BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR ACCRA MCI PROGRAM

This bibliography was prepared as part of a background study on urban development in Accra for the Earth Institute Millennium Cities Initiative (MCI). We hope other research institutions, development organizations, civil society groups and other parties find it useful.

Note: For access to journal articles, please contact the respective author(s).

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Ghana National Development Planning Reports 1

Demographic & Migration Studies Literature 2

Land Policy Literature 4

Economic Studies Related to Urbanization 6

Accra Spatial Planning Literature 7

Transportation Sector Literature 10

Housing/Shelter Literature 12

Water & Sanitation Sector Literature 14

Solid Waste Management Sector Literature 16

Public Health-Related Literature 18

Gender Issues/Studies Literature 20

Literature on Politics, Governance, Institutions etc. 21

  1  

Ghana National Development Planning Reports

Republic of Ghana National Development Planning Reports/Strategies

Republic of Ghana (1995). Ghana Vision 2020 (The first step: 1996-2000).

Republic of Ghana (2003). Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy 2003-2005: An agenda for growth and prosperity. Volume 1: Analysis and Policy Statement.

Republic of Ghana National Development Planning Commission (2006). Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS II): National Monitoring and Implementation Plan, 2006-2009.

Republic of Ghana National Development Planning Commission (2008). The implementation of the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS II) 2006-2009: Annual Report.

Republic of Ghana National Development Planning Commission (2006). Guidelines for the preparation of district medium-term development plan under the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2006-2009.

Republic of Ghana National Development Planning Commission (2009). Guidelines for the preparation of district medium-term development plan under the Medium-Term Development Policy Framework 2010-2013.

Republic of Ghana Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (2007). 2057 Budget.

Republic of Ghana Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (2009). National science, technology and innovation policy – September 2009.

Ghana Development Reports (WB, ADF, UNDP, etc.)

African Development Fund (2005). Ghana country strategy paper, 2005-2009.

Favrvacque-Vitkovic, C.; Raghunath, M.; Eghoff, C.; Baokye, C. (2008). Development of the cities of Ghana: challenges, priorities and tools. World Bank Africa Region Working Paper Series, no. 110.

United Nations Development Programme (2007). Ghana Human Development Report: Towards a more inclusive society.

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Ghana Demographic & Migration Studies Literature

Government of Ghana Reports

Ghana Statistical Service (1995). Migration research study in Ghana, volume 1: internal migration. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service.

Ghana Statistical Service (1995). Migration research study in Ghana, volume 2: international migration. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service. [

Ghana Statistical Service (2005). 2000 population & housing census of Ghana : demographic, economic and housing characteristics : total country (2005). Accra, Ghana: Ghana Statistical Service. Ghana Statistical Service (2005). 2000 population & housing census: Analysis of district data and implications for planning – Greater Accra Region. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service. Ghana Statistical Service (2008). Ghana in Figures 2008 Report. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service

Ghana Statistical Service (2008). Ghana living standards survey: report of the fifth round. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service. Journal articles, other reports, etc. Adams, M., & Anum, J. D. (2005). Statistical Information Resources and Development Planning in Ghana. Information Development, 21(2), 138-145.

Adams Jr., R.H. (2007). An overview of data contained in the 2005/06 Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 5) (sub-sample) on migration and remittances. Washington, D.C: World Bank.

Agyei-Mensah, S., & Owusu, G. (2009). Segregated by neighbourhoods? A portrait of ethnic diversity in the neighbourhoods of the Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Population, Space and Place, 9999(9999), n/a. Ammassari , Savina. 2004. "From Nation-building to Entrepreneurship: The Impact of Elite Return Migrants in Cote D'Ivoire and Ghana." Population, Space and Place 10: 133-54. Anarfi , J., Kwankye, S., Ofuso-Mensah, A., Tiemoko, R..(2003). Migration to and from Ghana: A Background Paper. Development Research Center on Migration , Globalization and Poverty, Working Paper No. 4 . Univ. of Sussex, UK.

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Asiedu, A. (2005). Some benefits of migrants' return visits to Ghana. Population, Space and Place, 11(1), 1-11.

Bertrand, M.; Delaunay, D. (2005). Residential Mobility in the Greater Accra Region: Individual and geographic differentiations. Paris: Centre Population et Developpment. Black, Richard, Russell King, and Richmond Tiemoko. 2003. Migration, Return and Small Enterprise Development in Ghana: A Route out of Poverty? International Workshop on Migration and Poverty in West Africa. Univ. of Sussex, UK, Mar. 13-14. Diko, Johnson, and Graham Tipple. 1992. "Migrants Build at Home: Long Distance Housing Development by Ghanaians in London," Cities: 9 288-94.

Harvey, M. E., & Brand, R. R. (1974). The spatial allocation of migrants in Accra, Ghana. The Geographical Review, 64(1), 1-30.

Henry, Leroy, and Giles Mohan. 2003. "Making Homes: The Ghanaian Diaspora, Institutions and Development." Journal of International Development 15: 611-22.

Mohan, Giles. 2006. "Embedded Cosmopolitanism and the Politics of Obligation: The Ghanaian Diaspora and Development." Environment and Planning A 38: 867-83.

Owusu, G. (2008). Indigenes' and migrants' access to land in peri-urban areas of Accra, Ghana. International Development Planning Review, 30(2), 177-198.

Orozco, Manuel. 2005. Diaspora, Development and Transnational Integration: Ghanaian in the U.S., U.K. and Germany. Institute for the Study of International Migration and Inter-American Dialogue.

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Ghana/Accra-related Land Policy Literature Government Policies Government of Ghana Ministry of Land and Forestry (1999). National Land Policy. Studies/Reports Agbosu, L. Awumbila, M., Dowuona-Hammond, C., Tsikata, D. (2007). Customary and statutory land tenure and land policy in Ghana. Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon. Technical Publication No. 70.

Antwi Adarkwah and John Adams . 2003a. "Economic Rationality and Informal Urban Land Transactions in Accra, Ghana." Journal of Property Research 20: 67-90.

Aryeetey, E.; Ayee, JRR; Ninsin, K.A.; Tsikata, D. (2007). The politics of land tenure reform in Ghana: from the Crown Lands Bill to the Land Administration Project. Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon. Technical Publication No. 71.

Aryeetey, E., Al-Hassan, R.M., Asuming-Brempong, S., Twerefou, D.K. (2007). The organization of land markets and production in Ghana. Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon. Technical Publication No. 73. Aryeetey, E., Kotey, N.A.; Amponsah, N.; Bentsi-Enchill, K. (2007). Legal and institutional issues in land policy reform in Ghana. Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon. Technical Publication No. 74.

Botchie, G; Akabzaa, T., Gyasi, E; Sarpong, D.B. (2007). Land tenure, land use and environment in Ghana. Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon. Technical Publication No. 72. Center for Democracy and Development, Ghana (2000). Corruption and other constraints on the land market and land administration in Ghana: a preliminary investigation. Accra: CDD Ghana. Karikari, I.B. Ghana’s Land Administration Project (LAP) and Land Information Systems (LIS) Implementation: The Issues. Paper for 5th FIG Regional Conference, Accra, Ghana, March 8-11, 2006. Kasanga Kasim, Jeff Cochrane, Russell King, and Michael Roth. 1996. Land Markets and Legal Contradictions in the Peri-Urban Area of Accra Ghana"

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Informant Interviews and Secondary Data Investigations. Land Tenure Research Center, Working Paper No 127. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. Larbi, W. O., Antwi, A., & Olomolaiye, P. (2004). Compulsory land acquisition in Ghana - policy and praxis. Land Use Policy, 21(2), 115-127.

Republic of Ghana Ministry of Lands and Forestry (1999). National land policy. Accra: Republic of Ghana. Somvei, J.K. (2001). The effectiveness of institutions in land registration in Ghana. London: RICS Foundation. Ubink, J.M. & Amanor, K.S. (eds). (2008). Contesting land and custom in Ghana: State, chief and the citizen. Leden: Leden University Press.

Yanksok, P.W.K. (Date?). Access to land, tenure security and growth within the informal economy of the urban and peri-urban areas in Ghana. . Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon. WaterAid Ghana & UN HABITAT (2009). A study on land tenure in urban areas.

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Economic Studies Relevant to Accra Urbanization Barr Abigail M. 1995. The Missing Factor: Entrepreneurial Networks, Enterprises, And Economic Growth in Ghana . Centre for the Study of African Economies, Working Paper: 95-111. Univ. of Oxford, UK. Ghana National Development Congress (2009). Manifesto for a better Ghana: overview.

Grant, Richard. 2001. "Liberalisation Policies and Foreign Companies in Accra, Ghana," Environment and Planning A 33: 997-1014. Hammond, Nikoi. 2006. "The Social Costs of Real Estate Market Information Gaps in Ghana." Urban Policy and Research 14: 391- 408. Hart, K. (1973). Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 11(1), 61-89.

Killick, Tony. 1978. Development Economics in Action: A Study of Economic Policies in Ghana. New York: St. Martin's Press. Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo. (2000). "The Best of Times and the Worst of Times: Structural Adjustment Programs and Uneven Development in Africa: The Case of Ghana." Professional Geographer 52: 469- 83. Konadu-Agyemang, K; Adanu, S. (2003). The changing geography of export trade in Ghana under structural adjustment programs: some socioeconomic and spatial implications. Professional Geographer, 55(4): 513-527. Mends, Theodora 2006 Property Valuation in Ghana: Constraints and Contradictions. Paper presented at he Promoting Land Administration and Good Governance Conference, Accra, Ghana March 8-11. Mmieh, Frederick, and Nana Owusu-Frimpong. 2004. "State Policies and the Challenges in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment: A Review of the Ghana Experience." Thunderbird International Business Review 46: 575-99 United Nations. 2003. Investment Policy Review: Ghana. New York: United Nations. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2002. Ghana’s Gateway Program http://rO.unctad.org/ ttl/ppt-2002-J J -25/ghana/ghana-present.htm. United Nations Industrial Development Organization. 2003. Project Profiles: Ghana. Vienna: UNIDO.

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Accra Urban Planning Literature Government Policies Government of Ghana Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (1993). Local Government Act. Government of Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (1994). Environmental Protection Agency Act. Government of Ghana Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development Urban Development Unit (2011). National Urban Development Policy. Accra City “Profiles” Amuzu, A.T.; Leitmann, J. (1994). Accra: urban environmental profile. Cities, 11(1): 5-9.

Grant, Richard, and Paul Yankson. 2003. "Accra: City Profile." Cities 20 65-74

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2009). Ghana: Accra urban profile.

Local Development Plans Government of Ghana Ministry of Housing (1958). Accra: A Plan for the Town. Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA). (1999). Five-Year Medium Term Development Plan. Report. Accra: Accra Metropolitan Assembly. Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA) and Ministry of Works and Housing. (2002). A Strategic Action Plan to Address the Issue of Squatter/Temporary Developments in the Metropolis. Accra: Accra Metropolitan Assembly. Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA). (2007). Five-Year Medium Term Development Plan: Profile, Implementation, Yearly Plans, Monitoring & Evaluation. Accra: Accra Metropolitan Assembly Government of Ghana Ministry of Local Government Town & Country Planning Department, United Nations Development Programme. (1991). Strategic Plan for the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area.

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Urban Development Planning in Accra and Ghana (books)

Grant, Richard. (2009). Globalizing City: The Urban and Economic Transformation of Accra, Ghana. Syracuse University Press: Syracuse Ofori, Sam. (2002). Regional Policy and Regional Planning in Ghana. Ashgate: Burlington. Pellow, Deborah. (2002). Landlords and Lodgers: Socio-Spatial Organization in an Accra Community. Westport: Praeger. Songsore, Jacob. (2003). Regional Development in Ghana: The Theory and Reality. Accra: Woeli Publishing Services.

Urban Development Planning in Accra and Ghana (journal articles, reports etc. )

Antwi Adarkwah and John Adams 2003b. "Rent-seeking Behavior and Its Economic Costs in Urban Land Transactions in Accra, Ghana." Urban Studies, 40: 2083-98. Asabere, P.K.; Sirmans, C.F. ; Colwell, P. (1982). The intensity of residential land use in Accra, Ghana. Journal of Urban Economics, 11: 190-198. Asomani-Boateng, R. (2002). Urban cultivation in Accra: an examination of the nature, practices, problems, potentials and urban planning implications. Habitat International, 26(4), 591-607.

Brand, Richard. 1972. "The Spatial Organization of Residential Areas in Accra, Ghana, with Particular Reference to Aspects of Modernization." Economic Geography 48: 284-98. Columbia University GSAPP Accra Studio. (2003). http://www.arch .columbia.edu/Studio/Spring2003/UP/Accra/index.html. Grant, Richard. 2005. "The Emergence of Gated Communities in a West African Context,” Urban Geography 26: 661- 83. Grant, Richard, and Jan Nijman. 2002. "Globalization and the Corporate Geography of Cities in the Less-Developed World," Annals of the Association of American Geographies 92: 320-40. Grant, Richard, and Jan Nijman. 2004. "The Re-scaling of Uneven Development

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in Ghana and India" Tijdschrift voor Economishe en Sociale Geografie (Journal of Economic and Social Geography) 95: 467- 81. Melara Arguello, J.E., Grant, R., Oteng-Ababio, M., Ayele, B. Downgrading - an overlooked reality in African cities: Reflections from an indigenous neighborhood of Accra, Ghana. Applied Geography, 36: 23-30. Odame-Larbi, W. 1996. "Spatial Planning and Urban Fragmentation in Accra.” Third World Planning Review 18: 193-214. Owusu, F. (2007). Conceptualizing Livelihood Strategies in African Cities: Planning and Development Implications of Multiple Livelihood Strategies. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26(4), 450-465.

Songsore, J. (2008). Environmental and structural inequalities in Greater Accra. Journal of the International Institute, 16(1), 8-9, 13.

Yeboah, Ian. 2001. "Structural Adjustment and Emerging Urban Form in Accra Ghana." Africa Today 7: 61-89. Yeboah, Ian. 2003. "Demographic and Housing Aspects of Structural Adjustment and Emerging Urban Form in Accra, Ghana." Africa Today 10: 106-119.

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Accra-related Transportation Sector Literature Government Policies

Government of Ghana Ministry of Transport (2008). National Transport Policy.

Accra-Related Studies/Reports

Finn, B.; Arthur, B.A.; Gyamera, S. (2009). New regulatory frameworks for urban passenger transport in Ghanaian cities. Paper submitted for 11th Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport, Delft University of Technology, 20-25 September 2009.

IBIS Transport Consultants, Ltd. (2005). Study of urban public transport conditions in Accra, Ghana.

Republic of Ghana – Ministry of Road Transport, Department of Urban Roads. (2005). Annual Report.

Republic of Ghana – Ministry of Roads and Highways. (2008). National transport policy. December 2008.

Republic of Ghana – Ministry of Transportation, Department of Urban Roads. (2008). Feasibility studies and design of Giffard, Teshie Link, and Burma Camp roads. Document # E2038 V1.

Republic of Ghana – Ministry of Transportation, Department of Urban Roads. (2008). Resettlement Action Plan for Giffard Road, Teshie Link Road and Burma Roads. Document # RP751 V1

Republic of Ghana – Ministry of Transportation & Ghana Statistical Service. (2009). National transport household survey report. February 2009.

Accra-related Transportation (journal articles)

Abane, A. (1993). Mode choice for the journey to work among formal sector employees in Accra, Ghana. Journal of Transport Geography, 1(4), 219-229.

Finn, Brendan. (2008). Market role and regulation of extensive urban minibus services as large bus service capacity is restored – Case studies from Ghana, Georgia and Kazakhstan. Research in Transportation Economics, 22: 118-125.

Fouracre, P.R. (1994). Public transport in Ghanaian cities - a case of union power. Transport Reviews, (14)1: 45-61.

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Fouracre, P.R.; Sohail, M.; Cavill, S. (2006). A participatory approach to urban transport planning in developing countries. Transportation Planning and Technology, 29(4): 313-330.

Grieco, M.; Turner, J.; Kwakye, E.A. (1995). Informal public transport and the woman trader in Accra, Ghana. Presented at the Seventh World Conference on Transport Research, Sydney, 16-21 July 1995.

Kwakye, E.A., Fouracre, P.R., Ofosu-Dorte, D. (1997). Developing strategies to meet the transport needs of the urban poor in Ghana. World Transport Policy & Practice, 3(1): 8-14.

Kwakye, E.A., Fouracre, P.R. (1998). The urban transport policy reform in Ghana. CODATU VIII Conference, Cape Town, September 1998. Quarshie, ML. (2007). Integrating cycling in bus rapid transit system in Accra. In, G.M. Morrison and S. Rauch (eds.), Highway and Urban Environment: Proceedings of the 8th Highway and Urban Environment Symposium, 103–116.

Turner, J., Kwakye, E.A. (1995). Informal public transport and the woman trader in Accra, Ghana. Presented at the Seventh World Conference on Transport Research, Sydney, 16-21 July 1995.

Turner, J., & Kwakye, E. (1996). Transport and survival strategies in a developing economy: case evidence from Accra, Ghana. Journal of Transport Geography, 4(3), 161-168.

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Accra-Related Housing/Shelter Literature Government Policies

Government of Ghana Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing. (2005). Draft National Housing Policy.

Studies/Reports

Buckley, R. M., & Mathema, A. S. (2007). Is Accra a superstar city? : World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. #4453.

Centre for Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE). 2004. A Precarious Future: The Informal Settlement of Agbogloshie Accra, Ghana, Unpublished report. CHF International (2009). Ga Mashie Housing Improvement Program. Accra: CHF International.

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) (2011). Ghana Housing Profile. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT.

Books

Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo, 2001 b. The Political Economy of Housing and Urban Development in Africa: Ghana’s Experience from Colonial Times to 1998. Westport: Praeger.

Journal Articles Awanyo, L. (2009). Meeting housing-space demand through in situ housing adjustments in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 27(2), 302-318.

Buckley, R. M., & Mathema, A. S. (2008). Real Estate Regulations in Accra: Some Macroeconomic Consequences? Urban Studies, 45(11), 2249-2271.

Grant, R. (2006). Out of place? Global cities in local spaces: A study of the informal settlements in the Korle Lagoon environs in Accra, Ghana. Urban Forum 17(1): 1-24.

Konadu-Agyemang, K. (2001). A survey of housing conditions and characteristics in Accra, an African city. Habitat International, 25(1), 15-34.

Korboe, David. 1992. "Family-Houses in Ghanaian Cities: To Be or Not to Be?" Urban Studies 29: 1159-72. Tipple, Graham, and David Korboe. 1998. "Housing Policy in Ghana: Towards a

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Supply-oriented Future." Habitat International 22: 245-57. Tipple, Graham, and Kenneth Willis. 1992. "Why Should Ghanaians Build Houses in Urban Areas? An Introduction to Private Sector Housing in Ghana." Cities 2: 60-74. Tipple, Graham, David Korboe, Guy Garrod, and Kenneth Willis. 1999. "Housing Supply in Ghana: A Study of Accra, Kumasi and Berekum." Progress in Planning 51: 253-324. Tipple, A.G.; Owusu, S.E., Pritchard, C. (2004). User-initiated extensions in Government-built estates in Ghana and Zimbabwe: Unconventional but effective housing supply. Africa Today, 56(1): 79-105. Arku, G. (2009). Housing Policy Changes in Ghana in the 1990s -- Policy Review. Housing Studies, 24(2), 261 - 272.

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Accra-related Water and Sanitation Literature Government Policies

Republic of Ghana Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing. (2007). National Water Policy.

Ghana/Accra –Specific Studies/Reports

Abraham, E. M., Van Rooijen, D., Cofie O. and Raschid-Sally, L. (2007) Planning urban water - dependent livelihood opportunities for the poor in Accra, Ghana. SWITCH First Scientific Meeting, Birmingham, January 9-10, 2007.

McGranahan, G., Njiru, C., Albu, M., Smith, M.D., and Mitlin, D. (2006). How Small Water Enterprises can contribute to the Millennium Development Goals: Evidence from Dar es Salaam, Nairobi, Khartoum and Accra. WEDC, Loughborough University, UK.

WaterAid Ghana (2008). Accra urban water sector assessment report. Accra: WaterAid.

WaterAid Ghana (2009). Effective financing of local governments to provide water and sanitation services.

Peer-Review Journal Articles

Awuah, E., Nyarko, K. B., & Owusu, P. A. (2009). Water and sanitation in Ghana. Desalination, 248(1-3), 460-467.

Douglas, I., Alam, K., Maghenda, M., Mcdonnell, Y., Mclean, L., & Campbell, J. (2008). Unjust waters: climate change, flooding and the urban poor in Africa. Environment and Urbanization, 20(1), 187-205.

Fuest, V. & Haffner, SA. (2007). PPP – policies, practices and problems in Ghana’s urban water supply. Water Policy, 9: 169-192.

Grieco, M. (2009). Living infrastructure: Replacing children's labour as a source of sanitation services in Ghana. Desalination, 248(1-3), 485-493.

Raschid-Sally, L., van Rooijen, D., Abraham, E. (2008). Analysing productive use of domestic water and wastewater for urban livelihoods of the poor: a study from Accra, Ghana. In, Butterworth, J., Keijzer M., Smout, I., & Hagos, F.(eds). Proceedings of an international symposium held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 4-6 November 2008. Multiple Use Water Services (MUS) Group, pp. 97-106.

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Seidu, R.; Heistad, A.; Amoah, P.; Dreschel, P.; Jenssen, P.D.; Stenstrom, T.A. (2008). Quantification of the health risk associated with wastewater reuse in Accra, Ghana: a contribution toward local guidelines. Journal of Water and Health, 6(4): 461-471.

Suleiman, L., & Cars, G. (2009). Water supply governance in Accra: “authentic” or “symbolic”. Water Policy, uncorrected proof 2009, 1-18.

Note:

See WaterAid Ghana website for other documents on WATSAN in Ghana:

http://www.wateraid.org/ghana/documents/default.asp?Keywords=&Subject=&Author=&Country=6&Language=0&Sort=Date&Display=results

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Accra-related Solid Waste Management Literature

Asomani-Boateng, R. (2007). Closing the Loop: Community-Based Organic Solid Waste Recycling, Urban Gardening, and Land Use Planning in Ghana, West Africa. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 27(2), 132-145.

Carboo, D.; Fobil, J.N. (2005). Physico-chemical analysis of Municipal Solid Waste in the Accra Metropolis. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, (7): 31-39.

Fobil, J.N.; Carboo, D.; Attuquayefio, D.K. (200x). Assessing Municipal Solid Wastes (MSWs) for composting programmes in rapidly urbanising areas: a case study from Accra, Ghana. Int. J. Environment and Waste Management. [year, issue # and pages info missing]. Fobil, J. N., Armah, N. A., Hogarh, J. N., & Carboo, D. (2008). The influence of institutions and organizations on urban waste collection systems: An analysis of waste collection system in Accra, Ghana (1985-2000). Journal of Environmental Management, 86(1), 262-271.

Fobil, J.N.; Carboo, D.; Armah, N.A. (2005). Evaluation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) for utilization in energy production in developing countries.

Fobil, J.N.; Carboo, D. (2006). The dilemmas of plastic wastes in a developing economy: proposals for a sustainable management approach for Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, (10):1 [page info missing].

Fobil, J.N.; May, J.; Kraemer, A. (2010). Assessing the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and urban environmental quality in Accra, Ghana. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 7: 125-145.

Hogarh, J.N.; Fobil, J.N.; Ofusu-Budu, G.K. et al. (2008). Assessment of heavy metal contamination and macro-nutrient content of compost for environmental pollution control in Ghana.

Grant, R., Oteng-Ababio, M. (2012). Mapping the invisible and real “African” economy: urban e-waste circuitry. Urban Geography, 33: 1-21.

Obirih-Opareh, N., & Post, J. (2002). Quality assessment of public and private modes of solid waste collection in Accra, Ghana. Habitat International, 26(1), 95-112.

Oteng-Ababio, M. (2009). Private sector involvement in solid waste management in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area in Ghana. Waste Management Research, 0734242X09350247.

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Oteng-Ababio, M., Melara, J.E., Gabbay O. (2013). Solid waste management in African cities: sorting the facts from the fads in Accra, Ghana. Habitat International, 39: 96-104.

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Accra-related Public Health Literature ICF Macro, Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Health Service (2008). Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. September 2009

Morris, S. S., Levin, C. E., Armar-Klemesu, M., Maxwell, D., & Ruel, M. T. (1999). Does Geographic Targeting of Nutrition Interventions Make Sense in Cities? Evidence from Abidjan and Accra. World Development, 27(11), 2011-2019.

Opoku, A.A., Ansa-Asare, O.D., Amoako, J. (2007). The occurrences and habitat characteristics of mosquitoes in Accra, Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 11 (no page designated).

Owusu-Boateng, K., Kuitunen, M. (2005). Childhood diarrheal morbidity in the Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana: socio-economic, environmental and behavioral risk determinants. Journal of Health & Population in Developing Countries, published March 1 2005. Ruel, M. T., Levin, C. E., Armar-Klemesu, M., Maxwell, D., & Morris, S. S. (1999). Good Care Practices Can Mitigate the Negative Effects of Poverty and Low Maternal Schooling on Children's Nutritional Status: Evidence from Accra. World Development, 27(11), 1993-2009.

Songsore, J., & McGranahan, G. (1998). The Political Economy of Household Environmental Management: Gender, Environment and Epidemiology in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area. World Development, 26(3), 395-412.

Songsore, J., McGranahan, G. (2007). Poverty and the environmental health agenda in a low-income city: the case of Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), Ghana. In, Marcotullio P.J., McGranahan, G. (eds.) (2007). Scaling urban environmental challenges: from local to global and back. London: Earthscan.

Songsore, J., & McGranahan, G. (2003). Women’s household environmental care roles in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area: a qualitative appraisal. Research Review NS 19(2): 67-83.

Songsore, J., Nabila, J.S., Amazu, A.T. et al. (2001). Proxy indicators for rapid assessment of environmental health status of residential areas: the case of the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), Ghana. Stockholm Environment Institute Urban Environment Series Report No. 4. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute.

Weeks, J.R., Hill, A.G., Getis, A., Stow, D. (2006). Ethnic residential patterns as predictors of intra-urban child mortality inequalities in Accra, Ghana. Urban Geography, 27(6): 526-548.

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World Health Organization & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). Coverage estimates for improved sanitation – Ghana.

Books

Songsore, J., Nabila, J.S., Yangyouru, Y. et al. (2009). Integrating disaster risk and environmental health monitoring: Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. In, Pelling, M. & Wisner, B. Disaster Risk Reduction: cases from urban Africa. London: Earthscan, pp. 65-86.

Journal Articles

Arku, R. E., Vallarino, J., Dionisio, K. L., Willis, R., Choi, H., Wilson, J. G., et al. (2008). Characterizing air pollution in two low-income neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana. Science of The Total Environment, 402(2-3), 217-231.

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Accra-Related Gender Studies Literature Reports, journal articles

African Development Fund, Human Development Department (2008). Ghana country gender profile. October, 2008.

Amoo-Adare, E. (2004). En-gendering critical spatial literacy: migrant Asante women and the politics of urban space. Wagadu, 1: 1-17.

Awumbila, M., & Ardayfio-Schandorf, E. (2008). Gendered poverty, migration and livelihood strategies of female porters in Accra, Ghana. Norwegian Journal of Geography, 62(3), 171-179.

Levin, C. E., Ruel, M. T., Morris, S. S., Maxwell, D. G., Armar-Klemesu, M., & Ahiadeke, C. (1999). Working Women in an Urban Setting: Traders, Vendors and Food Security in Accra. World Development, 27(11), 1977-1991.

Overa, R. (2007). When men do women's work: structural adjustment, unemployment and changing gender relations in the informal economy of Accra, Ghana. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 45(04), 539-563.

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Ghana/Accra-Related Literature on Politics, Governance, Institutions etc.

Books GaDangme Council 1999. Burning Issues on Ga Dangme Lands. Accra: Ga Dangme Council. GaDangme Council, 2002. A Mid-Term Briefing on the Challenges, Acts and Accomplishments of the GaDangme Council. Accra: GaDangme Council. Gough, Katherine, and Paul Yankson. 1997. Continuity and Change in Peri-Urban Accra. Copenhagen: Danish Council for Development Research. MacDonald, George. 1898. The Gold Coast: Past and Present: A Short Description of the Country and Its People. London: Longmans. Parker, John. 2000. Making the Town: Ga State and Society in Early Colonial Accra. Portsmouth: Heinemann. Journal Articles Appiahene-Gyamfi, Joseph . 2003 . "Urban Crime Trends and Patterns in Ghana: the Case of Accra." Journal of Criminal Justice 31: 13-23. Campbell, John. 1994. "Urbanization, Culture and the Politics of Urban Development in Ghana, 1875- 1980." Urban Anthropology 23: 409-50. Gymiah-Boadi, E., and Richard Asante 2003. Minorities in Ghana. Report prepared for the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Working Group on Minorities, Ninth Session, May 12-16, New York. Obeng-Odoom, F. (2009). An urban twist to politics in Ghana. Habitat International, In Press, Corrected Proof.

Oberhauser, A.M.; Hanson, K.T. (2007). Negotiating livelihoods and scale in the context of neoliberal globalization: perspectives from Accra, Ghana. African Geographical Review, 26: 11-36.