1.1 Abstract

1.2 Introduction

1.3 AimsThe objectives of this experiment are:i. To verify experimentally the validity of Bernoullis equation for fluid flowii. To verify Bernoulli's equation by demonstrating the relationship between pressure head and kinetic head.iii. To measure flow rate and both static and total pressure heads in a rigid convergent or divergent tube of known geometry for a range of steady flow rates.

1.4 Theory

1.5 Apparatus

Figure 1 : Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration Apparatus (Model: FM24)

1) Manometer Tubes2) Test Section3) Water Inlet4) Unions5) Air Bleed Screw6) Discharge Valve7) Gland Nut 8) Hypodermic Probe9) Adjustable Feet10) Stopwatch11) Water

1.6 Procedure 1.6.1 General Start-up ProceduresThe Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration (Model : FM 24) is supplied ready for use and only requires connection to the Hydraulic Bench (Model : FM110 ) as follows:1. The clear acrylic test section is ensured installed with the converging section upstream. The unions tightened and checked. To dismantle the test suction, the total pressure probe was withdrawn fully before the couplings being released.2. The apparatus located on the flat top of the bench.3. A spirit level attached to the baseboard and the unit was level on the top of the bench by adjusting the feet.4. Water filled into the volumetric tank of the hydraulic bench until approximately 90% full.5. The flexible inlet tube connected using the quick release coupling in the bed channel.6. The flexible hose connected to the outlet and it directed into the channel.7. The outlet flow control partially opened at the Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Unit.8. The bench flow control valve, V1 fully closed then the pump switched on.9. V1 was gradually opened and water allowed to fill until all air has been expelled from the system.10. All the trapped bubbles checked in the glass tube or plastic transfer tube. To remove air bubbles, the air were bleed out using a pen or screw driver to press the air bleed valve at the top right side of the manometer board.11. Water flowing into the venturi and discharge into the collection tank of hydraulic bench.12. The water flow rate proceed to increased it. When all the water flow was steady and there were no trapped bubbles , the discharge valve closed to reduce the flow to the maximum measurable flow rate.13. Water level in the manometer were in different heights.14. V1 and outlet control valve adjusted to obtain the flow through the test section and the static pressure profile observed along the converging and diverging sections is indicated on its respective manometers. The total head pressure along the venture tube being measured by traversing the hypodermic tube.Note: the manometer tube connected to the tapping adjacent to the outlet flow control valve is used as a datum when setting up equivalent conditions for flow through test section.15. The actual flow rate measured by using the volumetric tank with a stop watch.

1.6.2 General Shut Down Procedures1. Water supply valve and venturi discharge valve closed.2. The water supply pump closed.3. Water drain off from the unit when not in use.

1.6.3 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration1. The general start-up procedures was performed 2. All manometer checked that properly connected to the corresponding pressure taps and were air bubble free.3. The discharge valve adjusted to high measureable flow rate.4. After the level stabilized, the water flow rate measured using volumetric method.5. The hypodermic tube(total head measuring) connected to manometer #H was gently slide , so that its end reached the cross section of the venturi tube at #A. After some time the readings from manometer #H and #A noted down. The reading shiwn by manometer #H was the sum of the static head and velocity heads, i.e the total (or stagnation) head (h*), because the hypodermic tube was held against the flow of the fluid forcing it to a stop (zero velocity). The reading in manometer #A measures just the pressure head (hi) because it was connect to the venturi tube pressure tap, which does not obstruct the flow, thus measuring the flow static pressure.6. Step 5 repeated for other cross sections (#B,#C,#D,#E,#F).7. Step 3 to 6 repeated with three other decreasing flow rates by regulating the venturi discharge valve.8. The velocity , ViB calculated using the Bernoullis equation where ;

9. The velocity , Vic using continuity equation where ;

10. The difference between two calculated velocities were determine

1.6.4 Maintenance and safety precautions1. It is important to drain all water from the apparatus when not in use. The apparatus should be stored properly to prevent damage.2. Any manometer tube, which does not fill with water or slow fill, indicates that the tapping or connection of the manometer is blocked. To remove the obstacle, disconnected the flexible connection tube and blow through.3. The apparatus should not be exposed to any shock and stresses.4. Always wear protective clothing, shoes, helmet and goggles throughout the laboratory session5. Always run the experiment after fully understand the unit and procedures.

1.8 Calculations

1.9 Discussion

1.10 Conclusion

1.11 RecommendationsIn my point of view, there are a few recommendations, and precautions that have to be considered during the experiments in order to get an accurate value and readings of data.In order to get a more accurate results, we have to repeat the experiment for several times to get the average values. Besides that, before start running the experiment, make sure that the trap bubbles is removing first and not left in the manometer, then only you can run the experiment. In order to avoid the parallax error, the eye position of the observer must be parallel to the water meniscus when taking the reading of the manometers. The valve of the equipment must be control carefully and slowly to maintain the constant values of the pressure difference as it is quite difficult to control the valve. Furthermore, the valve and bleed screw also should be regulate smoothly to reduce the errors and the leakage of water in the instrument must be avoided when running the experiment.

.

1.12 Reference

1.13 Appendix

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARAFAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIACHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1 (CPE 465)

NAME :NUR IZZATI BINTI AHMAD TARHIZI

GROUP:EH200 2A

EXPERIMENT:FLUID MIXING

DATE:28 APRIL 2015

PROG/CODE:EH220

SUBMIT TO:MADAM NURUL DIYANAH

NoTitleAllocated Marks (%)Marks

1Abstract5

2Introduction 5

3Objectives 5

4Theory 5

5Procedures/Methodology10

6Apparatus 5

7Results 10

8Calculation 10

9Discussion 20

10Conclusion 10

11Recommendations 5

12References 5

13Appendices 5

TOTAL100

Remarks:

Checked by:Rechecked by: Date: Date: