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Women in Trade Unions in Europe: A survey of the ETUC affiliated member organisations. Berlin, 5 March 2007 Cinzia Sechi. Outline. Background Methodology & Target Confederations & EIFs I/ Disaggregated data on women in trade unions in Europe II/ Gender Mainstreaming - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Berlin, 5 March 2007
Cinzia Sechi
Women in Trade Unions in Europe:A survey of the ETUC affiliated member organisations
Outline
Background Methodology & Target
Confederations & EIFs
I/ Disaggregated data on women in trade unions in Europe II/ Gender Mainstreaming III/Women in Decision Making positions
TUs policies TUs political bodies TUs leadership
Conclusions and follow-up
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Background Previous ETUC Surveys
1993, 1999, 2002, 2005
2006 Survey : objectives, methodology, target
81 Confederations 12 European Industry Federations FERPA, EUROCADRES
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Target 81 Confederations
60 confederations replied (74% response rate) 32 countries, about 52 million members/19.300.000
women
12 European Industry Federations + FERPA & Eurocadres 9 responses (64% response rate) About 38 million members/13.500.000 women
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Female membership ConfederationsConfederations
Female members in trade union confederations account for 42%
10% unable to provide for specific data 8% able to provide for rough estimation
Slightly increased from 1999 & 2002 surveys
Some patterns: Rate range between 10% and 76%; Highest rates of female membership in the Nordic and Baltic
countries; New member states higher average of 45% Since 1999, increase registered in over 15 unions
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Female membership
39% 35%28% 26%
16% 13%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1Lack of financial resourcesLack of human resourcesThe costs of campaignsWomen are in non traditional trade union sectorsLack of commitment/willingness within the confederationNo problems
Obstacles in recruiting women*Obstacles in recruiting women*
* Confederations only
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Female membership
European Industry FederationsEuropean Industry Federations Female members in EIFs account for +35% Unchanged from 1999 & 2002 surveys Some sectors more feminised than others
Textile 60% Clothing 70%
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Female membership
57,6% 57,6%50,0%
36,4% 36,4%31,8%
16,7%9,1% 7,6% 4,5%
0%10%
20%30%40%50%
60%70%80%
90%100%
1Lack of time due to family responsibilitiesTrade unions are not sensitive to the specific needs of women workersLack of understanding of the advantages of belonging to a trade unionFear of employer reprisals if they join a trade unionMale domination of trade union activitiesMale domination in trade union leadership positionsCost of trade union contributionsDiscouragement or hostile reactions from their partner and/or familyNot relevantDiscouragement or hostile reactions from colleagues
Factors preventing women from joining TUsFactors preventing women from joining TUs
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Gender Mainstreaming 95% of Confederations and 8 (out of 9) EIFs reported
that they implement Gender Mainstreaming. Different instruments adopted (Executive Committee
resolutions, change in the statutes, GM Pact, sex disaggregated statistics, studies…)
Challenges: Increase general awareness Training Lack of data Monitoring & assessment
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Gender Mainstreaming 47 Confederations (84%) implement GM in
collective bargaining Measures addressing operators:
Training negotiators ♂ & ♀ on gender issues (60%)……and on gender mainstreaming (42%) Training ♀ in negotiation (53%) Setting up guidelines for collective bargaining with
regard to gender equality (53%) Ensuring ♀ are in negotiating teams (36%)
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Gender Mainstreaming Measures addressing the content:
Adding issues to the collective bargaining agenda that are traditionally seen as women’s issues (80%)
Discussing the gender dimension of general issues (e.g. wages, working time, etc.) in collective bargaining (76%)
Finding laws and/or collective agreements and/or government policies dealing with equality to be used during negotiation (57%)
Collecting gender disaggregated facts and figures to be used during negotiation (57%)
Finding out the opinions of female workers on the topics to be negotiated (i.e. using circulars addressed to female workers, and/or questionnaires, and/or researches) (30%)
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Gender Mainstreaming 4 EIFs (out of 6) incorporate gender
mainstreaming in the coordination of collective bargaining and in sector-based social dialogue committees 2 by training negotiators ♂ & ♀ on gender issues and
on gender mainstreaming Some sub-sectors more addressed than others (textile &
clothing, chemical/energy…) GM scarcely implemented in EWCs policy. 3
EIFs out of 6 have taken concrete measures
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Women in decision making 56% of Confederations and 7 (out of 9) EIFs have
a specific policy to increase the number of ♀ in decision making bodies
Measures implemented include: training (67%) researches/surveys (52%) campaigns (45%) reserved places (44%)
50% adopted an action plan
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Women in decision making
65%60%
57%
33%
25%
15%11% 11%
5%
33%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1
Lack of time
Lack of confidence
Stereotyped ideas
Meetings' organisation
Lack of specific policy
Lack of training ofwomen
Discouragement ofpartner and/or family
Discouragement fromcolleagues
Inflexible companyrules
Other
Factors limiting the presence of women in TUs decision-making bodiesFactors limiting the presence of women in TUs decision-making bodies
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Women in decision making CONFEDERATIONS BODIESCONFEDERATIONS BODIES
30% 25% 32%
70% 75% 68%
33% 28% 26%
67% 72% 74%
Congress2002 - 2006
ExecutiveCommittee2002 - 2006
SteeringCommittee*2002 - 2006
Men
Women
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Women in decision making
72% 70%92% 85%
8% 15%28% 30%
17%36%
10%20%
90%
64%83% 80%
Presidents2002-2006
VicePresidents2002-2006
GeneralSecretary2002-2006
DeputyGeneral
Secretary2002-2006
Men
Women
LEADERSHIP IN CONFEDERATIONSLEADERSHIP IN CONFEDERATIONS
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Women in decision making EIFs BODIESEIFs BODIES
Female delegates at: Congress: 35%* (25% in 2002)
Gap with female membership rate ranging from (-9 to + 29)
Executive Committee: 29%** (23% in 2002) Steering Committee 36%** (28% in 2002)
*6 EIFs out of 9
**5 EIFs out of 9
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Women in decision making
LEADERSHIP IN THE LEADERSHIP IN THE 1212 EIFs EIFs
2/10 President (ETUF-TCL, EPSU) 16% 8/20 Vice-President (EMCEF, EPSU,
EUROCADRES, ETUCE) 29% 3/10 General Secretary (EPSU, UNI-EUROPA,
FERPA) 23% 1/4 Deputy General Secretary (ETF) 20%
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Conclusion % of ♀ members is known in the majority of confederations and averages around 42% (constant and slow
increase since 2002)
More statistics are needed on the categories of ♀ workers (part-time, fixed term contracts, etc.) Need of more reliable sex disaggregated data on members of EIFs TU should incorporate further gender mainstreaming in order to cover ALL trade union policies, including EWCs Training, raising awareness and reliable statistics on gender mainstreaming are fundamental to its full promotion Number of women in decision making positions still unbalanced Follow-up
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Conclusion
THANK YOU
GRAZIE
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Organisations not responding to the questionnaire
5 EIFs: 5 EIFs:
EAEA - European Arts and Entertainment Alliance, EUROCOP - European Confederation of Police, EFJ/FEJ - European Federation of Journalists, EMF/FEM - European Metalworkers’ Federation, ETUCE/CSEE - European Trade Union Committee for Education.
21 CONFEDERATIONS: 21 CONFEDERATIONS:
USDA – Andorra, SEK – Cyprus, TURK-SEN – Cyprus, AC – Denmark, ADEDY – Greece, AszSz – Hungary, SZEF- Hungary, ÉSZT- Hungary, BSRB – Iceland, LPSS (LDS) – Lithuania, CMTU – Malta, USM – Monaco, CNV – Netherlands, CARTEL ALFA – Romania, CSDR – Romania, CSdl – S. Marino, CDLS – S. Marino, Travail Suisse – Switzerland, DISK – Turkey, HAK-IS – Turkey, KESK – Turkey.
Women in Trade Unions in Europe
Women in decision making
70%
50%40% 35% 32% 30% 28%
22% 20% 18% 18%
WOMEN & POLICY DEPARTMENTSWOMEN & POLICY DEPARTMENTS