Bi-Ismi-ALLAH-Arehman-Araheem

MUDGHAH (Chewed Substance)

O people, if you have any doubt about Life-after-death, you should know that WE first created you of clay, then of a sperm-drop, then of a clot of blood, then a lump of flesh, shaped or shapeless. (WE are telling you this) so

that WE make the reality plain to you. And WE cause whom WE will to remain in the wombs for a fixed period, then WE bring you out as an infant; then

(WE nourish you) so that you may attain to your full youth. And there may be among you one who is

returned to the most abject/miserable age so that he should know nothing even after knowing all he could.

And you see the land lying dry and barren, but as soon as WE send down rainwater upon it, it stirs (to life), and

swells and brings forth every kind of luxuriant vegetation.

• This is so because ALLAH is the Truth. HE brings the dead to life and HE has power over everything and (This is a proof that) the Hour of Resurrection is sure to come and there is absolutely no doubt about it, and most surely He will raise up those who are lying in the graves.Al-Hajj. Surah 22, Ayat 5-7, Para 18.

Mudghah as described in Surah Al-Hajj is of two types:

• Shapeless Mudghah refers to the somite stage of the embryo. It starts on 20th day when first pair of somites appears and ends on 35th day when all the somites have developed. It is mostly 4th and 5th weeks.

• Shaped Mudghah is from 6th week to 8th week.

Shapeless Mudghah

Somite Stage4th to 5th week of intrauterine life

Development of somites

• Dorsum of human embryo, 2.11 mm in length.

• (The older term 'primitive segments' is used to identify the somites.)

Day-17 Transverse section of trilaminar germ disc.

Day-19 Three main parts of intraembryonic mesoderm.

• 20-day • Three main parts of intraembryonic mesoderm.• See the segments of paraxial mesoderm.

Day-20. Paraxial mesoderm begins to divide into paired cuboidal bodies called somites. First pair of somites arises in the cervical region of embryo. Subsequent pairs form in a craniocaudal sequence.

About 3 pairs of somites form daily during the so-called somite period (20 to 30 days)Eventually by the end of 5th week, 42 to 44 pairs are present. The first occipital and the caudal 5 to 7 coccygeal somites disappear.

Week 4

Week 5

• The somites give rise to most of the axial skeleton, associated musculature and the dermis of the skin.

• During the somite period, the somites are used as one of the criteria for determining the embryo’s age.

INTRAEMBRYONIC COELOM

• Day 19. A number of small, isolated coelomic spaces appears within the lateral plate mesoderm and the cardiogenic mesoderm.

• Day-20. These spaces soon coalesce to form a horseshoe-shaped cavity the intraembryonic coelom,

• It is lined by flattened epithelial cells. • Laterally communicates with extra-embryonic coelom.

• The intraembryonic coelom divides the lateral plate mesoderm into two layers:

1. Somatic (parietal) layer continuous with the extraembryonic mesoderm covering the amnion.

2. Splanchnic (visceral) layer continuous with the extraembryonic mesoderm covering the yolk sac.

Transverse section of day-21 embryo showing intermediate mesoderm clearly defined. Paraxial mesoderm has formed somites. One somite is visible in this cross section. Lateral plate mesoderm has become divided into two layers.

• The somatic mesoderm and the overlying embryonic ectoderm form the body wall, or somatopleure, whereas the splanchnic mesoderm and the embryonic endoderm form the splanchnopleure, or wall of the primitive gut.

• During the second month, the intraembryonic coelom is divided into the body cavities:– one pericardial cavity– the two pleural cavities– one peritoneal cavity

Fourth Week• Major changes in the body form occur

during fourth week. • At the beginning, the embryo (2.0 to 3.5

mm long) is almost straight and has 4 to 12 somites that produce conspicuous surface elevations.

• The neural tube is formed between right and left chains of somites.

• Pharyngeal (branchial) arches are visible. • The embryo is now slightly curved because of

the head and tail folds. The heart produces a large ventral prominence and pumps blood.

• The forebrain produces a prominent elevation of the head, and folding of the embryo has given the embryo a characteristic C-shaped curvature. A long, curved tail is present.

• Upper limb buds become recognizable by day 26 or 27 as small swellings on the ventrolateral body walls.

• The otic pits, the primordial of the internal ears, are also visible.

• Ectodermal thickenings indicating the future lenses of the eyes called lens placodes are visible on the sides of the head.

• The fourth pair of pharyngeal arches and the lower limb buds are visible by the end of the fourth week.

• Toward the end of the fourth week, an attenuated tail is a characteristic feature.

• Rudiments of many of the organ systems, especially the cardiovascular system, are established.

• By the end of the fourth week the caudal neuropore is usually closed.

Fifth Week• Changes in body form are minor during

the fifth week compared with those that occurred during the fourth week, but growth of the head exceeds that of other regions. Enlargement of the head is caused mainly by the rapid development of the brain and facial prominences. The face soon contacts the heart prominence.

• The rapidly growing second (hyoid) pharyngeal arch overgrows the third and fourth arches, forming a lateral ectodermal depression on each side – the cervical sinus.

• The upper limb buds are paddle-shaped and the lower limb buds are flipper like.

• The mesonephric ridges indicate the site of the mesonephric kidneys, which are interim kidneys in humans.

Derivatives of Ectoderm• Central and Peripheral Nervous System• Epidermis of the skin, including hair and

nails.• Sensory epithelium of ear, nose and eye• Anterior two third of oral cavity.• External and Internal ear.• Lens of the eye.

• Muscles of iris• Pituitary gland• Medulla of the Suprarenal gland• Subcutaneous glands• Mammary gland• Enamel of the teeth• All the five special senses develop from

ectoderm.

Derivatives of Mesoderm• Connective tissue (all types including cartilage

and bone)• Muscles (all types), except the muscles of iris• Joints (all types)• Fascia (all types), Intermuscular septa,• Retinaculae etc. (these are connective tissues)• Dermis of the skin connective tissue• Urogenital system (except the epithelial lining

of urinary bladder and urethra).

• Cardiovascular system, including blood and lymph

• Body cavities.• Respiratory and Alimentary tract; except their

epithelial linings• Stroma of salivary glands, liver and pancreas• Stroma of thyroid and parathyroid glands• Spleen, Lymph nodes and Tonsils• Cortex of the Suprarenal gland

Derivatives of Endoderm• Epithelial lining of Gastro-intestinal tract• Respiratory tract (Epithelial liningonly)• Parenchyma of salivary glands, liver and

panceas.• Parenchyma of thyroid and parathyroid glands• Reticular stromaof tonsils and thymus• The epithelial lining of urinary bladder and

urethra• The epithelial lining of tympanic cavity and

Eustachian tube