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8/18/2019 Beyond Chutzpah (2005) Historic
1/11
258 APPENDIX II
Topic
TheCaseforIsrael
WhattheEvidenceActuallyShows
3.whatwas
the
rootcauseof
thepales
tine
conflict?
[TheBritish]blamedthemurders
[ofJews]on“racial
animosityon
thepartoftheArab
s.”(p.
4 3 )
s o u r c e s : PeelReport,p.
6 8 .
TheBritish
attributedArabanti-JewishanimustotheJewishclaim
over
Palestine,w
hichdeniedArabsanindep
endentstate,andtoArabfearof
beingsubju
gatedinaneventualJewish
state.ThePeelReportaffirmatively
quotedapriorinquiryheadedbySirT
homasHaycraftthat“therootofthe
trouble...wastheArabfearofasteadyincreaseofJewishimmigration,
whichwou
ldultimatelytendtotheirp
oliticalandeconomicsubjection.”It
wentonto
affirmativelyquoteasecondinquiryheadedbySirWalterShaw
that“[t]herecan...benodoubtthatracialanimosityonthepart
ofthe
Arabs,con
sequentuponthedisappointmentoftheirpoliticalandnational
aspirations
andfearfortheireconomic
future,wasthefundamentalcause”
ofhostilities;anditthenrestatedthattheShawReport“attributed
...the
maincause
oftheoutbreaktoAraban
tagonismtotheNationalH
ome,as
beingonth
eonehandanobstacletotheattainmentoftheirnationalinde-
pendencea
ndastending,ontheother
hand,...toleadtotheireconomic
andpoliticalsubjection.”Dershowitzhasliftedthephraseracialanimosity
fromthecrucialcontextunderliningth
attherootcauseoftheconflictwas
notracial.ThePeelCommissionitselfsimilarlyconcludedthatthe
“underly-
ingcauses”
ofArab-Jewishhostilitiesw
ere,“first,thedesireofthe
Arabsfor
nationalindependence;secondly,their
antagonismtotheestablishmentof
theJewish
NationalHomeinPalestine
,quickenedbytheirfearof
Jewish
domination.”Explicitlyrepudiatingth
e“racial”explanationDers
howitz
ascribesto
it,thePeelReportstated:“Noristheconflictinitsesse
ncean
interracial
conflict,arisingfromanyo
ldinstinctiveantipathyofArabs
towardsJews.Therewaslittleornofriction...betweenAraband
Jewin
therestoftheArabworlduntilthestrifeinPalestineengenderedit.And
therehasb
eenpreciselythesamepoliticaltroubleinIraq,Syriaan
dEgypt—
agitation,r
ebellionandbloodshed—wherethereareno‘NationalHomes.’
Quiteobviously,then,theproblemof
Palestineispolitical.Itis,aselse-
where,the
problemofinsurgentnation
alism.Theonlydifferenceisthatin
PalestineA
rabnationalismisinextricablyinterwovenwithantagonismto
8/18/2019 Beyond Chutzpah (2005) Historic
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260 APPENDIX II
B.THE
FIRST
ARAB-ISRAELIWAR
(1947–1949)AND
ITS
AFTERMATH
Topic
TheCaseforIsrael
WhattheEvidenceActuallyShows
1.whydidt
he
zionistsw
in
the1948
war?
Atgreatcostinhum
anlife...the
ragtagIsraeliarmydefeatedthe
invadingArabarmi
esandthe
Palestinianattackers.Theywon
inlargepartbecause,asMorris
argues,thestakesw
eremuch
greaterforthem.Th
eyhadthe
“morale-boostingst
imulus”of
fightingfortheir“o
wnhome
andfields....”(p.
7 6 )
s o u r c e s : Morris[,Rig
hteous
Victims],p.
2 3 3
[sic—
p.
2 2 3 ].
Morrisdoe
sn’tstatethattheZionistarmyprevailed“inlargepart”because
morewasa
tstakeforthem.Heliststh
isasacontributoryfactor.L
ikeall
serioushistoriansofthewar,Morrisre
gardsasdecisiveIsrael’smilitarypre-
ponderance:“TheHaganahenjoyedsu
periorityinbothqualityandquantity
ofmanpow
er,unityofcommand,andrelativelyshortlinesofcommunica-
tion....ByandlargetheHaganahhadbettertrained,morecapab
lecom-
manders.”
“Thetruth,”Morrisobserv
edinanotherofhisstudies,
“isthat
thestronge
rsidewon....[I]twassuperiorJewishfirepower,manpower,
organizatio
nandcommandandcontr
olthatdeterminedtheoutc
omeof
battle.”
6
Topic
TheCaseforIsrael
WhattheEvidenceActuallyShows
4.whatdid
zionists
intendto
dowitht
he
indigenous
population?
(continued)
Jews”against“Jewishleaders”
who“werewillingtomakepain-
fulcompromisesas
longasthey
couldhaveaJewish
homelandin
thoseareasofPalestineinwhich
theywereamajority.”)
s o u r c e s :
(a)None
(b)[BennyMorris,RighteousVictims
(NewYork:
2 0 0 1)],pp.
5 7 – 5
9 .
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264 APPENDIX II
Topic
TheCaseforIsrael
WhattheEvidenceActuallyShows
3.wasdeir
yassinan
aberratio
n?
( c o n
t i n
u e
d )
s o u r c e s :
(a)None.
(b)[Endnotestates:]T
herewereother
episodesinvolvingind
ividualsand
paramilitarygroupsin
whichclaims
ofmassacreweremad
e,butnoneof
thescaleandseriousnessofDeir
Yassin.
lagewassy
stematicallyrazed:“Oneco
mmanderorderedasapper
toputtwo
oldwomen
inacertainhouse...andtoblowupthehousewiththem.The
sapperrefu
sed....Thecommanderthenorderedhismentoputin
theold
womenandtheevildeedwasdone.Onesoldierboastedthatheha
drapeda
womanandthenshother.Onewoman
,withanewbornbabyinherarms,
wasemployedtocleanthecourtyardw
herethesoldiersate.Sheworkeda
dayortwo.Intheendtheyshotheran
dherbaby.”Thesoldiereyewitness
concludedthat“culturedofficers...hadturnedintobasemurdere
rsandthis
notintheh
eatofbattle...butoutofasystemofexpulsionanddestruction.
ThelessAr
absremained—thebetter.T
hisprincipleisthepolitical
motorfor
theexpulsionsandtheatrocities.”Ata
meetingoftheleftistMapa
mpartyin
November
1948,Israeliatrocitiesinth
eGalileeweredescribedas“Nazi
acts.”AM
apamleaderremarkedatan
otherpartymeetingthat“I
couldn’t
sleepallnight....Jewstoohavecomm
ittedNaziacts.”Arespecte
dZionist
officialobservedinhisdiary:“Whered
idtheycomebysuchamea
sureof
cruelty,likeNazis?They[i.e.,theJewishtroops]hadlearntfromthem[the
Nazis].Oneofficertoldmethatthosewhohad‘excelled’hadcomefrom
[theNaziconcentration/extermination]camps.”InDecemberaMapam
leaderdeclaredthat“[m]anyofusarelosingtheir[human]image.”Onelast
observationofMorrismeritsquoting:“TwoofthethreemajorArabmas-
sacresofJe
ws...wererevengeattacks
triggeredbyJewishatrocitiesagainst
Arabs.On
theotherhand,JewishatrocitiesagainstArabs...were
generally
unconnecte
dtoorlackedanyprevious,directArabprovocation.”
1 1
Ina
neweditionofhisstudyonthePalestin
ianrefugees,Morrisreported“20-
oddcaseso
fmassacre”byZionistforc
esduringthewar,frequentrandom
killingsofPalestinians,and“severaldo
zencasesofrape,acrimev
iewed
withparticularhorrorinArabandMu
slimsocieties.”
1 2
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266 APPENDIX II
Topic
TheCaseforIsrael
WhattheEvidenceActuallyShows
5.whydid
palestinians
attackisrael
afterthe
war?
(a)Between
1 9 4
8 and
1 9
6 7 ,
Palestinianfedayeen
sponsored
byEgyptandSyriamurdered
Israeliciviliansinhundredsof
cross-borderraids.(p. 1
4 2)
(b)Between
1 9 5 1a
nd
1 9 5 5 ,
nearlyathousandIsraelicivilians
werekilledbyfeday
eenincross-
borderattacks.(p.
1 6
1)
s o u r c e s :
(a)None
(b)None
InIsrael’sB
orderWars,BennyMorris
reportsthatthemainmotivesbehind
Palestinians’infiltrationofIsraelwereeconomic(suchashungerandcovet-
ing“losthouses,lands,cropsandmov
ablegoods”)and,lessso,so
cial(such
asseeingth
eirformerhomesandrelatives).Onlythetiniestpercen
tageof
theinfiltration(“probablylessthan10
percent”)was“politicallymotivated
orundertakenforterroristpurposes.”
ThosefewPalestinianinfiltrators
armingthe
mselvesmainlydidsoonaccountof,ortoexactreven
gefor,
Israel’smurderouspoliciesalongitsbo
rder.MorrisreportsthatIsr
aelturned
borderareas,includingtheArabsideofthem,intofree-firezones.The
“overallattitude”wasthat“killing,torturing,beatingandrapingArabinfil-
tratorswas,ifnotpermitted,atleastnotparticularlyreprehensib
leand
mightwell
gounpunished.”CapturedPalestinianinfiltratorswere
routinely
murdered,
evenchildrenshotintheheadandelderlyPalestiniansc
astrated.
Theatmosphereinthearmy“wasepitomizedinthewordsofone
officer:
‘Wherever
IcankillanArab—itisapleasure.’”Inaddition,Israel
carried
outmassive“retaliatorystrikes”targeting“theattackers’clan,villageor
district”—notablytheQibyamassacre
ledbyArielSharon,which
leftsome
seventyArabciviliansdead.Morristalliesasmanyas250Israelic
ivilians
andanothe
r250Israelicombatantskilledbetween1949and1956
—not,as
Dershowitzclaims,“nearlyathousandIsraelicivilians.”Morrisfurther
states:“AsmallproportionofJewishc
asualtieswascausedbyinfiltrators
whosetou
twiththeintenttokillorin
jureJews.MostoftheIsrae
licasual-
tiesseemtohaveresultedfromunprem
editatedencounters.”Ontheother
hand,here
portsthatasmanyasfivethousandPalestinianswerek
illedby
Israelduringthissameperiod,the“va
stmajority”being“unarmed‘eco-
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268 APPENDIX II
2.didisrael
exhaust
diplomat
ic
options
before
attacking
?
Afterexhaustingall
diplomatic
optionsandlearningthatEgypt
waspreparinganim
minent
attackandhadflow
nsurveillance
flightsoverIsraeliterritory,the
Israeliairforceattacked.(p.
9 2)
s o u r c e s : [MichaelB.
Oren,SixDays
ofWar(Oxford:
2 0 0 2
)],p.
9 9 .
TowardtheendofMay,IsraelconsideredsendingalettertotheJo
hnson
administrationtowinitsbackingfora
firststrike.AccordingtoOrenon
thepageDershowitzcites,“Rabinconcludedthediscussion:‘Iwantittobe
recordedfo
rhistorythat,beforeacting
,wedideverythingwecoul
dtofind
adiplomat
icsolution.”ForDershowitzthisrhetoricalflourishofRabin
clincheshispoint.Infact,Israelhadm
anyoptions—includingthe
restation-
ingofU.N.forcesonitssideoftheborderwithEgypt,atwo-week
morato-
riumpropo
sedbyU.N.secretary-generalUThant,andWorldCou
rtarbitra-
tionofthe
StraitsofTiranquestion—a
llofwhichitperemptorilyrejected. 1
6
C.JUNE1967
AND
OCTOBER
1973
WARS
Topic
TheCaseforIsrael
WhattheEvidenceActuallyShows
1.whichsid
e
washeld
responsib
le
forthejune
1967war?
AlthoughIsraelfire
dthefirst
shots,virtuallyeveryonerecog-
nizesthatEgypt,Syria,andJor-
danstartedthewar.
Theillegal
Egyptiandecisionto
closethe
StraitsofTiranbym
ilitaryforce
wasrecognizedbytheinterna-
tionalcommunityto
beanact
ofwar.(pp.
9 1–
9 2)
s o u r c e s : None
Rightafter
theJune1967war,theUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblycon-
venedfora
nemergencysession.Notonegovernmentintheworld—noteven
theUnited
States—tooktheunilateral
positionthattheArabstate
salone
“startedthewar.”Opinionwasdividedbetweenthebelief,onthe
onehand,
thatIsraelwastheaggressorand,ontheother,thatallpartiestotheconflict
sharedsom
eresponsibilityorthatadju
dicatingresponsibilityserve
dnouse-
fulpurpose.TheU.S.ambassadortotheU.N.refusedtosignontoaSoviet-
sponsoredresolutioncondemningIsrael,notbecauseitcondemnedIsrael,
however,butbecauseitdidn’talsocon
demntheArabstates:“Israelalone
istobecon
demnedasanaggressor—thoughsurely,inthelightof
allthe
events,bothrecentandlongpast,thatleduptothefighting,itw
ouldbe
neitherequ
itablenorconstructivefort
hisOrganizationtoissueaone-sided
condemnation.”
1 5
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270 APPENDIX II
Topic
TheCaseforIsrael
WhattheEvide
nceActuallyShows
5.werethe
arabsintent
ongenocide
inoctobe
r
1973?
(a)Again,theArabgoalwasto
killasmanyciviliansaspossible,
despitethefactthat
deliberately
attackingciviliantargetsisawar
crimeandaviolationofinterna-
tionallaw.Egypt’sinitialassault
includedanattempttodrop
bombsonTelAviv,whichwas
preventedbyIsraeli
airforce
interceptors.(p.
1 0 1)
(b)Morrishasdescr
ibedSadat’s
andAssad’smotives
forattack-
ingIsrael:“Forboth
Sadatand
Assad,thewarprom
isedmajor
gains,beginningwit
harestora-
tionofArabpride..
..Merely
daringtogotowar
againstthe
invincibleIDFwoul
dbeseenas
profoundlycourageous;wiping
outtheshameof
1 9
6 7 ,indeed
theshameofArabh
istorysince
1 9 4
8 ,wouldbringb
othregimes
rewardsintermsof
popularity,
legitimacy,andlongevity,aswell
aslargecontribution
sfromthe
oilkingdoms.”(p. 1
0 2)
Morrisstatesthat,onthefirstdayoftheOctoberWar,“two[Egyptian]
bombersflewlowacrosstheMediterra
neanandlaunchedtwoKELTmissiles
atTelAviv.
Butonemissilefellintothe
seaandtheotherwasshot
downby
anIAFinte
rceptor.Egypt’saimmayha
vebeentodeterIsraelfrom
‘strategic’
bombingbysignalinginadvancethatit,too,hadacapacitytohit
civilian
centers.”ThisistheoneandonlyEgyp
tianattackonIsraelproper
through-
outthewarreportedbyMorris.Egypt’s“goal”wasn’tto“killasm
anycivil-
iansaspossible”—aclaimforwhichD
ershowitzdoesn’tsupplyajotofevi-
dence—oreventothreatenIsraelproper,butonlytobreakthediplomatic
impasseby
establishingabeachheadontheSuezCanal’seasternbank,while
Syriaaimed
torecovertheoccupiedGo
lanHeights.Morrisstatesthisonthe
verysamepagefromwhichDershowitzquoteshimon“Sadat’sandAssad’s
motives”b
utomitsthecrucialparagraph:“IntheOctoberwar...Presi-
dentsAnwarSadatofEgyptandHafez
AssadofSyriasoughttore
gainthe
territorieslostin1967.Neitheraimed
todestroyIsrael,thoughdu
ringthe
openingho
ursoftheconflict,itsleader
scouldnotbesureofthis....Syrian
defenseministerTlasslaterwrote:‘We
soughttoliberatetheconqueredArab
lands,whileEgyptsoughttocrosstheCanalandremainon[both]
itsbanks
...outofa
desiretopushthingsforwa
rdontheinternationalplan
e’(thatis,
togethold
ofastripofterritoryonthe
eastbankoftheCanalsoa
stojolt
Israelandt
heworldcommunityintobreakingthepoliticaldeadlock).”
1 9
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276 APPENDIX II
31.
Seeww
w.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.und
er“FatalitiesinPalestinianTer
rorAttacks”and“MajorTerro
rAttacks1952–1989.”
32.
TheIs
raelicasualtyfigurewascompiledfrom
www.jewishvirtuall
ibrary.org,www.mfa.gov.il/MF
A/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2004/4/Israel+
Independence+
Day+2004.htm,andMorris,BorderWars.ForcasualtyfiguresduringtheLebanonwar,seeC
homsky,FatefulTriangle,pp.2
21–23,Fisk,
PitytheNation,pp.255–57,323,418.
Topic
TheCaseforIsrael
WhattheEvidenceActuallyShows
2.
W H A T I S
T H E
B A L A N C E S
H E E T
O F
C I V I L I A N
C A S U A L T I E S ?
(a)Between
1 9
6 8 and
1 9 9 0 ,
Palestinianterroristsmurdered
thousandsofinnoce
ntcivilians,
includinginternationaltravelers,
Jewsatprayerinsy
nagogues
throughoutEurope,
Olympic
athletes,nurserysch
oolchildren,
diplomats,andChristianpil-
grims.(p.
1 0 5 )
(b)Evencomparing
innocent
Israeliciviliancasualtieswith
Palestinianciviliancasualties
revealsthatIsraelhasactedwith
restraint.(p.
1 4 3 )
sources:
(a)None
(b)None
Dershowitz
providesneithersourcenorbasisforanyofhiscalcula
tions.
Anextremeright-wing,“pro”-Israelwebsiteputsthenumberofvictims
of“Palestin
ianterror”between
1 9
6 7 a
nd
1 9 9 0
inIsraelandtheO
ccupied
Territories—
including“Israelicivilians
andsecuritypersonnel,and
foreign-
erskilled”—
at 3 7 0 ,andthenumberof
Jewsandnon-Jewsabroad
killed
inPalestinianterroristattacksat
5 0 ,fo
ratotalof,not“thousands
,”but
4 2 0
dead(includingIsraelicombatants
)overaperiodofmorethantwo
decades. 3
1
Bycomparison,Israelkilled
aboutfivetimesasmanyc
ivilians
duringitso
ne-week-longinvasionofLebanoninMarch
1 9 7
8 .The
basis
ofDershow
itz’ssecondcalculationise
quallyobscure,butanothersetof
figureswill
perhapsilluminateIsrael’scomparative“restraint.”Fro
m 1 9 4 7
tothepresent,thenumberofIsraelideathsduringallitswarsand
policing
operations—
1 9 4 7 – 1
9 4 9 ,
1 9 5
6 ,
1 9
6 7 , 1 9
6 7 – 1
9 7 0 ,
1 9 7 3 ,
1 9
8 2,thefirstand
secondintifadas—aswellasfromallte
rroristattackscomesintotaltounder
2 2, 0
0 0 ,the
overwhelmingnumberofthemcombatants.Bycomparison,just
inthecourseofIsrael’sJune–September
1 9
8 2
invasionofLebanon
,between
1 8 , 0
0 0
and
2 0 , 0
0 0
LebaneseandPales
tinianswerekilled,theover
whelming
numberofthemcivilians.
3 2
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278 APPENDIX II
the Arab Revolt—for example, The Palestinian Arab National Move-ment by Israeli historian Yehoshua Porath or The Palestinian People
by Israeli professor Baruch Kimmerling and University of Washingtonprofessor Joel S. Migdal—mention Nazi funding.3 The major biogra-phies of the Mufti are The Mufti of Jerusalem by Palestinian historianPhilip Mattar and The Grand Mufti by Israeli historian Zvi Elpeleg.Neither of these sources mentions Husseini accompanying Himmler toAuschwitz. Neither of these sources mentions a Husseini plan to buildan Auschwitz-style camp in Nablus. Neither mentions a German-Arabcommando unit en route to poison Tel Aviv’s wells. Neither mentionsthat Husseini was indicted at Nuremberg. (His name is not even listedin the index to the proceedings of the Nuremberg tribunal.) It is correct
that Husseini petitioned the Nazis during the Final Solution not toallow Jews, including Jewish children, to enter Palestine. It is unknown,however, whether his intercession had any practical impact. Mattarfound “no hard evidence” that it did, while Elpeleg concluded that “[i]tis impossible to estimate the extent of the consequences of Haj Amin’sefforts.” Dershowitz cites Elpeleg’s book but not this conclusion. RaulHilberg, the dean of Nazi holocaust scholars, believes it “unlikely” thatthe Mufti’s pleas had any influence. No scholar affirmatively maintainsthat Husseini “was personally responsible for the concentration campslaughter of thousands of Jews” or “bore significant responsibility for
the Holocaust.” Hilberg devotes all of one sentence to Husseini’s role inhis monumental, three-volume study of the Nazi holocaust.4 Finally,Dershowitz is curiously silent on another initiative emanating fromPalestine to collaborate with Hitler. Beginning in late 1940 the dissidentright-wing Zionist organization “IZL in Israel” sought an agreementwith the Nazis on the basis of a “collusion of interests” between the“new Germany and the reborn volkisch-nationalen Hebraertum” andfor the purpose of “the re-establishment of the Jewish state in its his-toric borders, on a national and totalitarian basis, allied with the Ger-man Reich.” Although the Nazis proved unresponsive notwithstandingrepeated appeals, this Zionist initiative did have one noteworthydenouement. A member of this group of would-be Nazi collaborators,Yitzhak Shamir, went on to become the prime minister of Israel.5
3. Yehoshua Porath, The Palestinian Arab National Movement (London,1977). Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal, The Palestinian People: A His-tory (Cambridge, 2003).
4. Philip Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem (New York, 1988), p. 107; ZviElpeleg, The Grand Mufti (London, 1993), p. 72; Raul Hilberg, The Destructionof the European Jews (New York: 1985), 2:789–90 (citing a Husseini protest to
the German foreign minister against further Jewish immigration to Palestine).“Unlikely” comes from a telephone interview with Hilberg on 19 September 2003.5. Joseph Heller, The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940 – 1949
(London, 1995), pp. 77–108 (quoted phrases at 85–86).