Bibliography - Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Home · BIBLIOGRAPHY Burchard, H. and Baumert, H. (1995). On the performance of a mixed-layer mode based on ... Liggett, J. A. (1994)

Bibliography

Alban, P., Vincent, P., and Jerome, C. (2005). Waste water treatment. Fluent News, Fall 2005.

Alfrink, B. J. and van Rijn, L. C. (1983). Two-equation turbulence model for flow in trenches.

Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 109:941–958.

AWQC (2000). Torrens Lake algae and water quality monitoring program 1999/2000. Technical

report, Australian Water Quality Centre; Torrens Catchment Water Management Board and

Adelaide City Corporation.

AWQC (2005). Torrens Lake algae and water quality monitoring program 2004/2005. Technical

report, Australian Water Quality Centre; Torrens Catchment Water Management Board and

Adelaide City Corporation.

Axell, L. B. (2002). Wind-driven internal waves and Langmuir circulations in a numerical ocean

model of the southern Baltic Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(C11):3204.

Axell, L. B. and Liungman, O. (2001). A one-equation turbulence model for geophysical appli-

cations: Comparison with data and the k–ǫ model. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 1:71–106.

Beji, S. and Battjes, J. A. (1993). Experimental investigation of wave propagation over a bar.

Coastal Engineering, 19:151–161.

Berkhoff, J. C. W., Booy, N., and Radder, A. C. (1982). Verification of numerical wave propa-

gation models for simple harmonic linear water waves. Coastal Engineering, 6:255–279.

Blumberg, A. F. and Mellor, G. L. (1987). A description of a three dimensional coastal ocean cir-

culation model. In Heaps, N. S., editor, Three Dimensional Coastal Ocean Circulation Models,

Coastal and Estuarine Sciences, volume 4, pages 1–16. American Geophysical Union, Washing-

ton DC.

167

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Burchard, H. and Baumert, H. (1995). On the performance of a mixed-layer mode based on

the k–ǫ turbulence closure. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(C5):8523–8540.

Casulli, V. (1997). Numerical simulation of three-dimensional free surface flow in isopycnal

co-ordinates. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 25:645–658.

Casulli, V. (1999). A semi-implicit finite difference method for non-hydrostatic, free-surface

flows. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 30(4):425–440.

Casulli, V. and Cattani, E. (1994). Stability, accuracy and efficiency of a semi-implicit method

for three-dimensional shallow water flow. Computers and Mathematics with Applications,

27(4):99–112.

Casulli, V. and Cheng, R. T. (1992). Semi-implicit finite difference methods for three-

dimensional shallow water flow. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 15:629–

648.

Casulli, V. and Stelling, G. S. (1998). Numerical simulation of 3D quasi-hydrostatic, free-surface

flows. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 127(7):678–686.

Casulli, V. and Zanolli, P. (2002). Semi-implicit numerical modeling of nonhydrostatic free-

surface flows for environmental problems. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 36:1131–

1149.

Chen, X. (2003a). A free-surface correction method for simulating shallow water flows. Journal

of Computational Physics, 189(2):557–578.

Chen, X. (2003b). A fully hydrodynamic model for three-dimensional, free-surface flows. Inter-

national Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 42(9):929–95.

Chen, Y., Wai, O. W. H., and Li, Y. S. (2003). Numerical model for wave refraction-diffraction

near Pearl River estuary, China. Journal of WaterWay, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering,

129(6):260–269.

Cheng, R. T. and Casulli, V. (1992). Tidal, residual, inter-tidal mud-flat (TRIM) model, using

semi-implicit Eulerian–Lagrangian method. Technical Report Open-File Rep. 92-62, USGS.

Chorin, A. J. (1967). A numerical method for solving incompressible viscous flow problems.

Journal of Computational Physics, 2:12–26.

168

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Courant, R., Isaacson, E., and Rees, M. (1952). On the solution of nonlinear hyperbolic dif-

ferential equations by finite differences. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics,

5:243–255.

Cushman-Roisin, B. (1994). Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Prentice Hall, New

Jersey.

Dean, R. G. and Dalrymple, R. A. (1991). Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists,

volume 2 of Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering. World Scientific.

EPA (2000). The state of health of the Mount Lofty Ranges catchments. Technical report,

Environment Protection Agency, Department for Environment and Heritage.

Ezer, T. (2000). On the seasonal mixed layer simulated by a basin-scale ocean model and the

Mellor–Yamada turbulence scheme. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(C7):843–855.

Ezer, T., editor (2001). On the response of the Atlantic Ocean to climate changes in high

latitudes: Sensitivity studies with a sigma coordinate ocean model, volume 126 of The Oceans

and Rapid Climate Change: Past, Present and Future. American Geophysical Union.

Ferziger, J. H. and Peric, M. (2002). Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics. Springer,

second edition.

Fischer, H. B., List, E. H., Koh, R. C. Y., Imberger, J., and Brooks, N. H. (1979). Mixing in

Inland and Coastal Waters. Academic Press.

Fletcher, R. (1976). Conjugate gradient methods for indefinite systems. In Watson, G., editor,

Numerical Analysis Dundee 1975, pages 73–89. Springer–Verlag.

Gill, A. E. (1982). Atmosphere–Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press.

Greenspan, D. and Casulli, V. (1988). Numerical Analysis for Applied Mathematics, Science

and Engineering. Addison–Wesley.

Grimshaw, R. (1971). The solitary wave in water of variable depth. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,

46:611–622.

Haltiner, G. J. and Martin, F. L. (1957). Dynamical and Physical Meteorology. McGraw–Hill.

169

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Haney, R. L. (1990). On the pressure gradient force over steep topography in sigma coordinate

ocean models. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 21:610–619.

Harten, A. (1983). High resolution schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws. Journal of Com-

putational Physics, 49:357–393.

Henderson-Sellers, B. (1984). Engineering Limnology. Pitman Advanced Publishing Program.

Hestenes, M. R. and Stiefel, E. L. (1952). Methods of conjugate gradients for solving linear

systems. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 49:409–436.

Hicks, B. B. (1975). A procedure for the formulation of bulk transfer coefficients over water.

Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 8:515–524.

Hinze, J. O. (1975). Turbulence. McGraw–Hill.

Hipsey, M. R., Romero, J. R., Antenucci, J. P., and Hamilton, D. P. (2004). Computational

aquatic ecosystem dynamics model, CAEDYM (computer program manual). Technical report,

Centre for Water Research, The University of Western Australia.

Hirsch, C. (1995). Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows. John Wiley and

Sons.

Hodges, B. R. (1998). Heat budget and thermodynamics at a free surface: Some theory and

numerical implementation. Technical report, The University of Western Australia.

Hodges, B. R., Imberger, J., Saggio, A., and Winters, K. B. (2000). Modeling basin-scale

internal waves in a stratified lake. Limnology and Oceanography, 45:1603–1620.

Hoffmann, K. A. and Chiang, S. T. (1993). Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers.

Engineering Education System.

Holman, J. P. (2001). Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill.

Huang, W. and Spaulding, M. (1995). 3D model of estuarine circulation and water quality

induced by surface discharges. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 121(4):300–311.

Huang, W. and Spaulding, M. (1996). Modeling horizontal diffusion with sigma coordinate

system. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 122:349–352.

170

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Huang, W. and Spaulding, M. (2002). Reducing horizontal diffusion errors in σ–coordinate

coastal ocean models with a second–order Lagrangian–interpolation finite-difference scheme.

Ocean Engineering, 29:495–512.

Imberger, J. (1985). The diurnal mixed layer. Limnology and Oceanography, 30(4):737–770.

Imberger, J. and Patterson, J. C. (1981). A dynamic reservoir simulation model-DYRESM:5.

In Fischer, H. B., editor, Transport Models for Inland and Coastal Waters. Academic Press.

Jacquet, J. (1993). Simulation of the thermal regime of rivers. In Orlob, G. T., editor, Mathe-

matical Modeling of Water Quality: Streams, Lakes, and Reservoirs. Wiley–Interscience Publi-

cation.

Jankowski, J. A. (1999). A Non-Hydrostatic Model for Free Surface Flows. PhD thesis, Hanover

University, Germany.

Kaneko, A. (2001). Remedies for artificial diapycnal mixing in a σ co-ordinated model of Tokyo

Bay. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 36:329–349.

Kazman, R. G. (1965). Modern Hydrology. Harper and Row.

Kelley, C. T. (1995). Iterative Methods for Linear and Nonlinear Equations. SIAM.

Kim, K. S. and Chapra, S. C. (1997). Temperature model for highly transient shallow streams.

Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 123:30–40.

Kirke, B. K. (2000). Circulation, destratification, mixing and aeration: Why and how? Journal

Australian Water Association, 27:24–30.

Kocyigit, M. B., Falconer, R. A., and Lin, B. (2002). Three-dimensional numerical modelling of

free surface flows with non-hydrostatic pressure. International Journal for Numerical Methods

in Fluids, 40(9):1145–1162.

Kreyszig, E. (1999). Advanced Engineering Mathematics. John Wiley and Sons, eighth edition.

Kundu, P. K. (1990). Fluid Mechanics. Academic Press.

Larsen, J. and Dancy, H. (1983). Open boundaries in short wave simulation—A new approach.

Coastal Engineering, 7(3):285–297.

171

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Launder, B. E. and Sharma, B. I. (1974). Application of the energy–dissipation model of

turbulence to the calculation of flow near a spinning disc. Letters in Heat and Mass Transfer,

1:131–138.

Laurence, D. (2002). Large eddy simulation of industrial flows. In Launder, B. E. and Sandham,

N. D., editors, Closure Strategies for Turbulent and Transitional Flows. Cambridge University

Press.

Lax, P. D. and Wendroff, B. (1960). Systems of conservation laws. Communications on Pure

and Applied Mathematics, 13:217–237.

Lee, J. W., Teubner, M. D., Nixon, J. B., and Cho, Y.-S. (2006a). Numerical studies on the

approximation of horizontal diffusion using sigma coordinate system. KSCE Journal of Civil

Engineering, 10(2):145–149.

Lee, J. W., Teubner, M. D., Nixon, J. B., and Gill, P. M. (2005a). Development of a 3D

non-hydrostatic pressure model for free surface flows. ANZIAM Journal, 46(E):C623–C636.

Lee, J. W., Teubner, M. D., Nixon, J. B., and Gill, P. M. (2005b). A hydrodynamic model of

the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations for free surface flows. In Jun, B.-H., Lee, S.-I., Seo,

I. W., and Choi, G.-W., editors, Proceedings of XXXI IAHR Congress, pages 696–704, Seoul,

Korea. IAHR.

Lee, J. W., Teubner, M. D., Nixon, J. B., and Gill, P. M. (2006b). A 3-D non-hydrostatic

pressure model for small amplitude free surface flows. International Journal for Numerical

Methods in Fluids, 50:649–672.

Lee, J. W., Teubner, M. D., Nixon, J. B., and Gill, P. M. (2006c). Applications of the artificial

compressibility method for turbulent open channel flows. International Journal for Numerical

Methods in Fluids, 51:617–633.

Leendertse, J. J. (1989). A new approach to three-dimensional free-surface flow modeling.

Technical Report Rep. R-3712-NETH/RC, Rand Corporation.

Leonard, A. (1974). Energy cascade in large eddy simulation of turbulent fluid flow. Advances

in Geophysics, 18:237–248.

Lerman, A. (1971). Time to chemical steady-state in lakes and oceans. In Hem, J. D., editor,

Nonequilibrium Systems in Natural Water Chemistry. American Chemical Society.

172

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Lewis, D. M. (2004). Surface Mixers for Destratification and Management of Anabaena circi-

nalis. PhD thesis, The University of Adelaide.

Li, B. and Fleming, C. A. (2001). Three-dimensional model of Navier–Stokes equations for

water waves. Journal of WaterWay, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 127:16–25.

Li, J., Li, F., and Qin, E. (2003). A fully implicit method for steady and unsteady viscous flow

simulations. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 43:147–163.

Li, T. (2003). Computation of turbulent free-surface flows around modern ships. International

Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 43:407–430.

Li, Y. S., Liu, S.-X., Yu, Y.-X., and Lai, G.-Z. (1999). Numerical modeling of Boussinesq

equations by finite element method. Coastal Engineering, 37:97–122.

Liggett, J. A. (1994). Fluid Mechanics. McGraw–Hill.

Lin, P. and Li, C. W. (2002). A σ-coordinate three-dimensional numerical model for surface

wave propagation. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 38:1045–1068.

Massel, S. R. (1999). Fluid Mechanics for Marine Ecologists. Springer–Verlag.

McCutcheon, S. C. (1989). Water Quality Modeling, volume I. Transport and Surface Exchange

in Rivers. CRC Press.

Mellor, G. L. (2001). One-dimensional, ocean surface layer modeling: A problem and a solution.

Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31(3):790–809.

Mellor, G. L. and Blumberg, A. F. (2004). Wave breaking and ocean surface layer thermal

response. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34:693–698.

Mellor, G. L., Ezer, T., and Oey, L.-Y. (1994). The pressure gradient conundrum of sigma

coordinate ocean models. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 11:1126–1134.

Mellor, G. L., Oey, L.-Y., and Ezer, T. (1997). Sigma coordinate pressure gradient errors and

the seamount problem. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 15:1122–1131.

Mellor, G. L. and Yamada, T. (1982). Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical

fluid problems. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 20(4):851–875.

173

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mesinger, F. (1982). On the convergence and error problems of the calculation of the pressure

gradient force in sigma coordinate models. Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics,

19:105–117.

Munk, W. H. and Anderson, E. R. (1948). Notes on a theory of the thermocline. Journal of

Marine Research, 7(3):276–295.

Omstedt, A. (1985). On supercooling and ice formation in turbulent sea water. Journal of

Glaciology, 31(109):263–271.

Omstedt, A. and Svensson, U. (1984). Modelling super cooling and ice formation in a turbulent

Ekman layer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89(C1):735–744.

Orlob, G. T. and Selna, L. G. (1970). Temperature variations in deep reservoirs. Journal of

Hydraulic Division, 96(HY2):391–410.

Patankar, S. V. (1980). Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. McGraw–Hill, New York.

Phillips, N. A. (1957). A coordinate system having some special advantages for numerical

forecasting. Journal of Meteorology, 14:184–185.

Pond, S., Fissel, D. B., and Paulson, C. A. (1974). A note on bulk aerodynamic coefficients for

sensible heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 6:333–339.

Pope, S. B. (2000). Turbulent Flows. Cambridge University Press.

Rich, L. G. (1973). Environmental Systems Engineering. McGraw–Hill, New York.

Richards, T. L. and Irbe, J. G. (1969). Estimates of monthly evaporation loss from the Great

Lakes 1950 to 1968 based on the mass transfer technique. In Proceeding of 12th Conference on

Great Lakes Research.

Rodi, W. (1987). Examples of calculation methods for flow and mixing in stratified fluids.

Journal of Geophysical Research, 92(C5):5305–5328.

Rodi, W. (1993). Turbulence Models and Their Application in Hydraulics—A State-of-the-Art

Review. IAHR, 3rd edition.

Roe, P. L. (1984). Generalized formulation of TVD Lax–Wendroff schemes. Technical Report

No. 84-53, ICASE.

174

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rogers, S. E. (1995). Comparison of implicit schemes for the incompressible Navier–Stokes

equations. AIAA Journal, 33:2066–2072.

Rogers, S. E. and Kwak, D. (1991). Steady and unsteady solutions of the incompressible

Navier–Stokes equations. AIAA Journal, 29:603–610.

Saad, Y. (1996). Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems. SIAM, first edition.

Saad, Y. and Schultz, M. H. (1986). GMRES: A generalized minimal residual algorithm for

solving nonsymmetric linear systems. SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing,

7:856–869.

Salter, H. E. (1999). Enhancing the Pathogen Removal Performance of Tertiary Lagoons. PhD

thesis, University of Surrey.

Schlichting, H. (1979). Boundary Layer Theory. McGraw Hill, 7th edition.

Sepehrnoori, K. (2002). Numerical methods in petroleum and geosystems engineering. Lecture

notes, The University of Texas.

Shi, J. and Toro, E. F. (1996). Fully discrete high-order shock-capturing numerical schemes.

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 23:241–269.

Shilton, A. (1999). Potential application of computational fluid dynamics to pond design. In

IAWQ 4th Specialist Conference on Waste Stabilisation Ponds: Technology and the Environ-

ment. IAWQ.

Song, Y. and Haidvogel, D. (1994). A semi-implicit ocean circulation model using a generalized

topography-following coordinate system. Journal of Computational Physics, 115:228–244.

Spigel, R. H., Imberger, J., and Rayner, K. N. (1986). Modeling the diurnal mixed layer.

Limnology and Oceanography, 31(3):533–556.

Stansby, P. K. (1997). Semi-implicit finite volume shallow-water flow and solute transport solver

with k–ǫ turbulence model. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 25:285–313.

Stansby, P. K. and Zhou, J. G. (1998). Shallow-water flow solver with non-hydrostatic pressure:

2D vertical plane problems. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 28:541–563.

175

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Stelling, G. S. and van Kester, J. A. T. M. (1994). On the approximation of horizontal gradients

in sigma co-ordinates for bathymetry with steep bottom slopes. International Journal for

Numerical Methods in Fluids, 18:915–935.

Stelling, G. S. and Zijlema, M. (2003). An accurate and efficient finite-difference algorithm for

non-hydrostatic free-surface flow with application to wave propagation. International Journal

for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 43(1):1–23.

Stevens, C. L. and Lawrence, G. A. (1997). Estimation of wind-forced internal seiche amplitudes

in lakes and reservoirs, with data from British Columbia, Canada. Aquatic Sciences, 59:115–134.

Svensson, U. (1978). A mathematical model of the seasonal thermocline. Technical Report No.

1002, University of Lund.

Svensson, U., Axell, L., Sahlberg, J., and Omstedt, A. (2002). Program for boundary layers in

the environment system description and manual. Technical report, University of Lund.

Sweby, P. K. (1984). High resolution schemes using flux limiters for hyperbolic conservation

laws. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 21:995–1011.

Sweeney, D. (2004). Integrating Biological and Hydraulic Aspects of Waste Stabilisation Pond

Design. PhD thesis, Flinders University.

Ta, C. T. and Brignal, W. J. (1998). Application of computational fluid dynamics technique to

storage reservoir studies. Water Resources Research, 37:219–226.

Toro, E. F. (1999). Riemann Solvers and Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics. Springer.

Tritton, D. J. (1988). Physical Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press Inc.

UNESCO (1981). Tenth report of the joint panel on oceanographic tables and standards. In

UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, 36. UNESCO.

van der Vorst, H. A. (1992). BI-CGSTAB: A fast and smoothly converging variant of BI-CG

for the solution of nonsymmetric linear systems. SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical

Computing, 13(2):631–644.

van Rijn, L. C. (1982). The computation of the flow and turbulence field in dredged trenches.

Technical Report S 488-I, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory.

176

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Vreugdenhil, C. B. (1994). Numerical Methods for Shallow-Water Flow. Kluwer Academic

Publishers.

Wadzuk, B. M. and Hodges, B. R. (2003). Comparing hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic Navier–

Stokes models of internal waves. In Engineering Mechanics Conference, pages 16–18. ASCE.

Wei, G., Kirby, J. T., and Sinha, A. (1999). Generation of waves in Boussinesq models using a

source function method. Coastal Engineering, 36:271–299.

Williams, D. T., Drummond, G. R., Ford, D. E., and Robey, D. L. (1981). Determination of

light extinction coefficients in lakes and reservoirs. In Stefan, H. E., editor, Proceedings of ASCE

Symposium on Surface Water Impoundments, pages 1329–1335, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Wilson, E. M. (1969). Engineering Hydrology. Macmillan.

Wood, M. G., Howes, T., Keller, J., and Johns, M. R. (1998). Two dimensional computational

fluid dynamic models for waste stabilization ponds. Water Research, 32:958–963.

Ye, J. and McCorquodale, J. A. (1998). Simulation of curved open channel flows by 3D hydro-

dynamic model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 124:687–698.

Yee, H. C. (1987). Construction of explicit and implicit symmetric TVD schemes and their

applications. Journal of Computational Physics, 68:151–179.

Yuan, H. and Wu, C. H. (2004). An implicit three-dimensional fully non-hydrostatic model for

free-surface flows. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 46:709–733.

Yuan, L. (2002). Comparison of implicit multigrid schemes for three-dimensional incompressible

flows. Journal of Computational Physics, 177(1):134–155.

177

Appendix A

Photographs of Algal Blooms

Figure A.1: Kangaroo reservoir (EPA, 2000)

179

APPENDIX A. PHOTOGRAPHS OF ALGAL BLOOMS

Figure A.2: Upstream of the University foot bridge (March, 2005; AWQC, 2005)

Figure A.3: Near the University foot bridge (January, 2006)

180



181

Appendix B

Velocity Vectors and Temperature

Distributions at Section AA′

In this appendix, velocity vectors are presented with isothermals at every hour of January 18,

2000. In each figure, measured net solar radiation and wind velocities are presented at the left

and the right upper corner, respectively.

183

APPENDIX B. VELOCITY VECTORS AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS ATSECTION AA′

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−20.80 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

00:00

uw: −1.37 (m/s)

vw: 1.35 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−46.53 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

01:00

uw: −0.49 (m/s)

vw: 0.85 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

184

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−38.09 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

02:00

uw: −0.42 (m/s)

vw: 0.46 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−36.26 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

03:00

uw: −0.08 (m/s)

vw: 0.50 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

185


0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−41.56 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

04:00

uw: 0.45 (m/s)

vw: 0.48 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−29.11 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

05:00

uw: 0.47 (m/s)

vw: 1.21 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

186

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−37.63 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

06:00

uw: −1.06 (m/s)

vw: 0.72 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−4.29 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

07:00

uw: 0.21 (m/s)

vw: 0.36 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

187


0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

206.49 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

08:00

uw: −0.45 (m/s)

vw: 0.08 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

563.35 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

09:00

uw: 2.08 (m/s)

vw: 0.07 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

188

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

652.55 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

10:00

uw: 2.32 (m/s)

vw: −0.24 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

849.07 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

11:00

uw: 2.45 (m/s)

vw: −0.78 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

189


0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

938.51 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

12:00

uw: 2.43 (m/s)

vw: −0.69 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

988.84 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

13:00

uw: 2.72 (m/s)

vw: −0.41 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

190

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

980.26 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

14:00

uw: 3.05 (m/s)

vw: −0.31 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

2828

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

832.25 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

15:00

uw: 2.02 (m/s)

vw: −1.34 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

2828

191


0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

778.24 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

16:00

uw: 2.42 (m/s)

vw: −0.75 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

2828

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

418.10 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

17:00

uw: 1.92 (m/s)

vw: −1.42 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

2828

192

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

384.56 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

18:00

uw: 2.10 (m/s)

vw: −0.91 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

2828

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

134.88 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

19:00

uw: 1.81 (m/s)

vw: −0.91 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

2828

193


0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−60.41 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

20:00

uw: 1.62 (m/s)

vw: −0.34 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

2828

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−61.43 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

21:00

uw: 1.52 (m/s)

vw: −1.06 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

2828

194

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−50.13 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

22:00

uw: 2.18 (m/s)

vw: −0.21 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

2828

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:

−42.82 (W/m2)

18/01/2000

23:00

uw: 2.30 (m/s)

vw: −0.11 (m/s)

−5

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 6014

16

18

20

22

2 cm/s

x (m)

z (

m)

23

2424

25 25

2626

2727

195

Appendix C

Depth-Averaged Velocity Vectors

Complementary to Appendix B, depth-averaged velocity vectors are presented in the following

for the 24 hours of January 18, 2000. Each figure also includes measured meteorological data

at the left (net solar radiation) and at the upper right hand corner (wind velocities).

197

AP

PE

ND

IXC

.D

EP

TH

-AV

ER

AG

ED

VE

LO

CIT

YV

EC

TO

RS

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:−20.80 (W/m2)

18/01/200000:00

uw: −1.37 (m/s)

vw: 1.35 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

)

0

600

1200


18/01/200001:00

uw: −0.49 (m/s)

vw: 0.85 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

198

0

600

1200


18/01/200002:00

uw: −0.42 (m/s)

vw: 0.46 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

0

600

1200


18/01/200003:00

uw: −0.08 (m/s)

vw: 0.50 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

199

AP

PE

ND

IXC

.D

EP

TH

-AV

ER

AG

ED

VE

LO

CIT

YV

EC

TO

RS

0

600

1200


18/01/200004:00

uw: 0.45 (m/s)

vw: 0.48 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

)

0

600

1200


18/01/200005:00

uw: 0.47 (m/s)

vw: 1.21 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

200

0

600

1200


18/01/200006:00

uw: −1.06 (m/s)

vw: 0.72 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

0

600

1200


18/01/200007:00

uw: 0.21 (m/s)

vw: 0.36 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

201

AP

PE

ND

IXC

.D

EP

TH

-AV

ER

AG

ED

VE

LO

CIT

YV

EC

TO

RS

0

600

1200

Net Radiation:206.49 (W/m2)

18/01/200008:00

uw: −0.45 (m/s)

vw: 0.08 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

)

0

600

1200


18/01/200009:00

uw: 2.08 (m/s)

vw: 0.07 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

202

0

600

1200


18/01/200010:00

uw: 2.32 (m/s)

vw: −0.24 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

0

600

1200


18/01/200011:00

uw: 2.45 (m/s)

vw: −0.78 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

203

AP

PE

ND

IXC

.D

EP

TH

-AV

ER

AG

ED

VE

LO

CIT

YV

EC

TO

RS

0

600

1200


18/01/200012:00

uw: 2.43 (m/s)

vw: −0.69 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

)

0

600

1200


18/01/200013:00

uw: 2.72 (m/s)

vw: −0.41 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

204

0

600

1200


18/01/200014:00

uw: 3.05 (m/s)

vw: −0.31 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

0

600

1200


18/01/200015:00

uw: 2.02 (m/s)

vw: −1.34 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

205

AP

PE

ND

IXC

.D

EP

TH

-AV

ER

AG

ED

VE

LO

CIT

YV

EC

TO

RS

0

600

1200


18/01/200016:00

uw: 2.42 (m/s)

vw: −0.75 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

)

0

600

1200


18/01/200017:00

uw: 1.92 (m/s)

vw: −1.42 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

206

0

600

1200


18/01/200018:00

uw: 2.10 (m/s)

vw: −0.91 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

0

600

1200


18/01/200019:00

uw: 1.81 (m/s)

vw: −0.91 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

207

AP

PE

ND

IXC

.D

EP

TH

-AV

ER

AG

ED

VE

LO

CIT

YV

EC

TO

RS

0

600

1200


18/01/200020:00

uw: 1.62 (m/s)

vw: −0.34 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

)

0

600

1200


18/01/200021:00

uw: 1.52 (m/s)

vw: −1.06 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

208

0

600

1200


18/01/200022:00

uw: 2.18 (m/s)

vw: −0.21 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

0

600

1200


18/01/200023:00

uw: 2.30 (m/s)

vw: −0.11 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

2 cm/s

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

209

Appendix D

Temperature Variations at the

Surface

Complementary to Appendices B and C, this appendix presents contour lines of calculated

temperature at the free surface over the 24 hours of January 18, 2000 with net solar radiation

and wind speed.

211

AP

PE

ND

IXD

.T

EM

PE

RA

TU

RE

VA

RIA

TIO

NS

AT

TH

ESU

RFA

CE

0

600

1200


18/01/200000:00

uw: −1.37 (m/s)

vw: 1.35 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

)

26.65

26.7

26.7

26.7526.8

0

600

1200


18/01/200001:00

uw: −0.49 (m/s)

vw: 0.85 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

26.55 26.6

26.626

.6526.7

212

0

600

1200


18/01/200002:00

uw: −0.42 (m/s)

vw: 0.46 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

26.526.55

26.55

26.6

26.626.65

26.7

0

600

1200


18/01/200003:00

uw: −0.08 (m/s)

vw: 0.50 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

26.5

26.5

26.5

26.5

5

26.55

26.626

.65

213

AP

PE

ND

IXD

.T

EM

PE

RA

TU

RE

VA

RIA

TIO

NS

AT

TH

ESU

RFA

CE

0

600

1200


18/01/200004:00

uw: 0.45 (m/s)

vw: 0.48 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

)

26.45

26.5

26.526.55

26.6

0

600

1200


18/01/200005:00

uw: 0.47 (m/s)

vw: 1.21 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

26.4

26.45

26.526.55

214

0

600

1200


18/01/200006:00

uw: −1.06 (m/s)

vw: 0.72 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

26.35

26.4

26.4

26.426

.4526.5

0

600

1200


18/01/200007:00

uw: 0.21 (m/s)

vw: 0.36 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

26.3

26.3526.3526.4

215

AP

PE

ND

IXD

.T

EM

PE

RA

TU

RE

VA

RIA

TIO

NS

AT

TH

ESU

RFA

CE

0

600

1200


18/01/200008:00

uw: −0.45 (m/s)

vw: 0.08 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

)

26.326.35

26.4

26.4

26.4

26.4

5

0

600

1200


18/01/200009:00

uw: 2.08 (m/s)

vw: 0.07 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

26.5

26.5526.6

216

0

600

1200


18/01/200010:00

uw: 2.32 (m/s)

vw: −0.24 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

26.8

26.8

26.85

0

600

1200


18/01/200011:00

uw: 2.45 (m/s)

vw: −0.78 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

27

2727.05

217

AP

PE

ND

IXD

.T

EM

PE

RA

TU

RE

VA

RIA

TIO

NS

AT

TH

ESU

RFA

CE

0

600

1200


18/01/200012:00

uw: 2.43 (m/s)

vw: −0.69 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

)

27.427.4

27.4

27.45

27.5

0

600

1200


18/01/200013:00

uw: 2.72 (m/s)

vw: −0.41 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m) 27.7 27.75

27.8

27.827.85

27.9

27.9

218

0

600

1200


18/01/200014:00

uw: 3.05 (m/s)

vw: −0.31 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m) 27.927.95 28

28.0528.1

28.15

28.15

28.2

28.2

28.2

28.3

5

0

600

1200


18/01/200015:00

uw: 2.02 (m/s)

vw: −1.34 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m) 28.228.2528.3

28.35 28.4

28.45

28.528.5

28.5

28.5

5

28.55

28.55

28.6

28.7

28.75

219

AP

PE

ND

IXD

.T

EM

PE

RA

TU

RE

VA

RIA

TIO

NS

AT

TH

ESU

RFA

CE

0

600

1200


18/01/200016:00

uw: 2.42 (m/s)

vw: −0.75 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

) 28.4528.528.55

28.6

28.6528.728.75

28.7528.8

28.95

29

0

600

1200


18/01/200017:00

uw: 1.92 (m/s)

vw: −1.42 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m) 28.6528.728.75

28.828.85

28.9

28.9

28.928.95

29

220

0

600

1200


18/01/200018:00

uw: 2.10 (m/s)

vw: −0.91 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

28.7 28.7528.8 28.85 28.9

28.928.95

29

0

600

1200


18/01/200019:00

uw: 1.81 (m/s)

vw: −0.91 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

28.6

28.6528.7 28.7528.8

28.8528.9 29

221

AP

PE

ND

IXD

.T

EM

PE

RA

TU

RE

VA

RIA

TIO

NS

AT

TH

ESU

RFA

CE

0

600

1200


18/01/200020:00

uw: 1.62 (m/s)

vw: −0.34 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)N

orth

ing

(m

) 28.4

28.4528.5

28.5528.6

28.6528.7

28.75

28.8 28.9

0

600

1200


18/01/200021:00

uw: 1.52 (m/s)

vw: −1.06 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

28.25 28.328.35

28.428.45

28.528.55

28.628.65

28.7

222

0

600

1200


18/01/200022:00

uw: 2.18 (m/s)

vw: −0.21 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

28.15

28.2 28.25

28.328.35

28.4

28.4528

.6

0

600

1200


18/01/200023:00

uw: 2.30 (m/s)

vw: −0.11 (m/s)

−5

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (

m)

2828.05

28.1 28.15

28.2

28.3

28.4

223

Documents

Bibliography - Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Home · BIBLIOGRAPHY Burchard, H. and Baumert, H. (1995). On the performance of a mixed-layer mode based on ... Liggett, J. A. (1994)