193, 195,201,210
and the US, 36see also Front Line States
South West Africa (seeNamibia)
South West Africa People'sOrganisation (SWAPO) (seeNamibia)
Soviet Union (see USSR)State, 126, 131, 140, 145n
client type, 36, 147-51,225
involvement in economy,125, 142-3, 151
support of Nigerian bourgeoisie, 128-30, 225
see also NNPC; NigeriaState capitalism, 15
see also Bourgeoisie;Capitalism; Nationalisat ion
Sub-imperialism, 183, 210see also Semi-periphery;
West AfricaSubstructure, 205-26
see also Modes of analysis;
SuperstructureSuperpowers, 194
see also Industrialpowers; US; USSR
Superstructure, 205-26see also Levels of
analysis; Modes ofanalysis; Substructure
Tanzania, 37, 38, 82, 110,106
war with Uganda, 41, 87-8,175, 195
see also Front LineStates; SouthernAfrica
Thatcher, Margaret (seeUK)
Togo, 175, 193see also ECOWAS; West
AfricaTrade balance, 29-30
see also DebtTransnational corporations
(see Multinationalcorporations)
'Triple alliance', 3-4 , 5,6, 8, 13
see also Bourgeoisie;Brazil; Evans
UgandaAmin regime, 82, 87-8Lule regime, 4 1war with Tanzania, 41,
87-8, 106, 175, 195see also Ministry of
External Affairs Kampala missionclosure
Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics (USSR), 35,42, 100, III, ISS,166-7, 170, 171
Ajaokuta steel works, 100civil war, 35, 171
United Kingdom (UK), 12,
Index 257
29,111-12,113-14,148, 166-7, 172
Anglo-American initiatives on Zimbabwe,37-8
Bingham Report, 113James Callaghan, 112David Owen, 37Margaret Thatcher, 39see also Barclays Bank;
BP; EECUnited Nations (UN), 37,
62, 110, 194-5,201Nigeria on Security
Council, 37, 110United States (US), 12, 28,
29, 35-52, 111-12, ISS,172, 215
and food, 215and petroleum industry,
44, 215Congress, 37, 40investment, 45-7see also Jimmy Carter;
Donald Easum; RichardNixon; Andrew Young
Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN),103-4
see also NPN; ObafemiAwolowo
Vance, Cyrus, 39, 42see also US
Wachuku, Jaja, 31, 59, 180,205
see also Ishaya Audu; JoeGarba
Wallerstein, Immanuel, II,12, 15
see also Semi-peripheryWayas, Joseph, 49, 107West Africa, 3, 5-6, 27, 31,
107-9, 170, 175-6, 193,
201-2, 210integration, 3, 4, 27regional dominance and
Nigeria, 12,31response to coups, 4, 27,
108see also Chad; ECOWAS;
Ghana; Ivory Coast;Liberia; Senegal
Western Sahara (see Sahara)West Germany, 47,99,101,
III, 114-5, ISS, 156see also EEC
World Bank, 47, 156, 162n,175
see also IDAWorld system
cycles in, 12see also Dependence;
State; Wallerstein
Young, Andrew, I, 5, 8,36-7,41,47, 112
see also Jimmy Carter; US
Zaire, 35, 109, 167, 174Shaba, 4 I, 42
Zamb ia, 37, I 75Kenneth Kaunda, 112see also Front Line
States; SouthernAfrica
Zartman, I. William, 177Zimbabwe,S, 27, 37-9, 40,
116, 193, 210independence of, 94, 109,
200Rhodesian UDI, 82-4, 89support of, 78US and, 37-40, 112-14,
172see also Front Line
States; SouthernAfrica