BHAI PARMANAND VIDYA MANDIR

CLASS V

GRAMMAR RULES

Topic : Sentences

A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense.

A sentence has a verb or an action word.

A sentence begins with a capital letter .

It ends with a full stop (.) , exclamation mark(!) or question mark(?).

Example- Deepak is a good singer.

PARTS OF A SENTENCE :-

A sentence has two parts-

1) Subject

2) Predicate.

Subject - The part of a sentence which tells us about whom or what we are

talking.

Predicate- The part of a sentence which tells us something more about the

subject.

Example- Suhana is a good student.

Subject- Suhana

Predicate- is a good student

Note- In Imperative Sentences, the subject is hidden and it is always ‘You’

OBJECT OF A SENTENCE

All sentences don’t have an object.

If a sentence has an object, it can identified by asking the questions ‘what’ or

‘whom’.

Eg- My mother wanted to bake a cake.‘What did mother want to bake ?’- Cake

So ‘cake’ is the object.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

a) Assertive/Declarative Sentences - They are also called Statement. They

simply say or state something. They begin with a capital letter and end

with a full stop.

Eg- Ashoka was a great ruler.

b) Imperative Sentences- They expresses a command,a request or an advice.

Eg- Please pass me the sugar. (Subject is You and predicate is the whole

sentence)

c) Exclamatory Sentences- They express some sudden , strong feelings. It

can be an expression of pain, sadness or joy. These sentences have or

ends with an exclamation mark.

Eg- How exciting the trip was!

Wow! What a beautiful view.

d) Interrogative Sentences- They ask a question. These sentences end with a

question mark.(?) Eg. What is your name ?

e) Negative Sentence- Sentences which have words like ‘no, not, nothing

,never’ in them are called negative sentences .

Any assertive/interrogative/exclamatory and imperative sentence can be

negative too if it contains these words.

Eg- He is honest. He is not honest.

Topic : Punctuation

Punctuation means putting pauses at the right places in sentences to

express the meaning clearly and to make it easier to understand.

a) We use capital letters for the following -

The first letter of the first word in a sentence

The first letter of all proper nouns

The pronoun ‘I’

Every new line of a poem may usually begin with a capital letter.

b)Assertive and Imperative sentences end with a full stop(.).

c) Interrogative sentences end with a question mark(?).

d) Exclamatory sentences use an exclamation mark(!)

e) The ‘G’ of God is always capital.

f) Commas are used to separate words of the same series.

(Example-Susan bought apples, mangoes, bananas and cherries.)

Commas are also used to separate the names of people when we are

addressing their name and talking to them.

(Example- Aarav, come here.)

g) Use of apostrophe- We use apostrophe to show belonging or possession. We

add an ‘s’ after the apostrophe.

Eg.Mallika’s hair is very long.

Note- In case of plural nouns and words which end with an ‘s’, we only add the

apostrophe, no ‘s’ is to be added.

Eg. The boys’ hostel is next to the park.

Shris’ bottle is lying there.

Note- Apostrophe is also used in short forms like won’t , wouldn’t,

don’t, 20th March’19 ,etc.

Topic : Nouns

A noun is the name of a person, animal, place or thing and even feelings, ideas.

Kinds of Nouns

a) Common Nouns- give common names to persons, things,

animals,places which are of the same kind. Eg: boy,city,girl,country

b) Proper Nouns- give special names to particular persons, places,

animals and things. Eg: Vishal,Delhi, Suman , India. As you may see,

they are written in capital letter always.

c) Abstract Nouns- is the name of some quality,feeling or idea , we can

only think of or feel but can never touch or see. Eg: Honesty, Beauty

Note- They are always made from adjectives. Eg- Happy is an adjective-

Happiness will be Abstract Noun. They are usually used in singular

form.

d) Collective Nouns- nouns that names a collection or group of people,

animals and things considered as one whole. (Eg: flock of sheep,

class of students,etc.)

e) Material Nouns- are the names of materials or substances from

which something is made. Eg: metal, gold)

Nouns- Number

A noun which refers to one person , animal,place or thing is said to nbe in the

singular number. Eg. Boy,girl,etc.

A noun which refers to more than one person , animal,place or thing is said

to be in the plural number. Eg. Boys,girls,etc

HOW TO FORM PLURAL NOUNS.

1) In most cases we add “s” at the end of a singular noun to make it plural.

Examples-

bat- bats

ball- balls

chair-chairs

2) If there exist s, sh, ch, x and z in the end, “es” gets to be used. Eg-

dish -dishes

bus-buses

fox- foxes

3) When pronunciation of ch is like “k”, just “s” is added at the end-

Stomach- Stomachs

Patriarch-Patriarchy

4) When nouns end in consonant +y , we can change ‘y’ to ‘ies’

baby- babies

navy-navies

5) When nouns end in vowels +y,we add ‘s’ to the singular nouns.

valley-valleys

6) When nouns end in -f or -fe, we change into -ves.

leaf-leaves

life-lives

Exception 1: though there’s an “o” and a consonant ahead of it, some nouns use

only “s”.

Example: Radio- Radios

Exception 2: for some, “s” and “es” both are correct.

Eg- mosquito- mosquitos/mosquitoes

7) Some of the nouns form plurals by changing a single letter or several letters of

the singular form.

Example:

Foot- feet

Tooth-teeth

Woman-women

8) Some of the nouns form plurals by adding suffixes other than -s , -es

They require -en, -ren and -ne to add at last.

Example:

Ox-oxen

Child-children

9) There are some nouns which do not change in their plural form.

Example:

Sheep-sheep

Deer-deer

Fish-fish (Sometimes -fishes is also used when it suggests different varieties

of fish)

Hair-hair

10) There are some nouns which have only plural forms.

Trousers

Spectacles

Jeans

Scissors

Clothes

11) There are some nouns which have only singular forms.

Furniture

News

information

Nouns- Gender

Nouns can be divided into four categories according to their genders.

1) masculine - A noun that refers to a male .e.g. boy,king ,etc

2) Feminine- A noun that refers to a female e.g.woman,queen etc.

3) Neuter- A noun that refers to a non-living thing e.g. book, table etc.

4) common - A nouns which can be either male of female. e.g. child,

engineer,teacher

LIST OF SOME FEMININE AND MASCULINE GENDER

Masculine Feminine

Actor Actress

administrator Administratrix

Author Authoress

bachelor Spinster

Boy Girl

Boy Scout Girl Guide

Brave Squaw

bridegroom Bride

Brother Sister

conductor Conductress

Count Countess

Czar Czarina

Dad Mum

Daddy Mummy

Duke Duchess

emperor Empress

Father Mother

father-in-law mother-in-law

Fiancé Fiancée

gentleman Lady

Giant Giantess

God Goddess

governor Matron

grandfather Grandmother

grandson Granddaughter

headmaster Headmistress

Heir Heiress

Hero Heroine

Host Hostess

Hunter Huntress

husband Wife

King Queen

Lad Lass

landlord Landlady

Lord Lady

Male Female

Man Woman

manager Manageress

manservant Maidservant

masseur Masseuse

Master Mistress

Mayor Mayoress

milkman Milkmaid

millionaire Millionaires

monitor Monitress

Monk Nun

Mr. Mrs.

murderer Murderess

Negro Negress

nephew Niece

Papa Mama

Poet Poetess

policeman Policewoman

postman Postwoman

postmaster Postmistress

Priest Priestess

Prince Princess

prophet Prophetess

proprietor Proprietress

prosecutor Prosecutrix

protector Protectress

shepherd Shepherdess

Sir Madam

Son Daughter

son-in-law daughter-in-law

step-father step-mother

step-son step-daughter

steward Stewardess

Sultan Sultana

Tailor Tailoress

testator Testatrix

Uncle Aunt

Usher Usherette

Waiter Waitress

washerman Washerwoman

Topic- Adjectives

Adjectives are describing words that tell us more about persons,animals,places

and things. They modify nouns or pronouns. Eg- interesting book, four

chocolates,some sugar, his pants, that house. Here, All the words in bold are

adjectives and they are describing nouns.

Eg. Rohini has a pink dress. Here, the word pink tells us about the colour of the

dress.

Position of Adjectives

Adjectives are usually placed before the nouns they describe.

Eg.

He is an old man.

Here, old is the adjective and man is the noun which it is describing.

However, sometimes, the adjective can be placed after a noun.

The man is old.

Kinds of Adjectives- Adjectives can be divided into following kinds:-

a) Adjectives of Quality- tells about the kind of nouns. They answer the

question ‘What kind of noun?’ Eg- Madhuri Dixit is a great dancer.

b) Adjectives of Number- tells about the number of nouns. They answer the

question ‘How many nouns?’ All countable nouns come in this category.

Eg. I have ten chocolates.

All the students were present at the event.

c) Adjectives of Quantity- tells about the quantity of nouns. They answer the

question ‘How much of a noun?’ All uncountable nouns come in this

category.

Eg- I have enough time to complete my work.

I had some oats in my breakfast.

Note- Adjectives like second,fourth, fifth are also Adjective of Number.

They are called Ordinal Adjectives as they show order in which a person or

thing stands.

Note-Some adjectives may be both adjective of quantity and adjective of

number depending upon their use.

Some people want to meet you. (Here, Some is Number, as how many

people?- Countable

Meena wanted some sugar in her tea. (Here, some is Quantity, as how much

sugar?-Uncountable

Some of the adjectives of quantity and number are:

Little,few

Much,many

d) Demonstrative Adjectives- are used to point out naming words. Eg.

This,that, these,those,such are demonstrative adjectives .It answers the

question : Which one?

Note:

This and These are used to point out persons or things which are near.

That and Those are used to point out persons or things that are far away.

That and This are used with singular nouns.

Those and These are used with plural nouns.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE AND PRONOUN

A Demonstrative adjective is usually placed before the noun it qualifies.

Example- This book is mine. (Here,This is a demonstrative adjective as it is

placed before the noun- book)

A Demonstrative pronoun is usually placed before a verb.

Example - This is my book. (Here,This is a demonstrative pronoun as it is placed

before the verb- is)

e) Interrogative Adjectives - asks a question. Eg. What,whose, which, etc.

What animal is that?

Which dress do you want?

f ) Possessive Adjectives- show possession or belonging.

It answes the question : whose?

Eg. His,her,our,your

My book is lying on the table.

They sold their house. Note: Possessive Adjectives are usually placed before

nouns.

Adjectives- Degrees of Comparison

There are three degrees of comparison -

i )Positive- Positive Degree of an adjective is used when no

comparison is made.

Eg. Ajay is tall.

Note- We can use as __________ as in positive degree to show equality

or when we talk about one person or thing.

ii )Comparative- Comparative Degree is used when we compare two

persons or things.

Eg. Vijay is taller than Ajay.

iii )Superlative- Superlative Degree is used when we compare more

than two groups of people or things.

Eg.- Rajesh is the tallest of the three.

Remember-With Superlative Degree, we use article ‘the’.

Note - Only adjectives of quality can have degrees of comparison.

Topic- Articles

The words ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are articles.

There are two types of articles- definite and indefinite.

‘a’ and ‘an’ are indefinite articles

‘the’ is the definite article

‘a’ and ‘an’ are placed before countable nouns in the singular number.

We use ‘a’ before words beginning with a consonant sound. (eg. A student,

a batsman, a one-eyed dog, a utensil)

We use ‘an’ before a word beginning with a vowel sound. (eg.an

honourable man, an hour, an eagle , an MBA)

We use ‘a’ and ‘an’ when we mean any one person or thing. ( Give me a

pen- any pen)

‘The’ is used when we mean a particular person or thing. (Give me the pen

lying on the table- a particular / specific pen )

A/An is used for speaking of a person/thing for the first time,the is used

when we speak of them afterwards.

When the speaker and the listener know which person/thing is being

talked about we use ‘The’.

USES OF ‘THE’

‘the’ is used with the names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges. ( The

Ganges, the Himalayas )

‘the’ is used with the titles of holy books, newspapers (the Gita, the

Ramayana, the Statesman)

‘the’ is used with names of trains, ships, aeroplanes (The Rajdhani Express,

The Orient Express)

‘the’ is used with names of well-known monuments, buildings (the Red

Fort, the India Gate)

‘the’ is used with directions (the east, the west, the north, the south)

‘the’ is used with the names of heavenly bodies (the earth, the stars, the

moon, the sky, the sun)

‘the’ is used with Superlative Degree of Adjectives.

‘the’ is used with phrases like ‘the only son’, ‘the last’ , ‘the next’, ‘the first’

‘the’ is used with names of some countries which contain a common

noun. (the United Arab Emirates, the United States of America, the United

Kingdom)

NOTE : We cannot use ‘The’ with the following:

With proper nouns – example : the Sonali Sharma (x) , the India (x) ,

the Agra (x)

With uncountable nouns that:

i) Name materials – example :the sugar (x) , the iron (x)

ii) Name qualities- example : the honesty (x) , the innocence (x)

NOTE- But we use ‘the’ with such nouns when they are made

particular.

Examples :

i) I need sugar for making tea.( no article with ‘sugar’)

ii) Please pass me the sugar in the jar. (one is talking about

particular sugar which is in the jar, hence ‘the sugar’ )

Topic- Pronouns

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

Example : Rita is a good student. She completes her homework everyday. She

has many friends. (In these sentences, ‘Rita’ has been replaced by with the

pronoun ‘She’. )

There are six kinds of Pronouns. They are as follows :_

i ) Personal Pronouns- are the pronouns which are used in place of the

names of people, animals and things.

Personal pronouns can take the following forms-

First Person

Second person

Third person

Persons

First Person Second Person Third Person

The speaker The person we are

speaking to

The person about

whom we are talking

I, me, we, us You he, him, she, her, they,

them, it

With Superlative Degree, we use ‘the’.

Singular and Plural Pronouns

SINGULAR PLURAL

I, me we, us

You you

she, her, he, him, it they, them

Genders

MASCULINE FEMININE COMMON NEUTER

he, him she, her I, we, me, us,

you

it

NOTE- Pronouns ‘they’, ‘them’ are used for males, females and even

neuter genders)

ii )Demonstrative Pronouns – used to point out the object or objects

which it refers to. (Eg. This,that,these, those )

eg. That is a bag.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

NOTE : ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, ‘those’ are also used as Demonstrative

Adjectives.

Examples : This pen has blue ink. (Here, this is Demonstrative

adjective as it qualifies the noun ‘pen’ and is placed before a noun )

This is the pen that has blue ink. (Here, this is

Demonstrative it pronoun as it stands for the noun ‘pen’ and is

placed before a verb )

iii)Interrogative Pronouns- used for asking a question. (eg.which,

what , whom ,who ? )

Eg. Who has come to meet me ?

What is the matter?

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES

Note- An interrogative adjective is placed before a noun, an

interrogative pronoun is placed before a verb.

Examples : i) Which pen is yours ? (Here, Which is interrogative

adjective as it qualifies the noun ‘pen’ and is placed before it)

ii ) Which is your pen? ( Here , Which is interrogative pronoun as it

stands for the noun ‘pen’ and is placed before a verb)

iv)REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS – They are used when the object of the

verb is also the subject of the verb.

Example – I helped myself.

‘myself’ is Reflexive pronoun as it is also the object of the verb

‘helped’

Note- ‘Myself’ and ‘I’ stands for the same person. So, the object is

also the subject.

Myself, yourself, yourselves, himself , herself, ourselves ,

themselves are some reflexive pronouns.

Read the table below to understand more about reflexive

pronouns.

Number Singular Plural Reflexive Pronoun

First Person I we Myself, ourselves

Second Person You you Yourself, yourselves

Third Person He, She, it they Himself/herself/itself

themselves

v) EMPHATIC PRONOUNS – They are used with a noun or a pronoun

to draw attention or just to emphasise.

Example- I myself solved the sum.

Myself, yourself, yourselves, himself , herself, ourselves ,

themselves are some emphatic pronouns.

Note- Reflexive and Emphatic pronouns always end in ‘self’ or

‘selves’

vi ) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS – They show ownership,

belonging.

NOTE- We don’t use apostrophe to show possession in pronouns.

Eg. ‘mine’, ‘yours’, ‘ours’, ‘his’, ‘hers’ and ‘theirs’ are called possessive

pronouns.

Example- The bike is mine.

Those crayons are theirs.

Singular Plural

First Person Mine ours

Second Person Yours yours

Third Person His, hers theirs

Topic- Verbs

A verb is used to denote what a person , thing or animal does; what a

person, thing or animal is ; or what a person , animal or thing has.

Remember- A verb is an important part of a sentence. A sentence

cannot be formed without a verb.

DOING VERBS -

Examples- PRESENT – I eat.

PAST- I ate.

FUTURE- I will eat.

‘BE’ VERBS –

Examples- PRESENT – is, am , are

PAST- was, were

FUTURE- will be , shall be

HAVE VERBS -

Examples- PRESENT – have, has

PAST-had

FUTURE- will have , shall have

Verbs are of two types-

i) Helping (Auxillary Verbs)

ii) Linking (Action words)

Verbs- Singular and Plural

With singular nouns or pronouns, we use singular verbs.

With plural nouns or pronouns, we use plural verbs.

When we join two singular nouns or pronouns with ‘and’ they

become plural and therefore take a plural verb. Eg. He and Tanu

have left early.

Mahima and Vandana are sisters.

If the subject in a sentence is singular, the verb will be singular.

Eg- The man goes to the office.

Singular Singular

subject verb

If the subject in a sentence is plural, the verb will be plural.

Eg.- The girls dance well.

Plural Plural

subject verb

‘You’ is always written as a plural verb.

Collective nouns are considered to be a single unit so they take

singular verbs. Eg. Class, family,etc.

Example- The band plays very good music.

Evan if a singular subject ends with ‘s’ such as news or names

of books such as ‘Around the World in 80 Days’ the verb will

be singular.

Eg. ‘Around the World in 80 Days’ is my favourite book.

This news is the latest on Japan’s earthquake.

Helping Verbs- is/am/are

Singular Verbs Plural Verbs

I – am we- are

he- is you-are

she-is they-are

it-is

Helping Verbs- was/were

Singular Verbs Plural Verbs

I – was we- were

he- was you-were

she-was they-were

it- was They-were

Helping Verbs- has/have

Singular Verbs Plural Verbs

he- has I –have

she- has we- have

it- has you- have

they- have

OBJECT OF A VERB

Read this sentence- Jugal loves cricket.

In the above sentence, ‘cricket’ is the answer to the question : Jugal loves

what ?

So, ‘cricket’ is the object of the verb ‘loves’.

TRANSITIVE VERBS – are verbs that need an object to convey complete

sense. They are incomplete and does not have a meaning.

Example – Veena loves

Mona likes

Note- Only ‘doing verbs’ and ‘verbs showing possession’ can be transitive

verbs.

INTRANSITIVE VERBS- are verbs that make complete sense without objects.

Example- Jia laughed.

The baby cried.

VERBS OF INCOMPLETE PREDICATION AND COMPLEMENTS

A verb which does not express any action or show

possession and needs the help or presence of some word or

words to make sense is called a verb of incomplete

predication .

Example- Mrs Kumar was

The verbs in these sentences ‘was’ cannot make complete

sense by themselves, they don’t express any action or show

possession.

Mrs Kumar was a teacher.

Now, the above sentences make complete sense because

some words ‘a teacher’ has been added to the words given

above.

More Examples – be, seems, appears , looks

The word or words that help a verb of incomplete

predication to make sense are called complements.

They are required to form a complete predicate.

Remember, the verbs of incomplete predication need words

not objects to make complete sense.

Tenses

1. Simple Present Tense- It talks about habitual actions and permanent

truths.

Examples- a) The sun rises in the east.

b) We go to play every day.

Forming Simple Present Tense

With ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’ and all other plural subjects, we use:

Subject + original form of the verb

With , ’he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ and all other singular subjects in the third

person, we use:

Subject + original form of the verb +‘s’ or ‘es’

2. Present Continuous Tense – It tells us about actions that are going on at

the time of speaking.

Examples – a) I am walking.

b) She is riding a bicycle.

c) The boys are playing in the garden.

Forming Present Continuous Tense

We use is/are/am + ing form of the verb

3. Simple Past tense – It tells us about actions which took place at some time

in the past or talks about some past habitual action.

Examples – a) I went to the fair yesterday.

b) We usually studied in the library before exams.

Forming Simple Past Tense

We always use the simple past tense form of the verb.

4. Past Continuous Tense – It tells us about actions that were going on at

some time in the past.

Examples – a) I was walking in the garden.

b) They were watching a movie.

Form of the Past Continuous Tense

We use was/were + ing form of the verb

5. Simple Future Tense- It tells us about actions that will take place in the

time to come.

Examples- a) He will visit us tomorrow.

b) We will stay in Shimla till Friday.

Form of the Simple Future Tense

We use: shall/will + original form of the verb

6. Future Continuous Tense – It tells us about actions that will be in progress

at a given point of time in the future.

Examples – a) We will be going to Delhi during our vacation.

b) She will be inviting us to the party.

Form of Future Continuous Tense

We write: will be/shall be + ing form of the verb

Present Perfect Tense - It expresses actions which have just ended. It

expresses actions which were performed in the past but the results of which

we can see or feel in the present.

Example

a) I have taken my breakfast.

b) They have seen the Taj Mahal.

c) She has sung beautiful song.

d) India has won the tournament.

Forming Present Perfect Tense

Has/ Have + past participle form of the verb (third form of the verb)

I have+ walked.

Past Perfect Tense-It expresses actions which had been completed or happened

in the past.

Example

a) The bus had left when Rohan reached the bus stop.

b) Mannat returned home because she had forgotten his umbrella.

Forming Past Perfect Tense

Had + third form of the verb

When I reached home, he had left for school.

Future Perfect Tense- It expresses an action which will have been completed

before a given point of time in the future.

Forming Future Perfect Tense

Will + have+ third form of the verb

I will have sent all these e-mails by 9pm.

Adverbs

An adverb is a word that tells us

more about a verb, adjective or another adverb.

Examples –

In the example above ‘danced’ is a verb which is being modified by the

adverb “beautifully”.

In the example above ‘beautiful’ is an adjective which is being modified by an

adverb ‘very’.

a) Ram swims fast.

b) Sudha is a very beautiful girl.

c) Ram swam too fast and won the championship.

Types of Adverbs

1. Adverb of Manner – It tells us how or in what manner an action is done.

They answer the Question ‘How?’ Adverbs of Manner mainly modify

verbs.

He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?)

They helped us cheerfully. (How did they help us?)

James Bond drives his cars fast. (How does James Bond drive his

cars?)

Reena danced gracefully.

Lata sang melodiously.

2. Adverb of Place – It tells us

where or at what place an action is done.

They answer the question ‘where?’ An adverb of place mainly modifies

verbs.

Please sit here. (Where should I sit?)

They looked everywhere. (Where did they looked?)

Two cars were parked outside. (Where were two cars parked?)

I looked for my pet there.

The party is held downstairs.

3. Adverb of Time – It tells us when or at what time an action is done.

They answer the question ‘when?’ Adverbs of Time mainly modify

verbs.

He came yesterday. (When did he came?)

I want it now. (When do I want it?) Or they can answer the question ‘how

often?’

They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the

newspaper?)

We sometimes watch a movie. (How often do we watch a movie?)

They will reach Delhi tomorrow.

The plane will land soon.

4. Adverb of Frequency – It tells us how often or how frequently an action

is done.

It tell us how many times the action occurs or occurred or will occur. It

answers the question- How Often.

Examples: Rarely, daily, sometimes, often, seldom, usually, frequently,

always, ever, generally, monthly, yearly.

She never smokes.

He is always late for class.

They always come in time.

Barking dogs seldom bite.

The employees are paid monthly.

The employees are paid every month.

I go for morning walk regularly.

I do yoga daily.

5. Adverb of Degree- Adverbs of degree tell us the degree or extent to which

something happens. An adverb of degree answers the questions: how

much?

Example- once, twice and often.

She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she agree with him?)

Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary beautiful? How beautiful

is Mary?)

He drove quite dangerously. (To what degree did he drive dangerously?

How dangerously did he drive?)

The hall is totally full.

He answered the question almost correctly.

Prepositions

A preposition is a word which shows the relation between a noun or a

pronoun and some other words in a sentence.

Examples- The books are in the bag.

She washed the clothes with soap.

Preposition showing the place of a noun or a pronoun

On suggests on the surface

Above means at a higher level

Over means vertically above

Below means at a lower level

Under means vertically below

Use of At and In

At is used with villages, small towns.

In has the idea of a larger area and is used while speaking of bigger towns,

states, countries.

Prepositions of time

At – This preposition of time is used to discuss clock times, holidays and festivals,

and other very specific time frames including exceptions, such as “at night.”

Examples:

a) The meeting will begin at 3 p.m.

b) We shall shift to our new house at Diwali.

In – This preposition of time is used to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries,

general times of day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.” Examples:

a) The examinations are held in March.

b) I will meet you in the afternoon.

c) Men hunted animals in ancient times.( In indicates the entire period

of time)

On – This preposition of time is used to discuss certain days of the week or

portions of days of the week, specific dates, and special days such as “on New

Year’s Day.” Examples:

a) I am going to Jaipur on Monday.

b) I was born on 27th October.

c) He was born on Monday.

At/ Since – At indicates the exact time whereas Since indicates from when

onwards.

a) I reached the airport at 5am.

Here At indicates particular time of the day.

b) We met our friends at Holi.

Here At is used for indicating the time for Holi festival.

c) Ritu is sleeping since morning.

During – During indicates known period of time, duration of an action.

a) They went on an adventure trip during the winter break.

b) He was alert during the match.(indicates duration of an action)

Use of Between and Among

Between is used with two persons or things

Among is used with more than two.

Examples

a) There is no difference between the two drawings.

b) She shared the chocolates among her classmates.

Use of into and in

In shows position in one place.

Into shows a movement from one place to another

Examples

a) Jyoti is in her room.

b) The cat is going into the kitchen.

Use of beside and besides

Beside means at the side of (or near to)

Besides means in addition to

Examples

a) Come and sit beside me.

b) Besides singing, I also like to dance.

Prepositions of Direction

Preposition of direction give us information about the direction or

movement of persons or things.

Examples- to, into, towards, along, onto, though, across, over, down, up.

a) Hema is going to school now.

b) Gagan walked into the room.

c) Deepa is walking towards the lawn. (specific direction)

d) Esha is riding a horse along the river.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are joining words. They help in joining words, group of

words and even sentences. The use of a conjunction actually depends

upon what we want to say. Examples:

a) I will stop crying if you give back my pen.

b) They ran after the thief but could not catch him.

c) We started our journey when the rain stopped.

Use of AND

We use ‘and’ to join two words of the same part of speech or a

noun and a pronoun or two short sentences expressing similar

ideas.

a) She is sincere and hardworking.

b) She went to the market and bought some ribbons.

c) I like apples, bananas and oranges.

Use of BUT

We use ‘but’ to join contrasting words or sentences. It means when

one sentence says something and the other says just the opposite.

a) Anil is intelligent but careless.

b) John fell off a running bus but was not hurt.

c) We played well but we lost the match.

Use of OR

We us ‘or’ whenever there is a choice.

a) You should hurry up or you will miss the bus.

b) You can buy ice cream or lemonade.

Use of BECAUSE

We use because if one sentence says something and the second

sentence gives a reason for it.

a) Harjit is absent because he has fever.

b) I am hungry because I did not have my breakfast.

Some more conjunctions

a) Both is used to talk about two persons or things.

Example – Both my brother and sister are doctors.

Both you and Sam were absent on Monday.

b) Until is used to show a point of time

Example – They study until their parents return from the office.

We played chess until midnight.

c) When is used to show two events happening at the same time.

Example – They play football when it rains.

I got hurt when I fell down.

d) So is used to show the purpose of something.

Example – I exercised daily so I lost wait.

The book was not interesting so , I returned it to the

library.

e) If is used to show a condition

Example : She will drop you home if you are late.

I will go to school if you’ll come along.