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417© Th e Editor(s) (if applicable) and Th e Author(s) 2016R. Barras, A Wealth of Buildings: Marking the Rhythm of English History, DOI 10.1057/978-1-349-94980-9

A Adam, Robert , 66, 68, 69, 98 agricultural depression , 141, 148–50,

152, 154, 186, 273, 368 agricultural revolution , 18, 19, 21, 111 agriculture , 13, 14, 18–21, 36–43,

109, 110, 141, 142, 148–50, 155, 362, 366, 368

economies of scale , 20, 32, 366 enclosure , 19, 21, 37 improvements , 18, 19, 37 productivity , 19–21, 110 tripartite structure , 20, 366

American War of Independence , 7, 12, 38, 39, 164, 366, 367

Amsterdam , 229 ancien régime , 5–10, 170, 367, 368 architecture, Classical

Baroque , 52, 53, 56–61, 74, 82, 84, 89, 93, 95, 97, 185, 191, 217, 328, 367

Greek Revival , 73, 74, 100, 176, 177

Neoclassical , 53, 66–70, 72, 74, 82, 89, 98, 99, 176–8, 215, 219, 313, 367

Palladian , 53, 54, 61–7, 74, 82, 84, 89, 95–9, 187, 197, 215, 367

Roman originals , 53, 66–8, 70, 177, 178

architecture, Modern , 69, 312–22, 329–40, 347–9, 370

Art Deco , 317, 318, 329, 330 International Style , 315, 316 Neo-Modernist , 321, 332, 339,

340, 371 post-war reconstruction , 319,

321, 331, 370 architecture, Picturesque , 54, 72–4, 184

Gothic Revival , 70–74, 99, 100, 176, 179–82, 192, 193, 215, 327

Index

418 Index

architecture, Post-Modern , 319–22, 334–41, 371

High-Tech , 321, 336, 337, 340 aristocracy , 5–7, 26, 28, 29–36,

45–50, 74–7, 84–9, 93–8, 141–50, 186–93, 355, 362–8

decline , 148–50, 186, 364, 368 extravagance , 31, 47, 48, 50, 74,

87, 89, 191–3 incomes , 33–5, 43, 76, 77, 94–8,

141, 148, 186, 187, 191–3, 363

indebtedness , 42, 43, 48, 191 wealth , 30–5, 76, 77, 97, 147–50,

362, 366 Arkwright, Richard , 119, 134, 152,

153, 164 Arup, Ove , 335, 336 Ashridge Park, Hertfordshire , 91, 99,

100 Asquith, Herbert , 132, 133 Attlee, Clement , 249

B bankers , 28, 46, 100, 101, 150–2,

143–5, 154, 233, 264, 287–91 banking

commercial banks (see separate entry )

country banks , 23, 111, 118, 229 foreign banks , 235, 258, 259 global banking system , 260–4,

370 investment banks (see separate

entry ) joint-stock banks , 230, 232, 234,

294

merchant banks (see separate entry )

multinational banks (see separate entry )

private banks , 23, 111, 229, 230, 235

banks, commercial , 234–6, 254, 255, 258, 263

Barclays , 235, 255, 263, 288, 349 centralization of capital , 234, 235,

255 Lloyds , 235, 255, 263, 271 Midland , 235, 255, 329, 346,

347 National Westminster , 235, 258,

263, 332, 347 profi tability , 235, 236, 255 Royal Bank of Scotland , 263, 271

banks, investment , 260–4, 270–2, 287, 349, 370

Goldman Sachs , 287, 290, 349 Lehman Brothers , 271 profi tability , 287

banks, merchant , 229, 230, 233–5, 254, 260, 294

Barings , 100, 101, 145, 154, 229, 230, 234

profi tability , 234, 235 Rothschilds , 145, 152, 154, 229,

230, 234 takeover by investment banks ,

260 banks, multinational , 232, 236, 255,

258 Hong Kong and Shanghai

Banking Corporation (HSBC) , 232, 236, 263, 338, 349, 351

Baring, Sir Francis , 100

Index 419

Barry, Charles , 178, 179 Bearwood, Berkshire , 188, 195, 196 Beckford, Alderman William , 28, 49,

72, 99 Beckford, William , 72, 99, 356 Bentham, Jeremy , 131 Birmingham civic buildings , 219, 220

Council House , 212, 220 Town Hall , 176, 177, 212, 219 Victoria Law Courts , 183, 212,

215, 220 Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire , 59,

60, 90, 93, 94, 198, 356 bourgeoisie , 28–31, 75, 82–89, 93,

98–100, 127, 134–6, 142–7, 150–5, 186, 187, 193–7, 367, 368

commercial , 28–31, 46, 75, 142, 143, 150–2, 194, 195, 202, 367

fi nancial , 28, 29, 46, 75, 142–7, 150–2, 154, 194, 195, 367, 368

industrial , 28, 29, 79, 134–6, 142–7, 150–3, 186, 187, 202, 367, 368

Boyle, Richard, earl of Burlington , 32, 63, 64

Bradford civic buildings , 181, 218, 219

bridges Clifton Gorge , 172, 175 Menai Strait , 172, 175

Bristol civic buildings , 213, 220 British Empire , 10–13, 22, 23, 238,

239, 366, 368 conversion to Commonwealth ,

243, 253, 256

British world system , 238–43, 253–7, 368

overseas investment (see separate entry )

Brown, Lancelot ‘Capability’ , 70, 72 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom , 168,

170, 172, 175, 356 Brydges, James, duke of Chandos ,

48, 62, 95 building cycles , 26, 267, 268,

292–303, 308–10 long cycles , 267, 269, 294 major cycles , 267, 294

building industry , 75, 159 building investment , 26, 74–93,

155–60, 186–97, 200–21, 291–312, 341–51, 353–7, 360–71

Buildings of England , vii, ix, 77, 193, 202

building technology , 170–6, 185, 216, 295, 296, 299, 300, 314–16, 321, 348

Burke, Edmund , 8, 29

C Campbell, Colen , 2, 61–4, 95, 96

Vitruvius Britannicus , 2, 61 canals , 33, 100, 112, 120, 148, 149,

157–65, 356, 368 canal mania , 160, 164, 165 competition from railways , 120,

165 investment returns , 165 sources of capital , 163

Canary Wharf , 298, 299, 332, 338, 339, 348–51

420 Index

Citigroup Centre , 325, 339, 349 HSBC Tower , 325, 338, 349, 351 One Canada Square , 325, 332,

338, 341, 348, 355, 356 One Churchill Place , 325, 339, 349

Canons, Middlesex , 48, 90, 95 capital , 109, 111, 117–19, 122, 123,

126, 163, 165–7, 230, 234–6, 244, 245, 248–50, 266, 269, 270, 279, 284, 285

centralization , 122, 167, 234, 236, 250, 255

concentration , 122, 230, 250 human , 117, 125, 244, 279, 285 physical , 117, 244, 249, 279,

369, 378 capitalism , 13–30, 108–27, 133–40,

142–7, 155–60, 228–37, 242, 253–64, 284–7, 355, 356, 360, 361, 366–70

agrarian , 18–21, 29, 30, 110, 141, 150, 355, 360, 361, 366

commercial , 21–9, 110, 126, 151, 228, 242, 355, 360, 367

fi nancial , 21–9, 111, 126, 151, 229–37, 242, 253–64, 360, 361, 367, 370

gentlemanly , 26, 144, 145, 233, 260, 294, 375

industrial , 104, 108–27, 133–40, 155–7, 173, 174, 242, 356, 360, 361, 367, 368

monopoly , 250, 286 oligopolistic , 124, 233, 255, 260,

262, 286 capitalist class , 26–9, 127, 133–6,

140–7, 150–5, 233, 237, 273–5, 285–91, 367–70

fractions of capital , 142–4, 166, 273, 367, 368

ideology , 142–4, 375, 376 plutocracy , 143–7, 287–91, 368,

370 Cassel, Ernest , 237 Castle Drogo, Devon , 185, 196 Castle Howard, Yorkshire , 59, 60 Cavendish, William, fi rst duke of

Devonshire , 58, 94 Cavendish, William, sixth duke of

Devonshire , 43, 191 Chamberlain, Joseph , 220 Chartist movement , 104, 129, 130 Chatsworth, Derbyshire , 58, 90,

188, 191, 198 Chicago offi ce towers , 314, 330 Chiswick House, London , 32, 64 Churchill, John, duke of

Marlborough , 11, 59, 94 City of London , 23, 24, 28, 46, 126,

143–7, 151, 152, 226–37, 239–43, 253–64, 287, 288, 291, 292, 296, 297, 368, 370

Big Bang , 259, 260, 298, 309 dominance of British economy ,

126, 144, 242, 263, 264, 370 economic structure , 233, 236,

237, 262, 263, 291, 292, 296, 297

domestic role , 126, 230, 235, 237, 254, 255

global role , 228–30, 232–6, 239–43, 253, 254, 256–64, 368

City of London institutions Bank of England , 23, 25, 229 banks (see separate entries ) building societies , 233, 255, 259 hedge funds , 261, 262

Canary Wharf (cont.)

Index 421

insurance companies (see separate entry )

Lloyds insurance market , 23, 229, 336

pension funds , 255, 308 Stock Exchange , 23, 229–31,

237, 255, 256, 259 City of London offi ce building ,

292–312, 341–51, 371 building technology (see separate

entry ) height restrictions , 295, 297 major building cycle , 294–303,

308–10 Offi ce Development Permits

(ODPs) , 297, 298, 308 plot ratios , 297, 298 productivity , 295, 296, 299–302 speculative development , 298,

299, 308, 309, 346 City of London offi ce buildings

Adelaide House , 323, 330, 331 99 Bishopsgate , 324, 332, 348 Broadgate Centre , 325, 326, 335,

339, 349 Bucklersbury House , 324, 331,

332, 347 Commercial Union Building ,

324, 332, 333 Daily Express Building , 324, 329,

330, 349 20 Fenchurch Street (Th e Walkie-

Talkie) , 226, 227, 326, 340 Finsbury Circus , 328, 329 Heron Tower , 326, 340 Holland House , 323, 329, 330 Leadenhall Building (Th e

Cheesegrater) , 226, 326, 340, 349

Lloyd’s Building , 324, 336, 337, 346

London Bridge Tower (Th e Shard) , 223–7, 326, 340, 343, 349, 355

London Wall , 324, 333, 334, 337, 347

Midland Bank Headquarters , 323, 329, 346, 347

NatWest Tower , 324, 332, 340, 347, 348

No. 1 Poultry , 325, 337, 346 Paternoster Square , 334, 335, 337 Prudential Assurance Building ,

323, 327, 328, 346 Sun Life Assurance Building , 323,

327, 344, 346 Swiss Re Tower (Th e Gherkin) ,

226, 325, 339, 340, 349 Willis Building , 227, 325, 339,

349 City of London offi ce market , 297–9,

303–12, 343, 344, 349–51, 371 accelerating obsolescence , 302,

305 development profi ts , 308, 309,

347 institutional investors , 306–10 investment returns , 304–12 overseas investors , 310, 312,

349–51 property booms (see separate

entry ) property companies (see separate

entry ) civic building , 159, 199–221, 369,

379 civic pride , 103–6, 201, 202, 215,

369, 379

422 Index

climaxes , 201–6 competitive rivalry , 202, 208,

215, 216, 218 construction costs , 202, 206–21 functional types , 200–2, 204–6,

208–10 innovation cycle , 210, 211 regional split , 201–4, 211

civic buildings exchanges , 200, 202, 206, 211 law courts , 200, 202, 211, 220 libraries , 201, 202, 206, 208, 211,

221 market halls , 172, 173, 201, 202,

206, 208, 216, 219, 220 museums , 201, 202, 206, 216,

220 size , 206–8, 212, 213 town halls , 200, 202, 208, 210,

211–21, 252, 303 class , 29–36, 45–50, 55, 56, 133–47,

287–91, 357–76 ascendant , 30, 31, 46, 47, 133–6,

359–71 confl ict , 7, 8, 55, 56, 129, 132–4,

136–40, 359, 360, 363, 365, 367

dominant , vii, 29–36, 142–7, 287–91, 359–71, 373–6

leisure class , 45–50, 55, 56, 376 proletariat , 8, 17, 136–40 structure , 34, 35, 133–40, 142–7,

359, 361 Cobbett, William , 9 Cobden, Richard , 106, 140, 143, 144 Cockerell, Charles , 327 Codrington, Christopher , 99

Coke, Th omas, earl of Leicester , 42, 63, 96, 97

Conservative Government 1979–90 , 251, 252, 259, 280, 282, 284

conspicuous consumption , 31, 47, 48, 146, 147, 376

conspicuous investment , 43, 48–50, 366

consumer prices , 14, 15, 36, 37, 42, 251, 309

Corn Laws , 38, 128, 129 cotton industry , 23, 103–5, 109,

110, 114–6, 119, 120, 122, 137, 152, 153, 158, 248

Lancashire , 103, 120, 152, 153 mills , 104, 114, 120, 157, 171 triangular trade , 23, 120

country house building , 49–54, 74–101, 186–98, 355, 356, 366–8

climaxes , 77–82, 186, 187 construction costs , 76, 88, 89,

93–101, 187–97 construction rate , 84–8, 187 fi nancial burden , 43, 77, 87, 94,

95, 97, 99, 191, 197 funding sources , 43, 76, 94–100,

186, 187, 191–7 regional split , 78–80, 187 vintages , 81–4, 88, 89, 186

country house plan , 3, 50–4, 58–60, 62–6, 69, 72, 179, 184

compact block , 50, 62, 63, 87 entrance hall , 4, 52, 53, 60, 63,

64, 66, 69 saloon , 4, 52, 53, 60, 63, 65, 66 wings , 52, 56, 57, 59, 62, 63

civic building (cont.)

Index 423

country houses , 1–4, 48–56, 58–101, 179–82, 184–98, 366–8

bourgeois villas , 64, 74, 82–9, 96, 98–101, 184, 185, 193–7

conveniences , 50, 52, 187, 192, 193 gardens , 50, 52–4, 65, 70, 72, 73 ownership , 82–9, 186, 187 size , 84–7, 187 survival , 197, 198

country house structure facade , 3, 58–60, 62, 63, 69 piano nobile , 3, 62, 69 portico , 3, 60, 62–4, 69

country house styles Arts and Crafts , 185 Baroque , 52, 53, 58–61, 93–5 Gothick , 71, 72 Gothic Revival , 72, 74, 99, 100,

179–81, 191–4 Jacobethan , 180, 193, 195 Neoclassical , 53, 67–70, 98, 99 Neo-Georgian , 185, 196 Old English , 184, 196 Palladian , 1, 2, 53, 54, 61–6,

95–8, 197 Renaissance , 178, 179, 195 Tudorbethan , 180, 184

Cragside, Northumberland , 184, 196 Crystal Palace , 173, 174, 238, 313,

337 Curzon, Sir Nathaniel , 66, 98

D Defoe, Daniel , 30, 31, 48

Th e Complete English Tradesman , 30 deindustrialization , 244, 251, 252,

370

Disraeli, Benjamin , 130, 138 Dodington, George , 95 Dodington Park, Gloucestershire ,

90, 99 Drummond, Henry , 100 Dutch Wars , 10

E East India Company , 12, 22, 28, 46,

239 Eaton Hall, Cheshire , 180, 181, 188,

192, 193, 356 Eckstein, Friedrich , 197 economic cycles , 265–72

asset price bubbles , 268, 270, 271, 294

real estate cycle , 267, 268, 270–2, 292–4

economic growth , 13–18, 115–26, 155–7, 243–53, 367, 369

capital , 118, 157, 244, 245, 250, 252

labour , 15, 118, 138, 244, 245 output , 14, 15, 115–8, 123, 230,

244, 248, 250–2 productivity , 14, 15, 118–20,

123, 124, 138, 139, 245, 247–52

trade , 22, 23, 119, 122, 240, 253 economic restructuring , 13–15,

109–15, 243–53 mergers , 122, 124, 248, 250, 260 rationalization , 247–52 shift to industry , 13–15, 109–15 shift to services , 126, 244, 248,

250, 252, 253 Edward VII , 147, 237

424 Index

egalitarianism , 273, 276–9, 283 Egerton, Francis, duke of

Bridgewater , 164 Egerton, John, earl of Bridgewater ,

100 Elvetham Hall, Hampshire , 180 Engels, Friedrich , 104, 127, 137,

138, 142 Th e Condition of the Working Class

in England , 104 engineers , 163, 167, 170–6, 335,

336, 369 structural innovation , 171–3,

335 Enlightenment , 113, 126, 313

F factory system , 104, 121, 122, 131,

132, 136–9 economies of scale , 121, 122 employment of women and

children , 121, 136–8 working hours , 137–9

Fane, John, earl of Westmorland , 63, 96

fi nancial crises Banking Crash 2008 , 252, 261,

264, 265, 270–2, 287, 299, 310, 350, 351, 370

South Sea Bubble , 24, 265, 266 Wall Street Crash , 268, 269

fi nancial instruments bills of exchange , 23, 229, 230 company stocks , 23, 119, 230,

231, 236, 237, 255, 256 derivatives , 261, 263, 270, 271 Eurocurrencies , 258, 259, 263

government bonds , 23, 25, 40, 230, 236, 237, 255, 271

securitized assets , 261, 270–2 fi nancialization , 256, 257, 273, 287,

303, 351, 370 fi nancial services , 23–6, 111,

228–37, 244, 253–64, 287, 288, 370

adoption of ICT , 252, 253, 260, 261

deregulation , 251, 253, 257–60, 298

innovation , 252, 253, 261, 270 Finch, Daniel, earl of Nottingham ,

94, 95 First World War , 133, 139, 185, 197,

237, 240, 242–4, 253, 254, 275, 276, 278, 369

economic consequences , 243, 253, 254, 275, 276

fi scal-military state , 10–13, 21, 24, 74, 111, 112, 127, 228, 366

Flitcroft, Henry , 63, 97 Fonthill Abbey, Wiltshire , 71, 72,

90, 99 Foster, Norman , 226, 321, 338, 339,

349, 351 franchise , 6–10, 127–30, 275–7

First Reform Act , 9, 10, 127, 128, 367, 368

Second Reform Act , 130 Th ird Reform Act , 130 universal adult suff rage , 276, 277

French Revolution , 8, 12, 50, 69, 168, 367

French Wars , 9, 13, 15, 26, 27, 37–9, 112, 229, 230, 243

Index 425

functional imperative , vii, viii, 77, 201, 343, 362

G Gay, John , 4

Th e Beggar’s Opera , 4 gentry , 26, 28–36, 45–50, 55, 56,

74–7, 82–9, 365–7 greater gentry , 28, 31–5, 45, 50,

74, 78, 89, 96, 366 lesser gentry , 28, 31–5, 365, 366 middling gentry , 1, 2, 34, 35, 60,

78, 88, 89, 96 wealth , 28, 30, 32, 34, 35,

48, 76 Gibbs, James , 2, 62

A Book of Architecture , 62 Gladstone, William , 130, 146, 195 globalization , 224, 225, 232–4,

238–42, 256–64, 269–72, 286, 287, 303, 310, 312, 349–51, 370, 376

global super-rich , 225, 286–91, 370, 376

Glorious Revolution , 2, 5, 9, 61, 111, 228, 366

government fi nance , 24–7, 131, 228, 275, 277–9, 282, 283

bond yields , 25, 38, 40, 307, 310–12

national debt , 25–7, 228, 243, 249, 264, 366

taxation (see separate entry ) Gramsci, Antonio , 373 Grand Junction Canal , 165, 170,

356 Grand Tour , 35, 63, 75

Great Depression , 245, 248, 253, 254, 268, 269, 273, 296

Great Exhibition , 173, 238 Great Levelling , 275–80, 369

welfare state , 273, 276–9 Great Western Railway , 168, 170,

356 Greenwich Palace , 57 Gregory Gregory , 180, 191 Grenville, Richard, Earl Temple , 98 Grey, Earl Charles , 9 Gropius, Walter , 315, 316 Grosvenor, Hugh, fi rst duke of

Westminster , 193 Grosvenor, Sir Richard , 45

H Hampton Court , 58, 101, 355 Harlaxton Manor, Lincolnshire , 180,

188, 191 Hawksmoor, Nicholas , 58, 59 hegemonic building , ix, 376–9

symbolic capital , 378 hegemony , ix, 29, 30, 142–5, 232,

233, 288, 366, 369–76 ideology , 142, 143, 283, 288,

374, 375 punctuated , 371–6

Hilferding, Rudolf , 242 Finance Capital , 242

Hoare, Henry , 63, 96 Hobson, John , 241

Imperialism , 241 Holkham Hall, Norfolk , 1, 63, 65,

90, 96, 97 Holles, John, duke of Newcastle ,

33, 39

426 Index

Houghton Hall, Norfolk , 1–4, 62, 63, 90, 96

Howard, Charles, earl of Carlisle , 59, 94

I iconic buildings , vii-ix, 50, 199, 303,

322, 351, 353–72 India , 12, 22, 239, 241, 256 industrial decline , 122–6, 240, 241,

243–7, 251, 252, 369, 370 causes , 123–6, 240, 245, 247

industrialists , 134–6, 144–6, 151–4, 196

social origins , 134, 145, 153 wealth , 28, 151–4

Industrial Revolution , 13–18, 108–22, 139, 155–7, 356, 367, 368, 375

causes , 109–14 coal production , 112, 113, 116 fi rst phase , 14, 15, 115–20, 157,

367 second phase , 115–22, 157, 368 steam power , 113, 114, 117, 120

inequality , 15, 17, 32–4, 55, 56, 104, 139, 244, 275–9, 284–7, 366, 367, 369

narrowing , 139, 244, 276–9, 285, 369

widening , 15, 33, 34, 275, 284–6, 366, 367

information and communication technology (ICT) , 252, 260, 261, 297, 303

insurance companies , 229, 236, 255, 294, 296, 306–8, 310, 312

Commercial Union , 236, 332, 333 investment portfolios , 236, 255,

306, 307, 312 Legal and General , 308, 331, 347 Prudential , 236, 308, 327, 328,

346 investment , 19, 20, 33, 42, 44, 45,

110–14, 117–24, 153, 155–70, 240–2, 244–50, 252, 254, 266, 267, 368–70

agriculture , 19, 20, 42, 157 infrastructure , 33, 112, 120, 121,

155–70, 368, 369 manufacturing industries , 110,

111–14, 117–20, 123, 124, 157, 248, 249, 254

overseas (see separate entry ) service industries , 247, 248, 250,

253 urban development , 44, 45,

157–9, 370 iron-framed buildings , 171, 369

J Jacobite rebellion , 11 Jessop, William , 163, 165, 170 Jones, Inigo , 3, 44, 53, 58, 60–2, 64,

68, 178, 329 Jones-Loyd, Samuel, baron

Overstone , 154

K Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire , 66, 90, 98 Kent, William , 2, 64, 65, 70 Kerr, Robert , 195

Th e Gentleman’s House , 195

Index 427

L Labour Government 1945–51 , 249,

277–9, 369 Lancashire civic buildings , 204,

211–17 Bolton market hall , 212, 216 Bolton town hall , 212, 215 Lancaster town hall , 213, 217 Liverpool, St George’s Hall , 178,

211, 212, 217, 218 Preston, Harris museum , 212,

216 Rochdale Town Hall , 212, 215

land market , 31, 36–43, 141, 149, 150

landowners , 29–36, 45–50, 55, 56, 77–101, 140–4, 147–50, 186–93

aristocracy (see separate entry ) gentry (see separate entry )

landownership , 31–6, 44, 45, 140–2, 147–50

shares by class , 32–5, 148 size of estates , 34, 148 urban estates , 33, 45, 144, 148

landscape gardening , 50, 52, 54, 65, 70, 72, 73

Le Corbusier , 315, 316 Leeds civic buildings

Kirkgate Market Hall , 213, 219

Town Hall , 182, 212, 217 Lever, William, Viscount

Leverhulme , 146 Leveson-Gower, George, duke of

Sutherland , 147, 148 Liberal Government 1906–14 , 132,

133, 149, 278, 369

Lloyd George, David , 133, 276 local government , 199–202 Locke, John , 5

Two Treatises of Government , 5 London , 43–7, 122

British Library , 355, 356 Canary Wharf (see separate

entry ) County Hall , 221 Covent Garden , 44, 173 Crossrail , 356, 357 railway stations , 172, 178, 182 town houses , 44, 49, 191, 366,

378 West End , 46, 73, 97, 288

London estates Bedford Estate , 45, 97 Grosvenor Estate , 45, 148

London to Birmingham Railway , 167, 168, 170, 178

longue durée , 359 Luddite movement , 8 Lutyens, Edwin , 185, 196, 329,

346

M Manchester , 44, 103–8, 181, 211,

215 cotton industry , 103–5, 120,

122 Peterloo Massacre , 9, 105 poverty , 104, 105, 137

Manchester civic buildings Free Trade Hall , 105, 183 John Rylands Library , 211, 212,

215 Royal Exchange , 212, 215

428 Index

Town Hall , 105–8, 170, 192, 193, 211, 212, 215, 328, 346

manufacturing industry , 14–16, 109, 112–26, 157, 158, 248–51, 368

automobiles , 117, 123, 248, 250 chemicals , 112, 117, 248 cotton (see separate entry ) electrical , 117, 123, 248 electronics , 250 engineering , 112, 115, 117, 120 iron and steel , 109, 115, 117,

120, 122, 249 metal-working , 109, 110, 112,

123, 158 shipbuilding , 112, 117 woollen textiles , 109, 112, 123,

158, 248 Marx, Karl , 127, 136, 142, 265 mercantilism , 21, 22, 110, 128, 129,

239, 364, 366 merchants , 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 46,

150–2, 154, 365, 367 wealth , 23, 25, 28, 31, 150–2

Mereworth, Kent , 62, 63, 90, 96 Mill, John Stuart , 131, 283

On Liberty , 131 mode of production , 13, 18, 21,

108, 109, 126, 127, 134, 142, 155, 158, 374, 377

Modern Domesday survey , 148, 154 Modernism , 176, 185, 312–22,

329–31, 334, 338, 339, 370, 376

modernization , 112, 119, 125–33, 247, 249, 273, 276, 369

monarchy , 2, 5, 6, 53, 362, 364, 365, 375

Morrison family , 152, 154 Morris, William , 185

N Nash, John , 72, 73, 176 national identity , 6, 375 national product , 13–15, 117–19,

244, 248, 250–2, 273–5 neoliberalism , 273, 283, 284, 376 New York offi ce towers , 313, 314,

317–19, 330, 331 Nine Years War , 11, 26

O Offi ce of the King’s Works , 58, 61 Old Corruption , 8, 9 OPEC oil price rises , 251, 270, 298,

309 Ottershaw Park, Surrey , 189, 197 overseas investment , 126, 144, 234,

237, 240–3, 254, 256, 263 returns , 241, 242

P Paine, Th omas , 8

Rights of Man , 8 Palace of Westminster , 170, 175,

179, 356, 357 Palladio, Andrea , 61, 63, 64

Four Books of Architecture , 61 Paris,

Louvre , 57 Versailles 12 , 57

Parliament , 5–10, 47, 127–30, 133, 275, 276, 365, 366

Manchester civic buildings (cont.)

Index 429

path dependence , 123, 124, 242, 371, 372

Paxton, Joseph , 173 Peckforton Castle, Cheshire , 179,

188, 191 Peel, Sir Robert , 128, 153 Pelli, César , 338, 339 Piano, Renzo , 224–6 Pitt, William the Younger , 7, 26, 35 population growth , 14, 15, 137,

244, 245, 276 Post-Modernism , 319–22, 334, 335,

337 price infl ation 1970s , 251, 298, 309 private property rights , 13, 19, 111,

127 property booms , 267–72, 294–303,

306–10 early 1970s , 269, 298, 308, 309 late 1980s , 270, 298, 299, 309,

310 mid 2000s , 270, 271, 299, 310

property companies , 304–10 British Land , 349 Canary Wharf Group , 299, 350,

351 City of London Real Property

Company , 306, 307 Land Securities , 307 Olympia and York , 299, 350

Pugin, Augustus , 174, 179, 180 Contrasts , 174

punctuated equilibrium , 373, 376

Q Qatar Investment Authority , 224,

350, 351

Queen’s House, Greenwich , 3, 63, 329

R railways , 120, 121, 157, 158,

165–70, 230, 234, 237, 256, 369

investment returns , 166, 167 network expansion , 121, 158,

168, 169 railway companies , 148, 159,

166, 167, 169, 230, 234, 237, 256

railway mania , 160, 168, 230 sources of capital , 166, 234, 237

real estate investment , 267–71, 303–12, 349–51

globalization , 270, 310, 312, 349–51

property booms (see separate entry )

recessions 1974/5 , 251, 270, 298, 309 1980/1 , 251, 298 1991/2 , 270, 299, 309 Great Recession 2008/9 , 270–2,

310 Repton, Humphry , 72, 73 rhythm of history , vii, ix, 357–72

chronology , 360–71 Rogers, Richard , 226, 321, 336, 340,

349, 351 Rothschild family , 145, 152, 154,

180, 182, 194, 195 Ruskin, John , 174, 180, 181

Th e Stones of Venice , 174, 180 Russell, John, duke of Bedford , 97

430 Index

S Salvin, Anthony , 179, 192 Schumpeter, Joseph , 169, 266, 266

creative destruction , 169 Scientifi c Revolution , 113, 126, 313 Second World War , 245, 249, 256,

258, 269, 277, 296, 307 economic consequences , 249, 256

Seifert, Richard , 331, 332, 334 Sellar, Irvine , 224, 351 service industries , 15, 244, 247, 248,

250, 252, 253 fi nancial services (see separate

entry ) innovation , 248, 252 productivity , 247, 252, 253

service revolution , 244, 253 Seven Years War , 12, 28 Shaw, Norman , 184, 196 Smirke, Robert , 73, 74, 100, 176 Smith, Adam , 30, 129

Th e Wealth of Nations , 129 Soane, John , 70 social reforms , 105, 130–3, 276–9 Southill, Bedfordshire , 90, 98 state, role of , 111, 112, 127, 130,

131, 199–202, 276, 278, 357 Stephenson, Robert , 168, 170–2 Stirling, James , 322, 337 Stonehenge , 377 Stourhead, Wiltshire , 62, 63, 96 Stowe, Buckinghamshire , 53, 65, 90,

98 St Paul’s Cathedral , 58, 215, 291,

332, 334, 355 Stratton Park, Hampshire , 100, 101 Strawberry Hill, Middlesex , 71, 73

Sullivan, Louis , 314, 331 Swift, Jonathan , 24 Syon House, Middlesex , 69

T Talman, William , 58 taxation , 24–6, 111, 131, 133, 228,

275–8, 282, 283, 327, 366, 369 income tax , 26, 131, 133, 275,

277, 278, 282, 283 inheritance tax , 131, 133, 277,

278, 283 land tax , 24, 25, 32, 133

technological revolutions , 114, 115, 117, 119–21, 123, 124, 155, 157, 158, 160–70, 244, 248, 250, 252, 260, 369

general purpose technology , 114, 117, 248, 252

Telford, Th omas , 163, 172 Teulon, Samuel , 179, 180 Th atcher, Margaret , 251, 280 Th e Grange, Northington,

Hampshire , 90, 100 Tollemache, Baron John , 179, 191 trade , 21–3, 25, 30, 31, 110, 194,

228, 229, 232–4, 238–40, 242, 253, 254, 256, 257, 269, 366, 368

colonial , 22, 25, 28, 31, 110 slave trade , 22, 23, 98, 194 trade defi cit , 240, 256, 272

trade unions , 132, 136, 139, 140, 275–7, 280, 282, 370

membership , 139, 275, 277, 280, 282

Index 431

strikes , 133, 139, 251, 282 turnpike roads , 112, 160–2

U unifi ed growth theory , 14, 17, 127,

244 urbanization , 43–5, 110, 122,

157–60, 291, 292, 368, 369 transport-building cycle , 157, 158 urban population , 43, 110

V Vanbrugh, Sir John , 58, 61, 93, 95 van der Rohe, Mies , 315, 316, 318,

332, 337 Veblen, Th orstein , 47, 48, 376 Vitruvius , 67

W Waddesdon Manor , 182, 188, 195 wages , 14, 15, 17, 21, 137–40, 244,

250, 252, 284 subsistence , 21, 47, 137, 138

Walpole, Horace , 71, 96 Walpole, Sir Robert , 1–4, 11, 62, 71,

96 Wanstead House, London , 62, 96 War of Austrian Succession , 11, 38,

39 War of Spanish Succession , 11, 48, 94

Waterhouse, Alfred , 106, 180, 181, 192, 327, 346

Watson-Wentworth, Th omas, marquess of Rockingham , 97, 98

Watt, James , 114 Wedgewood, Josiah , 111, 134, 152,

164 Wentworth Woodhouse, Yorkshire ,

63, 90, 97 Whig supremacy , 7, 11, 53, 67, 95 Whitbread, Samuel , 98, 152 Wilkes, John , 7 Williams, Owen , 329, 330 Wills family , 153, 168 Witley Park, Surrey , 189, 196 Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire ,

90, 97 Wren, Sir Christopher , 57, 58, 61 Wright, Whitaker , 196, 197 Wyatt, James , 70, 72, 99

Y Yorkshire civic buildings , 204,

217–19 Halifax, Borough Market , 212,

219 Hull Guildhall , 213, 219 Middlesbrough Town Hall , 212,

218 Sheffi eld Town Hall , 183, 212,

218