Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls _ Intro

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h i a r n e



Society of Biblical Literature

e?sText Critical Studies

EditorJ a m e s R. Adair Jr.

Volume 2A CATALOG F BIBLICALASSAGES

IN THE DEAD EA CROLLS



David L Washburn

RILLLEIDEN OSTON

2 3



avid L Washburn

Copyright 2002 by the Society of Biblical Literature

This edition published under license from the Society of Biblical Literatureby Koninklijke Brill NV. Leiden The Netherlands.

All rights resewed. No p r t of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or bymeans ofany information storage or retrieval system, except as may e expressly permittedby the 1976CopyrIghtAct or in writing from the publlsher. Requests for permission shouldbeddres sed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office. Society of Biblical Literature.

825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Washburn, David LA catalog of biblical passages in the Dead Sea scrolls by David L.

Washburn.p. cm. Text-critical studies . 2

Includes bibllographical references.ISBN 90-04- 12 705-41 Bible. O.T. Quotations Indexes. 2. Dead Sea

scrolls-Quotations. I. Title. 11. Series.

Printed in The Netherlandson acid-free paper



DEDICATION

To Helen Washbum, my late mother,

who always believed in me even when didn t;

and

to Kathy Washbum, the most precious wife n the universe,

who keeps me believing.





PREFACE ix

INTRODUCTIONDescriptionSources

he Dead Sea Scrolls PhenomenonSome Scroll Peculiarities 3

Format

T RMS USED N THE CATALOG 5

ABBREVIATIONS

THECATALOG

SELECTED BrSLIOGR PHY 57





I produced th e original draft o f this work in 983 as a Master's thesis, under the direction

of the lateDr. Robert Alden of Denver Seminary. At that time, it provided a complete listing of

passages preserved in the published Dead Sea Scrolls. Since then, of course, many more scrolls

have been published. This current work should be complete through DJD35.

Naturally, any such workas this will miss a few items. I hope that discerning readers and

reviewers willbe r with me and bring omissions that theyfind to my attention. Th e publishers

and I intend to make this work an ongoing labor, releasing new editions (perhaps in electronic

form) as the volum e of newly-published material warrants. T o make future ed itionsas complete

as possible, I ask readers to inform me of passagesI have missed (please include bibliographic

information ) by contacting m e through th e publisher or directly

would like to thank James Adair for his tireless efforts to get me the materials needed

and to get this work into print.

David L Washburn

Boise, Idaho

July 2 2





escription

The material contained in this volume is intended to be a comprehensive listing ofbiblical passages contained in all the Dead Sea Scrolls that havebeen published to date. Thislist is accompanied by an identification of the scroll containing the passage, publicationinformation on the scroll in question (with references to plates where possible), and a briefdescription andlor textual analysis.

As used in this book, Dead Sea Scrolls refers to the biblical documents (anddocuments containing biblical citations, such as I QS ) discovered nearhirbet Qumran, WadiMurabba'at, N@al Hever, and some other sites. Scholars sometimes include manydocuments from Egypt's Cairo Genizeh under the heading of Dead Sea Scrolls, but thispractice has not been followed here. Only those scrolls and firagments actually associatedwith the region around the Dead Sea are cited .'

Sources

By far the majority of material is published in the series Discoveries in the Judaean

Desert (DJD). The volumes of this series that are available contain most of the publishedscrolls from Qumran and Murabba'at; the major exceptions are IQIsa', IQS, and IQpHab.(The scrolls of Jeremiah, likewise, were originally published separately and without platessee the Catalog, though now plates have been published in DJD 15 .) For these three majorscrolls from Qumran cave 1, the photographic edition by Cross was used .9e riodical indexeswere also very uszfbl for locating recent finds. It should be noted that the DJD volumecontaining the Samuel scrolls from Cave was not yet available as of this writing.

Elisha Qimron, The Hebrew ofthe DeadSea Scrolls (Harvard Semitic Studies 29; Atlanta.Scholars Press, 1986) 15, likewise excludes the Cairo documents from his discussion.

Frank M . Cross nd others, 4 s ScrolL~frr m Qumran h e (Jerusalem: AlbrightInstitute of Archaeological Research, 1972). This contains photographs of lQ Isal , lQS, and1QpHab.



A Catalog of B~ blica l awages in the ad Sea Scrolls

T h e ea d Sea Scrolls Phenomenon

The story of the scrolls is well known Com mentators frequently maintrun that theyprove the reliability of the M asoretic Text(MT) of the Old Testament Others claim that theyprove just the opposite, thatthe ext of the OT was in a great st at e of flux at the time thescrolls were produced This catalog will show that both views are oversimplifiedgeneralizations Textual comments compare each Fragment with theMT (as represented inBHS ) and the Septuagint LXX)ext represented in the Rahlfs edition Other versions, suchas the Syriac or the Samaritan Pentateuch, are only noted where a variant o f some significanceappears and they have bearing on its analysis Citations of these versions have been takenFram BWS and from textual notesin the source materials such as the J eries

The scrolls, for the most part, do inf ct support theMT ar more thanLXX T o say

thnt this fact indicatesthe otal reliability o f theMT s it has come to this century, however,is a gross overstatement Even the Masoretes recognized certain problems with the text theyreceived, as evidenced by their Froquent use of theQere siglum

Without a doubt, the most strik ig scroll textually is 8HevXIIgr a leather scroll ofthe Minor Prophets inGreek This scroll is not anLXX ext but is a direct, literal translationo f an MT-type text This may suggest that the authority ofLXX in Palestine wa s not asstrong as it was in the diaspora And in fact, representation ofLXX s slim indeed The onlyHebrew scrolls that support it extensively are from cave4 Scrolls from the other caves(andthe rest of those from cave4) contain LXX variants but only very sporadically There aresome actualLXX manuscripts from Cave4, but they are relatively few

While the caves did containseveral Aramaic documents (cave4 w en had some inl a t i n and Arabic), the only biblical Targums that havebeen found are fragments of Leviticusand Job From cave4 and the Targum of Job from cave 1 1 Why this is so and what it meansfor the history of language usage in Palestine during thereek and Roman periods is stiU amatter of debate, and probably always willbe

The scrolls purported to preserve New Testament passages have been excluded Fromconsideration here, mostly because of the fierce controversy surrounding Father

ee e.g. F. F. B ruce, Second Thoughts on the ead Sea Scrolls (Grand Rapids: Wm.9Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1956)

, lliger and W ., Rudolph, editors,Biblra hebraica stuttgarremia (Stuttgart: DeutscheBibelgesellschaft, 1977)

For discussions of its textual character and its place in the textual history of the HebrewBible, s D. Barthklemy,Les Devanciersd ilqu ila: Premi rerepublication ntPgrale du extedesfiagtnents du Dodec4propheton (Vetus Testamenturn SuppIemenrs 1 ; Leiden: E J.Brig, 1963) and Tov s discussion in J 8



Introduction 3

O'Callaghan's identification of 7 4 5 and its relatives Inclusion of such materials must bepostponed at least until there is moregeneral acceptance of their identification

ome croll Peculiarities

1QPs' is an oddity among the DSS. It contains most of the Psalter, but in a verystrange order. It includes some apocryphal psalms and makes distinctive interpolations incanonical ones. How it came to be will probably always remain deba table, but its textua lusefblness is questionable My own view is that it was a lectionary of some kind.' In theCatalog, the Roman numerals after the I 1QPs' siglum refer to the columns of the scroll.Thus, for example, 1 IQPs'xvi is column 16.

A few scrolls are in the ancient Hebrew script. Several other sc rolls use the ancientscript for the Divine Name, and som e extend this practice toth name E l as well. Thesephenomena seem to indicate that some of the scribes may have attached some specialsignificance to the old script and held it in somesort of reverence or considered its use morere sp ec tIl when referring to G od o r the holy books This attitude of p referring older formsof language when dealing with God is strikingly like the attitude o f some Christians today,who feel that the antiquated English pronouns theeand thou are somehow more reverentwhen addressing God (n ote this practice in the NASB and RSV)

In the Qumran script especially, and to a lesser degree in the scrolls of the otherlocations, the lettersw m and yortrr are often written identically This sometimes causesconh sio n when reading a passage, but the places where this is a real problem are relativelyfew.' Sometimes this problem of identification also occurs withhe and k t h , The ancientscribes wro tehe with a small tittle, thus:q while they made th without it: t . f the tittleis small, or the top s troke oft hek t h s carelessly made, confusion may arise, and sometimesdoes.

nal forms of letters are fairly infrequent This is especially tm e o fh p h , partlybecause second person pronominal suffixes were oRen written Illy,73 ather thandefectively,7,as in later manuscripts. But in many instances of other letters with final forms,the normal form occurs where a final form would appear in the medieval manuscripts. In thepassages that are written out in the catalog, have tried to reproduce final forms as theyactually occur in the scrolls.

In light of recent work such as RobertH. Gundry, No NZ in Line 2 of 7 4 5 . FinalDisidentification of 7 4 5 with Mark 6:52-53,JBL 1 18 (1999):698-707, acceptance of thesescrolls as fragments of the New Testament is not likely tohappen.

Cf P. W. Flint, he Dead ea Psalms Scroll nd the Book ofPsa1m t STDJ 17 (Leiden:Brill, 1997).

Cf Russell Fuller, Text-Critical Problems in Malachi2:

10- 16,JBL

1 10 (1 991): 47-57,for som e examples of places where this phenomenon produces difficulties.A scroll thatdistinguishes the letters fairly well is 4QDeuP. SeeJ. A Duncan, New Readings for the'Blessing of Moses' from Qumran, JBL 114 (1995): 273-290.



4 A Catalog of Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls

Con ksion o f person and number in verbs and suffixes is common in the scro lls. Thisprobably points not to differing textual traditions, but to wnhsion of similar letters and a

touch of human erro r. Comparatively few of these variants are attested by other manuscriptsor versions

Format

This volume is designed to be a reference work for scholars, commen tators, teachers,and m den ts who wish t o investigate Dead Sea Scroll representation of any given biblicalpassage o r book. pocryphalflDeuterocanonical ooks are not included. Citations follow theorder of the Christian (Protestant) canon.

Where two or m ore passages in the scrolls overlap, the sequence in th e catalog

follows the first verse of any given portion. For example, 4Qphylh contains Deuteronomy5:22-6:5, while IQphyl preserves Deuteronomy 5:23-27 . Although the former extends farbeyand the latter, 4Qphylh begins a verse before 1Qphyl and is therefo re listed before 1Qphylin the catalog.

In the case of two or more citations beginning at the same verse, the shortest citationis listed first. Deuteronomy5 provides a good exampleof this, as well. Seven documentsbegin with Deuteronomy 5: 1. 4Qphyl' extends to 5:14, while the others extend to 5: 16 ,2 1,22,24; 6:1 and 6 : s They are listed in this order. This has the effect of somewhat preservingthe sequence ofthe chapter, continuously extending beyond the previous po int. Most o f thissequential arrangement occursin the Torah, but some was also necessary in Psalms, Isaiah,

and th Minor Prophets.No real textual analysis of1QIsa' is given here Studies of the Great Isaiah Scrollare

many and varied, and its true textual character is still a matter of some debate. It seemed bestto refer the reader to these studiesp ,or, better yet, to the manuscript itself The photographicedition is well referenced, and location of a given passage in it is not difficult. Since thetextual affnities of an ancient manuscript will vary from one passage to another, it seem s farmore sensible to evaluate each passage or variant on its own merits than to try to assign theentire scroll to a particular text-type or simply to pronounce it a mixed text.

Many of the more fragmentary passages are written out kl ly . The chief criterion usedfor deciding what to write out and what not to is length. Some readings that are unique to

the scrolls are written out as well, if the reading seems interesting enough to warrantcomment and/or further study.

For a comprehensive listing,s J. A Fitzmyer, 7 re UeadSea Scrolls: Major Ptrblicatiotisand uols or Shrdy rev ed, SBL Resources for Biblical Study2 (Atlanta: Scholars Press,1990).

O See note 2 above

Documents

Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls _ Intro