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BI 101: Human Impact on Biodiversity
Think-pair-share
Which two animal phyla have deuterostome development?
• Echinoderms
• Chordates
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What animal is this?
In a pondwater sample, you find some small animals with three tissue layers and bilateral symmetry. The do not have any body cavity, but do have some sensory organs and muscles. This is most likely a:
• Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Biodiversity
Think-Pair-Share:
What does it mean when someone says an
area has high biodiversity?
What does biodiversity mean?
Why should we care about biodiversity?
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Types of Biodiversity
• Species diversity
• Genetic diversity
• Ecosystem diversity
Why should we care about biodiversity?
Ecosystem services
make a list of as many things as you can think of, grouping them into direct benefits and
indirect benefits
~ 1 min
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What are ecosystem services?
Direct
• Edible plants, fungi, & animals
• Building materials
• Fiber & fabric
• Fuel
• Medicine
• Oxygen
• Recreation
Indirect
• Pollination
• Seed dispersal
• Waste decontamination
• Regulation of local climate
• Flood & erosion control
• Pollution control
• Pest control
• Wildlife habitat
• Soil fertility
Discussion
You are discussing biodiversity and extinction with your friend, who is skeptical about using valuable time and money conserving rare species. He/She points out that 99% of all species that have ever existed have gone extinct. “Thousands of species have already gone extinct since life began on Earth. Even though many species are going extinct now, I don’t think it matters.” Despite this statement, why might species extinction still be a problem?
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Mass Extinctions: rate of extinction
Background extinction rate
Discussion:
Scientists estimate that in the last 400 years more than a thousand species have become
extinct. This rate is 100 to 1,000 times the usual background rate found in the fossil record.
What does this information imply?
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Extinction data • ½ of all species extinct in
100 years -E.O. Wilson • 20% of species extinct by
2028
Extinction data
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Mass extinctions: Consequences
• Long recovery time
– Typically 5-10 million years
– 100 million years after Permian mass extinction
• Alter ecological communities
– Changes in dominant species
– Changes in predator/prey
Mass extinctions: Altering ecological communities
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Mass extinctions: Consequences
• Long recovery time
– Typically 5-10 million years
– 100 million years after Permian mass extinction
• Alter ecological communities
– Changes in dominant species
– Changes in predator/prey
• Adaptive radiation
Mass extinctions: Adaptive radiation
• Periods of fast evolutionary change
• Species evolve to fill ecological roles, or niches
Drosophila, Fruit fly
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Mass extinctions: Adaptive radiation
• Periods of fast evolutionary change
• Species evolve to fill ecological roles, or niches
• Common on islands
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What factors are responsible for extinctions?
Percent of species affected
0
Habitat loss
Overexploitation
Introduced species
Other
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Figure 38.6
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What factors are responsible for extinctions?
Habitat Loss
1. Destruction
2. Pollution
3. Human disruption
4. Habitat fragmentation
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Figure 38.7 Extinction and habitat destruction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
rain forest cover
Africa
Before human colonization
1950 1985 2000
90% of rain forest lost in Madagascar
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Humans and Biology
BASF_Werk_Ludwigshafen_1881.JPG
Industrial Revolution • Industrial Emission:
• Carbon Dioxide • Methane • CFC’s
Pollution, climate change
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Chemical Pollution: Air
– Smog: • Sulfur Oxide
• Gray-air cities
• Pollutants chemically react with sun
• Brown-air cities
Chemical Pollution: Water “Dilution is the solution”
• Sewage
• Fertilizers
• Insecticides
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Chemical Pollution: Acid Precipitation • Coal burning:
– Sulfur dioxide
– Sulfates
• Sulfur compounds + Water vapor Acid
Chemical Pollution: Agriculture Green Revolution
Pesticides Herbicides Fertilizers (nutrients)
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What factors are responsible for extinctions?
Percent of species affected
0
Habitat loss
Overexploitation
Introduced species
Other
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Figure 38.6
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Figure 38.9 The tragedy of the commons
The essence of Hardin's original essay:
—G. Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons," Science 162, 1243 (1968), p. 1244
"Freedom in a Commons Brings Ruin to All"
Picture a pasture open to all. It is expected that each herdsman will try to keep as many cattle as possible on [this] commons....What is the utility...of adding one more animal?...Since the herdsman receives all the proceeds from the sale of the additional animal, the positive utility [to the herdsman] is nearly +1.... Since, however, the effects of overgrazing are shared by all the herdsmen, the negative utility for any particular decision-making herdsman is only a fraction of -1. Adding together the...partial utilities, the rational herdsman concludes that the only sensible course for him to pursue is to add another animal to [the] herd. And another; and another.... Therein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system that [causes] him to increase his herd without limit—in a world that is limited....Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.
© Gary Griffen/Animals Animals-Earth Scenes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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What factors are responsible for extinctions?
Species Overexploitation
Bison skulls 1870s Salmon, Columbia River
Bluefin Tuna
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What factors are responsible for extinctions?
Percent of species affected
0
Habitat loss
Overexploitation
Introduced species
Other
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Figure 38.6
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What factors are responsible for extinctions?
Introduced Species
• Nursery plants
• Stowaways
– No Native predators
or parasites
– Out-compete natives
– Become predators of natives
Spartina, Willapa Bay, WA
Global Warming (Global Climate Change)
http://en.ce.cn/National/pic-news
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What is Climate?
Weather patterns
• Temperature
– Mean and Variability
• Precipitation
• Humidity
• Atmospheric
Pressure
• Wind
Forces Impacting Climate – Solar Radiation
powers the climate system
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080512120523.htm
Human-induced changes in atmospheric composition (gasses)
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Global Climate Change
• global warming is a rise in the average global temperatures associated with increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere
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Figure 38.4 The greenhouse effect Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Car
bo
n d
ioxi
de
con
cen
trat
ion
(p
arts
per
mill
ion
)
Tem
per
atu
re (
deg
rees
Fah
ren
hei
t)
'58 '62 '66 '70 '74 '78
Year '82 '86 '90 '94 '98 '02 '06
58.5
58 312
316
320
324
328
332
336
340
344
348
352
356
360
364
368
372
376
380
59.5
59
60.5
61
60
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Remember the Carbon Cycle?
• global warming is a rise in the average global temperatures associated with increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere
The Carbon Cycle
For past 100 years or so CO2 entering the atmosphere has been greater than that leaving
carbon that has been locked up for a long time (fossil fuels) are being released
• The overall concentration of CO2 in
the atmosphere & the oceans has been increasing
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Increasing CO2 levels
Effects of Global Climate Change
1. Change to precipitation patterns
2. Changes in weather patterns (anomalies)
3. Effects on Agriculture
4. Shrinking Glaciers
– Rising Sea Levels
5. Ocean Acidification
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Change in Temperature (C)
Walther et al 2002. Nature
Change in Precipitation (% per decade)
Walther et al 2002. Nature
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Lee Baines, UWL
Effects on Agriculture
• Drought • Heat Damage
Aug 3, Illinois (AP Photo/Seth Perlman)
Effects on Agriculture
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Effects on Agriculture
Fire
NASA, July 24th 2012: Central Oregon http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=9890
Glaciers • 10% of Earth’s surface
• Distributed worldwide
• Store ~75% of world’s Freshwater
• Contribute significantly to – River flow
– Water resources
– Fish habitat
– Rare aquatic invertebrate species
• Vulnerable to Climate Change
http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com
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Data summary: Observed plant & animal response to climate change
Walther et al 2002. Nature
Data summary: Observed plant & animal response to climate change
Walther et al 2002. Nature
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Can fungi help save the world? Fungi can be used to restore the environment with: 1. Livestock
i. Kill off pathogens like Plasmodium (Malaria) and coliform bacteria!
ii. Soak up toxic levels of copper & Zinc from manure
2. Oil , Mining, & Toxic waste i. Break down waste petroleum
hydrocarbons ii. Collect heavy metals
3. Farming i. Break down some pesticides ii. Stabilize soil, reducing erosion–
use in no till farming 4. Biological control
http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_stamets_on_6_ways_mushrooms_can_save_the_world.html
Why not filer manure run-off with mushrooms?!
Aka Mycofiltration • Farms • Urban areas • Factories • Watersheds • Roads
Scanning electron microscope image 0.5-2 μm thick
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Turkey tail Trametes versicolor
Final Exam
• Review time!
• Questions?
• Study sessions?
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Lab 10: Vertebrate animals
• Lab handout needed: Guess the embryo
• From instructor website, click on link
