BEYOND KYOTO

FRANK VAN WEST

Rome, 16 March 2006

XVII ACI Technical Conference

www.fiafoundation.com

Content

•Wat is the FIA Foundation?

• Objectives of the Foundation

• Kyoto

•Worldwide & EU GHG emissions standards

• Voluntary agreements car industry - EU

CONTENT

• CARS 21 and CO2

• EU Labelling system

•Why ADAC ECOTEST ?

• Example of a club activity

• Measurements

• Conclusions

What is the FIA Foundation?

De FIA Foundation is a UK registered charity with an endowment of $ 300 million made by the FIA

The FIA is the non-profit organisation of motorists organisations and the umbrella organisation of world motor sport

Objectives

• Promotion of public safety and health

• Protection and preservation of human life

• Improvement of the Environment

KYOTO

Base line in Kyoto protocol: 140 g/km CO2 in 2008/9 (5.8 l/100km P, 5.2 l/100km D)

New EU target: 120 g/km in 2012 (5 l/100km P, 4.5 l/100km D); this is not a final objective

More substantial reduction is needed in the long term

Reduction pathway is 15 – 30% reduction by 2020 compared to Kyoto base line

World

18%

1%

2%

3%

45%

18%

8%5%

OECD

23%

2%

2%

3%

42%

14%

8%6%

Other ECMT

8%1%

1%

4%

57%

16%

9%4%

Road

International Aviation

International Marine

Other Transport

Power and Energy

Manufacturing Industriesand ConstructionResidential

Other Sectors

CO2 emissions

Source: Pew center on global climate change

CO2 emissions – global

Power stations 25%Residential burning 23%Industry 19%Biomass burning 15%Trucks 6%Passenger cars 5.5%Air traffic 3%Other traffic 2%Ship traffic 1.5%

CO2 emissions – region

United States 25%Western Europe 16%Developing Asia 12%China 12%Former Soviet Union 10%Japan & Australia 6%Central & South America 4%Africa 4%Middle East 4%Eastern Europe 3%Canada 2%Mexico 2%

Automobile fuel economy standards have proven to be one of the most effective toolscontrolling oil demand and GHG emissions from the transportation sector in many regions and countries around the world

Source: Pew center on global climate change

source: Pew centre on global climate changeSource: Pew center on global climate change

Source: Pew center on global climate change

EU and Japan and recently China and California are moving forward. Unfortunately US is lacking behind

The vast majority (approximately 90 percent) of a vehicle’s lifecycle greenhouse gasemissions occur during the use of the vehicle, when it burns fuels from fossil sources

So when the vehicle is with the consumer

Voluntary agreement Industry - EU

The European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) set a goal of achieving average CO2 emission reductions of 25 % by 2008 compared with 1995

JAMA (Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association) and KAMA (Korean Automobile Manufacturers Association) have a goal to achieve this in 2009

Voluntary agreement car industry - EU

Average emissions from new cars sold in 2003 by

• ACEA 163 g/km (161 g/km using the association’s data)

• JAMA 172 g/km

• KAMA 179 g/km

163 g/km = 6.5 liters per 100 km(7.2 for petrol cars and 5.8 for diesels).

CARS 21

• 13 January 05: setting up of a high-level group called “CARS 21”

• representatives of Member States, the EP, Industry, Trade Unions, NGOs, Users and the Commission

• Objective : generate recommendations to improve world-wide competitiveness of the European automotive industry

establishing of a 10 y road map for a competitive EU car industry

Results:

• simplification of requirements

• replacing 38 EU Directives by UN ECE regulations

• introduction of self-and virtual testing

• better regulation principles

• increase of international harmonisation

CARS 21 and CO2

CARS 21 strongly endorses applying an integrated approach

involving, industry, oil/fuel suppliers, repairers, customers/drivers and Public Authorities

CO2 reductions through:

• vehicle technology

• alternative fuels

• taxation

• eco-driving

• gear shift indicators (GSI)

• consumer information and labelling

• consumer behaviour and congestion avoidance

Commission has established a stakeholder “working group on the integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles” under European Climate Change Programme (ECCP II)

Integrated: looking not at vehicle alone, also at fuels, tyres, lubricants etc.

Light duty = including cars

Why ADAC ECO TEST ?In EU we have:

- An internal market

- A single currency

- The wish that consumers think European-wide

- An EU Directive (obligatory) on fuel labelling

Eco Eco TestTest

IN EU we have:

- The wish that consumers may buy their cars where they want to

WE DO NEED A GOOD EU HARMONISED CONSUMER INFORMATION SYSTEM ON THE FUEL ECONOMY OF CARS

EU Labelling

The bad-working EU labelling system for CO2 emission and fuel consumption is currently under discussion in ECCP II (European Climate Change Programme)

Therefore the FIA Foundation has asked ADAC in 2002 to develop ECO TEST

- ECO TEST has been discussed with the EU DG Environment, UBA (Ge.), ACEA and JAMA (Toyota)

- ECO TEST results have been published in 2003, 2004 and 2005

- ECO TEST has been improved over the years and is open to further improvement

Objective:

• Information for consumers on the environmental impact of cars

• Increase sensitivity of consumers on ecologic aspects

• Influence of consumer behaviour on industry developments

Measurements carried out at theADAC Test Centre

• Pollutants (NOx, HC, CO, PM)

• Fuel consumption

• Carbon dioxide CO2

Test procedures according to standardised driving cycle (NEDC) and additionally praxis relevant driving cycle (highway 130 km/h)

NEDC = New European Driving Cycle

Highway Driving cycleHighway driving cycle

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351 401 451 501 551 601 651 701 751

t (s)

v (k

m/h

)

Series1

Eco Eco TestTest

Pollutantsabsolute scale

CO2class depending scale

Additional Information: Fuel Consumptionand Environmental Performance Profile

Assessment PollutantsAssessment Pollutants

PM

HCNOxCO

PM

HCNOxCO

60%

40%worst case

70%

30%

40%

60%worst case

NEDCNEDCcoldcold

PollutantsPollutants

1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351 401 451 501 551 601 651 701 751

ADACADAC

HighwayHighway

Assessment Carbon DioxideAssessment Carbon Dioxide

COCO22

50%

50%

70%

30%

NEDC NEDC coldcold

NEDC NEDC hothot

1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351 401 451 501 551 601 651 701 751

ADACADAC

HighwayHighway

*NEDC = New European Driving Cycle

Vehicle classes

ID Vehicle class Example

1 Microcompact Smart

2 Minicompact Fiat Seicento, Peugeot 106, VW Lupo

3 Subcompact Fiat Punto, Peugeot 206, VW Polo

4 Compact Toyota Corolla, VW Golf

5 Midsize BMW 3-series, Mazda 6, Opel Vectra, Toyota Avensis

6 Upper midsize Audi A6, BMW 5-series, Mercedes E-class, Peugeot 60

7 Executive Audi A8, BMW 7-series, Jaguar XJ, Mercedes S-class

Class-depending CO2 thresholds

CO2 Emissions

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

CO2 [g/km]

Klasse 1+2

Klasse 3

Klasse 4

Klasse 5

Klasse 6

Klasse 7

Rating system Rating system EcoTestEcoTest

High influence on environment

Low influence on environment

Results petrol and diesel class 2

Conclusions Eco Test

ECO TEST• EU wide harmonised

• New initiative to assess the environmental impact of cars

• Measurements according to typical driving situations

• Use of air condition included

Example of a club activity

Consumer information (AA Brochure)

Improved fuel economy and lower GHG emissions may be achieved by:

• Mass stabilization and reduction

• Expanded Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFV) and partnerships with fuel providers to increase infrastructure

• Hybrid gasoline power packs

measurements

measurements

Improved fuel economy and lower GHG emissions may be achieved by:

• Clean diesels + technology to allow them to run on bio-diesel above 5% blends

• Gasoline engine downsizing, combined with Direct Injection (GDI) and pressure charging

measurements

Better Fuel economy by expanding the application of existing technologies like:

• variable valve timing

• fuel shut off

• six-speed transmissions

CONCLUSIONS

• EU (voluntary) and Japan (mandatory) have highest GHG and fuel economy standards

• Automobile fuel economy standards have proven to be one of the most effective tools controlling oil demand and GHG emissions

• Approximately 90 percent of a vehicle’s lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions occur during the use of the vehicle, when it burns fuels from fossil sources

CONCLUSIONS

• CO2 is a long-term problem. Reduction pathway is 15 – 30% reduction by 2020 compared to Kyoto base line (140 g/km CO2 in 2008/9)

• The “fuel + vehicle + driver” formula underpins the engagement between fuel companies, car companies and consumers in addressing the GHG challenge

CONCLUSIONS

• Only a package of measures can help to substantially reduce CO2 emission from passenger cars

• Fuel economy label is a cheap measure to influence consumer

• Energy or CO2 tax for motor vehicles will be introduced in member states

• Big cities will establish green zones and green parking places for clean and fuel efficient cars

CONCLUSIONS

FIA clubs must:• keep on monitoring development of clean

and fuel efficient cars + legislation concerned

• keep on informing their members on climate change

• promote the advantages of environmental friendly and fuel efficient cars

• further evaluate Eco TestEco Eco TestTest

CONCLUSIONS

EU must:

• introduce one EU-wide harmonised fuel consumption label for the corresponding Directive

• review shift points in emission test cyclebecause currently there are manual gear boxes with six or seven gears (current cycle derives from 1970 !)

Thank you for your attention

www.fiafoundation.com