Bhavana Swaminathan

DEVELOPMENT OF RARE-EARTH FREE

MAGNETS

Self-persisting magnetic field

Permanent magnetsIndustries: medicine,

aerospace, automotive, music, etc.

Sold in a private market unlike other elements

WHAT IS A RARE EARTH MATERIAL?

LIMITATIONS OF RARE EARTHS

Geochemical and geographic obstacles Political and economic limitations from the eastern

hemisphere (private market) Environmental Hazards: Toxic wastes, radiation, etc.

“Slashing their exports of rare-earth materials…is all about moving Chinese manufacturers up the supply chain, so they can sell valued finished goods to the world that rather than lowly raw materials.”

- The Economist

NECESSITY OF RESEARCH

Ferromagnet – Retain permanent magnetization under applied magnetic fields Cheaper, more widely available, ability to overcome

property gap

FUTURE OF RARE-EARTH FREE MAGNETS

RESEARCH STUDY

COST BY STAGE

1 2 3 4 50.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

DIrect Costs By Stage

Equipment + SpaceElectricityDirect LaborMaterials

Production Costs by Stage

Cost

($/k

g)

COSTING SCALE

10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 $-

$10.00

$20.00

$30.00

$40.00

$50.00

$60.00

$70.00

$80.00

$90.00

Cost Scaling Case

Production Volume (kg/year)

Pro

ducti

on C

ost

($/k

g)

WORKS CITED

[1] B. Das, B. Balamurugan, P. Kumar, R. Skomski, V.R. Shah, J.E. Sheild, A. Kashyap, and D.J. Sellmyer, “HfCo7-Based Rare Earth Free Permanent-Magnet Alloys,” Univ. of Nebraska., NE., Jul. 2013. [2] G. J. Orris, R. I. Grauch, Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits and Occurrences, USGS Report 02–189, 174 pp, Tucson, AZ, 2002. [3] I. Ros-Lehtinen, “China’s Monopoly on Rare Earth: Implications for U.S. Foreign and Security Policy,” House of Representatives, Washington D.C., Sept. 2011. [4] M.A. de Boer and K. Lammertsma (2013), Scarcity of Rare Earth Elements [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24009098[5] M.D. Kuz’min, K.P. Skokov, H. Jian, I. Radulov, and O. Gutfleisch,“Towards High Performance Permanent Magnets Without Rare Earths,” Darmstadt, Germany: IOP, 2014.[6] M. Humphries, “Rare Earth Materials: The Global Supply Chain,” Congressional Research Service, Washington D.C., Dec. 2013. [7] Minerals and Metals Scarcity in Manufacturing: The Ticking Timebomb—Sustainable Materials Management, PricewaterouseCoopers, 2011. [8] The Demand for Rare Earth Materials in Permanent Magnets. Arnold Magnetic Tech., Rochester, NY, 2011.

Questions?