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7/27/2019 Berger Kripke
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f x - . , f,
. f, de re , ,
q , q . , . .
U - H U. H Terms and Truth: Reerence Direct andAnaphoric (), Quine: From a Critical Point o View (), j Journal o Philosophy Nous.
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E
alan bergerBrandeis University
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cambridge university press, Y, , , ,
, , , , x
U 32 , Y, ny 10013-2473, usa
.. :../9780521674980
U 2011
. j x ,
U .
2011
U
A catalog record or this publication is available rom the British Library.
Library o Congress Cataloging in Publication data / .
. . x.
isbn 978-0-521-85826-7 ()1. , ., 1940 . , . . .
b945.k794s38 2010
19122 2010019542isbn 978-0-521-85826-7 Hisbn 978-0-521-67498-0
U url x - W W , , .
http://www.cambridge.org/http://www.cambridge.org/http://www.cambridge.org/9780521674980http://www.cambridge.org/9780521674980http://www.cambridge.org/9780521674980http://www.cambridge.org/9780521674980http://www.cambridge.org/7/27/2019 Berger Kripke
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List o Contributors page
1Alan Berger
Part I Naming, Necessity, and Apriority
1 G 17Bernard Linsky
2 , , 49Nathan Salmon
3 E : 78Scott Soames
4 W : 100Robert Stalnaker
Part II Formal Semantics, Truth, Philosophy oMathematics, and Philosophy o Logic
5 119John Burgess
6 141John Burgess
7 , W, De Re 160Mark Steiner
8 177Alan Berger
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Contents
Part III Language and Mind
9 zz 211Mark Richard
10 zz 235Nathan Salmon
11 O - W 253George Wilson
12 W /Q 290
Mario Gmez-TorrentePart IV Philosophy o Mind and
Philosophical Psychology
13 327Sydney Shoemaker
14 E : q 343
Je BuechnerIndex 369
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AlanBerger, U, UY, , H U. H Terms andTruth: Reerence Direct and Anaphoric ( ) Quine: From a Critical Point o View (Ox U ), z H 85 , Ox U .
Je Buechner
(UY, G ), - , U (). H Gdel, Putnam, and Functionalism: A New Reading oRepresentation and Reality 2008.
John Burgess U 1975. H , A Subject with No Object; Computability and Logic;Fixing Frege;Mathematics, Models, and Modality; Philosophical Logic; Truth.
Mario Gmez-Torrente f U x (U). H - .
BernardLinsky U ,E. H Bertrand Russells Metaphysical Logic Principia Mathematica,
U , - j . H , .
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List o Contributors
MarkRichard H U. H Propositional Attitudes( U ) WhenTruth Gives Out(Ox U ); Meaning in Context, -
, Ox U .NathanSalmon U , . H Reerence and Essence() Freges Puzzle (). : Metaphysics, Mathematics, and Meaning Content, Cognition, and Communication ( OxU ).
Sydney Shoemaker .. .. , . H Sel-Knowledge and Sel-Identity; Personal Identity( );Identity, Cause, and Mind; The First-Person Perspective and Other Essays; Physical Realization. H J Ox 1972,J 1993, W H 2002.
Scott Soames U
. H What Is Meaning?; Philosophy oLanguage, Reerence and Description; Philosophical Analysis in the 20thCentury, U , Beyond Rigidity Understanding Truth, Ox U .
RobertStalnaker .. U 1965 . . H , OurKnowledge o the Internal World(Ox U , 2008),
J , Ox 2007.
Mark Steiner .. U . H U 1970 1977; 1977, H U J, . H Mathematical Knowledge( U , 1974), The Applicabilityo Mathematics as a Philosophical Problem(H U , 1998), . H
- z Y E H Treatise H.
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List o Contributors x
GeorgeWilson U . H U J H U. H f
(Narration in Light, 1986), (The Intentionalityo Human Action, 1989), . H f, Seeing Fictions in Film, OxU .
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1
- . , . f , f O O H. H , .
, , j . , Namingand Necessity, z f . : x. W , . H
E x ( x ), zz , W .
, , ; ; , ,, ; . H x
- - . f , Naming and Necessity,
, , , ,
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Alan Berger2
. H
- , - . - ( ) . - .
Naming
and Necessity . , f - . , . H q - .
Naming and Necessity . H q . , q , , f , , .
Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language, W - . H W - W .
H . - W , , .
zz , zz, - zz - .
. , f . H
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Introduction to Kripke 3
--- .
,
j -, . , , .
Structure o the Book
, .
. , ,
f . 1, G , , , Naming and Necessity, z x , . , f.
- x J, , , G . f ,
, . z , , , fx . H z , , - , . W ,
f . - f , - .
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Alan Berger4
Naming and Necessity , ,, . Naming and Necessity
. f f , / 1977 .
, Naming and Necessity -
, , , . W - , . W Q j x, j . , q .
2, , , , f , x-, x: j ; (S) H x j . 1973 J ,
f, - ( ) f ,fctional characters, . H f, H, ( ), j-f H1 - , ( - ), f H2 . H
(S), , q-, (S) x H1 x. j f , - -
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Introduction to Kripke 5
H1. H , (S), , -
x. 3, E :
, Namingand Necessity - . O f, - j j .
- ( ), ( W - x ). H , , .
, , q q j q j x. - () f ; () f, , - ; () f q
, . f , .
, x . - x , , ,
- . , , - .
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Alan Berger6
4, W : ,
Naming and Necessity. q . q -. Naming and Necessity, 1980.
j
, - , q: W x ( - , - )? W x , ? , , ? , , x? , x? H , , f? H f q q , , -? H x - x? 2 j
, q x x . 3 - f q f . 4
, .
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Introduction to Kripke 7
. , , ,
5, 6, 7, 8. , , x .
J f , 5, , - , .
( ), j ( J , H , , ), ( , - f
). 6, , ,
. x . , , O .
7, , W, De Re
, W, : () , ; () ( , x, - ), . q-, - W . H
- W, W Naming and Necessity,
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Alan Berger8
Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language, W. de re -, .
8, , f j .W , f . 2, j : q . 3, .
:
1. W , z, -. f, . , , O , , , - [ ]
. .2. W . :) , x, .
H, j , x, , , - f f
x . , x . , , O f .
) . x
. - j . , , G, , .
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Introduction to Kripke 9
3. W f .W , ,
. , , . , -. --
x x being sup-ported by experiment jf .
4. W , .
, , - , .
: . . . W - . .
.
9, 10, 11, 12 .
9, zz , zz ( j ) zz : , , ? q, zz : -- ? O zz
: j ? zz f zz ; .
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Alan Berger10
, 10, zz , zz , .
q , zz, , ( ) ( / z -). f, zz - q , reductio ad absurdum, -
( ) q , , -, . - -, x , . , , zz. , .
11, O - W, G W , -. Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language . W purport ,
. f , W . not semantic non-actualism, . ,W are, , ,
W . , - .
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Introduction to Kripke 11
.
, W
q, -, temporally externalist . , -- - -x . , t. , t
t . - x, , W . , qf is somef . W - x - . j W . W x , f j q - W. W x, x .
1980, x - x Naming and Necessity. x- , , - q. 2 4 Gz- , 12, W / Q, z x . 5
, j . 2 x
q.
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Alan Berger12
z .
-- ( - f ) . q- , . 4 x . , x,
; - . O x , , x( x, j ).
Naming and Necessity - fx , --fx -- . 3 x f , x x. H prejudice, f , , . j , -, j , - , . - j .
x, x , , - j . O , j.
5 : (1) j q - J, x . (2) z j
j , j f ; j , , jf , q. (3)
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Introduction to Kripke 13
j W (, ) - z , j
; z , - z .
.
, 13, , j -
( x, = -f ) , . x x , H2O. H Y x, E - else , E E*. x . x . , , , .
J 14, E : q ,
Wittgenstein onRules and Private Language; , - ( x ) x. , .
. z , ( ) --- .
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Alan Berger14
, . , - :
J ; W ; ( ?: / Q ); W ; U ; / q ; ;
Q , ( .., U W O, 1978), U Q ; 1974 ; 1974 UY G ; - . -. W G x x - x .
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PART I
G, EEY, OY
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17
f , q . qf , , .1 Naming and Necessity - f - . J 20, 22, 29, 1970, - U, - 1972 . 1980 .
Naming and Necessity ,
. f Q j . -
. , / , f ,
1
G
1 1980 (1972), . 3.
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Bernard Linsky18
f .2
f -
, - . x , - = H2O = -f . O ,
.3
, . , , Naming andNecessity( 1980, [1972]) ( 1979 [1977]).
1. The Cluster o Descriptions Theory o
Proper Names 1970 G . - O j, , ( 1949 [1892]). W , -
, . q - - :
. , .., : x G. W x ,
2 2002 G 2001.3 H 1970 1975;
, x, f ; 1966 reerential f .
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 19
x G. , . . ( 1980, . 30, 1949 [1892], . 86)
, , , q , f .
, , ( logically proper names) , ,f .4 , , , x,
x G, x G , . . - , .
, . , , . W PhilosophicalInvestigations:
x. x, . : E : : . . . ,
? : , , . ? H ? H fx q ?(W 1950, 79)
W, z , q-
f x,
4 16 1919.
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Bernard Linsky20
, , x . J f
( 1958 [1963]). ,
x , , f - . f :
1) x X,
, X.
2) O , j, q.
3) , , f q jy, y X.
4) q j, X .
5) , X x, X
.6) , X x, X x ( ). ( 1980 [1972],.71)
J -. ,
, , . O -, x -, . W Sinn ,
j .W , meaning .
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 21
, , - x .5
.O x x . ( ) . x x x. zz (1979), x .6
f . Naming and Necessity , . W (1), j x .
x do not. O x, J, . W x -. J. - J , . J f ,
. J . J , f, , . , . x J (4), f j, j . , ,
5 content , (1989), .
6 9 10 .
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Bernard Linsky22
determined discover . W ,
, . - .
, x - . x , , x. x.
( ). xx , . . H -x (6). , Xx, X ,x , .
x ( 1981 [1973], . 110151). x , , . O, , , :
x .
, , :
x
. f -
, . 1980 Naming and Necessity, , ,
, , , . , , - , . ,
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 23
x , .
2. Rigid Designators
. ; , f , .7 rigiddesignator j, nonrigid accidental designator ( 1980 [1972], . 48).
j x , - x strongly rigid. O j x.
- Naming and Necessity. , , - . f . O x , calledx ( 1980 [1972], . 49). , , , , . , ,
. j 2 + 2 = 4 2 3 ( 1980 [1972], . 77). x .
. W, , ?
, ,
7 , , , 2 .
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Bernard Linsky24
. W ? . , , j ?
would, , designates with respect to . x. O (t,w), , . , . -
, , - , , (t), . - , , , , .O z .
q j . - x, x . cross-world identifca-tion, x q j -f x , j . O , , -f, j -
. x , x x .8 j , - , ,
.9
8 4 .9 1968 .
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 25
3. Naming and Knowing
, , . - modal argument epistemic, . O
(5), : X x, X. (5) ( j ) . , might have been, couldturn out to be( ). W ( ) - . J . H J J. H J it can turn out J f. W - f , . . x, , Aristotle? Y, . , ,
meaning . x - , .
G - , f ,
, . G, , G j . O
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Bernard Linsky26
G G, , . x ( x
). j E E - , . W E . x (3) : , , f q jy, y X.
x , .
. , , G- .10 O q , , . (2) , X q.
4. Kripkes Positive Account o Names , - , , ? J , x A System oLogic( 1843, , 5). , denotation connotation. (O sense ideas
). O , , .11
10 f - Challengerx 1986, O- z . E x, f Challenger.
11 logically proper names,
. j q, , q. , f .
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 27
. zz . W x a= b, =
E ?12 zz f - , f ( 1905, 1919). f zz . ( G Waverley, Waverley, G ?)
x ; x? zz . H - Naming and Necessity, q - .13
, , . . fx . , . H W, , (1950, 50).14 x .
W q - . . 0 . , 0fxes the reerence x .
12 f , , f x .
13
9 10 .14 , . , , x , .
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Bernard Linsky28
give the meaning ; , f .O fx
, . 0 , -, , , . , , . , , , . O
, . fxing the reerence x . - fx . f f . , fx . x . fx [] x ( 1980 [1972], . 79, . 33).
fx , , . (5) X x, X. , 0
fx . , , 0 x . x . fx ( 0) , . ,
- . 3, - .
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 29
5. A Priori Contingent and A PosterioriNecessary Truths
, , x .O , x jf x. , . W f , ,
x. , , , . , f epistemic, , - metaphysical-, , . , . . , G j 2 -. ( ), . Y , , , , . G j , ; ( , ), -
. , , -, ? x , . x , ? . , ,
. fx. 0 fx 0. , ,
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Bernard Linsky30
fx, . Y , , j
x. x
. , x, x , (, ) , it , , -. (1979 [1977])
x. , x, - U , fx U. Y U , , ., ( 1980 [1972], .50).15 x , , - , x.
O x
x f . , , , = . H , - . fx , .
, - . H
15 3 .
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 31
H . . Naming and
Necessity qf . 1970 , f. -, , .16
, , , , . H . j x y, x y. x , , x, y , , x. -. , x y, , H , qf .17
, , , , -. W x , , , . O
. O , . , , . x, j Q Ez, , . (H) . () , beEz W. - under a description. Q x
, q , ,
16 , x, 1968, . 91.17 4 5 .
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Bernard Linsky32
q -, (Q1960, . 199). de re , ,
. Q j (Q 1976[1957], . 176) -. , , de re ,
j, - . ,
de re j, , essentiality o origin . q, - x, j . q x j .18 x , , , , , , . . , , , , , -
. j x . ( 1980 [1972], . 114. 56) j , .19
18 x q f .W ,
? , f , .
19 (1981, x , . 21952), x H 1975.
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 33
- , .
, - . Reerence and Essence(1981) . E x H = = H2O, , q - . , , x
, . , , x - .
6. Naming Kripkes Theory o Names
, ? f - . H j z , x , - f. , , . . -
, . , . , , , fx . , , - . -
, , , . J j .
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Bernard Linsky34
, ,
, x f . - . . O .
G (1961), f .20 x x j, x. j - j. f j z , , (1981), x. (1974) q , . , J . , , j -
j . .21 - , z- .
G E (1973) - . H x ,
, , 20 G E H
Ex (E 1989, . 79).21 2 .
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 35
.22 O
. . , . , .23 O , - f . , -fx
. H , . E - . H .24 - , .25 . , , . , x theory .
7. eneral Names
Naming and Necessity, x .
22 1980 . 173 E x.23 1989 :
- Sinn ( 1989, . 483). , x, , , , -
. Naming and Necessity f , .
24 1975, 1970, ?25
( 1981, . 3).
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Bernard Linsky36
, , - z. , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , j , ,. ( 1980 [1972], . 134)
System o Logic, , .26 j
j x j, .27 . xG , G .28 -, , x, j . W
, j, x . - , , , ,, , . . x , , .
, . , , .29W , , . x x - .
26 1980 (1972), . 134.27
, 1974, .28 Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, , 2.. (
, . 267) ( 1980 [1972], . 177).29 H x ( 1962),
. 122.
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 37
, f , / .
f H2O, . - x , H (. 129), (. 132). -, . H2O, . , , x
. j , .O x
. x -f. , -f , = -f , . . W H2O, . j , . x XYZ.30 H . , j -f. is, .
x . , , , , .31
, x . singular . W
30 1975. XYZ , .
31 13 .
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Bernard Linsky38
, . , x, ,
x , x q . O , , - , .32 , -z , , , .
Beyond Rigidity(2002), j , j , .33 j . W f . . , .
x, ( ) , x (. 261):
7) H .
H, , , (7) z , , ( ) . ,
- :
8)
9)
32 2002, 9, . 249 , .33 x (. 366, .19).
2003 2005. , ( ).
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 39
(8) , , , , . (9)
. (8) (9) -
(7) . W (7) ? , f j .
q (7).34
O f , (8) , - x (7) . (8), , (7) dierent , . w . ,(7) w w. (8) (8) () w . H, (9), (7) wq . (9) - .
(2003) (2005), , , -, . H x,
x . ( 1981, 2). , q . - / . , , - z , - .
, - , x . O
34 1984 2006. z-z(2010) .
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Bernard Linsky40
(-)f . , .
, x . w x w w. ( ) . O , - f
, , , . -
. , - . . x , x , f x , x . n jo w. n is F wj o, w, PF w. x w . O - ,
fx , x . j , - .
. O -x , (7) . O , ,
, , , , . -, (8), ,
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 41
. O , (7) . O
, . (9), . (7), w w, -
. W x , , . .
/ Namingand Necessity, . f -. , . f .35 . . , , ( ) j () .36
(-)f . -, = -f , f , , .
x H f . f x 1.371
35 , 1966, 1725.36 1978, . 57.37 1983, . 87.
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Bernard Linsky42
f , . O f , 1 j 1. O , ,
z 1: 1 || 1 || w || 1 ||. P w P , w, . z 1 - w (|| 1 ||).
O 1,
: x (x 1 x 1). , - .38 .
f x x . , f x ,
x . U , : ,||1||w w. - . , f - - . W ,
- .
z - f , x . , , .
-f f
38 J 1998.
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 43
. . H - , , . H
f, z . z , f -. .
, () () . x , .39 , , , f , , . . . . E , , . , , .
8. Speakers Reerence and Semantic Reerence
Naming and Necessity, x .
. G 1957 , x , z . W G , x -. O G , reers j - z ,
39 , , . , , ,q, q.
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Bernard Linsky44
, G - . sentence meaning , ,
reerence j . semantic reerence , x . x . (1) (2) . ,
. , - q .
1977 , z - / (1966). f , - uses. 1966 , x fx , - . x- ( f ). , , ,
. . , J, . , J , , . reerential. - . J , said oJ . W
. / , Naming and Necessity . , /
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 45
de re de dicto. W , -
f . W X de dicto , W . W o y, , y , O ,X . , . j ,
/ qf , - - . .
/ f f f . O , - . W , .40 .O rigidifed descriptions. f, , q.
/ G - . , . x
, . f x. f- x, .W , , J. J , ( 1979 [1977], . 14). name.
40 . 1989.
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Bernard Linsky46
.
. W . / - . . , , . /
. , , f , Naming and Necessity .
9. Conclusion
Naming and Necessity , - j O 1950. , , , , , . W - , . de re
.W j x-, j . , -q .
, J. (2002) What Am I? Descartes and the Mind-Body Problem. Ox: OxU .
, . . (1968) A Materialist Theory o the Mind. : & .
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Kripke on Proper and General Names 47
(1978) A Theory o Universals, Universals and Scientifc Realism, Vol. II. : U .
, . E. (1963) Philosophy and Ordinary Language. U: U .
, H. (1975) . The Journal o Philosophy, 72, 3639., . (1981)Designation. Y: U ., . . (1966) f . The Philosophical
Review, 75, 281304.(1974) . Philosophical Review, 83, 331.(1979 [1977]) . ,
. ., U, . E. J., W, H. . (E.) Contemporary Perspectivesin the Philosophy o Language, 4560. : U . O (1977): Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 2, 1227,
: U ., . (1973) Frege: Philosophy o Language, 2 . 1981.: .
E, G. (1973) . Aristotelian Society, SupplementaryVolume 47, 187208.
(1982) The Varieties o Reerence. Ox: ., G. (1949 [1892]) . Zeitschrit r Philosophie
und philosophische Kritik, 100, 2550. . H. : O , , H., , W. Readings in Philosophical Analysis. Y: --.
G, ., , . (E.) (2001) Physicalism and Its Discontents.: U .G, H. . (1957) . Philosophical Review, 66, 37788.
(1961) . Proceedings o the Aristotelian Society,Supplementary Volume35, 12152.
J, . (1998) From Metaphysics to Ethics: A Deence o Conceptual Analysis.Ox: .
, . (1989) . , J., , J., W, H.(E.) Themes rom Kaplan, 481563. Y: Ox U .
, . (1980 [1972]) Naming and Necessity. : H U
. O (1972): , ., H, G. (E.)Semantics o Natural Language, 253355. : . .
(1979 [1977]) . , .,U, ., W, H. (E.) Contemporary Perspectives in thePhilosophy o Language, 627. : U .O (1977): , ., U, ., W, H.(E.) Midwest Studies in Philosophy II, 25576. : U .
(1979) zz . , . (E.) Meaning and Use, 23975.: . .
, . (1966) .Journal o Philosophy, 63,1725.
(1968) Qf .Journal o Philosophy,65, 11326.
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(1983). H f . Philosophical Papers I, 7895.Ox: Ox U , 1983.
, . (1984) G . Pacifc Philosophical Quarterly,65, 25976.
(2006) G . Philosophical Studies, 128,65567.
, . (1963) . , . (E.) Philosophy andOrdinary Language, 7489. U: U .
, J. (1974) . Analysis, 34, 17780., G., z-z, J. (2010) G :
. , H., -, . (E.) TheSemantics and Metaphysics . Y :.
, J. . (1843) A System o Logic. : ., H. (1962) . The Journal o Philosophy, 59(22),65871.
(1975) . Mind, Language and Reality: PhilosophicalPapers, Volume 2, 21571. : U .
(1970) ? Mind, Language and Reality: PhilosophicalPapers, Volume 2, 13952. : U .
Q, W. . O. (1963 [1951]) E. From a LogicalPoint o View, 2046. : H U . O - (1951) Philosophical Review, 60, 2043.
(1976 [1953]) G . The Ways o Paradox,15876. : H U . O (1953): Proceedings o the XIth International Congress o Philosophy, Volume14, : -H.
, . (1905) O . Mind, 14, 47993.(1919) Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. : G & U.
, . (1981) Reerence and Essence. : U .(2003) , , . Mind, 112, 44792.(2005) G ? Linguistics and Philosophy, 28(1), 11734.
z, . . (E.) (1977) Naming, Necessity, and Natural Kinds. :
U ., J. . (1958) . Mind, 67, 16673., . (2002) Beyond Rigidity: The Unfnished Semantic Agenda o Naming and
Necessity. Ox: Ox U ., . . (1950) O . Mind, 49, 32044.
W, . (1950) Philosophical Investigations. . G. E. . .: .
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49
I
f, , . x. x f . , x,
(~1) H x
H . , . (~1) ( j ) ( ) x. . H j ? myth. -
- - (~1). G. E. :
[] , q, being . . . . q, is . ,
2
, ,
1998
Nos x. G f j 1996, . . , , H, , , . . .
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Nathan Salmon50
-. , , is not, : , . (Some Main Problems o Philosophy, : G & U, 1953, . 289)
f , , . x x. H, q.
f :
(2) H (~2) H .
f. H - : -19- , , --. z f j- Hq. z (2) q :
(2) q Hq .
z (~2) :
(~21) q Hq (~22) q Hq .
- (primary occurrence) (~2). (2). ,
Hq . - (secondary occur-rence) (~2). (2) . Principia Mathematica, z
(1) H x
(2) x, Wz
(1) q Hq.
q (2), z xx Principia Mathematica. (~1), . - q :
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 51
(~12) q Hq.
x. ; . , - , (~11) x qHq x, , , , (~1).
(Sinn) (Bedeutung,, ) x - (2) x (Gedanken, ).W x q ,
x (1). (1) (~1) z :
(1) Hq (~12) Hq .
(1) (~12) (1) (~12). f Hq - , (1) (~12)
( x qf-, , , ).
f, (1) - (1) q. H :
W , x . q , , ; j . . - jf, ; f . ( E E. Algebra der Logik, 1895, G . G . , ., Translations rom the Philosophical Writings oGottlob Frege, Ox: , 1970, . 104)
E x
: O -, x O , ( 1906 , , H. H, . , . , ., Posthumous Writings,
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Nathan Salmon52
. . W,1 : U ,1979, . 191). E j Ex (-1884, H, , ), :
x , , x f [ ]. , (. 60).2
(1) (~1), ( ), z :
(1) H E
(~12) H E .
( ) H - Hq
(F) + E q,
z f-- E, (1) (1) , (~12)
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(1) (~1). z , pragmaticallyimparted (1) (2), semantically encodedcontained.4 , ,
. , - (1) (1) . - x Begrisschrit(1879). , j ber Sinn und Bedeutung - q
1 Ex Bedeutung .2 x,
= , -. H (x)[ = x].3 W. . O. Q. Word and Object
(: , 1960), 56.4 C. Freges Puzzle(, : , 1986,), . 5860 789,
845, 100, 11415, 1278.
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 53
- x. j - , z .5
x , : x .
, :
.
, , . , , .
x q - x x ungerade, (1) (2) H E .6 - x x . O - x, (1) (~1) z :
(1^) ^ H^
(~1^2) ^ H^ , j ^ indirect quotation, , q x ( , - E ).7 - , - x
5 O , Analysis, 10,5 (1950), . 979. - , : q , . . . Z, ., Logic, Meaning and Computation: Essays in Honoro Alonzo Church(: , 2001), . 57395.
6 x x - ungerade (), Introduction toMathematical Logic I(: U , 1956), . 27 .
7 . : , . G . G, ., Handbook o Philosophical Logic, 2 . (: , 2003),. 3985, 69 q.
Q , . J. H, ., Words and Objections: Essays onthe Work o W. V. O. Quine (: . , 1969), . 178214; . , ., Reerence and Modality(Ox: Ox U , 1971), . 11244, 1201. E, ( J ) -q .
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Nathan Salmon54
- x x. O , -q ungeradex ungeradex
x . - - .8 (F), :
(C) ^ ^ , , .
H Hq, (1) (~1). U (F), (C) x . - x (1) (~1).
nondesignating x . . - x j, . E ,
, x . , , - , / - .9 , , f
8 O , - , Nos, 27, 2 (J 1993), . 15866, : q .
9 f j . . ( zz . , ., Meaning and Use, :. , 1979, . 23983; . . , ., Propositions andAttitudes, Ox: Ox U , 1988, . 10248.) , x ( q , ) x . , , , The Philosophical Review, 83 (J 1974), . 332 ( . z, ., Naming, Necessity, and Natural Kinds, , Y: U ,1977, . 21644), , ,
x . , , , , , x . [H :] G , x? (. 201).
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 55
, - f . , - /
f. H, , (1), (2), ? , (~1) x , ? - x - - ( ). ungerade, - - (1) (~1). O , . , ,
q . H - , ^ H^ q . ,
, (1) (~1) , . H, , very strongly thoroughly nondesignating, , , , - ( ). q - :
[] j. . . . , , ., , z ; j z, . x , , , - . W x , , . W x
, . , H, x, x , , j () x , , . , : , Hamlet. . f , , ., , , , j- H. W , ; H . H, ; , .
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Nathan Salmon56
, j - H . , , q, -j.10
( x ) f j. :
x H about ; , , f . . . . , , H, - , would have been H, x. , J , x H, beenH x. , ?
, , H x, , x. (Naming and Necessity,
: H U , 1980, . 1578)
H x; - . O , H non, . , :
[ ] told. , , x q, -
. , M. M, . , . . . , , - M .
! w M, their w, our x x w, our
w. . . .
10 Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy(: U, 1919), . 16970.. The Philosophy o Logical Atomism, . , . ( , : O ,1918, 1972, 1985), . 878.
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 57
z. H -1, x . our , j .11
II
, -, f .12 - q f, q, Oj, Oj x - (, q, - ).13 , f H, , . j j, , , . , ; -
f . x j f , , , . , f - f, .
11 x X, , , . J. J. H, J. . E. , . , , Approaches to Natural Language(: . , 1973), . 490518, . 5058. J . , , . 245, , The Nature o Necessity(Ox: Ox U , 1974), .4, : , . 15963.
12 , Reerence and Existence: The John Locke Lectures or 1973 (); , , American Philosophical Quarterly, 14, 4 (O 1977),. 299308, , Philosophy and Literature, 7, 1 (1983), . 6777. O f f q . - 1973
, , , x, f U 1981 U ,, J 1983.
13 . , Oj, Grazer PhilosophischeStudien, 1 (1975), . 7386, Nonexistent Objects ( H: Y U, 1980).
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Nathan Salmon58
f x, H q.
O , x (~1), f , x- f , . , H f x. , f, -, . x, x, real, : not merely
a character in the story, but an entity o just the sort depicted. (~1) , q , H f , . , f H , H f . O -, . x, , - .14
H f H q , H ?
O , H f , - f . z f f. , , ,
pretended H , x , . f . O , ; f (x OW H. G. W The War o the Worlds
14
. , , . 308 . 11. - (~1) f x . . , 29. ( .)
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 59
x ). x :
f : -. E : . Don Carlos , x . f : .15
, H - , . - , . , -
. , f , . H , , H f x , f . , . f f .
f -, , , , - , f -. , , f f . , , f f may ( ) ( , . 307 .). O , H . j-f f, f . f, f , . , . ,
15 , Posthumous Writings, . 130. . W, O ,Journal o Philosophy, 75 (1978), . 527; Mimesis as Make-Believe: On the
Foundations o the Representational Arts(: H U , 1990).
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Nathan Salmon60
, H1 H2 f -. . , . ,
H H1 , , z q.
x j-f - H , O , , (2). , , H f-, . O , j-f , -
f . U (2) H1 , f, - x . ( 9.) j-f f, , , . , (2) , -. , x truth in the fction, - j-f ( ) f. - E 101.16 , H2 f . W , f
, ; .O , , x , f - f . G
16 z q, , j-f f f, , .
x j-f . . , , American Philosophical Quarterly, 15 (1978), . 3746; - Philosophical Papers: Volume I(Ox: Ox U , 1983),. 26180.
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 61
f , x , (2) . ,H1 . H2
. (2) x ---f H1 . . j .17
x (~1) , . H1 x, H1 -
x , f. - - qz H . H2 x, x , x f f x. E . f x, x . (1) H1 x, f . f H1 , x f. , H1 x q . O , , , x j .
. W
x H2 x. H1, H2, x.
17 f, f. O , -
- f . H j-f (2) x f H1 - f j. ( , . 3056)
f , . H x ascription f x, ( ) x . f .
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Nathan Salmon62
q . .
, (1)
H1 , - x . f j-f (~2), H1 , . O H1 , - H1 . ,
H1 , . , there is no true proposition that Holmes1 uses cocaine. .
x x. H x , x x. W : (i) ; (ii) . , . H H1 , . (~1) x (1) E. - - ( - ). , (~1) x -
. - x .
x myths. H x f- - , z Jq 1846 U x . - x .18
18 z . W ZW, An Historical Analysis o the Theoretical Solutions to the Problem o the Perihelion oMercury( , , : U f, 1969), . ,924; . . , Mercurys Perihelion: From Le Verrier to Einstein(Ox: Ox
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 63
, j, j, - H2.
x . , E x . , , -. H . , 1 2 f - ( q ),
j, .( , f . Star Trek.) W 1 , 1 x, 1 1 x.
III . H1 H1 x - H1 . , , , . z x x, f -
: , x , ( )? -, z x E {} x (~1) x . E -, j x,
U , 1982), . 247. ( . . W f , , : Vulcandoesnt exist. Create? Y or N.)
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Nathan Salmon64
j x .19
. O , ,
, j-f , H , . f H , H -. ( 16.) O , H1 , 1 . H H1 1
? W ? H ? j-f H1 x, x , () f, f- j-f x, ?
zz - H , , H H . H, H1 H2, ungerade, , H1 , - the brilliant detective who perormed such and such exploits. , q-
. .
19 , - ^ . , H1 x. fx q (. 7), H1 ungeradex. , , - ( q) ungerade Sinn, , - ,
, . ; . .
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 65
, - - , , . ,
. , H1 , 1 , . ( ) . , ungerade H1 x, H , - x , true- H1 x, , .
x in act Hq, H2 f , are H1 x, , . q H ( ) f f Hq, . q , q , . x - , q q-- f x.20
20 . G E, The Varieties o Designation, J. , . (Ox: Ox U, 1982), . 34952. q . , . q . f , , q ungerade f. H , w H f, w w H (. 267 Philosophical Papers: Volume I). - , , . , ., Syntax and Semantics,9: Semantics( Y: , 1978), . 31532, 32931. - . f , q Hq -f H. , f -
, f , , - , , f. W x , - , z q-? , , x j-f , f
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Nathan Salmon66
IV
H
. , - ( ) f .21
H , . H , , . H
. O , . f, ( ) x-, 1 x 1 x , x 2 2 f . ( , j-.) x. , - . . . . x x (. 29; 9 ).
, . H x x ? . x, Nos, 32, 3 (1998), .277319, 31314 . 29.
21 f x, f, x. , Fiction and Metaphysics (: U , 1999), . . , G. , . , , PacifcPhilosophical Quarterly, 78 (1997), . 12848; , E , Nos,27 (1993), . 44969, E , , , Nos(); , E : E , ,, E E O Ex, U (2000), , , , American Philosophical Quarterly, 41, 4 (O 2004), . 3317; G, The Nature o Fiction(: U , 1990); E, E G , Philosophical Studies, 116 (O2003), . 136; , -Ex: . , Topoi, 1(1982), . 97140; , , Fiction and Metaphysics, Mind, 2000, . 9971000; G. , Fictional Worlds(: HU , 1986); , ,
, Philosophical Studies, 84 (1996), . 295320; W, Works
and Worlds o Art(Ox: Ox U , 1980). f : Poetics, 8, 1/2 ( 1979); . E .H, .,Empty Names, Fiction and the Puzzles o Non-Existence(, : , 2000); . , ., Reasons o Art(O: U O, 1985).
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 67
H . . f f-
. / x. E Y H , . J. O. U , J, , f ,
f j, x (
). J -, ; , f , , x jj z . , . . . . f , .
W f , -, (, American Philosophical Quarterly, 13, 2 ( 1976), . 15357 . 155).
H -. Pace, , , , should .
, . O , . , .22 E x ( -), , -, on . O ,
22 . J. . W, What Is Existence?(Ox: Ox U , 1981), H (. 2515). , . W, Proceedings o the Aristotelian Society, 64 (1990),. 93119, , W ? . 11019.
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Nathan Salmon68
. H
, .
q . j . O , f q .
: f . f-
f , . -- . , , -, . H (q H ) f . , according to the story, H. , f ( Y - Y) , . W H, . W . ; H , ( - ). , f , the very samething .
f , .
H H2, , H , x , . H , ,
. , , , H H1. O ( ) H1,
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 69
-- x. f H , f
. f , , , . , -, .
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H , , H x. E, . -- , .23 , f . , - f . , , , . . E, . x f - that .24 O , x . , .
23 W - , ( q- ), H -- ? z , f / -. .
24 O , f f . , f x f f . f
. E , f, . x. , , f ; -.
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Nathan Salmon70
O H , x . O f
q , f f ( x, ). . H .H . W . , ( ) , - . x is
. , , ; . q H -- -. , .25
f f . The Hound o the Baskervilles q ? f , ?
f . f - f . fx f . roles f.
fplay occupy f. / . f f parts f . , f, f . , -. , whollyf ,
25 17. , f f ( ) q , E .
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 71
( ) f .W f, f ,
, , , . H H2; , , - H1, H1 .
f f -- , -- , -- . . G
Gone with the Wind, f. z TheGodather f. Ex . . , , z . , z The Remains o the Day -, , J . 007 J f . , f ; z xwhat J is.
, x
x f , , ., , , , jH. H f: , H, . Hamlet j H. H1
x. . j H H2 f,
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Nathan Salmon72
. - / f .26
. U , H ( ) f -, x ( ) , j-f H , f H ,
H . - , H -, f with respect to the real world with respect to the fction. j-f , . f f , f , f, - , , , f .27
W f, f , H (= H2) , , . O q, j-f f . f f ,
26 f, ( , )? q . - de dicto de re. de dicto, ; de re, x. , . , . ( The Freshman, ,
The Godather .)27 . J Hz, , Poetics, 8, 1/2 ( 1979),
. 8599. W f , . , trivial - f. . , , . 2748 PhilosophicalPapers, I.
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 73
f. , f j-f ungerade, ( )
f . H, H2 . O H , . , H1 ; H2 .28
(~1), ,
(3) H x; f.
, (3) x H2 f x. x : an entity o the very sort depicted. ,, (~12) . (~1) (3), zH, existence H as the eccentric detective. ,
H1, - H2 ( ungerade). . . W
28 j-f q, x (f) . , x, . Ex, Journal o Philosophy, 57 (1960), . 62939; JH, Cogito Ergo Sum: , The Philosophical Review, 71(J 1962), . 332.
W j-f f, ? f , thatf, f, . z f x , x . O , x - () f .
f -
. , H - H2 . . Reerence and Essence(: U , 1981;, Y: , 2005), . 11635, 147 .
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Nathan Salmon74
, , , -- , x, H, J , ( f )
, U , qx, , . , x , f . W H, x, : Holmes more or less as he is actually depictedin the stories, Holmes replete with these attributes ( H ), , the person who is bothHolmes and Holmesesque. (~1), H f, H , x ,
such, H -f that, f . q ,
x (~1) (3) . H , f . , f . , . , f , . - . - , f , - H2 ( ) . f x , H2 ( ,
) H1 ( , ) . Holmesesque-Holmes H f , - H . f ( -) . , theHq-H x q H Hq q (
), H Hq. q- H that, -- , . q H x in this sense
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 75
Hq .29
, ,
f .30 f H - , . z, f , . x - .
x .
j . f j, j (-, ) . f f .31 ,
29 f H x-. q, x, f, . , ,
x. ( x -f . , , f .)
(3), , q z (G) f (3) H1 x f H2 j . f (3) H2 . . H x f . O , - : The Holmesesque-Holmes does not really exist; Holmes is only a fctional character. q : H Hq, f . H1 , - . (O x Hq.)
30 , 12, q x . . , . , . U, H. W, ., Contemporary Perspectives in the Philosophy oLanguage(: U , 1979), . 627, 19.
31
, . 68, f. , . W z, f . ( : x, . , ,
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Nathan Salmon76
. , . H , -
. , . H , . H, ; . , 19- . . O j j H f -
, , . , . , , , - ( ,
x ? , - x.)
x j ( x, ), -- f , . x , z, . , , . , K ( - x ) , K, . , 1, . , f .
? f -, x . f . , . (. z x .) (x) ? ; K , , - . K . . Naming and Necessity, . 1567, z ( ),
x ( ). Oj, J. , . O, . , ., Meaning andTruth( Y: , 2002), . 10523, G H z , ,Journal o Philosophy, 74, 20 (1967).
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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 77
, ). f, .
, - . .32 O 1 - . H1, .
f , , . E q
j. . q, q q - . z -, f , .
32 , x - , . , ( ). , . . ( .) fx,
bad mock reerential, ugly, , fx x . G, , U, . . z, .,Descriptions andBeyond(Ox: Ox U , 2004), . 23060. . H, Naming and Necessity, . 80 . 34.
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78
Naming andNecessity x- , , - .1 x , - f , , . , , -, .2
Propositions
Naming and Necessity, , , ,
, x. E, , x - j . , , , , - . ,
3
E
Two Routes to the Necessary A Posteriori
1 , Naming and Necessity(: H U , 1980); , z, ., Identity and Individuation ( Y: YU
, 1971).2 f , f Aposteriori,Philosophical Issues, 16, 2006, 287390; , Philosophical Essays, . 2(: U , 2009).
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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 79
, j .
1. , , . , , .
2. , , (- ) . , , x . - x x , ///
x, x H H .
3. , x , , , , - x ., , ,
, .4. x , , (
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ssentialism and the Distinction betweenpistemic and Metaphysical Possibility
f (1)(4).
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2. x, .3. ( f) .
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Scott Soames80
, , , - . H, .H ? H ,
, ? .3 W , () , . W . , j , , , ,
x. H, (1)(4) , .4 , q -. , , , , f . , f .
conceivably really ( ). possible world, , possible world-state. , not , j. - x - x - . E - x
x , . . J j - , x - x
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4 , (2) (4) , q . .
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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 81
-. J j ,
, x - , . . O x, q (1)(4) , - , - .
, , . H, , ? H, , .
, , , - , x , , , . . . . . . ,
, . H j . . . , , . , , neces-sarily . , , , - , . , . O , , - ,
. W modus ponens:
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Scott Soames82
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O , j -, systems -
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-, . 1, ( ) - 2 -z , , 1 , z 1 ,
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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 83
() . f, . , -
. , - ( ) - ( ) - the designated world-state o which isthe state that the world really is in.
O, f - ( ). ,
. O , , -, . , - , - . , f , -. , . W complete q. , , , , - , , ? O , - ? - , , .
The Scope o Kripkes ssentialist Route to theNecessary A Posteriori
E (E) ( ) x j ( j), j (j) x ( ). , ()
, ( j, ); () , x ( j , x) ; ()
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Scott Soames84
( j) () , ()x . ( .)5
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. x, , - G , G x. q x (1), . (3).
x , .
, , . * j , () . , () () E f, () , , . , x , . (5).
5. (x: x = H) (: = ) x = .
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6. = ( x).
5 , ,
x , z , x, () . O : , x, , . . .
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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 85
6. x [ ( = x] ( x).
, x (6) f () x , () ( x) , () ( x). H . (6) q , , .
x (7) (8).
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identities.
9. .9. .9. .
theoretical identifcation statements,
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6 Naming and Necessity, . 138.
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, Facta Philosophica, 6, 2004, 15981; 4 Reerence and Description (: U , 2005). , , , , , Mind, 112, 2003, 47592; ,G , , BeyondRigidity, Philosophical Studies, .
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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 87
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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 89
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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 91
j , . , ( ) qualitatively in the same epistemic situation , x , a table, . (1412)
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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 93
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10 1 Beyond Rigidity, 15 Philosophical Analysis in the TwentiethCentury, . 2 (: U , 2003).
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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 95
rigins o SD and SD
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12 x, , () (-, , ) q x j .
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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 97
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Scott Soames98
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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 99
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100
1. Introduction
, f 1960, - , J 1970, -
.1 , f , , . , , . , , Naming and Necessity , 1980.
, x , . Naming and Necessity -
. O , : H x j .2 j
4
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1 (1980). x .
2 , (1986), Naming and Necessity, , (1968), .
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Possible Worlds Semantics 101
q: W x ( , -)? W x
, ? , , ? , , x? , x? H , ,f? H f - q q , ,
? H - x x? W ?
q x . 2, q x . 3, f, . 4, .
2. Modal Realism and Reductive Analysis
q - . , , x (. 15).H - (. 20) ; ( ) , , weltangst
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Robert Stalnaker102
z z, x - z z . W ,
, ,3 , x . W - , q f .
. , , Q G, . , - . z q-f . , - f x. , , x () .
, j f- x. H x - ( x, E - , - , ,. 95), f
x x: reductive
3 (1979).
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Possible Worlds Semantics 103
f , , , ,, ., x (. 19, .). O x-
, x . O -, , , x , (. 16). q, j
? f - q x . . . H - ?
q, f-x f qf , , f . Qf ( ) . ; , qf (, f , , , ) . - x -
qf , . Ex f- qf . Q z x , , qf, x qf , , .
, qf -, f , .
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Robert Stalnaker104
q x. x- , , , , ,
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. , , j .
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. , x, Q Ez , , f ,
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Possible Worlds Semantics 105
q. , - . -
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, , .W H , .
xf , : , () state . . all () z, q -. , - , , , . q (. 19, .).
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. Naming and Necessity, x
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Robert Stalnaker106
x -x . H x ,
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Possible Worlds Semantics 107
Uz, .) , , -
.
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Robert Stalnaker108
x , . , , -
Nixon x . , , -, x.5
z - , q ,
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f. H q- f x, f beore x , q (. 47).
5 H x , , , x
.6 q . ( ) q .
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Possible Worlds Semantics 109
, supervenient f X ( X), q
. W j q , - j . ,
, , - . W , , x f . O , q.7
f , , , q - . f x - , (. 49), x ( , x ). , ,, , , , ,
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7 z . 18 (. 51).
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Robert Stalnaker110
z : , , ,
. , . , j -. , ,
- q . , .Q , , f . , , , .
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, , f z. - f
z x , f , , , x . . f , . - ,
q f . - q
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Possible Worlds Semantics 111
f .f, ( ) -
x x. , x, G W. . x ( x GW) . x f , f , GW. G W. .
q x , , f x- .
; x GW x. x. ?8
x , f . , x. -, () ( ) ( ) GW. , z - z q
. O , , x q z q f, , ., z q , x .
8
x Naming and Necessity. H f x - J , , ( z) .
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Robert Stalnaker112
. GW - , , -
, , f GW.9 x, z GW , ( , j ) .10 , x x , x x.
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f , , , , f
. x ( GW ), x f ( - x GW ). GW , x , , , GW , , . ,
9 . (2003).
10 W (2002).
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Possible Worlds Semantics 113
, , -, x .11
qf
, x f z.O f z . j , , .
q , q -f . ,
. x , f , , . ( ) GW -z q , z - .
j q f x, q GW, , f f . GW x w. W - w z,
, w*, q w, q GW. w* - . , w* x ( ) w z.
x . -x
11 x (1977). (1981), , , qj .
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Robert Stalnaker114
-x . x, ,
. ( f) , . H , 6 5, , , 6? , . , 6 5.
, 5 6. O : , . 6 ( 5) 5 ( 6). . H 65 56 ? W ? ( .) , , j -, -x , . z 6 5 6 x 5 6. q, (6,5) z, 6 5, 5 6. ( ,
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j all
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Possible Worlds Semantics 115
, . (1981). , Synthese49, 341., . (1977). , . . , Worlds, Times and Selves,
: : 11651., . (1979). H , . x (.), The Possible and theActual: Readings in the Metaphysics o Modality, , Y: U, 88109.
, . (1980). Naming and Necessity, : H U ., . (1968). qf , Journal o
Philosophy65: 11326.(1986). On the Plurality o Worlds, Ox: .