Bett-cpv Technology Status and Market Perspectives Ppt

8/9/2019 Bett-cpv Technology Status and Market Perspectives Ppt

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CPV - TECHNOLOGY: STATUS ANDMARKET PERSPECTIVES

Andreas W. Bett

Fraunhofer Institute for SolarEnergy Systems ISE

Solar 2050 WorkshopImperial College London

27th January 2014

www.ise.fraunhofer.de


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Outline

Motivation for Concentrating PV

CPV Technology Options

Market for CPV

Sustainability: Low Energy PayBack Time for CPV technologies

Summary


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PhotovoltaicsStandard PV and Concentrating PV

Standard PV Light collection

and conversion

is one unit

Light collection

collection area

Light conversion

cell area

separated

from

Concentrating PV

Concentration Factor = collection / cell area

FLATCON®-Module developed at ISE


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Semiconductor (conversionarea) is expensive

Option for low cost on€/kWh-level even whenusing high-efficiency solarcells

The Main Idea of Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems

Solar radiation

optics

Acollection

solar cell

Aconversion

Acollection

Aconversion Cgeo =

Functional decoupling of

sunlight collection and

location of conversion intoelectricity

heat spreader


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Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) – the 70ies The Idea is Old

Sandia NationalLaboratory

1 kW CPV system, 1976

using Si solar cells


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Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) – the 70ies The Idea is Old

Sandia NationalLaboratory

1 kW CPV system, 1976

using Si solar cells

Why CPV was not in the market?

Why currently CPV is penetrating the market?


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199219941996199820002002200420062008201020120

10

20

30

40

III-V multi-junction solar cell (lab measurement) III-V multi-junction solar cell (commercial) Si concentrator solar cells (lab measurement)

E f f i c i e n c y [ % ]

High Efficiency is the Key!Multi-junction Solar Cells

Graphic: Fraunhofer ISE; Data for solar cell efficiencies: Green et al. Progress inPhotovoltaics (1993-2013)


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199219941996199820002002200420062008201020120

10

20

30

40

III-V multi-junction solar cell (lab measurement) III-V multi-junction solar cell (commercial) Si concentrator solar cells (lab measurement)

E f f i c i e n c y [ % ]

High Efficiency is the Key!Multi-junction Solar Cells


Fraunhofer ISE 44.7% @ 287x

Sharp 44.4% @ 302x

Solar Junction 44.0% @ 942x

Spire 42.3 % @ 406x

Spectrolab 41.6 % @ 364x

Fraunhofer ISE 41.1 % @ 454x


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500 1000 1500 2000 25000

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Thermalization losses

Transmission losses

Energy that can beused by a Si solar cell

S p e c t r a l i r r a d i a n c e [ W / m 2 µ m ] AM1.5 spectrum Si (1.12 eV)

Wavelength [nm]

The Benefit of Multi-Junction Solar CellsUsing a Wider Part of the Solar Spectrum!

Si


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500 1000 1500 2000 25000

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Thermalization losses

Transmission losses

Energy that can beused by a Si solar cell

S p e c t r a l i r r a d i a n c e [ W / m 2 µ m ] AM1.5 spectrum Si (1.12 eV)

Wavelength [nm]500 1000 1500 2000 2500

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

S p e c t r a l i r r a d i a n c e [ W / m 2 µ m ]

AM1.5 spectrum GaInP (1.87 eV) GaInAs (1.44 eV) Ge (0.67 eV)

Wavelength [nm]

The Benefit of Multi-Junction Solar CellsUsing a Wider Part of the Solar Spectrum!

Si

GaInP GaInAs

Ge


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The “Standard” III-V-based Triple-junction Solar CellStructure

19 layers

doping levels:

5*1016 – 2*1020 cm-3

thicknesses:

0.02 – 4.0 µm

layer compositions:

binary – quaternary

As/P hetero-interfaces

GaInP

tunnel diode

GaInAs

tunnel diode

Ge

ARC

n-gradedGa 1-x In x As buffer layer

p-Ge substrate (100)

p + -AlGaInAs - barrier layer

p-Ga In As - base

n-Ga In As - emitter

n + -AlGaInP/AlInAs - barrier layer

p ++ -Al Ga As

p + -AlGaInP - barrier layer

p-Ga In P - base

Ga In P - undoped layer

n-Ga In P - emitter

n + -AlInP - window layer

cap layer

n ++ -GaAs or GaInP

p + -Ga In P - barrier layer

Ga In As - undoped layer

p + -Ga In As - barrier layer

front contact

rear contact

p ++ -Al Ga As

n ++ -GaInAs

n- doped window- and nucleation layer

n-Ge diffused emitter

1.9 eV

1.4 eV

0.7 eV


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4-junction

bonded to InP

GaInP 1.9 eV

GaAs1.4 eV

GaInAsP 1.0 eV

GaInAs 0.7 eV

Bonding

carrier

75

80

85

90

ηmax

= 44.7 % @ C=297

F F [ % ]

35

40

45

E f f .

[ % ]

1 10 100 10003.2

3.6

4.04.4

lot12-01-x17y04

V O C

[ V ]

Concentration [x, AM1.5d, ASTM G173-03, 1000 W/m²]

III-V-based Multi-junction Solar Cell4-junction Solar Cells with = 44.7 %


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19921994 1996 1998 20002002 2004 20062008 201020120

10

20

30

40

III-V multi-junction solar cell (lab measurement) III-V multi-junction solar cell (commercial)

CPV Modules Fraunhofer ISE (outdoor) AC system efficiency (outdoor Spain, Soitec)

E f f i c i e n c y [ %

]

CPV SystemsBasis for High Energy Yield of the System

Reported AC systemefficiencies:25 – 27 %



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19921994 1996 1998 20002002 2004 20062008 201020120

10

20

30

40

III-V multi-junction solar cell (lab measurement) III-V multi-junction solar cell (commercial)

CPV Modules Fraunhofer ISE (outdoor) AC system efficiency (outdoor Spain, Soitec)

E f f i c i e n c y [ %

]

CPV SystemsBasis for High Energy Yield of the System

Reported AC systemefficiencies:25 – 27 %

Abengoa

Amonix

Soitec

Suncore

Suntrix



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The Efficiency Chain for CPVCommercial Values: Cell - Module – System

AC system efficiency:~ 26% (28 %)

Module efficiency:~ 30% (35.5 %)

Cell efficiency:~ 40% (44.7 %)


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What are challenges for the CPV Technology?


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The challenges foran optimised CPVsystem are:

Knowledge indifferent fieldsoptics, mechanics,semiconductor, …mechanics..

Good manufacturingprocess providesreliability andlow cost!

Optics

Cell

Module

Tracking

BOS

Industrial

manufacturing

A CPV system

Characteristics for Concentrator PhotovoltaicOptimise the System!

There is not a unique CPV system!


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b

Cool earth Solar

www.daido.co.jp

Diversity of System Designs


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Source: Solar System

Receiver: Dense array 10 x 10 cm²

Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Technology Principle ALarge Collector and Receiver Area

This system approach requires active cooling of the solar cells


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Advanced Concepts for Technology ACo-Generation of Heat and Electricity (CPVT)Total System Conversion Efficiency > 70 %!

Active cooling delivers usable heat

Practicable temperature range:60 to 150 °C

Diverse applications

Industrial process heating

Solar desalination + solar cooling

Concentrator

Centralreceiver

Thermal load

Electric load

+-

Tracker


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Technology Principle BSmall-sized Fresnel Lense combined with tiny Solar Cells

Source: Concentrix Solar, 2007

Receiver: Tiny cell (1-4 mm in dia.)

(Often: Secondary optics is added)

Source: Fraunhofer ISE

This system approach is based on passive cooling for the solar cells

Covers > 95 % of the market!


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Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) – Market HCPV-Installations of 1 MWp and more

Source of DNI map: Soitec Solar

≤2.7 4.1 5.5 ≥6.8 kWh/m²/d


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The Application: Centralized Solar Power Plants HCPV - High Concentration Photovoltaics

30 MW in Alamosa, Coloradco, USA

before:

44 MWp under construction at Touwsrivier, South Africa


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Suntrix

700 kWp in operation

Suncore

3 MWp in operation,

50 MWp under construction

Project Location: Golmud, Qinghai Province5 MWp in operation / 50 MWp under construction


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2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 9

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

2 0 1 2

2 0 1 3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

T o t a

l C a p a c i t y I n s t a

l l e d [ M W ]

Market Development for HCPVNumbers Collected from Public Available Data


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Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) – Future Market The View of Analysts: Navigant, Paula Mints

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

HCPV History & Low Forecast 0.7 9.5 2.8 5.0 11.2 62.0 61.8 100.3 147.5 181.5 263.3

HCPV Conservative Forecast 103.0 250.8 442.5 577.5 649.4

HCPV Accelerated Forecast 123.6 551.7 663.8 841.5 930.2

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

800.0

900.0

1000.0

M

W

p

Y e a r l y i n s t a l l e d


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Potential for Low-Cost Electricity in Sunny RegionsDNI: 2000 – 2500 kWh/(m²a)

Source: Fraunhofer ISE, Studie: Stromgestehungskosten Erneuerbare Energien, Nov. 2013; english version under preparation

CSP

CPV

PV L C O E [ E u r o

2 0 1 3 / k W h ]


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Concentrator Photovoltaic DevelopmentFrom Lab (Fraunhofer ISE) to Fab (Soitec)

2.335 W

30% efficiency90 W module

27% efficiency

25 W module

22% efficiency

~ 7 years

2005 2012

manual manufacturing industrial manufacturing


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Studies on Life Cycle Assessments on FLATCON® SystemsAlready in 2005 and 2008!

Tracker

Inverter, BOS

120 modules

1. G. Peharz et al, PIP, 2005, 13, p. 627-634;

2. R. Matzer et al, Proc. 6th Int. Workshop: Advances in Energy Studies, 2008, p. 369-78


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Cell

9,4%

SCA

11,6%

Base plate

16,8%

Lens plate

5,0%Module

11,0%

Tracker

35,1%

BOS

3,5%

Transport7,6%

Figure 1. Contribution of main components to the

CED of a FLATCON® system, including the CEDD

for recycling of steel, aluminum and glass. 100 %

correspond to 128 500 MJ.

Taken from: R. Matzer et al, Proc. 6th Int. Workshop: Advances in Energy Studies, 2008, 369-78

Study on Life Cycle Assessment for FLATCON® Systems2008

Cumulated Energy Demand (CED)

CEDP + CEDD = 100 %

CEDP = 155 400 MJ

CEDU = 5 400 MJ

CEDD = -26 900 MJ (recycling) EProd = 12600 kWh/a

Energy payback time

EPBT ~ 11 months

1/3 of Si flat plate installations!

30 g/kWh CO2-eq


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CPV offers high efficiencies:up to 28 % in grid-connected operation low-cost electricity in sunny regions

Today:>140 MWp installed CPV systems> 250 MWp production capacity point-focus Fresnel type systems dominate

the market

Further research is on-ongoing on all systemcomponents, reliability etc.

CPV is a green and sustainable technologylow EPBT and CO2 footprint

Summary


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Acknowledgement

We acknowledge the important contributions

of all our collaborators, as well as financialsupport by:


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Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE

Dr. Andreas W. Bett

www.ise.fraunhofer.de

[email protected]

Thank You for Your Attention!

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Bett-cpv Technology Status and Market Perspectives Ppt