Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    1/18

    Krishna and Arjuna at Kurukshetra, c.1830 painting

    Bhagavad-Gt As It Is

    Bhagavad GitaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Redirected from Bhagavad gita)

    The Bhagavad Gita (Sanskrit: , rmad bhagavadt) (Sanskrit: [bd i ta] ( listen)), The Song of the

    Bhagavan, often referred to as simply the Gita, is a 700-versescripture that is part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. This scripturecontains a conversationbetween Pandava prince Arjuna and his guideLord Krishna on a variety of theological and philosophical issues.

    Faced with a fratricidal war, a despondent Arjuna turns to hischarioteer Krishna for counsel on the battlefield. Krishna, through thecourse of the Gita, imparts to Arjuna wisdom, the path to devotion,and the doctrine of selfless action.[1] The Gita upholds the essenceand the theological tradition of the Upanishads.[2] However, unlike the

    rigorous monism of the mukhya, the earlier Upanishads, the BhagavadGita also integrates dualism and theism.

    Numerous commentaries have been written on the Bhagavad Gitawith widely differing views on the essentials, beginning with AdiSankara's commentary on the Gita in the eighth century CE andincluding Dnyaneshwari. Commentators see the setting of the Gita in abattlefield as an allegory for the ethical and moral struggles of the human life. The Bhagavad Gita's call forselfless action inspired many leaders of the Indian independence movement including Mohandas KaramchandGandhi, who referred to the Gita as his "spiritual dictionary".

    Contents

    1 Composition and significance2 Content

    2.1 Background2.2 Characters2.3 Overview of chapters

    3 Themes3.1 Dharma3.2 Moksha: Liberation3.3 Allegory of war3.4 Yoga

    3.4.1 Karma yoga3.4.2 Bhakti yoga3.4.3 Jnana yoga

    4 Influence

    5 Commentaries5.1 Classical commentaries5.2 Independence movement5.3 Other modern commentaries5.4 Hindu revivalism and Neo-Hindu movements

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Other_modern_commentarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Commentarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Commentarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Jnana_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Jnana_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Bhakti_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Karma_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhagavad-gita-front.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Allegory_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Themeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Overview_of_chaptershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhagavad-gita-front.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Composition_and_significancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhagavad-gita-front.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhagavad-gita-front.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnyaneshwarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagavad_gita&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Hindu_revivalism_and_Neo-Hindu_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Other_modern_commentarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Classical_commentarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Commentarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Jnana_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Bhakti_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Karma_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Allegory_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Moksha:_Liberationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Dharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Themeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Overview_of_chaptershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Composition_and_significancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnyaneshwarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Deutsch.2C_Eliot_2004._pg._59-61-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavanhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Bhagavad_Gita_Pronunciation.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhagavad_Gita_Pronunciation.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagavad_gita&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhagavad-gita-front.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krishna_Arjuna_Gita.jpg
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    2/18

    Bronze chariot, depictingdiscourse of Krishna and Arjuna inKurukshetra

    5.5 Scholarly translations6 Adaptations7 See also8 References

    8.1 Citations8.2 Sources

    9 External links

    Composition and significance

    The epic Mahabharata is traditionally ascribed to the Sage Ved Vyasa;the Bhagavad Gita, being a part of the Mahabharata, is also ascribed tohim.[3] Theories on the date of composition of the Gita vary considerably.Scholars accept dates from fifth century to second century BCE as theprobable range. Professor Jeaneane Fowler, in her commentary on the

    Gita, considers second century BCE to be the likely date ofcomposition.[4] Kashi Nath Upadhyaya, a Gita scholar, on the basis ofthe estimated dates of Mahabharata, Brahma sutras, and otherindependent sources, concludes that the Bhagavad Gita was composedbetween fifth and fourth centuries BCE.[5] It is generally agreed that"Unlike the Vedas, which have to be preserved letter-perfect, the Gitawas a popular work whose reciters would inevitably conform to changesin language and style," so the earliest 'surviving' components of thisdynamic text are believed to be no older than the earliest 'external' references we have to the Mahabharata epic,which may include an allusion in Panini's fourth century BCE grammar. It is estimated that the Sanskrit textprobably reached something of a "final form" by the early Gupta period (about the 4th century CE). The actualdates of composition of the Gita remain unresolved.[3]

    Bhagavad Gita comprises 18 chapters (section 25 to 42)[6] in theBhishma Parva of the epic Mahabharata andconsists of 700 verses.[7] Because of differences in recensions, the verses of the Gita may be numbered in thefull text of theMahabharata as chapters 6.2542 or as chapters 6.2340.[8] According to the recension of theGita commented on by Adi Shankara, a prominent philosopher of the Vedanta school, the number of verses is700, but there is evidence to show that old manuscripts had 745 verses.[9] The verses themselves, using therange and style of SanskritAnustup meter (chhandas) with similes and metaphors, are written in a poetic form

    that is traditionally chanted.[10]

    Due to its presence in the Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita is classified as a Smiti text or "that which isremembered". ruti texts, such as the Upanishads, are believed to be revelations of divine origin, whereasSmitis are authored recollections of tradition and are therefore fallible. As a Smiti, the scriptural authority of theGita is dependent on the Upanishads (ruti).[1] However, those branches of Hinduism that give it the status of anUpanishad also consider it to be a ruti or "revealed text".[11][12] Even though the Bhagavad Gita is in manyrespects different from the Upanishads in format and content,[1] it is still taken to represent a summary of theUpanishadic teachings and is thus called "the Upanishad of the Upanishads".[13] Advaita Vedanta (monistic

    conclusion of the Vedas) school of philosophy uses the Bhagavad Gita in conjunction with the Upanishads andBrahma sutras to arrive at its message of non-duality.[14]

    Content

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-bansi-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Deutsch.2C_Eliot_2004._pg._59-61-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Deutsch.2C_Eliot_2004._pg._59-61-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arutihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrtihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhandashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(poetry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Bhandarkar-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Folwerxxvi-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_sutrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Folwerxxvi-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ved_Vyasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Adaptationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#Scholarly_translationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hitopadesha.jpg
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    3/18

    A manuscript illustration of thebattle of Kurukshetra, foughtbetween the Kauravas and thePandavas, recorded in theMahabharata.

    Background

    In the epic Mahabharata, Sanjaya, counsellor of the Kuru kingDhritarashtra, after returning from the battlefield to announce the death ofBhisma begins recounting the details of the Mahabharata war. BhagavadGita forms the content of this recollection.[15] The Gita begins before thestart of the climactic Kurukshetra war, where the Pandava prince Arjuna

    is filled with doubt on the battlefield. Realizing that his enemies are hisown relatives, beloved friends, and revered teachers, he turns to hischarioteer and guide, Krishna, for advice. Responding to Arjuna'sconfusion and moral dilemma, Krishna explains to Arjuna his duties as awarrior and prince, elaborating on a variety of philosophical concepts.[1]

    Characters

    Arjuna, one of the PandavasKrishna, Arjuna's charioteer and guruSanjaya, counsellor of the Kuru king DhritarashtraDhritarashtra, Kuru king.

    Overview of chapters

    The Bhagavad Gita is divided into eighteen chapters.[16] The Sanskrit editions of the Gita name each chapter asa particular form of yoga. However, these chapter titles do not appear in the Sanskrit text of theMahabharata.[8] Swami Chidbhavananda explains that each of the eighteen chapters is designated as a separateoga because each chapter, like yoga, "trains the body and the mind". He labels the first chapter "Arjuna

    Vishada Yogam" or the "Yoga of Arjuna's Dejection".[17] Sir Edwin Arnold translates this chapter as "TheDistress of Arjuna" [18]

    Gita Dhyanam: (contains 9 verses) The Gita Dhyanam is not a part of the main Bhagavad Gita,but it is commonly published with the Gt as a prefix. The verses of the Gita Dhyanam (alsocalled Gt Dhyna orDhyna lokas) offer salutations to a variety of sacred scriptures, figures,and entities, characterise the relationship of the Gt to the Upanishads, and affirm the power ofdivine assistance.[19] It is a common practice to recite these before reading the Gita.[20][21]

    1. ArjunaVisada yoga (The Distress of Arjuna[18]

    contains 46 verses): Arjuna has requested Krishnato move his chariot between the two armies. His growing dejection is described as he fears losing friendsand relatives as a consequence of war.[22]

    2. Sankhya yoga (The Book of Doctrines[18] contains 72 verses): After asking Krishna for help, Arjuna isinstructed into various subjects such as, Karma yoga, Jnana yoga, Sankhya yoga, Buddhi yoga and theimmortal nature of the soul. This chapter is often considered the summary of the entire Bhagavad Gita.[23]

    3. Karma yoga (Virtue in Work[18] contains 43 verses): Krishna explains how performance of prescribedduties, but without attachment to results, is the appropriate course of action for Arjuna.[24]

    4. JnanaKarma-Sanyasa yoga (The Religion of Knowledge[18] contains 42 verses): Krishna reveals

    that he has lived through many births, always teaching yoga for the protection of the pious and thedestruction of the impious and stresses the importance of accepting a guru.[25]

    5. KarmaSanyasa yoga (Religion by Renouncing Fruits of Works[18] contains 29 verses): Arjuna asksKrishna if it is better to forgo action or to act ("renunciation or discipline of action").[26] Krishna answers

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Gita_Dhyana_Slokas-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-chinmaya98-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Dhyanamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Chidbhavanandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Bhandarkar-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandavashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Deutsch.2C_Eliot_2004._pg._59-61-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetra_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhismahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhritarashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurukshetra.jpg
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    4/18

    Krishna displays his Vishvarupa(Universal Form) to Arjuna on thebattlefield of Kurukshetra, describedin VisvarupaDarsana yoga, chapter11

    Krishna displays his Vishvarupa(Universal Form) to Arjuna on thebattlefield of Kurukshetra(Bhagavad-Gita, chapter 11).

    that both are ways to the same goal,[27] but that acting in Karmayoga is superior.

    6. Dhyan yoga orAtmasanyam yoga (Religion by Self-Restraint[18] contains 47 verses): Krishna describes the Ashtangayoga. He further elucidates the difficulties of the mind and thetechniques by which mastery of the mind might be gained.[28]

    7. JnanaVijnana yoga (Religion by Discernment[18] contains 30verses): Krishna describes the absolute reality and its illusoryenergy Maya.[29]

    8. AksaraBrahma yoga (Religion by Devotion to the OneSupreme God[18] contains 28 verses): This chapter containseschatology of the Bhagavad Gita. Importance of the last thoughtbefore death, differences between material and spiritual worlds,and light and dark paths that a soul takes after death are

    described.[30]

    9. RajaVidyaRajaGuhya yoga (Religion by the KinglyKnowledge and the Kingly Mystery[18] contains 34 verses):Krishna explains how His eternal energy pervades, creates,

    preserves, and destroys the entire universe.[31] According totheologian Christopher Southgate, verses of this chapter of theGita are panentheistic.[32]

    10. VibhutiVistarayoga (Religion by the Heavenly Perfections[18] contains 42 verses): Krishna isdescribed as the ultimate cause of all material and spiritual existence. Arjuna accepts Krishna as theSupreme Being, quoting great sages who have also done so.[33]

    11. VisvarupaDarsana yoga (The Manifesting of the Oneand Manifold[18] contains 55 verses): On Arjuna's request,Krishna displays his "universal form" (Vivarpa),[34] atheophany of a being facing every way and emitting theradiance of a thousand suns, containing all other beings andmaterial in existence.

    12. Bhakti yoga (The Religion of Faith[18] contains 20 verses):In this chapter Krishna glorifies the path of devotion to God.Krishna describes the process of devotional service (Bhakti

    yoga). He also explains different forms of spiritualdisciplines.[35]

    13. KsetraKsetrajna Vibhaga yoga (Religion by Separationof Matter and Spirit[18] contains 35 verses): The differencebetween transient perishable physical body and the immutableeternal soul is described. The difference between individualconsciousness and universal consciousness is also madeclear.[36]

    14. GunatrayaVibhaga yoga (Religion by Separation from the Qualities[18] contains 27 verses):

    Krishna explains the three modes (gunas) of material nature pertaining to goodness, passion, andnescience. Their causes, characteristics, and influence on a living entity are also described.[37]

    15. Purusottama yoga (Religion by Attaining the Supreme[18] contains 20 verses): Krishna identifies thetranscendental characteristics of God such as, omnipotence, omniscience, and omnipresence.[38] Krishna

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipresencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnisciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panentheistichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(illusion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishvarupahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vishnuvishvarupa.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avatars_of_Vishnu.jpg
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    5/18

    Bhagavad Gita, a 19th-century

    manuscript

    also describes a symbolic tree (representing material existence), which has its roots in the heavens and itsfoliage on earth. Krishna explains that this tree should be felled with the "axe of detachment", after whichone can go beyond to hissupreme abode.

    16. DaivasuraSampadVibhaga yoga (The Separateness of the Divine and Undivine[18] contains 24verses): Krishna identifies the human traits of the divine and the demonic natures. He counsels that toattain the supreme destination one must give up lust, anger, greed, and discern between right and wrongaction by discernment through Buddhi and evidence from the scriptures.[39]

    17. Sraddhatraya-Vibhaga yoga (Religion by the Threefold Kinds of Faith[18] contains 28 verses):Krishna qualifies the three divisions of faith, thoughts, deeds, and even eating habits corresponding to thethree modes (gunas).[40]

    18. MokshaSanyasa yoga (Religion by Deliverance and Renunciation[18] contains 78 verses): In thischapter, the conclusions of previous seventeen chapters are summed up. Krishna asks Arjuna to abandonall forms of dharma and simply surrender unto him and describes this as the ultimate perfection of life.[41]

    Themes

    Dharma

    Main article: Dharma

    The first reference to dharma in the Bhagavad Gita occurs in its firstverse, where Dhritarashtra refers to the Kurukshetra as the 'Field ofdharma'. Fowler believes, that dharma in this verse refers to theanatana dharma or the eternal order which pervades the whole

    cosmos and is ultimately true and right. Therefore, 'Field of action' implies

    the field of righteousness, where truth will eventually triumph. However,both Sri Aurobindo, a freedom fighter and philosopher, and SarvapalliRadhakrishnan, a philosopher and the second president of India, see the'Field of action' as the world, which is a "battleground for moralstruggle".[42]

    Early in the text, responding to Arjuna's despondency, Krishna asks himto follow hisswadharma. Swadharma literally means work born out ofone's nature and in this verse, is often interpreted as the varna dharmaor in the case of Arjuna, the duty of a warrior. Eighteenth chapter of the

    Gita examines the relationship betweenswadharma andswabhava oressential nature. In this chapter, theswadharma of an individual is linkedwith theguas or tendencies arising out of one'sswabhava. The ideathat an individual's dharma was based on their essential nature allowed Aurobindo to deduce his doctrine that"the functions of a man ought to be determined by his natural turn, gift, and capacities". Gandhi found in theconcept ofswadharma, the basis for his idea ofswadeshi. To him,swadeshi was "swadharma applied toone's immediate environment".[43]

    Moksha: Liberation

    Main article: Moksha

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svabhavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvapalli_Radhakrishnanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatana_dharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-EBG-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhagavad_Gita,_a_19th_century_manuscript.jpg
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    6/18

    Illustration of the battle ofKurukshetra, Arjuna (far right),with Krishna as the charioteer, isbattling the Kauravas as the godslook down.

    Liberation ormoksha in Vedanta philosophy is not something that can be acquired or reached.tman (Soul),the goal ofmoksha, is something that is always present as the essence of the self, and can be revealed by deepintuitive knowledge. While the Upanishads largely uphold such a monistic viewpoint of liberation, the BhagavadGita also accommodates the dualistic and theistic aspects ofmoksha. The Gita, while occasionally hinting atimpersonalBrahman as the goal, revolves around the relationship between the Self and a personal God orSaguna Brahman. A synthesis of knowledge, devotion, and desireless action is given as a prescription forArjuna's despondence; the same combination is suggested as a way to moksha.[44] Winthrop Sargeant further

    explains, "In the model presented by theBhagavad Gt, every aspect of life is in fact a way of salvation."[45]

    Allegory of war

    Unlike any other religious scripture, the Bhagavad Gita broadcasts itsmessage in the centre of the battlefield.[46] The choice of such an unholyambience for the delivery of a philosophical discourse has been anenigma to many commentators. Eknath Easwaran writes that the Gita'ssubject is "the war within, the struggle for self-mastery that every humanbeing must wage if he or she is to emerge from life victorious",[47] and"The language of battle is often found in the scriptures, for it conveys thestrenuous, long, drawn-out campaign we must wage to free ourselvesfrom the tyranny of the ego, the cause of all our suffering and sorrow."[48]

    Swami Nikhilananda, takes Arjuna as an allegory of tman, Krishna asan allegory ofBrahman, Arjuna's chariot as the body, and Dhritarashtraas the ignorance filled mind.[49] Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, in hiscommentary on the Gita,[50] interprets the battle as "an allegory in whichthe battlefield is the soul and Arjuna, man's higher impulses strugglingagainst evil".[51]

    Swami Vivekananda also emphasised that the first discourse in the Gitarelated to the war could be taken allegorically.[52] Vivekananda furtherremarked, "This Kurukshetra War is only an allegory. When we sum upits esoteric significance, it means the war which is constantly going onwithin man between the tendencies of good and evil."[53] In Aurobindo'sview, Krishna was a historical figure, but his significance in the Gita is asa "symbol of the divine dealings with humanity",[54] while Arjuna typifies a"struggling human soul".[55] However, Aurobindo rejected the

    interpretation that the Gita, and the Mahabharata by extension, is "anallegory of the inner life, and has nothing to do with our outward human life and actions":[55]

    ...That is a view which the general character and the actual language of the epic does not justifyand, if pressed, would turn the straightforward philosophical language of the Gita into aconstant, laborious and somewhat puerile mystification....the Gita is written in plain terms andprofesses to solve the great ethical and spiritual difficulties which the life of man raises, and itwill not do to go behind this plain language and thought and wrest them to the service of ourfancy. But there is this much of truth in the view, that the setting of the doctrine though notsymbolical, is certainly typical...

    According to Vivekananda, "If one reads this one Shloka, one gets all the merits of reading the entire Gita; for inthis one Shloka lies imbedded the whole Message of the Gita."[56]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-THD-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-THD-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-SV-vol4-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekanandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Nikhilanandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eknath_Easwaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Sargeant.2C_p._xix-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_Sargeanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arjuna_BattlesWith_the_Kauravas_At_Kuruksheta_Bhagavad_Gita.jpg
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    7/18

    Translation: Do not yield to unmanliness, O son of Prith. It does not become you. Shake offthis base faint-heartedness and arise, O scorcher of enemies! (2.3)

    Swami Krishnananda regards the characters and the circumstances depicted in the Bhagavad Gita as symbolicof various moods, vicissitudes, and facets of human life.[57] He highlights the universal applicability of the Gita tohuman life by saying that "It is not the story of some people that lived sometime ago but a characterisation of all

    people that may live at any time in the history of the world."[58] Swami Chinmayananda writes, "Here in theBhagavad Gita, we find a practical handbook of instruction on how best we can re-organise our inner ways ofthinking, feeling, and acting in our everyday life and draw from ourselves a larger gush of productivity to enrichthe life around us, and to emblazon the subjective life within us."[59]

    Yoga

    Yoga in the Bhagavad Gita refers to the skill of union with the ultimate reality or the Absolute.[60] In hiscommentary, Zaehner says that the root meaning of yoga is "yoking" or "preparation"; he proposes the basic

    meaning "spiritual exercise", which conveys the various nuances in the best way.[61]

    Sivananda's commentaryregards the eighteen chapters of the Bhagavad Gita as having a progressive order, by which Krishna leads"Arjuna up the ladder of Yoga from one rung to another."[62] The influential commentator MadhusudanaSarasvati divided the Gita's eighteen chapters into three sections of six chapters each. Swami Gambhiranandacharacterises Madhusudana Sarasvati's system as a successive approach in which Karma yoga leads to Bhaktioga, which in turn leads to Jnana yoga:[63][64]

    Chapters 16 = Karma yoga, the means to the final goalChapters 712 = Bhakti yoga or devotionChapters 1318 = Jnana yoga or knowledge, the goal itself

    Karma yoga

    Main article: Karma yoga

    According to Fowler, since it is impossible for living beings to avoid action all together, the Bhagavad Gitatherefore offers a practical approach to liberation in the form of Karma yoga. The path of Karma yoga upholdsthe necessity of action. However, this action is to be undertaken without any attachment to the work or desirefor results. Bhagavad Gita terms this "inaction in action and action in inaction (4.18)". The concept of such

    detached action is also calledNishkam Karma, a term not used in the Gita.[65]

    Krishna, in the following verses,elaborates on the role actions, performed without desire and attachment, play in attaining freedom from materialbondage and transmigration:

    To action alone hast thou a right and never at all to its fruits; let not the fruits of action be thymotive; neither let there be in thee any attachment to inactionFixed in yoga, do thy work, O Winner of wealth (Arjuna), abandoning attachment, with an even

    mind in success and failure, for evenness of mind is called yoga. (2.47-8)[66]

    With the body, with the mind, with the intellect, even merely with the senses, the Yogis perform

    action toward self-purification, having abandoned attachment. He who is disciplined in Yoga,having abandoned the fruit of action, attains steady peace. (5.11)[67]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishkam_Karmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Gambhiranandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhusudana_Sarasvatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Zaehner.2C_p._148-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Chinmayanandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Krishnananda
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    8/18

    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi writes, "The object of the Gita appears to me to be that of showing the mostexcellent way to attain self-realization", and this can be achieved by selfless action, "By desireless action; byrenouncing fruits of action; by dedicating all activities to God, i.e., by surrendering oneself to Him body andsoul." Gandhi called Gita, The Gospel of Selfless Action.[68] In order to achieve true liberation, it is importantto control all mental desires and tendencies to enjoy sense pleasures. The following verses illustrate this:[69]

    When a man dwells in his mind on the object of sense, attachment to them is produced. From

    attachment springs desire and from desire comes anger.From anger arises bewilderment, from bewilderment loss of memory; and from loss of memory,the destruction of intelligence and from the destruction of intelligence he perishes. (2.62-3)[69]

    Bhakti yoga

    Main article: Bhakti yoga

    The introduction to chapter seven of the Bhagavad Gita explains bhakti as a mode of worship which consists ofunceasing and loving remembrance of God. Faith (raddh) and total surrender to a chosen God (Ishta-deva)are considered to be important aspects ofbhakti.[70] Theologian Catherine Cornille writes, "The text [of theGita] offers a survey of the different possible disciplines for attaining liberation through knowledge (jnana),action (karma), and loving devotion to God (bhakti), focusing on the latter as both the easiest and the highestpath to salvation."[71] M. R. Sampatkumaran, a Bhagavad Gita scholar, explains in his overview of Ramanuja'scommentary on the Gita, "The point is that mere knowledge of the scriptures cannot lead to final release.Devotion, meditation, and worship are essential."[72] Ramakrishna believed that the essential message of the Gitacould be obtained by repeating the word Gita several times,[73] "'Gita, Gita, Gita', you begin, but then findourself saying 'ta-Gi, ta-Gi, ta-Gi'. Tagi means one who has renounced everything for God." In the following

    verses, Krishna elucidates the importance of bhakti:

    And of all yogins, he who full of faith worships Me, with his inner self abiding in Me, him, I hold tobe the most attuned (to me in Yoga). (6.47)[74]

    ... those who, renouncing all actions in Me, and regarding Me as the Supreme, worship Me... Forthose whose thoughts have entered into Me, I am soon the deliverer from the ocean of death andtransmigration, Arjuna. Keep your mind on Me alone, your intellect on Me. Thus you shall dwell inMe hereafter. (12.6)[75]

    Radhakrishnan writes that the verse 11.55 is "the essence of bhakti" and the "substance of the whole teaching ofthe Gita":[76]

    He who does work for Me, he who looks upon Me as his goal, he who worships Me, free fromattachment, who is free from enmity to all creatures, he goes to Me, O Pandava.

    Jnana yoga

    Main article: Jnana yoga

    Jnana yoga is the path of wisdom, knowledge, and direct experience ofBrahman as the ultimate reality. Thepath renounces both desires and actions, and is therefore depicted as being steep and very difficult in theBhagavad Gita. This path is often associated with the non-dualistic Vedantic belief of the identity of thetmanwith theBrahman. For the followers of this path, the realisation of the identity oftman andBrahman is heldas the key to liberation.[77]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnana_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishta-devahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Araddh%C4%81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Radhakrishnan_125-6-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Radhakrishnan_125-6-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-gandhi-68
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    9/18

    Adi Shankara withDisciples, by Raja RaviVarma (1904),propounding knowledge ofabsolute as of primaryimportance

    When a sensible man ceases to see different identities due to different material bodies and he seeshow beings are expanded everywhere, he attains to theBrahman conception. (13.31)[78]

    Those who see with eyes of knowledge the difference between the body and the knower of thebody, and can also understand the process of liberation from bondage in material nature, attain to

    the supreme goal. (13.35)[79]

    Influence

    Main article: Influence of Bhagavad Gita

    The Bhagavad Gita has been highly praised not only by prominent Indians suchas Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi but also by Aldous Huxley, Henry DavidThoreau, Albert Einstein, J. Robert Oppenheimer,[80] Ralph Waldo Emerson,Carl Jung, and Herman Hesse.[13][81] The Gita's emphasis on selfless servicewas a prime source of inspiration for Gandhi,[68] who said "When doubts haunt

    me, when disappointments stare me in the face, and I see not one ray of hopeon the horizon, I turn to Bhagavad-Gita and find a verse to comfort me; and Iimmediately begin to smile in the midst of overwhelming sorrow. My life hasbeen full of external tragedies and if they have not left any visible or invisibleeffect on me, I owe it to the teaching of the Bhagavad Gita."[82]

    Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India, commented onthe Gita, "The Bhagavad-Gita deals essentially with the spiritual foundation ofhuman existence. It is a call of action to meet the obligations and duties of life; yet keeping in view the spiritualnature and grander purpose of the universe."[83]

    J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist and director of the Manhattan Project, learned Sanskrit in 1933and read the Bhagavad Gita in the original, citing it later as one of the most influential books to shape hisphilosophy of life. Upon witnessing the world's first nuclear test in 1945, he later said he had thought of thequotation "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds", verse 32 from chapter 11 of the BhagavadGita.[80][84]

    A 2006 report suggests that the Gita is replacing the influence ofThe Art of War(ascendant in the 1980s and1990s) in the Western business community.[85]

    Commentaries

    Classical commentaries

    Bhagavad Gita integrates various schools of thought like Vedanta, Samkhya, Yoga, and other theistic schools.Therefore, it remains a popular text for commentators belonging to various philosophical schools. However, itscomposite nature also leads to varying interpretations of the text. In the words of Mysore Hiriyanna, "[The Gita]is one of the hardest books to interpret, which accounts for the numerous commentaries on iteach differingfrom the rest in one essential point or the other."[86]

    Different translators and commentators have widely differing views on what multi-layered Sanskrit words andpassages signify, and their presentation in English depending on the sampradaya they are affiliated to. The oldestand most influential medieval commentary was that of the founder of the Vedanta school[87] of extreme "non-

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Hiriyannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Hijiya-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-gandhi-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-bansi-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hessehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Junghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Hijiya-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Bhagavad_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    10/18

    dualism", Adi Shankara (788820 A. D.),[88] also known as Shankaracharya (Sanskrit: akarcrya).[89]

    Shankara's commentary was based on a recension of the Gita containing 700 verses, and that recension hasbeen widely adopted by others.[90] Ramanujacharya's commentary chiefly seeks to show that the discipline ofdevotion to God (Bhakti yoga) is the way of salvation.[91] Madhva, a commentator of the Vedanta school,[92]

    whose dates are given either as (11991276 CE)[93] or as (12381317 CE),[45] also known as Madhvacharya(Sanskrit: Madhvcrya), wrote a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, which exemplifies the thinking of the"dualist" school.[89] Winthrop Sargeant quotes a dualistic assertion of the Madhva's school that there is "an

    eternal and complete distinction between the Supreme, the many souls, and matter and its divisions".[45] Hiscommentary on the Gita is called Gita Bhshya. It has been annotated on by many ancient pontiffs of DvaitaVedanta school like Padmanabha Tirtha, Jayatirtha, and Raghavendra Tirtha.[94]

    In the Shaiva tradition,[95] the renowned philosopher Abhinavagupta (1011th century CE) has written acommentary on a slightly variant recension called Gitartha-Samgraha. Other classical commentators includeNimbarka (1162 CE), Vidyadhiraja Tirtha, Vallabha(1479 CE)., Madhusudana Saraswati, Raghavendra Tirtha,Vanamali Mishra, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486 CE),[96] while Dnyaneshwar (12751296 CE) translated andcommented on the Gita in Marathi, in his book Dnyaneshwari.[97]

    Independence movement

    At a time when Indian nationalists were seeking an indigenous basis for social and political action, BhagavadGita provided them with a rationale for their activism and fight against injustice.[98] Among nationalists, notablecommentaries were written by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi, who used the text to help inspire theIndian independence movement.[99][100] Tilak wrote his commentary while in jail during the period 19101911serving a six-year sentence imposed by the British colonial government in India for sedition.[101] While notingthat the Gita teaches possible paths to liberation, his commentary places most emphasis on Karma yoga.[102]

    No book was more central to Gandhi's life and thought than the Bhagavadgita, which he referred to as his"spiritual dictionary".[103] During his stay in Yeravda jail in 1929,[103] Gandhi wrote a commentary on theBhagavad Gita in Gujarati. The Gujarati manuscript was translated into English by Mahadev Desai, whoprovided an additional introduction and commentary. It was published with a foreword by Gandhi in1946.[104][105] Mahatma Gandhi expressed his love for the Gita in these words:

    "I find a solace in theBhagavadgt that I miss even in the Sermon on the Mount. Whendisappointment stares me in the face and all alone I see not one ray of light, I go back to theBhagavadgt. I find a verse here and a verse there and I immediately begin to smile in themidst of overwhelming tragedies and my life has been full of external tragedies and if they

    have left no visible, no indelible scar on me, I owe it all to the teaching ofBhagavadgt."[106][107]

    Other modern commentaries

    Among notable modern commentators of the Bhagavad Gita are Aurobindo, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, andChinmayananda who took a syncretistic approach to the text.[108][109] Paramahansa Yogananda's commentaryon the Gita called God Talks With Arjuna: The Bhagavad Gita was released 1993.[110] Eknath Easwaranhas also written a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita. It examines the applicability of the principles of Gita, tothe problems of modern life.[111] Other notable commentators include Jeaneane Fowler and IthamarTheodor.[112]

    Hindu revivalism and Neo-Hindu movements

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-110http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramahansa_Yoganandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Minor.2Cp.88-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Minor.2Cp.88-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnyaneshwarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnyaneshwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhusudana_Saraswatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbarkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhinavaguptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayatirthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Sargeant.2C_p._xix-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Zaehner.2C_p._3-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Sargeant.2C_p._xix-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhvacharyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-Zaehner.2C_p._3-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-88
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    11/18

    Three translations:Bhagavad Gita As It Is, aGujarati translation by Gita Press, and anotherEnglish one published by Barnes & Noble.

    Ramanandacharya delivering adiscourse. He has delivered manydiscourses on Gita and released the

    first Braille version of the scripture

    Although Vivekananda did not write any commentaries onthe Bhagavad Gita, his works contained numerousreferences to the Gita, such as his lectures on the four yogas Bhakti, Jnana, Karma, and Raja.[113] Through themessage of the Gita, Vivekananda sought to energise thepeople of India to claim their own dormant but strongidentity.[114] Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay thought that

    the answer to the problems that beset Hindu society was arevival of Hinduism in its purity, which lay in thereinterpretation of Bhagavad Gita for a new India.[115]

    Aurobindo saw Bhagavad Gita as a "scripture of the futurereligion" and suggested that Hinduism had acquired a muchwider relevance through the Gita.[116] Sivananda calledBhagavad Gita "the most precious jewel of Hindu literature"and suggested its introduction into the curriculum of Indian schools and colleges.[117] In the lecturesChinmayananda gave, on tours undertaken to revive of moral and spiritual values of the Hindus, he borrowedthe concept ofjnana yajna, or the worship to invoke divine wisdom, from the Gita.[118] He viewed the Gita asa universal scripture to turn a person from a state of agitation and confusion to a state of complete vision, innercontentment, and dynamic action. Teachings of International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), aGaudiya Vasihnava religious organisation which spread rapidly in North America in 1970s and 1980s, arebased on a translation of the Gita called Bhagavad-Gt As It Is.[119]

    Scholarly translations

    The first English translation of the Bhagavad Gita was done byCharles Wilkins in 1785.[120][121] In 1981, Larson listed more than

    40 English translations of the Gita, stating that "A complete listing ofGita translations and a related secondary bibliography would benearly endless"[122]:514. He stated that "Overall... there is a massivetranslational tradition in English, pioneered by the British, solidlygrounded philologically by the French and Germans, provided with itsindigenous roots by a rich heritage of modern Indian comment andreflection, extended into various disciplinary areas by Americans, andhaving generated in our time a broadly based cross-culturalawareness of the importance of the Bhagavad Gita both as anexpression of a specifically Indian spirituality and as one of the greatreligious "classics" of all time."[122]:518 Sanskrit scholar Barbara StolerMiller produced a translation in 1986 intended to emphasize thepoem's influence and current context within English Literature, especially the works of T.S. Eliot, Henry DavidThoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson.[123] The translation was praised by scholars as well as literary critics[124]

    and became one of most continually popular translations to date.[125]

    The Gita has also been translated into other European languages. In 1808, passages from the Gita were part ofthe first direct translation of Sanskrit into German, appearing in a book through which Friedrich Schlegel becameknown as the founder of Indian philology in Germany.[126] Swami Rambhadracharya released the first Braille

    version of the scripture, with the original Sanskrit text and a Hindi commentary, on 30 November 2007.[127]

    Adaptations

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-127http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambhadracharyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-126http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Schlegelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-125http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-124http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-123http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stoler_Millerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-larson81-122http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-larson81-122http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-120http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-119http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad-G%C4%ABt%C4%81_As_It_Ishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-118http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-116http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambhadracharyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jagadguru_Rambhadracharya_at_Baroda.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita_As_It_Ishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhagavad-Gitas.JPG
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    12/18

    Philip Glass retold the story of Gandhi's early development as an activist in South Africa through the text of theGita in the opera Satyagraha (1979). The entire libretto of the opera consists of sayings from the Gita sung inthe original Sanskrit.[128] In Douglas Cuomo'sArjuna's dilemma, the philosophical dilemma faced by Arjuna isdramatised in operatic form with a blend of Indian and Western music styles.[129] The 1993 Sanskrit film,Bhagavad Gita, directed by G. V. Iyer won the 1993 National Film Award for Best Film.[130][131]

    See also

    Ashtavakra GitaAvadhuta GitaThe Ganesha GitaPuranasUddhava GitaVedasVyadha Gita

    Self-consciousness (Vedanta)

    References

    Citations

    1. ^ abcdDeutsch & Dalvi 2004, pp. 59612. ^ Tambyah, p. 2153. ^ ab Fowler 2012, p. xxvi4. ^ Fowler 2012, p. xxiv5. ^ Upadhyaya 1998, p. 166. ^ Bose 1986, p. 717. ^ Coburn 1991, p. 278. ^ ab see "The Mahabharata (Electronic text)" (http://bombay.indology.info/mahabharata/statement.html).

    Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune. 1999.9. ^ Gambhiranda 1997, p. xvii

    10. ^ Egenes 2003, p. 411. ^ Coburn, Thomas B. (1984). "'Scripture' in India: Towards a Typology of the Word in Hindu Life". Journal of

    the American Academy of Religion52 (3): 435459. JSTOR 1464202 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/1464202).12. ^ Tapasyananda 1990, p. 113. ^ ab Pandit 2005, p. 2714. ^ Deutsch & Dalvi 2004, p. 9715. ^ Fowler 2012, p. xxii16. ^ "Gita Introduction" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/intro.html). Bhagavad-Gita Trust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A.

    Retrieved 2 October 2011.17. ^ Chidbhavananda 1997, p. 3318. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrs Arnold, translated by Sir Edwin (1993). Bhagavadgita

    (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=KOd6N2_t6XoC) (Unabridged. ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications.

    ISBN 0486277828.19. ^ Chinmayananda 1998, p. 320. ^ "Gita Dhyana Slokas" (http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/sanskrit/gita/dhyana.php). SDL, IIT Madras. Retrieved 10

    April 2012.21. ^ Ranganathananda 2000, pp. 1525

    ^ " " - - - -

    http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-01.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFRanganathananda2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-21http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/sanskrit/gita/dhyana.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Gita_Dhyana_Slokas_20-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFChinmayananda1998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-chinmaya98_19-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486277828http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=KOd6N2_t6XoChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-EBG_18-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFChidbhavananda1997http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-17http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/intro.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFowler2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFPandit2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-bansi_13-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-bansi_13-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFTapasyananda1990http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-12http://www.jstor.org/stable/1464202http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFEgenes2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFGambhiranda1997http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-9http://bombay.indology.info/mahabharata/statement.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Bhandarkar_8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Bhandarkar_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFCoburn1991http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFBose1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFUpadhyaya1998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFowler2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFowler2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Folwerxxvi_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Folwerxxvi_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFTambyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Deutsch.2C_Eliot_2004._pg._59-61_1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Deutsch.2C_Eliot_2004._pg._59-61_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Deutsch.2C_Eliot_2004._pg._59-61_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Deutsch.2C_Eliot_2004._pg._59-61_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-consciousness_(Vedanta)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyadha_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uddhavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha_Purana#The_Ganesha_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avadhuta_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtavakra_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-40thawardPDF-131http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-40thaward-130http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_National_Film_Awardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._V._Iyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_J._Cuomohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_note-128http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha_(opera)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    13/18

    . , . - . - . . - -2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    23. ^ "Chapter 2, Sankhya Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-02.html). Bhagavad-Gita Trust 1998- 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    24. ^ "Chapter 3, Karma Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-03.html). Bhagavad-Gita Trust 1998 -2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    25. ^ "Chapter 4, Jnana Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-04.html). Bhagavad-Gita Trust 1998 -2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    26. ^ Miller 1986, p. 5927. ^ "Chapter 5, Karma Vairagya Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-05.html). Bhagavad-Gita

    Trust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.28. ^ "Chapter 6, Abhyasa Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-06.html). Bhagavad-Gita Trust 1998

    - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.29. ^ "Chapter 7, Paramahamsa Vijnana yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-07.html). Bhagavad-

    Gita Trust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.30. ^ "Chapter 8, Aksara-Parabrahman yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-08.html). Bhagavad-Gita

    Trust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.31. ^ "Chapter 9, Raja-Vidya-Guhya Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-09.html). Bhagavad-Gita

    Trust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    32. ^ Southgate 2005, p. 24633. ^ "Chapter 10, Vibhuti-Vistara Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-10.html). Bhagavad-GitaTrust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    34. ^ "Chapter 11, Visvarupa-Darsana Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-11.html). Bhagavad-GitaTrust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    35. ^ "Chapter 12, Bhakti Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-12.html). Bhagavad-Gita Trust 1998 -2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    36. ^ "Chapter 13, Ksetra-Ksetrajna Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-13.html). Bhagavad-GitaTrust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    37. ^ "Chapter 14, Gunatraya-Vibhaga Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-14.html). Bhagavad-GitaTrust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    38. ^ "Chapter 15, Purusottama Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-15.html). Bhagavad-Gita Trust1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    39. ^ "Chapter 16, Daivasura-Sampad-Vibhaga Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-16.html).Bhagavad-Gita Trust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    40. ^ "Chapter 17, Sraddhatraya-Vibhaga Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-17.html). Bhagavad-Gita Trust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    41. ^ "Chapter 18, Moksha-Opdesa Yoga" (http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-18.html). Bhagavad-GitaTrust 1998 - 2009 U.S.A. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

    42. ^ Fowler 2012, p. 243. ^ Hacker & Halbfass 1995, pp. 259268

    44. ^ Fowler 2012, p. xlv-vii45. ^ abc Sargeant 2009, p. xix46. ^ Krishnananda 1980, pp. 121347. ^ Easwaran 2007, p. 1548. ^ Easwaran 2007, p. 2449. ^ Nikhilananda & Hocking 2006, p. 2 "Arjuna represents the individual soul, and Sri Krishna the Supreme Soul

    dwelling in every heart. Arjuna's chariot is the body. The blind king Dhritarashtra is the mind under the spell ofignorance, and his hundred sons are man's numerous evil tendencies. The battle, a perennial one, is between thepower of good and the power of evil. The warrior who listens to the advice of the Lord speaking from withinwill triumph in this battle and attain the Highest Good."

    50. ^ see Gandhi 2009

    51. ^ Fischer 2010, pp. 151652. ^ Vivekananda, Swami, "Sayings and Utterances"

    (http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda/Volume_9/Sayings_and_Utterances), The Complete works of Swami Vivekananda5

    53. ^ Vivekananda, Swami, "Lectures and Discourses ~ Thoughts on the Gita"

    http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda/Volume_4/Lectures_and_Discourses/Thoughts_on_the_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-SV-vol4_53-0http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda/Volume_9/Sayings_and_Utteranceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFischer2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFGandhi2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFNikhilanandaHocking2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFEaswaran2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFEaswaran2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFKrishnananda1980http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSargeant2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Sargeant.2C_p._xix_45-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Sargeant.2C_p._xix_45-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Sargeant.2C_p._xix_45-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFowler2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFHackerHalbfass1995http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFowler2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-42http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-18.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-41http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-17.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-40http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-16.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-39http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-15.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-38http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-14.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-37http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-13.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-36http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-12.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-35http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-11.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-34http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-10.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSouthgate2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-32http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-09.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-31http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-08.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-30http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-07.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-29http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-06.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-28http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-05.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFMiller1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-26http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-04.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-25http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-03.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-24http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-02.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-23http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/chapter-01.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-22
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    14/18

    p: en.w source.org w e_ omp e e_ or s_o _ wam _ ve anan a o ume_ ec ures_an _ scourses/Thoughts_on_the_Gita), The Complete works of Swami Vivekananda4

    54. ^ Aurobindo 2000, pp. 151655. ^ ab Aurobindo 2000, pp. 202156. ^ Vivekananda, Swami, "Thoughts on the Gita"

    (http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda/Volume_4/Lectures_and_Discourses/Thoughts_on_the_Gita), The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda4, Advaita Ashrama

    57. ^ Krishnananda 1980, pp. 57

    58. ^ Krishnananda 1980, p. 659. ^ Chinmayananda 2007, pp. 101360. ^ Krishnananda 1980, p. 1061. ^ Zaehner 1969, p. 14862. ^ Sivananda 1995, p. xvii63. ^ Gambhiranda 1997, p. xx64. ^ Gambhiranda 1998, p. 1665. ^ Fowler 2012, p. xliii-iv66. ^ Radhakrishnan 1993, p. 12067. ^ A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. "Bhagavad-gita As It Is, Verse 5.11" (http://vedabase.net/bg/5/11).

    Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Network (ISKCON). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20071207232603/http://vedabase.net/bg/5/11) from the original on 7 December2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.

    68. ^ ab Gandhi 2009, pp. xv-xxiv69. ^ ab Radhakrishnan 1993, pp. 12512670. ^ Fowler 2012, p. xlii71. ^ Cornille 2006, p. 272. ^ For quotation and summarizing bhakti as "a mode of worship which consists of unceasing and loving

    remembrance of God" see: Sampatkumaran 1985, p. xxiii73. ^ Isherwood 1965, p. 274. ^ Radhakrishnan 1993, p. 211, verse 6.47

    75. ^ A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. "Bhagavad-gita As It Is, Verse 12.6" (http://vedabase.net/bg/12/6).Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Network (ISKCON). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20071207232536/http://vedabase.net/bg/12/6) from the original on 7 December2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.

    76. ^ Radhakrishnan 1993, p. 28977. ^ Fowler 2012, p. xli78. ^ A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. "Bhagavad-gita As It Is, Verse 13.31"

    (http://vedabase.net/bg/13/31). Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Network (ISKCON). Retrieved 2008-01-14.79. ^ A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. "Bhagavad-gita As It Is, Verse 13.35"

    (http://vedabase.net/bg/13/35). Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Network (ISKCON). Retrieved 2008-01-14.80. ^ ab Hijiya, James A. "The Gita of Robert Oppenheimer"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,

    144, no. 2 (Retrieved on 27 February 2011). [1] (http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/Hijiya.pdf)81. ^ Hume 1959, p. 2982. ^ Sharma 2008, p. 4283. ^ Londhe 2008, p. 19184. ^ See Robert_Oppenheimer#Trinity for other refs85. ^ "Karma Capitalism" (http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_44/b4007091.htm). Business Week.

    The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. 30 October 2006. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20080214044753/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_44/b4007091.htm) from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-12.

    86. ^ Singh 2006, pp. 5455

    87. ^ For Shankara's commentary falling within the Vedanta school of tradition, see: Flood 1996, p. 12488. ^ Dating for Shankara as 788820 CE is from: Sargeant 2009, p. xix89. ^ ab Zaehner 1969, p. 390. ^ Gambhiranda 1997, p. xviii91. ^ Sampatkumaran 1985, p. xx

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFlood1996http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSampatkumaran1985http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFGambhiranda1997http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFZaehner1969http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Zaehner.2C_p._3_89-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Zaehner.2C_p._3_89-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSargeant2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFlood1996http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSingh2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-86http://web.archive.org/web/20080214044753/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_44/b4007091.htmhttp://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_44/b4007091.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer#Trinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFLondhe2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSharma2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFHume1959http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-81http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/Hijiya.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Hijiya_80-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Hijiya_80-0http://vedabase.net/bg/13/35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-79http://vedabase.net/bg/13/31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFowler2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-76http://web.archive.org/web/20071207232536/http://vedabase.net/bg/12/6http://vedabase.net/bg/12/6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFIsherwood1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSampatkumaran1985http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFCornille2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFowler2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Radhakrishnan_125-6_69-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Radhakrishnan_125-6_69-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFGandhi2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-gandhi_68-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-gandhi_68-0http://web.archive.org/web/20071207232603/http://vedabase.net/bg/5/11http://vedabase.net/bg/5/11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFowler2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFGambhiranda1998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFGambhiranda1997http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSivananda1995http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFZaehner1969http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Zaehner.2C_p._148_61-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFKrishnananda1980http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFChinmayananda2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFKrishnananda1980http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFKrishnananda1980http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Ashramahttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda/Volume_4/Lectures_and_Discourses/Thoughts_on_the_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekanandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFAurobindo2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-THD_55-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-THD_55-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFAurobindo2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-54http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda/Volume_4/Lectures_and_Discourses/Thoughts_on_the_Gita
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    15/18

    92. ^ For c ass cat on o Ma va's commentary as w t n t e Ve anta sc oo see: F oo 1996, p. 12493. ^ Dating of 11991276 CE for Madhva is from: Gambhiranda 1997, p. xix94. ^ Rao 2002, p. 8695. ^ For classification of Abhinavagupta's commentary on the Gita as within the Shaiva tradition see: Flood 1996,

    p. 12496. ^ Singh 2006, p. 5597. ^ see Jnadeva & Pradhan 198798. ^ Robinson 2006, p. 70

    99. ^ For B. G. Tilak and Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi as notable commentators see: Gambhiranda 1997, p. xix100. ^ For notability of the commentaries by B. G. Tilak and Gandhi and their use to inspire the independence

    movement see: Sargeant 2009, p. xix101. ^ Stevenson, Robert W., "Tilak and the Bhagavadgita's Doctrine of Karmayoga", in: Minor 1986, p. 44102. ^ Stevenson, Robert W., "Tilak and the Bhagavadgita's Doctrine of Karmayoga", in: Minor 1986, p. 49103. ^ ab Jordens, J. T. F., "Gandhi and the Bhagavadgita", in: Minor 1986, p. 88104. ^ Gandhi 2009, First Edition 1946. Other editions: 1948, 1951, 1956.105. ^ A shorter edition, omitting the bulk of Desai's additional commentary, has been published as:Anasaktiyoga:

    The Gospel of Selfless Action. Jim Rankin, editor. The author is listed as M.K. Gandhi; Mahadev Desai,translator. (Dry Bones Press, San Francisco, 1998) ISBN 1-883938-47-3.

    106. ^ Quotation from M. K. Gandhi. Young India. (1925), pp. 10781079, is cited from Radhakrishnan 1993 Frontmatter.

    107. ^ Sahadeo 2011, p. 129108. ^ For Aurobindo, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and Chinmayananda as notable commentators see: Sargeant 2009,

    p. xix109. ^ For Aurobindo as notable commentators, see: Gambhiranda 1997, p. xix110. ^ Yogananda 1993111. ^ Easwaran 1993, p. iv112. ^ see Fowler 2012 and Theodor 2010113. ^ Minor 1986, p. 131114. ^ Minor 1986, p. 144

    115. ^ Minor 1986, p. 36116. ^ Robinson 2006, p. 69117. ^ Robinson 2006, p. 102118. ^ Patchen 1994, pp. 185189119. ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, p. 199120. ^ Clarke 1997, pp. 5859121. ^ Winternitz 1972, p. 11122. ^ ab Gerald James Larson (1981), "The Song Celestial: Two centuries of the Bhagavad Gita in English",

    Philosophy East and West: A Quarterly of Comparative Philosophy (University of Hawai'i Press) 31 (4): 513540, doi:10.2307/1398797 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1398797), JSTOR 1398797

    (http://www.jstor.org/stable/1398797).123. ^ Miller 1986, pp. 1417124. ^ Bloom 1995, p. 531125. ^ Doniger, Wendy (August 1993). "Obituary: Barbara Stoler Miller" (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2058944).

    Journal of Asian Studies52 (3): 813815. Retrieved 4 November 2012.126. ^ What had previously been known of Indian literature in Germany had been translated from the English.

    Winternitz 1972, p. 15127. ^ "Bhagavad Gita in Braille Language" (http://zeenews.india.com/news/lifestyle/bhagwad-gita-in-braille-

    language_411003.html). Zee News. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2011.128. ^ Tommasini, Anthony (14 April 2008). "Fanciful Visions on the Mahatmas Road to Truth and Simplicity"

    (http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/14/arts/music/14saty.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-16.

    129. ^ Tommasini, Anthony (7 November 2008). "Warrior Prince From India Wrestles With Destiny"(http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/07/arts/music/07arju.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-16.

    130. ^ "40th National Film Awards" (http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx). India International FilmFestival. Retrieved 2 March 2012.

    131. ^ "40th National Film Awards (PDF)" (http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf). Directorate of Film Festivals.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Film_Festivalshttp://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-40thawardPDF_131-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_International_Film_Festivalhttp://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-40thaward_130-0http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/07/arts/music/07arju.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-129http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/14/arts/music/14saty.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-128http://zeenews.india.com/news/lifestyle/bhagwad-gita-in-braille-language_411003.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-127http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFWinternitz1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-126http://www.jstor.org/stable/2058944http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-125http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFBloom1995http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-124http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFMiller1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-123http://www.jstor.org/stable/1398797http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1398797http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-larson81_122-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-larson81_122-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFWinternitz1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFClarke1997http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-120http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFJonesRyan2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-119http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFPatchen1994http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-118http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFRobinson2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFRobinson2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-116http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFMinor1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFMinor1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFMinor1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFTheodor2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFowler2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFEaswaran1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFYogananda1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-110http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFGambhiranda1997http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSargeant2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSahadeo2011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1883938473http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFGandhi2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFMinor1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Minor.2Cp.88_103-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-Minor.2Cp.88_103-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFMinor1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFMinor1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSargeant2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFGambhiranda1997http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFRobinson2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFJ.C3.B1.C4.81nadevaPradhan1987http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFSingh2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFlood1996http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFRao2002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFGambhiranda1997http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#CITEREFFlood1996http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_gita#cite_ref-92
  • 8/22/2019 Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

    16/18

    e r eve arc .

    Sources

    Aurobindo, Sri (2000),Essays On The Gita (http://books.google.com/books?id=2IMUuYi-pW0C),SriAurobindoAshram Publication Dept, ISBN 978-81-7058-612-8Bansal, J. L. (2013), Srimad Bhagavadgita (The Vedanta Text), JPH, Jaipur, India, ISBN 978-81-8047-167-4

    Bloom, Harold (1995), The Western canon : the books and school of the ages(http://www.interleaves.org/~rteeter/grtbloom.html) (1st Riverhead ed. ed.), New York: Riverhead Books,ISBN 978-1-57322-514-4Bose, Buddhadeva (1986), The Book of Yudhisthir: A Study of the Mahabharat of Vyas(http://books.google.com/books?id=vL4DhBWJbGIC&pg=PA71), Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-0-86131-460-7Chidbhavananda, Swami (1997), The Bhagavad Gita, Tirupparaitturai: Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam,ISBN 978-8-180-85147-6Chinmayananda, Swami (1998), Shreemad Bhagawad Geeta chapter I & II: original Sanskrit text with Romantransliteration, word-for-word meaning, translation and commentary (http://books.google.com/books?id=4CvB0fwrKrEC&q=%22it+is+usual%22#v=snippet&q=%22it%20is%20usual%22&f=false) (revised ed.),Mumbai, India: Central Chinmaya Mission Trust, ISBN 81-7597-084-7

    Chinmayananda, Swami (2007), Art Of Manmaking(http://books.google.com/books?id=ssyfCDBzOrYC),Chinmaya Publications, ISBN 978-81-7597-060-1Clarke, John James (1997), Oriental enlightenment(http://books.google.com/?id=qdoyw_6Y3cYC&pg=PA58),Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-13375-3Coburn, Thomas B. (1991),Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Dev-Mhtmya and a Study ofIts Interpretation (http://books.google.com/books?id=c7vIzNrC-coC&pg=PA27), SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-0446-1Cornille, Catherine (2006), Song Divine: Christian Commentaries on the Bhagavad Gt(http://books.google.com/books?id=F8DxPDYHgbEC), Peeters Publishers, ISBN 978-90-429-1769-9Deutsch, Eliot; Dalvi, Rohit (2004), The Essential Vednta: A New Source Book of Advaita Vednta(http://books.google.com/books?id=VIc6AdO07-IC), World Wisdom, Inc, ISBN 978-0-941532-52-5

    Easwaran, Eknath (2007), The Bhagavad Gita, Nilgiri Press, ISBN 978-1-58638-019-9Easwaran, Eknath (1975), The Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living Volume 1, Berkeley, California: The BlueMountain Center of Meditation, ISBN 978-0-915132-17-1Easwaran, Eknath (1979), The Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living Volum