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872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 130wwwamericanprogresso
Beyond Moral JustifcationFrom The Just Jobs Report Series
Isha Vij and Sabina Dewan December 2010
Introduction to the series by John Podesta and Sabina Dewan
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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Contents 1 Introduction to the series
5 Beyond Moral Justiication
5 Introduction and summary
7 Women amid the current global economy
12 Gender imbalances
16 Recommendations
20 The role of women is paramount
21 Endnotes
22 About the authors and acknowledgements
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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v C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 530
| wwwamcapgss
Beyond Moral JustifcationFrom The Just Jobs Report Series
Isha Vij and Sabina Dewan December 2010
Introduction to the series by John Podesta and Sabina Dewan
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 630
v C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Introduction to the series
The case for just jobs
Te global economy oday is inexorably inerwinedmdash someimes or beter and
someimes or worse Tis ac was driven home anew o workers worldwide by
he recen global nancial crisis he ensuing global economic slump and he
subsequen eors by governmens o recharge heir economies Bu acing polii-
cal pressures o ldquodo somehingrdquo abou he widespread job losses governmens are
ending o inward-looking policies ha impede economic inegraion and radeTis is cause or deep concern because economic globalizaion has come wih
benes as unevenly spread among workers as hey are
Jus Jobs a new program a he Cener or American Progress seeks o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all o he workers who power he
global economy Te moral reasons or providing workers wih ldquojus jobsrdquo includ-
ing labor righs appropriae compensaion social proecions such as healh care
and pensions and opporuniies or economic mobiliy are well undersood Less
undersood is how promoing hese policies in developing counries alongside
developed ones benes boh in a world ha is closely conneced hrough echnol-
ogy ows o people goods services and capial
Jus jobs policies would
bull Allow he gains rom global economic inegraion and rade o be spread more
widely among workers worldwide by raising living sandards and hereore
generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae economic demandbull Level he playing eld in labor markes worldwide hereby prevening any one
counry rom leveraging poor labor pracices or economic gainbull Enhance global economic and naional securiy by building a basis or greaer
condence wihin a more inegraed global economy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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2 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
In essence jus jobs policies are criical or doing economic inegraion and
rade righ
Increasing economic inegraion and ree and unresriced rade in goods and
services conribues o worldwide economic growh bu i is also blaanly clear
ha igher economic inegraion and increased rade leads o a resrucuring o economic aciviy ha leaves some workers beter o and ohers worse o oday
he world knows all oo well ha when workers are ou o work hey ighen heir
bels consuming less so businesses earn less leading o more layosmdashcreaing a
vicious downward spiral Tese shocks ransmi across he globe hrough changes
in rade and invesmen ows capial ows and migraory rends
o have a well-uncioning economy people need jobs ha are jus Tey need o
be able o work in accepable working condiions wih appropriae proecions
and compensaion and wih he righ o organize and bargain collecively In he
even ha people do lose heir jobs as in imes o economic crisis here is a needor governmen insiuions policies and programs ha help people adjus o
changes in he labor marke Tese social proecions include access o unemploy-
men insurance and pensions o ensure workers are able o mainain a cerain level
o consumpion i hey lose heir income And hey include access o healh care
so workers can mainain a basic level o wellbeing o coninue o be conribuing
members o he economy
All o hese aces ogeher help raise living sandards Beter sandards o living
mean ha workers in oher counries can aord o buy more goods and services
creaing global demand and invigoraing he global economy Bu o be eecive
policies have o be implemened I is no enough or counries o jus have hese
policies and laws on heir books Ensuring he enorcemen o labor sandards
and social proecion helps creae a more even playing eld so ha counries wih
lower levels o developmen han oher counries canno leverage poor labor san-
dards as a compeiive sraegy
Simply pu higher sandards o living in developed and developing economies
alike canno be achieved wihou an appropriae sraegy or creaing and imple-
mening jus jobs around he globe
Jus jobs would in urn help alleviae problems ha lead o economic insecuriy
and global insabiliy Povery and economic underdevelopmen provide erile
ground or polluion unsae working condiions and or disease lawlessness and
People need jobs
that are just They
need to be able to
work in acceptable
working conditions
with appropriate
protections and
compensation
and with the right
to organize and
bargain collectively
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
violen conic o spreadmdasho he bene o inernaional crime and global error-
iss By helping o raise living sandards jus jobs serve as insrumens or promo-
ing global sabiliy and securiy
Te Cener or American Progressrsquos Jus Jobs program seeks o demonsrae
ha supporing an increase in jus jobs in developing counries is a win-win ordeveloped counries as well Sandards o living converge on an upward rajec-
ory Rules and regulaions ensure his happens across he globe And he resuling
economic and poliical sabiliy rebounds o bene developed and developing
counries alike Our Jus Jobs program will help policymakers develop pragmaic
and specic seps o power orward a viruous circle or workers worldwide
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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4 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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6 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
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Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
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Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
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2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
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Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
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872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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Contents 1 Introduction to the series
5 Beyond Moral Justiication
5 Introduction and summary
7 Women amid the current global economy
12 Gender imbalances
16 Recommendations
20 The role of women is paramount
21 Endnotes
22 About the authors and acknowledgements
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v C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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| wwwamcapgss
Beyond Moral JustifcationFrom The Just Jobs Report Series
Isha Vij and Sabina Dewan December 2010
Introduction to the series by John Podesta and Sabina Dewan
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v C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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Introduction to the series
The case for just jobs
Te global economy oday is inexorably inerwinedmdash someimes or beter and
someimes or worse Tis ac was driven home anew o workers worldwide by
he recen global nancial crisis he ensuing global economic slump and he
subsequen eors by governmens o recharge heir economies Bu acing polii-
cal pressures o ldquodo somehingrdquo abou he widespread job losses governmens are
ending o inward-looking policies ha impede economic inegraion and radeTis is cause or deep concern because economic globalizaion has come wih
benes as unevenly spread among workers as hey are
Jus Jobs a new program a he Cener or American Progress seeks o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all o he workers who power he
global economy Te moral reasons or providing workers wih ldquojus jobsrdquo includ-
ing labor righs appropriae compensaion social proecions such as healh care
and pensions and opporuniies or economic mobiliy are well undersood Less
undersood is how promoing hese policies in developing counries alongside
developed ones benes boh in a world ha is closely conneced hrough echnol-
ogy ows o people goods services and capial
Jus jobs policies would
bull Allow he gains rom global economic inegraion and rade o be spread more
widely among workers worldwide by raising living sandards and hereore
generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae economic demandbull Level he playing eld in labor markes worldwide hereby prevening any one
counry rom leveraging poor labor pracices or economic gainbull Enhance global economic and naional securiy by building a basis or greaer
condence wihin a more inegraed global economy
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2 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
In essence jus jobs policies are criical or doing economic inegraion and
rade righ
Increasing economic inegraion and ree and unresriced rade in goods and
services conribues o worldwide economic growh bu i is also blaanly clear
ha igher economic inegraion and increased rade leads o a resrucuring o economic aciviy ha leaves some workers beter o and ohers worse o oday
he world knows all oo well ha when workers are ou o work hey ighen heir
bels consuming less so businesses earn less leading o more layosmdashcreaing a
vicious downward spiral Tese shocks ransmi across he globe hrough changes
in rade and invesmen ows capial ows and migraory rends
o have a well-uncioning economy people need jobs ha are jus Tey need o
be able o work in accepable working condiions wih appropriae proecions
and compensaion and wih he righ o organize and bargain collecively In he
even ha people do lose heir jobs as in imes o economic crisis here is a needor governmen insiuions policies and programs ha help people adjus o
changes in he labor marke Tese social proecions include access o unemploy-
men insurance and pensions o ensure workers are able o mainain a cerain level
o consumpion i hey lose heir income And hey include access o healh care
so workers can mainain a basic level o wellbeing o coninue o be conribuing
members o he economy
All o hese aces ogeher help raise living sandards Beter sandards o living
mean ha workers in oher counries can aord o buy more goods and services
creaing global demand and invigoraing he global economy Bu o be eecive
policies have o be implemened I is no enough or counries o jus have hese
policies and laws on heir books Ensuring he enorcemen o labor sandards
and social proecion helps creae a more even playing eld so ha counries wih
lower levels o developmen han oher counries canno leverage poor labor san-
dards as a compeiive sraegy
Simply pu higher sandards o living in developed and developing economies
alike canno be achieved wihou an appropriae sraegy or creaing and imple-
mening jus jobs around he globe
Jus jobs would in urn help alleviae problems ha lead o economic insecuriy
and global insabiliy Povery and economic underdevelopmen provide erile
ground or polluion unsae working condiions and or disease lawlessness and
People need jobs
that are just They
need to be able to
work in acceptable
working conditions
with appropriate
protections and
compensation
and with the right
to organize and
bargain collectively
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
violen conic o spreadmdasho he bene o inernaional crime and global error-
iss By helping o raise living sandards jus jobs serve as insrumens or promo-
ing global sabiliy and securiy
Te Cener or American Progressrsquos Jus Jobs program seeks o demonsrae
ha supporing an increase in jus jobs in developing counries is a win-win ordeveloped counries as well Sandards o living converge on an upward rajec-
ory Rules and regulaions ensure his happens across he globe And he resuling
economic and poliical sabiliy rebounds o bene developed and developing
counries alike Our Jus Jobs program will help policymakers develop pragmaic
and specic seps o power orward a viruous circle or workers worldwide
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4 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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6 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
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Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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Contents 1 Introduction to the series
5 Beyond Moral Justiication
5 Introduction and summary
7 Women amid the current global economy
12 Gender imbalances
16 Recommendations
20 The role of women is paramount
21 Endnotes
22 About the authors and acknowledgements
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| wwwamcapgss
Beyond Moral JustifcationFrom The Just Jobs Report Series
Isha Vij and Sabina Dewan December 2010
Introduction to the series by John Podesta and Sabina Dewan
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v C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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Introduction to the series
The case for just jobs
Te global economy oday is inexorably inerwinedmdash someimes or beter and
someimes or worse Tis ac was driven home anew o workers worldwide by
he recen global nancial crisis he ensuing global economic slump and he
subsequen eors by governmens o recharge heir economies Bu acing polii-
cal pressures o ldquodo somehingrdquo abou he widespread job losses governmens are
ending o inward-looking policies ha impede economic inegraion and radeTis is cause or deep concern because economic globalizaion has come wih
benes as unevenly spread among workers as hey are
Jus Jobs a new program a he Cener or American Progress seeks o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all o he workers who power he
global economy Te moral reasons or providing workers wih ldquojus jobsrdquo includ-
ing labor righs appropriae compensaion social proecions such as healh care
and pensions and opporuniies or economic mobiliy are well undersood Less
undersood is how promoing hese policies in developing counries alongside
developed ones benes boh in a world ha is closely conneced hrough echnol-
ogy ows o people goods services and capial
Jus jobs policies would
bull Allow he gains rom global economic inegraion and rade o be spread more
widely among workers worldwide by raising living sandards and hereore
generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae economic demandbull Level he playing eld in labor markes worldwide hereby prevening any one
counry rom leveraging poor labor pracices or economic gainbull Enhance global economic and naional securiy by building a basis or greaer
condence wihin a more inegraed global economy
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2 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
In essence jus jobs policies are criical or doing economic inegraion and
rade righ
Increasing economic inegraion and ree and unresriced rade in goods and
services conribues o worldwide economic growh bu i is also blaanly clear
ha igher economic inegraion and increased rade leads o a resrucuring o economic aciviy ha leaves some workers beter o and ohers worse o oday
he world knows all oo well ha when workers are ou o work hey ighen heir
bels consuming less so businesses earn less leading o more layosmdashcreaing a
vicious downward spiral Tese shocks ransmi across he globe hrough changes
in rade and invesmen ows capial ows and migraory rends
o have a well-uncioning economy people need jobs ha are jus Tey need o
be able o work in accepable working condiions wih appropriae proecions
and compensaion and wih he righ o organize and bargain collecively In he
even ha people do lose heir jobs as in imes o economic crisis here is a needor governmen insiuions policies and programs ha help people adjus o
changes in he labor marke Tese social proecions include access o unemploy-
men insurance and pensions o ensure workers are able o mainain a cerain level
o consumpion i hey lose heir income And hey include access o healh care
so workers can mainain a basic level o wellbeing o coninue o be conribuing
members o he economy
All o hese aces ogeher help raise living sandards Beter sandards o living
mean ha workers in oher counries can aord o buy more goods and services
creaing global demand and invigoraing he global economy Bu o be eecive
policies have o be implemened I is no enough or counries o jus have hese
policies and laws on heir books Ensuring he enorcemen o labor sandards
and social proecion helps creae a more even playing eld so ha counries wih
lower levels o developmen han oher counries canno leverage poor labor san-
dards as a compeiive sraegy
Simply pu higher sandards o living in developed and developing economies
alike canno be achieved wihou an appropriae sraegy or creaing and imple-
mening jus jobs around he globe
Jus jobs would in urn help alleviae problems ha lead o economic insecuriy
and global insabiliy Povery and economic underdevelopmen provide erile
ground or polluion unsae working condiions and or disease lawlessness and
People need jobs
that are just They
need to be able to
work in acceptable
working conditions
with appropriate
protections and
compensation
and with the right
to organize and
bargain collectively
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violen conic o spreadmdasho he bene o inernaional crime and global error-
iss By helping o raise living sandards jus jobs serve as insrumens or promo-
ing global sabiliy and securiy
Te Cener or American Progressrsquos Jus Jobs program seeks o demonsrae
ha supporing an increase in jus jobs in developing counries is a win-win ordeveloped counries as well Sandards o living converge on an upward rajec-
ory Rules and regulaions ensure his happens across he globe And he resuling
economic and poliical sabiliy rebounds o bene developed and developing
counries alike Our Jus Jobs program will help policymakers develop pragmaic
and specic seps o power orward a viruous circle or workers worldwide
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4 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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6 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
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Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
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Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
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Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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v C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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| wwwamcapgss
Beyond Moral JustifcationFrom The Just Jobs Report Series
Isha Vij and Sabina Dewan December 2010
Introduction to the series by John Podesta and Sabina Dewan
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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v C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Introduction to the series
The case for just jobs
Te global economy oday is inexorably inerwinedmdash someimes or beter and
someimes or worse Tis ac was driven home anew o workers worldwide by
he recen global nancial crisis he ensuing global economic slump and he
subsequen eors by governmens o recharge heir economies Bu acing polii-
cal pressures o ldquodo somehingrdquo abou he widespread job losses governmens are
ending o inward-looking policies ha impede economic inegraion and radeTis is cause or deep concern because economic globalizaion has come wih
benes as unevenly spread among workers as hey are
Jus Jobs a new program a he Cener or American Progress seeks o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all o he workers who power he
global economy Te moral reasons or providing workers wih ldquojus jobsrdquo includ-
ing labor righs appropriae compensaion social proecions such as healh care
and pensions and opporuniies or economic mobiliy are well undersood Less
undersood is how promoing hese policies in developing counries alongside
developed ones benes boh in a world ha is closely conneced hrough echnol-
ogy ows o people goods services and capial
Jus jobs policies would
bull Allow he gains rom global economic inegraion and rade o be spread more
widely among workers worldwide by raising living sandards and hereore
generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae economic demandbull Level he playing eld in labor markes worldwide hereby prevening any one
counry rom leveraging poor labor pracices or economic gainbull Enhance global economic and naional securiy by building a basis or greaer
condence wihin a more inegraed global economy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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2 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
In essence jus jobs policies are criical or doing economic inegraion and
rade righ
Increasing economic inegraion and ree and unresriced rade in goods and
services conribues o worldwide economic growh bu i is also blaanly clear
ha igher economic inegraion and increased rade leads o a resrucuring o economic aciviy ha leaves some workers beter o and ohers worse o oday
he world knows all oo well ha when workers are ou o work hey ighen heir
bels consuming less so businesses earn less leading o more layosmdashcreaing a
vicious downward spiral Tese shocks ransmi across he globe hrough changes
in rade and invesmen ows capial ows and migraory rends
o have a well-uncioning economy people need jobs ha are jus Tey need o
be able o work in accepable working condiions wih appropriae proecions
and compensaion and wih he righ o organize and bargain collecively In he
even ha people do lose heir jobs as in imes o economic crisis here is a needor governmen insiuions policies and programs ha help people adjus o
changes in he labor marke Tese social proecions include access o unemploy-
men insurance and pensions o ensure workers are able o mainain a cerain level
o consumpion i hey lose heir income And hey include access o healh care
so workers can mainain a basic level o wellbeing o coninue o be conribuing
members o he economy
All o hese aces ogeher help raise living sandards Beter sandards o living
mean ha workers in oher counries can aord o buy more goods and services
creaing global demand and invigoraing he global economy Bu o be eecive
policies have o be implemened I is no enough or counries o jus have hese
policies and laws on heir books Ensuring he enorcemen o labor sandards
and social proecion helps creae a more even playing eld so ha counries wih
lower levels o developmen han oher counries canno leverage poor labor san-
dards as a compeiive sraegy
Simply pu higher sandards o living in developed and developing economies
alike canno be achieved wihou an appropriae sraegy or creaing and imple-
mening jus jobs around he globe
Jus jobs would in urn help alleviae problems ha lead o economic insecuriy
and global insabiliy Povery and economic underdevelopmen provide erile
ground or polluion unsae working condiions and or disease lawlessness and
People need jobs
that are just They
need to be able to
work in acceptable
working conditions
with appropriate
protections and
compensation
and with the right
to organize and
bargain collectively
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
violen conic o spreadmdasho he bene o inernaional crime and global error-
iss By helping o raise living sandards jus jobs serve as insrumens or promo-
ing global sabiliy and securiy
Te Cener or American Progressrsquos Jus Jobs program seeks o demonsrae
ha supporing an increase in jus jobs in developing counries is a win-win ordeveloped counries as well Sandards o living converge on an upward rajec-
ory Rules and regulaions ensure his happens across he globe And he resuling
economic and poliical sabiliy rebounds o bene developed and developing
counries alike Our Jus Jobs program will help policymakers develop pragmaic
and specic seps o power orward a viruous circle or workers worldwide
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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4 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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6 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
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International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
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Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
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are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
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he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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| wwwamcapgss
Beyond Moral JustifcationFrom The Just Jobs Report Series
Isha Vij and Sabina Dewan December 2010
Introduction to the series by John Podesta and Sabina Dewan
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v C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Introduction to the series
The case for just jobs
Te global economy oday is inexorably inerwinedmdash someimes or beter and
someimes or worse Tis ac was driven home anew o workers worldwide by
he recen global nancial crisis he ensuing global economic slump and he
subsequen eors by governmens o recharge heir economies Bu acing polii-
cal pressures o ldquodo somehingrdquo abou he widespread job losses governmens are
ending o inward-looking policies ha impede economic inegraion and radeTis is cause or deep concern because economic globalizaion has come wih
benes as unevenly spread among workers as hey are
Jus Jobs a new program a he Cener or American Progress seeks o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all o he workers who power he
global economy Te moral reasons or providing workers wih ldquojus jobsrdquo includ-
ing labor righs appropriae compensaion social proecions such as healh care
and pensions and opporuniies or economic mobiliy are well undersood Less
undersood is how promoing hese policies in developing counries alongside
developed ones benes boh in a world ha is closely conneced hrough echnol-
ogy ows o people goods services and capial
Jus jobs policies would
bull Allow he gains rom global economic inegraion and rade o be spread more
widely among workers worldwide by raising living sandards and hereore
generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae economic demandbull Level he playing eld in labor markes worldwide hereby prevening any one
counry rom leveraging poor labor pracices or economic gainbull Enhance global economic and naional securiy by building a basis or greaer
condence wihin a more inegraed global economy
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2 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
In essence jus jobs policies are criical or doing economic inegraion and
rade righ
Increasing economic inegraion and ree and unresriced rade in goods and
services conribues o worldwide economic growh bu i is also blaanly clear
ha igher economic inegraion and increased rade leads o a resrucuring o economic aciviy ha leaves some workers beter o and ohers worse o oday
he world knows all oo well ha when workers are ou o work hey ighen heir
bels consuming less so businesses earn less leading o more layosmdashcreaing a
vicious downward spiral Tese shocks ransmi across he globe hrough changes
in rade and invesmen ows capial ows and migraory rends
o have a well-uncioning economy people need jobs ha are jus Tey need o
be able o work in accepable working condiions wih appropriae proecions
and compensaion and wih he righ o organize and bargain collecively In he
even ha people do lose heir jobs as in imes o economic crisis here is a needor governmen insiuions policies and programs ha help people adjus o
changes in he labor marke Tese social proecions include access o unemploy-
men insurance and pensions o ensure workers are able o mainain a cerain level
o consumpion i hey lose heir income And hey include access o healh care
so workers can mainain a basic level o wellbeing o coninue o be conribuing
members o he economy
All o hese aces ogeher help raise living sandards Beter sandards o living
mean ha workers in oher counries can aord o buy more goods and services
creaing global demand and invigoraing he global economy Bu o be eecive
policies have o be implemened I is no enough or counries o jus have hese
policies and laws on heir books Ensuring he enorcemen o labor sandards
and social proecion helps creae a more even playing eld so ha counries wih
lower levels o developmen han oher counries canno leverage poor labor san-
dards as a compeiive sraegy
Simply pu higher sandards o living in developed and developing economies
alike canno be achieved wihou an appropriae sraegy or creaing and imple-
mening jus jobs around he globe
Jus jobs would in urn help alleviae problems ha lead o economic insecuriy
and global insabiliy Povery and economic underdevelopmen provide erile
ground or polluion unsae working condiions and or disease lawlessness and
People need jobs
that are just They
need to be able to
work in acceptable
working conditions
with appropriate
protections and
compensation
and with the right
to organize and
bargain collectively
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
violen conic o spreadmdasho he bene o inernaional crime and global error-
iss By helping o raise living sandards jus jobs serve as insrumens or promo-
ing global sabiliy and securiy
Te Cener or American Progressrsquos Jus Jobs program seeks o demonsrae
ha supporing an increase in jus jobs in developing counries is a win-win ordeveloped counries as well Sandards o living converge on an upward rajec-
ory Rules and regulaions ensure his happens across he globe And he resuling
economic and poliical sabiliy rebounds o bene developed and developing
counries alike Our Jus Jobs program will help policymakers develop pragmaic
and specic seps o power orward a viruous circle or workers worldwide
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4 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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6 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
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2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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v C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Introduction to the series
The case for just jobs
Te global economy oday is inexorably inerwinedmdash someimes or beter and
someimes or worse Tis ac was driven home anew o workers worldwide by
he recen global nancial crisis he ensuing global economic slump and he
subsequen eors by governmens o recharge heir economies Bu acing polii-
cal pressures o ldquodo somehingrdquo abou he widespread job losses governmens are
ending o inward-looking policies ha impede economic inegraion and radeTis is cause or deep concern because economic globalizaion has come wih
benes as unevenly spread among workers as hey are
Jus Jobs a new program a he Cener or American Progress seeks o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all o he workers who power he
global economy Te moral reasons or providing workers wih ldquojus jobsrdquo includ-
ing labor righs appropriae compensaion social proecions such as healh care
and pensions and opporuniies or economic mobiliy are well undersood Less
undersood is how promoing hese policies in developing counries alongside
developed ones benes boh in a world ha is closely conneced hrough echnol-
ogy ows o people goods services and capial
Jus jobs policies would
bull Allow he gains rom global economic inegraion and rade o be spread more
widely among workers worldwide by raising living sandards and hereore
generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae economic demandbull Level he playing eld in labor markes worldwide hereby prevening any one
counry rom leveraging poor labor pracices or economic gainbull Enhance global economic and naional securiy by building a basis or greaer
condence wihin a more inegraed global economy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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2 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
In essence jus jobs policies are criical or doing economic inegraion and
rade righ
Increasing economic inegraion and ree and unresriced rade in goods and
services conribues o worldwide economic growh bu i is also blaanly clear
ha igher economic inegraion and increased rade leads o a resrucuring o economic aciviy ha leaves some workers beter o and ohers worse o oday
he world knows all oo well ha when workers are ou o work hey ighen heir
bels consuming less so businesses earn less leading o more layosmdashcreaing a
vicious downward spiral Tese shocks ransmi across he globe hrough changes
in rade and invesmen ows capial ows and migraory rends
o have a well-uncioning economy people need jobs ha are jus Tey need o
be able o work in accepable working condiions wih appropriae proecions
and compensaion and wih he righ o organize and bargain collecively In he
even ha people do lose heir jobs as in imes o economic crisis here is a needor governmen insiuions policies and programs ha help people adjus o
changes in he labor marke Tese social proecions include access o unemploy-
men insurance and pensions o ensure workers are able o mainain a cerain level
o consumpion i hey lose heir income And hey include access o healh care
so workers can mainain a basic level o wellbeing o coninue o be conribuing
members o he economy
All o hese aces ogeher help raise living sandards Beter sandards o living
mean ha workers in oher counries can aord o buy more goods and services
creaing global demand and invigoraing he global economy Bu o be eecive
policies have o be implemened I is no enough or counries o jus have hese
policies and laws on heir books Ensuring he enorcemen o labor sandards
and social proecion helps creae a more even playing eld so ha counries wih
lower levels o developmen han oher counries canno leverage poor labor san-
dards as a compeiive sraegy
Simply pu higher sandards o living in developed and developing economies
alike canno be achieved wihou an appropriae sraegy or creaing and imple-
mening jus jobs around he globe
Jus jobs would in urn help alleviae problems ha lead o economic insecuriy
and global insabiliy Povery and economic underdevelopmen provide erile
ground or polluion unsae working condiions and or disease lawlessness and
People need jobs
that are just They
need to be able to
work in acceptable
working conditions
with appropriate
protections and
compensation
and with the right
to organize and
bargain collectively
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
violen conic o spreadmdasho he bene o inernaional crime and global error-
iss By helping o raise living sandards jus jobs serve as insrumens or promo-
ing global sabiliy and securiy
Te Cener or American Progressrsquos Jus Jobs program seeks o demonsrae
ha supporing an increase in jus jobs in developing counries is a win-win ordeveloped counries as well Sandards o living converge on an upward rajec-
ory Rules and regulaions ensure his happens across he globe And he resuling
economic and poliical sabiliy rebounds o bene developed and developing
counries alike Our Jus Jobs program will help policymakers develop pragmaic
and specic seps o power orward a viruous circle or workers worldwide
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4 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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6 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
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Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
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International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
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Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
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2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Introduction to the series
The case for just jobs
Te global economy oday is inexorably inerwinedmdash someimes or beter and
someimes or worse Tis ac was driven home anew o workers worldwide by
he recen global nancial crisis he ensuing global economic slump and he
subsequen eors by governmens o recharge heir economies Bu acing polii-
cal pressures o ldquodo somehingrdquo abou he widespread job losses governmens are
ending o inward-looking policies ha impede economic inegraion and radeTis is cause or deep concern because economic globalizaion has come wih
benes as unevenly spread among workers as hey are
Jus Jobs a new program a he Cener or American Progress seeks o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all o he workers who power he
global economy Te moral reasons or providing workers wih ldquojus jobsrdquo includ-
ing labor righs appropriae compensaion social proecions such as healh care
and pensions and opporuniies or economic mobiliy are well undersood Less
undersood is how promoing hese policies in developing counries alongside
developed ones benes boh in a world ha is closely conneced hrough echnol-
ogy ows o people goods services and capial
Jus jobs policies would
bull Allow he gains rom global economic inegraion and rade o be spread more
widely among workers worldwide by raising living sandards and hereore
generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae economic demandbull Level he playing eld in labor markes worldwide hereby prevening any one
counry rom leveraging poor labor pracices or economic gainbull Enhance global economic and naional securiy by building a basis or greaer
condence wihin a more inegraed global economy
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2 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
In essence jus jobs policies are criical or doing economic inegraion and
rade righ
Increasing economic inegraion and ree and unresriced rade in goods and
services conribues o worldwide economic growh bu i is also blaanly clear
ha igher economic inegraion and increased rade leads o a resrucuring o economic aciviy ha leaves some workers beter o and ohers worse o oday
he world knows all oo well ha when workers are ou o work hey ighen heir
bels consuming less so businesses earn less leading o more layosmdashcreaing a
vicious downward spiral Tese shocks ransmi across he globe hrough changes
in rade and invesmen ows capial ows and migraory rends
o have a well-uncioning economy people need jobs ha are jus Tey need o
be able o work in accepable working condiions wih appropriae proecions
and compensaion and wih he righ o organize and bargain collecively In he
even ha people do lose heir jobs as in imes o economic crisis here is a needor governmen insiuions policies and programs ha help people adjus o
changes in he labor marke Tese social proecions include access o unemploy-
men insurance and pensions o ensure workers are able o mainain a cerain level
o consumpion i hey lose heir income And hey include access o healh care
so workers can mainain a basic level o wellbeing o coninue o be conribuing
members o he economy
All o hese aces ogeher help raise living sandards Beter sandards o living
mean ha workers in oher counries can aord o buy more goods and services
creaing global demand and invigoraing he global economy Bu o be eecive
policies have o be implemened I is no enough or counries o jus have hese
policies and laws on heir books Ensuring he enorcemen o labor sandards
and social proecion helps creae a more even playing eld so ha counries wih
lower levels o developmen han oher counries canno leverage poor labor san-
dards as a compeiive sraegy
Simply pu higher sandards o living in developed and developing economies
alike canno be achieved wihou an appropriae sraegy or creaing and imple-
mening jus jobs around he globe
Jus jobs would in urn help alleviae problems ha lead o economic insecuriy
and global insabiliy Povery and economic underdevelopmen provide erile
ground or polluion unsae working condiions and or disease lawlessness and
People need jobs
that are just They
need to be able to
work in acceptable
working conditions
with appropriate
protections and
compensation
and with the right
to organize and
bargain collectively
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
violen conic o spreadmdasho he bene o inernaional crime and global error-
iss By helping o raise living sandards jus jobs serve as insrumens or promo-
ing global sabiliy and securiy
Te Cener or American Progressrsquos Jus Jobs program seeks o demonsrae
ha supporing an increase in jus jobs in developing counries is a win-win ordeveloped counries as well Sandards o living converge on an upward rajec-
ory Rules and regulaions ensure his happens across he globe And he resuling
economic and poliical sabiliy rebounds o bene developed and developing
counries alike Our Jus Jobs program will help policymakers develop pragmaic
and specic seps o power orward a viruous circle or workers worldwide
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4 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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6 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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2 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
In essence jus jobs policies are criical or doing economic inegraion and
rade righ
Increasing economic inegraion and ree and unresriced rade in goods and
services conribues o worldwide economic growh bu i is also blaanly clear
ha igher economic inegraion and increased rade leads o a resrucuring o economic aciviy ha leaves some workers beter o and ohers worse o oday
he world knows all oo well ha when workers are ou o work hey ighen heir
bels consuming less so businesses earn less leading o more layosmdashcreaing a
vicious downward spiral Tese shocks ransmi across he globe hrough changes
in rade and invesmen ows capial ows and migraory rends
o have a well-uncioning economy people need jobs ha are jus Tey need o
be able o work in accepable working condiions wih appropriae proecions
and compensaion and wih he righ o organize and bargain collecively In he
even ha people do lose heir jobs as in imes o economic crisis here is a needor governmen insiuions policies and programs ha help people adjus o
changes in he labor marke Tese social proecions include access o unemploy-
men insurance and pensions o ensure workers are able o mainain a cerain level
o consumpion i hey lose heir income And hey include access o healh care
so workers can mainain a basic level o wellbeing o coninue o be conribuing
members o he economy
All o hese aces ogeher help raise living sandards Beter sandards o living
mean ha workers in oher counries can aord o buy more goods and services
creaing global demand and invigoraing he global economy Bu o be eecive
policies have o be implemened I is no enough or counries o jus have hese
policies and laws on heir books Ensuring he enorcemen o labor sandards
and social proecion helps creae a more even playing eld so ha counries wih
lower levels o developmen han oher counries canno leverage poor labor san-
dards as a compeiive sraegy
Simply pu higher sandards o living in developed and developing economies
alike canno be achieved wihou an appropriae sraegy or creaing and imple-
mening jus jobs around he globe
Jus jobs would in urn help alleviae problems ha lead o economic insecuriy
and global insabiliy Povery and economic underdevelopmen provide erile
ground or polluion unsae working condiions and or disease lawlessness and
People need jobs
that are just They
need to be able to
work in acceptable
working conditions
with appropriate
protections and
compensation
and with the right
to organize and
bargain collectively
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
violen conic o spreadmdasho he bene o inernaional crime and global error-
iss By helping o raise living sandards jus jobs serve as insrumens or promo-
ing global sabiliy and securiy
Te Cener or American Progressrsquos Jus Jobs program seeks o demonsrae
ha supporing an increase in jus jobs in developing counries is a win-win ordeveloped counries as well Sandards o living converge on an upward rajec-
ory Rules and regulaions ensure his happens across he globe And he resuling
economic and poliical sabiliy rebounds o bene developed and developing
counries alike Our Jus Jobs program will help policymakers develop pragmaic
and specic seps o power orward a viruous circle or workers worldwide
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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4 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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6 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
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Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
violen conic o spreadmdasho he bene o inernaional crime and global error-
iss By helping o raise living sandards jus jobs serve as insrumens or promo-
ing global sabiliy and securiy
Te Cener or American Progressrsquos Jus Jobs program seeks o demonsrae
ha supporing an increase in jus jobs in developing counries is a win-win ordeveloped counries as well Sandards o living converge on an upward rajec-
ory Rules and regulaions ensure his happens across he globe And he resuling
economic and poliical sabiliy rebounds o bene developed and developing
counries alike Our Jus Jobs program will help policymakers develop pragmaic
and specic seps o power orward a viruous circle or workers worldwide
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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4 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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6 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
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Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
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4 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
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Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
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Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
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International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
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Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
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Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
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are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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6 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
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2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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6 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global
recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions
in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene
oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o
heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion
and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand
o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-
mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and
mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender
imbalances and empower women hrough
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require
global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women
ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he
Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he
gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many
women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-
oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a
se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing
angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
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Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
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International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
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1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Women amid the current
global economy
Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-
inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as
a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough
he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-
ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men
and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o
63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and
impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3
In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-
acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men
han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o
proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In
he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as
apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-
wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions
In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive
consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked
rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a
exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China
who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and
hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-
lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi
Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well
undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae
economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion
in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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8 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o
gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is
a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion
employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-
ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion
Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained
and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and
women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion
in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly
challenging in developing counries
In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially
hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among
women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he
workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in
emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also
limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances
which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he
second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher
reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global
economic recovery
Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-
ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is
consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he
inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o
he economic crisis
Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed
o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-
caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou
addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy
ries o recover rom he economic crisis
Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing
many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals
In the developing
world the recent
economic crisis
hit export sectors
especially hard
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 1530
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Insiuing appropriae worker proecions
saey nes and employmen policies ha ake
gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-
ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and
should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-
men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)
Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded
in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions
noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha
aec he healh o women and children Tis
includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring
womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving
educaion or women and girlsrdquo8
Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-
mimen o achieving srong job growh and
providing social proecion o [our] mos
vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen
policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o
he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu
acion is slow o come9
Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough
gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is
ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen
Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-
gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access
o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he
ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are
acually implemened is even slower Tere is
ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs
o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal
healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive
o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring
abou lasing change in gender pariy
bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering
rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent
work or all including ull and productive employment
bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike
able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling
bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education
bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra
by two-thirds
bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr
quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all
bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever
the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H
AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and
other major diseases
bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs
should integrate the principles o sustainable development
The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev
a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha
o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation
bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate
and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the
lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed
landlocked and small island developing countries should be
addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc
and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the
debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to
increase access to the benefts o new technology especially
inormation communications technology Work with pharma
ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl
medications or developing countries
Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals
How the unds are supposed to be disbursed
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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10 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world
alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o
developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o
he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing
counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey
mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by
bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls
especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender
disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes
Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world
alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources
Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the
central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus
the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross
national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-
gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20
now meets every year
Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France
Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year
one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a
mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance
Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the
heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico
and South Arica
The global groups
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
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2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
International institutions and donor countries
ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus
be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha
depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o
men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing
counries alikemdashha depends on i as well
National institutions
bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society
Legal ramework and pol
bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and
developmentbull Targeted saety nets
Better collection o
gender-disaggregated
data or developing
country labor markets
Millennium
Development
Goals
G20 declaration
Technical
and fnancial
assistance
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2630
20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 1830
12 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Gender imbalances
Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he
globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir
male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o
enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were
nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and
he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he
Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o
be unemployed han men11
Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women
everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children
amilies and communiies
Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed
world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world
Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-
lenges ha women ace
In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-
orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-
ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom
2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus
01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are
available among all developed economies12
In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men
over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-
ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o
men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income
earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his
is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2630
20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 1930
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are
eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or
Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion
o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a
greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o
January 200915
Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in
dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely
linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly
hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors
When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously
Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-
ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-
cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh
Figure 2
Men have it harder in the developed world
Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change
Source OECD Labour Force Statistics
Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues
Men
Women
175
125
75
25
-25
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
137
179
115
24 24
44
27 27 29
5158
18 17
42
15
1 12
86
22 19
69 912 1214
-24-17
4 4
-6
34
3
15
3 6 5
3035
2115
-9 -9
18
60
23 2430
1213 13
-15
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2330
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2430
18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
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byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2630
20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2030
14 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural
expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries
such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70
percen o 85 percen o he workorce16
The effects
Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he
global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-
ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal
economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he
unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-
ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic
produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen
In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19
Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-
ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-
ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener
he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive
labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom
he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-
smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also
means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-
ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage
and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae
working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas
Reuers Foundaion noe ha
Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making
hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae
circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and
exploiaion such as rafcking22
Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all
orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae
Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2130
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2230
16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2330
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2430
18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2530
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2630
20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2130
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example
inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in
vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed
o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia
Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal
work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion
in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009
repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o
orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24
Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce
require acion by world leaders
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2230
16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2330
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2430
18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2530
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2630
20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2230
16 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Recommendations
Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing
be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing
so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global
economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral
insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he
economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue
bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-
ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa
or developing counry labor markes
Lersquos consider each o hese in urn
Gender-responsive budgeting
As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus
packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring
ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and
men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in
job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher
secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus
is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion
and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies
Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-
sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he
Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2330
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2430
18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2530
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2630
20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2330
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies
o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-
aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26
Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or
oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive
macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o
Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious
budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27
Social safety nets targeted to protect women
Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing
unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen
oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir
children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help
promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence
In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-
ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he
mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example
he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies
provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs
like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and
uncion eecively
Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in
new growth sectors
In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o
pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children
Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o
duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh
households and governmens in developing counries
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2430
18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2530
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2630
20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2430
18 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl
riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he
naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser
per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen
increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an
annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income
growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31
Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should
be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh
Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-
ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or
maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen
democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa
ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks
are much more harmul o girls han o boys33
Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are
adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser
womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill
developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-
ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women
a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou
renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises
ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34
In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining
women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-
enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems
and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed
100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green
economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his
secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy
Outreach programs
aimed at helping
families keep
their girls in
school should be
implemented
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2530
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2630
20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2530
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender
disaggregated data for developing country labor markets
Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some
developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced
in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress
on key developmen indicaors
Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-
agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-
iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should
work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining
gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies
organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-
marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o
heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries
or his kind o daa collecion
UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender
Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women
and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-
mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o
inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions
o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women
Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen
Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o
developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes
and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen
and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-
ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2630
20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2630
20 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should
ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and
ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in
boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world
ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing
women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-
nomic one ha has global implicaions
Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be
given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-
men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he
cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job
opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos
opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih
men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy
worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he
Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he
global economic recovery eor
The role of women is paramount
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2730
byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss
1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd
2 id
3 id
4 id
5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd
6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd
7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd
8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu
9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m
10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd
MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd
11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240
12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd
13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)
14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)
15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m
16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd
17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m
18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd
19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd
20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym
21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd
22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m
23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd
24 id
25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)
26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd
27 id
28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a
pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd
29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)
30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)
31 id 3
32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11
33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)
34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs
Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)
35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd
36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm
Endnotes
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2830
22 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js
About the authors
John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his
leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy
or progressive policy
Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o
Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on
he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an
assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior
policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and
regulaory policy
Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where
he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he
developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees
Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-
selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel
or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he
Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and
errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)
A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy
Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power
o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae
and Our Counry
Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American
Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he
benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy
Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade
labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign
assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-
ainable economic growh and developmen around he world
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 2930
Jus Js | wwwamcapgss
Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional
Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various
projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion
and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based
in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he
ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he
European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies
rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy
rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in
poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-
ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone
Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a
American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-
men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni
Associaion Leadership Award Scholar
Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and
Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on
inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood
securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior
o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad
working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film
Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India
Acknowledgements
We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand
Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o
Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral
JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o
Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially
Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen
encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo
872019 Beyond Moral Justification
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 3030
The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity
or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values
We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that
is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo