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382

2

2-4-6 task, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84,85,96,279,281,284

A

Adirondacks, 353 Adler, Mortimer, 276 affluence, 197, 198, 199,200,349 Alvarez, Walter, 79 analogy, 4,54,70, 100, 101, 102, 103,

104,105,106,107,110,123,124, 166,175,202,203,205,208,243, 244,248,249,272,277

Anderson, Ray, 204, 215, 216, 217, 225, 235,277

Angell, Marcia, 221, 224, 225, 227, 228 Anzai, Yuichiro, 91, 92, 96 Ashley, J.N., 134

B

Baars, B., 65 BACON

and confirmation;and discovery; and ECHO, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17,18,30,41,54,66,67,68,71, 91,175,176,277

Baldwin, Neil, 112, 113, 174 Bank, The World, 201 Banville, John, 1,2 Barker, P., 63 Bast, Joseph L., 198,201,210,211 Bazerman, Charles, 14, 15 Bechtel, William, 277 Bell, Alexander Graham, 9,12,103,

119,120,124,125,126,127,130,

Index 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151,153,154,155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 202,244,253,260,272,276,277, 283,284,290,291,292,293,294, 295,296,297,298,299,300,301, 302,303,304,305,306,307,308, 309,311,316,328,331,335,340, 341,343,345,346,350

Berkenkotter, Carol, 108 Bishop, Jerry E., 220 black-boxing, 24 Blake, c., 144 Bliss, Michael, 31, 344 Boden, M., 105 Bradshaw, G.L., 169 Brannigan, Augustine, 40, 41, 69 breast implants, 89, 215, 217, 218, 219,

221,224,227,228,229,230,232, 233,236

Bredo, Eric, 106, 151,294 Brewer, William F., 87, 88, 90 Bringuier, Jean-Claude, 87 Bruce, Robert V., 131, 154, 164, 166 Bruner, J., 53,154,171 Bucciarelli, Louis 1.,93,94,95,96,255,

339,345 Burnham, John, 219, 224 Burton, Thomas M., 59 Butler,George Lee, 196 Byrne, John A., 221

c Calmenson, Diane Wintroub, 242 Campbell, Donald, 61 Campbell, Joseph, 7, 8, 344 Cantor, Geoffrey, 28

Carlson, Bernard, 24, 121, 123, 138, 153,162,166,174,234,260,294, 295,344

Carson, Rachel, 200, 201, 210, 217 case-based reasoning, 69, 113,219 Chapman, Gary, 59 Cheng, Peter C., 66, 68, 69, 77 Chi, M.T.H., 130, 131 Chou, Dao-Lain, 290 Clancy, Michael, 292 Clement, John, 87, 104, 106 Close, Frank, 113, 114, 115 cognitive science, 175,295 cognitive style, 19,27,42, 85, 108, 125,

168,170,293,347 Colangelo, Nicholas, 112, 113, 172 Collins, H.M., 9, 58, 65, 81, 115, 124,

184 Commoner, Barry, 200, 201, 203, 337 computer simulations, 69, 288 confidence, 37, 60,235,304 Confirmation, 260 confirmation bias, 59, 78, 99, 123, 193,

225,227,228,260 conformity, 35,36 Cortese, Anthony D., 355 Covey, Steven R., 310 Crane, D., 110, 181 creativity, 45, 68, 69, 273, 286, 289,

316,324,330,339,340,342,343, 347,348

Crouch, Tom, 112, 169, 170 Csiksenmihaly, Mihaly, 250, 310, 321,

344

D

Darden School of Graduate Business Administration, 206, 218, 249, 262, 312

DAX-MED, 77,85 Dee-Lucas, Diana, 92 Desmond, Adrian, 107 Dessauer, John H., 174 Devonian controversy, 12,42,100,343 Diamond, Jared, 274

Index

384

disconfirmation, 74, 76, 79,81,83,84, 85,90,96,108,226,279,289

discovery, 1,5,7,8,9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,18,19,20,21,24,25,26,27,28, 29,30,31,36,38,39,40,42,43,44, 45,46,47,48,49,52,56,62,63,66, 67,68,69,71,72,73,74,78,79,82, 83,84,90,97,98,99,103,105,106, 108,110,113,114,115,116,117, 127, 166, 172, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180,181,184,190,194,197,221, 227,235,250,272,277,279,280, 285,286,289,290,292,305,310, 330,337,338,339,340,343,346, 347,350,351,354

Doherty, M.E., 79, 83, 280 Donovan, Arthur, 73 Dow Corning, 89, 211, 212, 213, 214,

215,216,217,218,219,220,221, 222,223,224,225,228,230,231, 234,235,246,273,309,311,323

Dunbar, Kevin, 70,83,84,85,86,89, 90,96,98,99,100,105,109,110, 163,168,169,171,287

Dyer, F.L., 245

E

Eddington, A.S., 73 Edge, D., 101 Ehrlich, Paul, 197, 200, 201 Einstein, Albert, 13, 14,26,45,49,53,

57,59,73,78,179,180,181,182, 189,341,342,344,345

environmental intelligence, 197, 198, 199,200,201,

203,204,206,207,208,210,211, 232,234,236,237,238,239,240, 241,242,243,245,247,248,250, 251,252,253,255,261,262,263, 264,265,266,267,268,272,273, 274,275,277,312,313,314,315, 317,318,320,321,322,323,325, 326,328,329,331,332,333,334, 335,337,338,339,345,347,348, 349,351

Ericsson, K. Anders, 43, 72,150

TRANSFORMING NATURE

~or, 78, 79,284,285 Etheric Force Controversy, 113 ethics

respect for persons, 178, 276 Eureka problem, 32 expert problem solving, 91 explanatory coherence, 66, 90, 97

F

frusification,58, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 99,100,279

Faust, D., 69, 91 Feigenbaum, 69 Feist, Gregory, 153 Ferguson, E., 277 Feynman,FUchard,11,20,58,59,60,

63,293 Finke, R.A., 172, 173 Flower, Linda, 108 frame, 15, 18,45,52,53,55,57,64,65,

66,87,88,101,103,109,121,122, 123,170,191,197,202,208,221, 231,233,234,236,247,251,255, 272,273,274,276,277,284,313, 314,321,332,345,347,348,355

Frameworks, 121 Freeman, R. Edward, 293 Friedel, Robert, 139, 148 Friedman, Milton, 207, 208, 326

G

Galison, Peter, 45 Gamson, William, 280 Gardner, M., 250, 293 Gell-Mann, Murray, 201 Generru Relativity, 73,345 Giere, Ron, 62, 247 Gilligan, Carol, 312 Gingerich, Owen, 45 Gioia, Dennis, 192, 193, 194,222,230,

312 Gleick, James, 11, 20 Goodfield, June, 346

385

Gooding, David, 21, 22, 24, 26, 29, 30, 39,66,109,150,290

Gorman, Michael, 6, 23, 30, 39,65,71, 73,74,78,81,98,99,107,108,116, 121,126,153,249,262,290,295

Gray, Elisha, 119, 120, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 149, 154, 157, 160, 161, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169,170,171,172,173,174,291, 292,293,298,303,311,341,346

Green, Alison, 74, 83, 96, 207, 242, 244, 245,265,351

Gross, Paul, 56, 57,60,61 Gruber, H., 25, 39, 45, 107, 109, 110 Guilford, 204, 248

H

Hanson, N.R, 235, 351 Haraway, Donna, 60 hard cores, 171, 261 Hardin, Garrett, 198 Hargrove, Eugene, 325 Harr, Jonathan, 9, 124, 184 Hawken, Paul, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208,

211,242,250,262,272,349,353 Henderson, Hazel, 250 heuristics, 5, 7, 9,17,18,25,66,67,68,

69,75,77,82,86,90,91,92,97, 106,109,110,123,124,125,171, 197,202,249,277,347

Hicks, Diana, 55 Hofstadter, Douglas R, 101 Holmes, Larry, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 108,

124, 143 Holton, G., 2, 4, 14,45,49,73,79, 104,

194 Holyoak, Keith J., 101, 102, 103, 104 Hounshell, David, 126 Hoyt, W.G., 45, 46, 48, 78 Hughes, Thomas, 117, 173 Hutchins, Edwin, 64, 65,175,176 hypothesis, 9, 12, 16, 17,24,25,27,32,

33,35,36,37,38,47,53,59,65,71, 72,73,74,75,76,77,79,80,81,82, 83,84,85,86,88,89,98,99,107,

I

108, 109, 110, 117, 163, 168, 169, 180,226,231,279,285,286,299, 336,345,347

incommensurability, 57 induction, 14,24,25,26,27, 161, 165,

225,302,311 Interface, Inc., 204, 206, 207, 208 Ippolito, Maria, 103 ~in,AJan,220,221

J

Jasanoff, Sheila, 235 Jenkins, Reese, 24, 121 Johnson-Laird, P., 65, 77, 82 Josephson, M., 116, 121 Judson, H.F., 260 justification, 15,52,72,106,172,173,

227,288

K

Kagiwada, Julia, 290, 294 Keith, William, 10,56,221,222 KEKADA, 16, 17, 18,30,66,67,68,

175 Keller, E.F., 56, 57, 220, 355 Kessler, David, 219, 225, 226 Kevles, Daniel J., 112 Kidder, Tracie, 343 Kingsbury, IE., 142 Klahr, D., 84, 85, 87, 89,90,96,97,

163, 168, 169, 171 Klayman, J., 75, 76, 77, 80 knowledge, 15, 17,21,24,26,49,51,

52,54,55,56,57,61,62,64,65,67, 69,86,88,90,91,96,97,101,104, 105, 107, 123, 125, 126, 127, 168, 174,175,179,183,185,192,194, 197,220,229,232,270,276,277,

Index

386

278,279,289,290,291,309,323, 329,336,337,341,345,350,351

Koestler, Arthur, 2, 3,4, 5, 7,13,54 Kohlberg, Lawrence, 312 Kolodner, Janet L., 113, 154, 289 Kossovsky, Nir, 89, 226, 227, 228 Kozhamthadam, Job, 2, 3,4, 5, 9 Krishnamurti, J., 355 Kuhn, T.S., 11, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,

57,58,62,63,87,88,89,90,96,97, 105,117,193,225,235

Kulkarni, D., 16, 17, 18, 67

L

Labinger, Jay A., 60, 61 Lakatos, I., 12,47, 171,261 Langley, P., 5, 67, 69, 169 Larkin, J.H., 91, 92, 96 Latour, B., 24, 55, 59, 62, 64, 97, 98,

178,179,261 Law, John, 2, 3,4,5,7,9,79, 112, 167,

197,242,249 Leach, Chuck, 231 Leary, David, 101 Leopold, Aldo, 202 Lewan, Todd, 210 Lewis, Tom, 119,235 Lovins, Amory, 208, 209, 327 Lovins, L. Hunter, 208, 209 Lynch, Michael, 44, 64

M

Mahoney,M., 77, 78 Mahowald, Misha, 148 Mangareva, 274 Martin, M.W., 68, 113 Matthewsm Michael R., 9, 92 Maxwell, James Clerk, 26, 65 McClintock, Barbara, 56, 57, 220, 350

355 ' McCloskey, M., 87 McDonough, William, 202, 203, 204,

205,206,208,211,232,234,236, 242,243,244,245,246,247,248,

TRANSFORMING NATURE

249,250,251,255,261,262,272, 273,277,312,313,314,316,317, 321,326,332,334,343,345,347, 349,353,355

~cKJbben,Bill,209 ~ehalik,~atthevv,237,249 mental model, 2, 4,5,8, 11, 12,21,25,

26,44,48,51,64,77,79,82,85,86, 87,88,89,90,92,96,97,98,101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 162, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 179,180,190,192,193,197,203, 209,242,243,244,248,249,261, 272,277,298,336

~erchant, Carolyn, 202, 234, 240 ~erton, Robert K., 54, 310 metaphor, 39, 101, 102, 103, 110, 123,

124,180,184,197,355 Meyer, Ralph 0., 102 ~ilgram, S., 191, 192,286 ~iller, A.L., 11 ~troff, 1.1., 47, 100 modules, active learning, 97,289,290,

294,295,325,326,331,332,333, 337,338,340

~oscovici, S., 116 ~yers, G., 61,108,117 ~ynatt,C.R.,83,84,280,284

N

Natural Step, The, 204, 205, 206, 207, 232,233,236,250,251,262,263, 277,321,333,347,355

Nersessian, Nancy J., 21, 26 normal science, 52, 87, 96,105 Norman, D.A., 56, 82,122,175 291 novice problem solving, 70, 71:81, 87,

o

88,89,91,92,96,97,98,101,106 107,124 '

operators, 68, 319, 353

387

p

Pacey, Arnold, 178 paradigms, 53, 295 Perkins, David N., 122, 123 Perrovv, Charles, 194 Peters, D.P., 214 Petroski, Henry, 277 phonautograph, 166, 170, 174 Piaget, Jean, 87, 88, 109 Pickering, Andrevv, 58 Pinch, Trevor 1.,55,57,73, 115, 184

235 ' Plucker, Jonathan, 304 Polynesian, 274 Popper, K.R., 3, 51, 52, 58, 72,73 106

225 ' ,

population, 107, 109, 187, 197, 198, 199,200,201,202,210,263,269 302,323 '

Portugal, Franklin H., 31 Potter, J., 55 publication, 20, 27, 72,108, 112, 115,

181,262,280 pursuit, 116, 186, 299, 350

Q

Qin, Simon, 7, 8, 67 Quinn, Daniel, 49, 201, 202

R

reflexivity, 65, 106 Reid, T.R., 117, 118, 119, 167 Reif, Frederick, 96 Relativity theories, 73, 345 replication, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,

86,97,103,115,282 representations, 24, 27, 52, 68, 82, 92,

96,97,98,100,103,122,123,125, 127, 160, 161, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170,171,174,176

Rhodes, F.L., 105, 182, 194 Richards, Larry G., 290, 294, 331 Rohner Textil, 234, 238, 239, 240, 245,

248,249,272,314,315,316,318, 323,333

Root-Bernstein, Robert Scott, 49 Rosch, Eleanor, 122 Rosenhan, D.L., 60 Rosenwein, Robert, 107, 108, 116, 117,

280 Roth, Wolf-Michael, 278, 289 Rudwick, MJ.S., 31, 32,34,35,36,37,

99, 100 Ryle, Gilbert, 276, 277

s Sagoff, Mark, 199,274 Schaffer, Simon, 28, 45, 72 Schank, Roger c., 69, 193, 248, 249 Schauble, Leona, 113 Searle, John, 175, 176 second nature, 355 Seifert, Colleen M., 102 Sen, Amatya, 339 Sen, Arnratya, 198,246,316,339 sequences, 16,30,59,89, 178, 179, 183,

184,186,189,194,204,210,236, 274,275,277,278,281,324,349, 350

Sherif, Muzafer, 195 Shrager, J., 66, 67, 68, 69,84 Shrivastava, Paul, 236 silicone, 89, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217,

219,221,223,224,225,226,227, 228,229,230,232,233,234,236

Simon, Herbert A., 7, 8, 9,17,43,66, 68,72,87,102,108,203,247,317, 337,344

Simon, Julian, 203 simulation, 30, 38, 39, 40, 45, 65, 66,

67,68,69,70,74,81,84,90,96, 103,107,109,110,123,175,279, 280,282,283,284,285,286,287, 288,289,355

Index

388

skills, 64, 89, 90, 96, 163, 197,211,277, 278,292,303,305,309,330,338, 346

Skinner, B.F., 62, 108,349 Slezak, P., 67, 69 Snow, C.P., 28, 60, 61 Stephenson, Bruce, 2, 9, 12 Stokes, Donald E., 288 stubbornness, 12, 19,20,25,27,42,47,

108,170,346 sustainability, 203, 208, 211, 234, 237,

242,243,247,274,275,313,321, 326,329,333,350

T

Taubes, 89, 116 Taubes, Gary, 10, 89, 116, 226 Taylor, Lloyd, 119, 120, 126 technology

in developing countries, 12, 24, 64, 69,162,166,178,179,186,188, 194,197,198,199,200,201,212, 243,244,250,253,258,261,262, 265,266,267,268,270,271,272, 278,282,285,289,306,307,309, 322,323,324,325,326,327,328, 331,332,333,334,335,342,346, 347,349,351,352,353

techno science, 24 telegraph, 116, 119, 120, 125, 126, 127,

161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,171,172,174,253,277,293, 298,306,311,341,343

Telephone, 119,290,316 Thagard, Paul, 38, 39, 41, 66, 90, 101,

102, 103, 104 Tweney, Ryan D., 21, 25, 27, 28, 76, 77,

79,83,87,103,109,123,280,290

v validity, 54,161,220 Vanderford, Martha L., 223 Vaughan, Diana, 190, 194, 231

TRANSFORMING NATURE

w Waltz, D.L., 30 Wason, Peter, 71, 73, 74,80,81 Weber, Robert, 122 Werhane, Patricia, 190, 191,218,249,

262 Westrum, R., 343 Wharton, Charles M., 77 Wiener, Norbert, 184,277,278

389

Williams, 164,262,263,265,266,267, 268,324,325

wisdom, 61,277,278,289,303,309, 313,323,335,336,354

Wise, Tad, 112 Woo\gar, Steve, 97, 98

z Zimbardo, Philip, 192, 286